SWINE NUTRITION Brian Bolt, PhD Livestock Specialist Clemson University
Welcome message from author
This document is posted to help you gain knowledge. Please leave a comment to let me know what you think about it! Share it to your friends and learn new things together.
Transcript
SWINE NUTRITION
Brian Bolt, PhDLivestock Specialist
Clemson University
Objectives• Describe basic digestive anatomy• Describe classes of nutrients• Determine animal needs• Describe basic ration building • Talk through management of basic swine nutrition
Swine Nutrition 2
Swine Nutrition 3
Swine Nutrition 4
NutrientsAny feed constituent that functions in the support of lifeWaterCarbohydratesFatsProteinsMineralsVitamins
Swine Nutrition 5
WaterFrom multiple sourcesMetabolic reactionsNutrient transportTemperature regulationDry matter
Swine Nutrition 6
WaterA consistent supply of clean, cool water is the most important component for good nutrition and performance.
It takes approximately 1 ½ gallons to digest a pound of feed. Pigs can drink from troughs but will typically make a mess if the waterer is not secured.Nipple waterers are a cost-effective tool to reduce water waste, keep water fresh and cool. The nipples are sized to accommodate a certain size of pig. There are not many options that are appropriate for the entire growing period of a market hog. If you are unable to mount the waterer in a secure spot, consider a free-swinging option that prevent the pigs from being able to damage it.
Swine Nutrition 7
CarbohydratesC, H, OSimple and ComplexStarch and CelluloseEnergy
Swine Nutrition 8
FatsOilsLipids2.25X as much energy/ lb as CHOLinoleic acid requirement
Swine Nutrition 9
ProteinsC, H, O, N, S%CP= % N x 6.25Amino Acids
Swine Nutrition 10
MineralsMacro- required in large amountsMicro- required in small amountsMacro MicroCa --Co --MoP --Cu --SeNa --F --ZnK --IMg --FeS --Mn
Swine Nutrition 11
VitaminsFat Soluble
A, D, E & KWater Soluble
C, B vitamins
Swine Nutrition 12
Non- Nutritive AdditivesFlavor or TasteMedicationHormones
Swine Nutrition 13
Swine55%-75% of production costs is feed
For the sake of DiscussionFor our discussionTalk about feeding
From Birth to FinishThen feeding mature animals
Performance/Expectations at a commercial swine operation is very different than that of pastured or show pigs
Commercially Days to 250 <150 days
Swine Nutrition 14
Swine Nutrition 15
Nutritional Requirements
a Assumes lactation weight loss of 22 lb (NRC, 1998).b Assumes a “med.-high” lean growth rate (.72 lb/day, NRC, 1998).
Terminal HogsClass Days Weight % Crude Protein
Pigs 1-7 10-14 21
8-14 14-20 20
14+ 20-45 19
45-110 18
Barrows 110-175 15
175-265 13
Gilts 110-175 16
175-265 14
Swine Nutrition 16
Breeding StockClass % Crude Protein
Developing Replacement Gilts 15
Gestating Sows 13
Lactating Sows .33 lb/day gain ~10 pigs
17
Lactating Sows .44 lb/day gain ~10 pigs
19
Swine Nutrition 17
Breeding StockIf you are using farrowing crates/houses. Consider the inclusion of roughages/feed additives to minimize constipationFeeding developing and mature boars would be like feeding gilts and gestating sows
Swine Nutrition 18
Choosing Finishing Feeds -Using Lysine Content
3-Phase(50-120 pounds) – 1.00 % Lysine(120-180 pounds) - 0.90 % Lysine(180-market weight) – 0.80 % Lysine
4-Phase(50-100) – 1.00 % Lysine(100-150) – 0.95 % Lysine(150-200) – 0.90 % Lysine(200 – market weight) – 0.80 % Lysine
Swine Nutrition 19
Swine Nutrition 20
Swine Nutrition 21
Balancing RationsProtein vs Amino Acids
Balancing for CP is of little value Amino Acids
Muscle tissue comprised of 21 amino acids10 must be supplied at optimum levelsEssential- arginine, histidine, isoleucine, leucine, lysine, methionine, phenylalanine, threonine, tryptophan and valineSemi-essential- cystine and tyrosine
Swine Nutrition 22
Balancing RationsSwine do not have a protein requirement
Have a dietary requirement forSpecific amounts of essential AAAdequate amounts of nonspecific N to synthesize the non-essential amino acids
Swine Nutrition 23
Swine Nutrition 24
Balancing RationsIdentify animals to be fed by age, weight, function and specific conditions under which they are fedSelect a set of nutrient requirements for the animals being fed. ((NRC))Select suitable ingredients to help ensure ration is nutritionally balanced, palatable safe and economical.
Swine Nutrition 25
Mixing Your Own RationsIf you are producing your own feedstuffs have an analysis done.Feed ground too finely can result in the pig suffering from ulcers. Rolled oats or beet pulp can be added to reduce/ slow growth and reduce the instances of ulcers.
Swine Nutrition 26
Planning Your Feed NeedsPigs consume roughly 4% of their body weight per dayFeed Consumption:
A 50 pound pig will consume about 2.5 pounds of feed dailyRange of 2.0-3.0 pounds daily
A 150 pound pig will consume about 5.0 pounds of feed dailyRange of 4.0-6.0 pounds daily
A 250 pound pig will consume about 6.0 pounds of feed dailyRange of 5.0-7.0 pounds daily
Swine Nutrition 27
Planning Your Feed NeedsKnow what your pig weighs and what your target for market weight is. This will help you create a plan and monitor the amount and type of feed you are using. Targets are often based around a show, the final show or when you have interest in harvesting or marketing the animal.
Heat will play a factor in rate of gain…the cooler you can keep pigs the better the performance. Be careful of “pushing” (using high energy feeds) pigs too fast during the summer
Feed not consumed, or that may have gotten wet or soiled, can become rancid and become a feed source for external parasites and rodents.
Swine Nutrition 28
FeedersFeeders are designed to reduce waste and maintain a clean environment.Most feeders have adjustments to limit the amount of feed in the “pan” at any given time. The pig should be able to nudge the feeder and more feed be dispensed. Should be attached to something sturdy to prevent the pig from turning it over or doing other damage.Having the feeder on concrete in a covered area (or a covered feeder) will increase cleanliness and reduce waste.Are an investment and should provide several years of service.Feeders should be regularly inspected to ensure feed is flowing and that they are adjusted properly.
Swine Nutrition 29
Pastured HogsPasture can serve as a meaningful source of nutrition…however it would be difficult to “finish” pigs on pasture alone.Historically, pigs were raised in woodlots with a variety of food sources.Rotational grazing is advised
Along with “sacrifice” areas for shade and wallows
Swine Nutrition 30
Feeding Show PigsFor our show pigs-
It is best to feed your pigs individually, twice daily (an amount they can clean up in about 20 minutes)It is easier to manage gain throughout the course of the project than to try and slow them down near the show.For growing pigs from 50-250 pounds your pig will consume approximately 600 pounds of feed, which results in approximately 3.0 pounds of feed per pound of gain.
Swine Nutrition 31
Feeding Show PigsLocate a good source for feed. There are several good options available from a variety of suppliers. Not everyone stocks swine rations. You may want to call ahead and check for availability of the feed you are wanting. In general, the higher quality of feed you use the greater the performance of the pig in gain and realizing their genetic potential.
Swine Nutrition 32
Some parting thoughts…For slow eaters you may consider wetting the feed or increasing the frequency of feedings.There are any number of additives, top dressings, supplements and other feed enhancers. They tend to be expensive but effective when used appropriately. Knowledge of what they do, how it will affect your pig as well as any other considerations (withdrawal times, banned substances, etc.) is key to using these products.
Swine Nutrition 33
Related Documents
