1 Sustainable water resources? towards a better understanding of resource security © NERC All rights reserved Dr Alan MacDonald [email protected] when are water resources part of the problem? © NERC All rights reserved Absolute water availability and quality water security affected by: © NERC All rights reserved Access to water (e.g. type & number of sources) Demand for water Source: Calow et al. 2010 Water resources... Dry season © NERC All rights reserved Source: MacDonald, Calow 2009 0 7 – 11 Months 1 – 3 4 – 6 12 Natural storage So where does most rural water come from? ... groundwater © NERC All rights reserved Naturally protected Generally good natural quality Can meet dispersed rural demand Volumes of groundwater storage 1. Overall storage high: 0.5 ‐ 1 million km 3 2. 10 times more than rainfall 3. 100 times more than annual renewable freshwater 4 U l di ib d © NERC All rights reserved 4. Unevenly distributed
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1
Sustainable water resources?
towards a better understanding of resource security
© NERC All rights reserved
Dr Alan MacDonald [email protected]
when are water resources part of the problem?
© NERC All rights reserved
Absolute water availability and quality
water security affected by:
© NERC All rights reserved
Access to water (e.g. type & number of sources)
Demand for water
Source: Calow et al. 2010
Water resources...
Dry season
© NERC All rights reserved Source: MacDonald, Calow 2009
0
7 – 11
Months
1 – 3
4 – 6
12
Natural storage
So where does most rural water come from?
... groundwater
© NERC All rights reserved
Naturally protected
Generally good natural quality
Can meet dispersed rural demand
Volumes of groundwater storage
1. Overall storage high: 0.5 ‐1 million km3
2. 10 times more than rainfall
3. 100 times more than annual renewable freshwater
4 U l di ib d
© NERC All rights reserved
4. Unevenly distributed
2
Larger sedimentary aquifers
© NERC All rights reserved
More complicated sedimentary rocks
© NERC All rights reserved
Crystalline basement
© NERC All rights reserved
The groundwater can be mapped and conditions predicted.
© NERC All rights reserved
Choosing technology
© NERC All rights reserved
Techniques for evaluation
© NERC All rights reserved
3
Water quality
© NERC All rights reserved
24o
25o
26o
27o
Arsenic( g L--1)
<1010-5050-200>200
INDIA
Sampling
© NERC All rights reserved
88o 89o 90o 91o 92o 93o20o
21o
22o
23o
'Groundwater Studies of Arsenic Contamination in Bangladesh'DPHE/BGS/DFID (2000)
INDIA
200 km
n=3546
01020304050
%
What about renewability?
Generally enough recharge for rural water supply
More water problematic
Importance of natural t
Recharge vs rainfall for 80 African studies
© NERC All rights reserved
stores
Monitoring
© NERC All rights reserved
60 009070 80 10
Technologically easy – but needs to be in the right location.
Continuity – the importance of long term monitoring
© NERC All rights reservedhttp://www.bgs.ac.uk/gwresilience/
Summary – water resources
Know the water resources and demand
Match technology to water environment
Construct water points properly and in most productive parts of the aquifers
© NERC All rights reserved
p p q
Collect and keep baseline data when constructed
Monitor change
There are techniques and people out there – use them !
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