Suza dds 04 gender and development show

THE STATE UNIVERSITY OF ZANZIBAR

DEVELOPMENT STUDIES (DDS 111)

GENDER AND DEVELOPMENT

Compiled by Mr. Nahoda, A.M

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GENDER AND DEVELOPMENT

Definitions of the basic concepts

Gender agents

Gender mainstreaming in Tanzania



Gender is the social attributes and opportunities associated with being male and female and the relationships between women and men and girls and boys, as well as the relations between women and those between men.


• Gender division of labour

refers to the classification

and allocation of tasks for

women and men in

managing domestic and

community activities.

Female pilots landed in KSA where women are not allowed to drive a car


• Gender stereotyping These are one-sided and exaggerated images of men and women which are deployed repeatedly in everyday life.

• The term ‘stereotyping’ implies making unwarranted generalisations from sex differences and making too much of them.

SubmissiveDependentEmotionalReceptiveIntuitiveWeakTimidContentPassiveCooperativeSensitiveFaithfulGossipclean

DominantIndependentRationalAssertiveAnalyticalStrongBraveAmbitiousActiveCompetitiveInsensitiveCheater

Gender stereotype

Definitions of the basic concepts• Gender equality refers to

equal and fair treatment of women and men members of a community in provision and access to goods and services required to meet their social needs

Definitions of the basic concepts• Gender equality entails the concept that all human

beings, both men and women, are free to develop their personal abilities and make choices without the limitations set by stereotypes, rigid gender roles, or prejudices. Gender equality means that the different behaviours, aspirations and needs of women and men are considered, valued and favoured equally. It does not mean that women and men have to become the same, but that their rights, responsibilities and opportunities will not depend on whether they are born male or female

There are fewer women in the house of representative and cabinet


• Gender Equity is synonymous with fair opportunity in access to social services. Gender equity therefore means fair opportunity and access to social services for both women and men.


• Gender blind : This is a conscious or unconscious way of doing or saying things without recognizing or considering differences in position, needs and feelings based on gender


• Gender bias:

occurs when there are gender

disparities and differential

treatments given to people on

the basis of sex such as

resources and opportunities

for better life.

Definitions of the basic concepts• Gender oppression is a

result of imbalance of power between women and men. Gender oppression occurs when one sex is treated in cruel, harsh manner or made to feel uncomfortable or unhappy in socio-economic and political life.

Definitions of the basic concepts• Gender violence refers to any act, omission or

conduct by means of which physical, sexual or mental suffering is inflicted directly or indirectly, through threat, coercion, or any other means on any person with the purpose of intimidating, punishing, humiliating, maintaining sex stereotyped roles, undermining the security of a person, self respect or diminishing physical or mental capacities

GBV are not always physical

GENDER AGENTS• Gender socialization is the process of educating and

instructing potential males and females as to the norms, behaviors, values, etc. of group membership

• Gender agent include : families, schools, peer groups, mass media, religious institutions, work place etc.

• These agent provide both formal and informal “training”

GENDER AGENTS• Gender role socialization

is the lifelong process of learning to be masculine or feminine, primarily through four main agents of socialization:

• families, schools, peers, and media.

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FAMILIES• Social learning theory suggests

that the babies and children learn behaviors and meanings through social interaction and internalize the expectations of those around them.

FAMILIES• Through close interaction with parents and small number

of others, child: Learns to think and speak Internalizes norms, beliefs, and values Learns gender roles Develops capacity for intimate and personal relationships• Cross-culturally, it is okay for girls to choose boy toys, but

not vice versa.

• Schools also socialize children into their gender roles.

• For instance, research shows that teachers treat boys and girls differently.

• This may teach children that there are different expectations of them, based on their sex.

SCHOOLS

• Adjust children to their social order

• Build character through formal curriculum and Informal teaching that helps ensure students’ integration into society

• Reinforce gender roles*

PEER GROUPS• Peer group: Individuals usually of

same age who enjoy approximately equal status

Only agent of socialization in childhood and youth not controlled mainly by adults…*

In childhood, formed largely by accident of association. Later in life, tend to choose peer groups based on certain criteria

THE MASS MEDIA

• Create, manage, and control impressions of what is deemed important and real

THE MASS MEDIA• May inadvertently

perpetuate stereotypes

• May teach individuals to become obedient consumers

• Media affect people image of themselves and of the world around them

GENDER MAINSTREAMING• Gender mainstreaming is a strategy/means for

achieving gender equality. • The approach seeks to reorganize and restructure

policies, institutions, and social programs by taking women’s and men’s perspectives, experiences, and needs into consideration.

• Gender mainstreaming does not replace, but supplements, specific targeted interventions to address gender inequality such as affirmative action.

Why do we need Gender Mainstreaming?

Gender Inequlity

Gender differentiated needs, interests, etc.

Gender differentiated division of labour

Society and family’s gender differentiated expectations

Gender mainstreaming strategies• The mainstreaming strategy seeks to ensure that gender

considerations are routinely included in the assessment of policy issues, options and impacts, along with other considerations such as socio-economic dimensions.

• It also routinely seeks increased gender equality as one of the policy outcomes, along with growth, efficiency, poverty reduction, and sustainability.

• This requires the inclusion of gender perspectives at several points in the policy process.

Gender mainstreaming in Tanzania• Tanzania has signed various international

human rights instruments such as: 1979- CEDAW1989- Convention on the Rights of Child (CRC); 1995- Beijing Platform of Action 1998-SADC Declaration on Gender and

Development, 2003- African Charter of Human and Peoples

Rights etc


• The signing of conventions bind Tanzania morally, and legally to adhere to equity policies and non discriminatory policies in the development process.

Gender mainstreaming in Tanzania• GOT has ratified ILO Declaration on the

Fundamental Principles and Human Rights at work. These instruments bind the government morally and legally to pursue non- discriminatory policies and development programmes and processes.

• GOT vision (2025), which has been operationalisedthrough PRSP I and II (MKUKUTA), has addressed gender in the key outcomes areas and targets.

Gender mainstreaming in Tanzania• In 1990 The Ministry of Community Development,

Gender and Children was established as the national machinery for spearheading gender development in the country.

• In 2000 and 2004 the Government amended the 1977 Constitution among other things, to increase women’s participation in the National Parliament and Local Authorities.

Gender mainstreaming in Tanzania• The Government also formulated the Women and

Gender Development Policy (2000) to put more emphasis on the Women in Development Policy (WID) (1992) in line with the Beijing Platform for Action.

• GOT formulated a National Strategy for Gender Development (NSGD) to ensure effective implementation of the Women and Gender Development Policy, and to promote gender equality and equity


• Legal frame work: GOT has established the Human Rights and Good Governance Commission, amended the Public Leadership Code of Ethics

• GOT has passed laws to protect women, girls and children. These are:

The Sexual Offences (Special Provisions) Act No. 8 of 1998,


the Land Act No. 4 of 1999 and Village Land Act No. 5 of 1999. Other laws are being reviewed.

These include the Marriage Act No. 5 of 1971, Succession and Inheritance Laws and laws relating to children.

Gender mainstreaming in Tanzania• Government reform Programmes taken

gender as one of the components. For instance, the civil service reforms education etc. Other specific gender programmes in the education, health, water, agricultural sectors and TACAIDS.

Gender mainstreaming in Tanzania• GOT has adopted the Gender Budgeting

Initiative (GBI) and including gender in budget guidelines, It is also involving CSOs in the engendering of budget

• There is collaborative efforts between CSOs actors and individual Government sectors e.g. Campaign promoting women and girls right

S. Question

1. Discuss the measures taken by the revolutionary government of Zanzibar in Mainstreaming gender in education, health and political representation.

2. Discuss the implications of the gender concepts you have learned in DDS 111 lectures.

Suza dds 04 gender and development show

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