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2015-05-19Naturvårdsverket | Swedish Environmental Protection Agency 1
2015-05-19
Naturvårdsverket | Swedish Environmental Protection Agency
1
Swedish Waste Management
Catarina Östlund
Waste and Chemicals section
Swedish Environmental Protection Agency
Section on Guidance of Environmental Hazardous Activities
[email protected]
www.naturvardsverket.se
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Outline
• Swedish EPA – our role waste management
• Environmental objectives and overall strategy
• National waste plan
• Household waste
• Waste treatment
• Waste incineration
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Swedish EPA – our role waste management
• Produce regulation, guidelines
• Licensing process concerning environmental hazardous
activities – consultation, right to appeal against a permit
• National waste management plan and program for
prevention of waste
• Support government in EU policy, take part in EU-
committees implementing EU-legislation
• Waste council
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Swedish EPA – our role waste management
• Follow up and monitoring environmental objectives
• Waste statistics
• License for export and import of waste
• Inspection and register WEEE and packaging waste
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Other actors - responsibilites
• MunicipalitiesTreatment of household waste, waste management planning, Supervision
• County administrative boards
Issue permits waste facilities (landfills, incineration plants etc). Supervision
• Environmental courts
Issue permits for large waste facilities
• Ministry of environment (ordinances, EU negotiations etc)
• Other national agencies:- The Swedish National Board of Housing, Building and Planning
- Swedish Chemicals Agency (REACH, ecodesign)
- National Food Agency (reduce food waste)
- Swedish Board of Agriculture (ABP)
- Swedish Energy Agency (grants for biogas production)
• Industry and enterprises
Responsible for waste management on free market
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“… hand over to the next
generation a society in which the
major environmental problems in
Sweden have been solved,
without increasing environ-
mental and health problems
outside Sweden’s borders.”
RIKSDAG DECISION ON THE
ENVIRONMENTAL OBJECTIVES
PHOTO: ELLIOT ELLIOT/JOHNÉR
Generational goal
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16 Environmental Quality Objectives
1. Reduced Climate Impact
2. Clean Air
3. Natural Acidification Only
4. A Non-Toxic Environment
5. A Protective Ozone Layer
6. A Safe Radiation Environment
7. Zero Eutrophication
8. Flourishing Lakes and Streams
9. Good-Quality Groundwater
10. A Balanced Marine Environment,
Flourishing Coastal Areas and
Archipelagos
10. Thriving Wetlands
11. Sustainable Forests
12. A Varied Agricultural
Landscape
13. A Magnificent Mountain
Landscape
15. A Good Built Environment
16. A Rich Diversity of Plant and
Animal Life
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The waste hierarchy- basic principle for
waste management
Prevention
Reuse
Preparation for reuse
Recycling
Energy recover
Disposal
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0
0,5
1
1,5
2
2,5
3
3,5
4
4,5
5
Material recycling
Incineration
Landfill
Biological treament
Producer
responsibility
Landfill taxLandfill ban
(organic)
Landfill ban
(combustible)
MSW
collecte
d [
Mto
n/y
r]Treatment household waste
Municipal planning
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Legislation and Policy tools
• Municipal waste planning (1991)
• Producer responsibilities (1994)
• Landfill tax (2000; 27 E/t => 40 E/t)
• Tax on incinerated household waste (2006-2010)
• Landfill ban on combustible (2002) and organic waste
(2005)
• Governmental investment support in recycling (1998-2008)
• Higher standards on incineration (2008) and landfilling
(2005)
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Producer responsibility - areas
• Electrical/electronic products
• Cars
• Packaging
• Newspaper
• Tyres
• Office paper (voluntary agreement)
• Building- and demolition waste (voluntary agreement)
• Farming plastics (voluntary agreement)
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From waste Management to Resource Efficiency Sweden´s new national waste management plan 2012-2017
• Challenge and vision
• Waste management today
• Towards greater resource efficiency
• Areas of priority
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Towards greater resource efficiency
• Find new instruments for fulfilling waste hierachy
• Manufacturing of sustainable products
• Increase recycling of good quality
• Use of material stored in society (urban mining, landfill mining)
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National waste management plan 2012-2017
- areas of priority:
• Reuse and recycle of construction and demolition waste
• Reuse and recycle of household waste (including less littering)- textiles- electric and electronical waste- littering
• Improve the resource efficiency in the food chain- less food waste- recycle of nutrients from food waste
• Reduce the risk of the spread of hazardous substances from waste treatment- old landfills- fire in waste storage- motor vehicle disposal
• Stop the illegal export of waste
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Measures examples
• Municipalities: Offer reuse at recycling centres
• Textile industry: Voluntary producer responsibility
• Swedish National Food Administration: Advice
consumers how to reduce their food waste
• Incineration facilities: Continuously sample emissions of dioxins
• Swedish EPA: National action plan for supervision of cross-border
waste transportation
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Ex targets
• 2018 at least 50 % biological recycling of food waste
• 2020 at least 70 % reuse and recycle of construction and
demolition waste
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Household waste
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Household waste
(461 kg/capita)
Incineration (50%)
Recycling
(33%)
Biological
treatment
(16%)
Landfill (0,7%)
Treatment of household waste in Sweden
2013
Hazardous
waste (1,4%)
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Examples of recycling stations in Sweden
(6 000 in total)
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Example kerbside collection in 8 fractions:
paper, newsprints, white and coloured glass, metal,
plastic, biowaste, restfraction to landfill
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Recycling targets for packages and newsprint(results 2012)
• Glas 70 % (88%)
• Metal 65 % (67%)
• Paper/cardboard 70 % (77%)
• Plastic 30 % (29%)
• Newsprint/paper 80%
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Municipal recycling centres
− 600 (One central per 10 000 - 25 000 inhabitants)
− “Collection centrals” in municipality for:
bulky waste: often separated into combustible and non-combustible,
scrap, etc.
garden waste
hazardous waste
scrap from households
WEEE (electronic waste)
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Collection results for WEEE
16.3 kg collected waste per inhabitant and year
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Recycling of household waste (tonnes)
2008 2012
Return paper 459,000 358,070
Packaging 739,140 618,940
WEEE 122,900 116,440
Refrigerator units 28,800 24,620
Portable batteries 1,830 3,460
Scrap metal 152,000 153,000
Gypsum - 17,520
Flat glass - 1,250
Plastic, non
packaging
- 4,010
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Biological treatment
• Plants in 2013:
- 41 larger composting facilities: 528 470 ton
- 24 anaerobic digestion facilities:
total amount: 945 550 tonnes
(225 320 ton household waste)
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Waste
incineration
• About 32 plants outside of industry
• Waste to incineration in 2013: 5,3 million tonnes (household 2,2)
Plans for 2018: 5,8 - 7 million tonnes
• All cities have large district heating systems which need energy most of the
year
• Emissions of dioxins and heavy metals down 95-99%
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Landfilling
• Number of landfills are decreasing
−2008: 157 landfills
−1994: 300 landfills
−1976: 1600 landfills
• Leachate
−90 % is collected and treated before discharge
• Landfill gas
−0,27 TWh gas is recovered as energy (at 57 sites)
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WASTE INCINERATION
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Waste
incineration
• About 32 plants outside of industry
• Waste to incineration in 2012: 5,0 million tonnes (household 2,8)
Plans for 2018: 5,8 - 7 million tonnes
• Import 0,55 million tonnes (0,17 household waste)
• All cities have large district heating systems which need energy most of the
year
• Emissions of dioxins and heavy metals down 95-99%
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Energy and waste from
waste incineration 2012
• 14,7 TWh energy
- 13 TWh heat
- 1,7 TWh electricity
• Sweden highest rate of energy recovery from waste incineration
in Europe
• Slag from the furnace 15–20 percent by weight of the treated
waste
• Flue gas treatment residues 3–5 percent by weight
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Coal, Oil, Natural gas Peat, Waste, Biomass
Electric boiler, Heat pumps Industrial waste
heat
1980 1993 2008
Oil
Waste HeatBiomass
Waste
1980
Oil
Coal
Naturalgas
Wasteheat
Biomass
Peat
Waste
Heatpumps
Elc.
1993
Lower demand due to energy
savings. Increased market share!
District
Heating
Fossilfuels
Biomass
Peat
Waste
Elc
2008
Heatpumps Waste
heat
2030
Fossilfuels
Waste Heat
Biomass
45 %
Waste
40 %
Heatpumps
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Why such an increase in Swedish waste
incineration?
• Powerful instruments steering from landfilling to recycling
(landfill tax, landfill ban)
• Need of heat, district heating system in all big cities
• High technology
- high energy efficiency
- low emissions
• Today ”public trust”, problems in the 1980´s
• Import of waste
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Waste import for energy recovery (1999-2013)
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200 [kton]
TotalPlants for
mixed waste