Sustainable Transportation & Sts

7/23/2019 Sustainable Transportation & Sts

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SUSTAINABLE TRANSPORTATION

"There is no sustainable development without sustainable transportation. It is an

important component not only because transportation is a prerequisite to

development in general but also for transport, particularly motor vehicles contribute

significantly to global problems, air and water pollution, noise pollution, loss of

ecosystems and landscapes violation. Environmental quality of our nation will be

sustained only if we move towards a sustainable transportation

Definition

There is no universally accepted definition of sustainability, sustainable development

or sustainable transport (Beatley, 1995). Some definitions are listed below.

Brundtland Commission (1987)

Sustainable development meets the needs of the present without compromising the

ability of future generations to meet their own needs.

European Conference of Ministers of Transport (ECMT 2004)

A sustainable transport system is one that is accessible, safe, environmentally-

friendly, and affordable.

Transport Canada (1999)

The goal of sustainable transportation is to ensure that environment; social and

economic considerations are factored into decisions affecting transportation

activity.


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Transportation Impacts on Sustainability

Hybrid electric vehicle (HEV) has various

benefits. HEV offers high energy efficiency,allowing diversification of energy sources,produce less pollutant than conventionalvehicles, minimize global warming and is able tooperate quietly. Moreover, it is a promisingtechnology towards sustainable energy sectorwith the acquisition of electric energy to replacepetroleum energy. However, if all road usersusing HEV, does it will contribute to sustainableurban transport?


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The answer is of course 'No'. Because HEV not:

Reduce accidents Reduce congestion Reducing the cost burden of ownership and maintenance of vehicles Promote smart growth

Supporting alternative transportation to the needy and disabled

Conventional vs. Sustainable Transportation

Conventionally, transportation planning tends to assume that the development of

transport is in linear form. The linear form refers to replace older modes of transportand transport slower with a more advanced and fast, as shown by the figure below;

Walking Bicycles TrainBuses Automobile Upgrade Automobile

Unlike the conventional concept, transport sustainability reflects a parallel model toassume that each respective mode plays a very important role. Sustainable transport

is also trying to create a balanced transportation system and use every mode of

transport services optimally. Thus, the sustainability of transportation is seen as an

effort to improve the overall quality of the existing transport modes in a balanced

and optimal and not just focus on modern or latest transport as shown in figure

below;

Walking Upgrade pedestrian facilities

BicyclesUpgrade cycling facilities

Trends / Bus Upgrade public transport

AutomobileUpgrade condition of the automobile


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For example, in some cities, the most effective strategy towards sustainable

transport may involve improvements to walking and cycling, more support to public

transport and limit private vehicle in congested urban areas. Therefore, the

presumption of improvement of transportation not only refers to travel faster or

more miles, but an increase of comfort and safety, offering cost savings, improveenvironmental quality or reduce the amount of need for travel.

Source: activelivingresearch.org


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Conventional vs. Sustainability Concept

In the context of sustainability, dimensions of economic, environmental and social is

an inseparable element for the successful concept of sustainability either for the long

term or short term. Before the discussion on the sustainability, traditionally, these

dimensions are seen as three separate elements and not related to each other.

Conventional concept

Sustainability concept


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Sustainable Transport Goals & Objectives


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SUSTAINABLE TRANSPORT STRATEGY

STS

NON-

MOTORIZED

TRANSPORT

AUTOMOBILE/PRIVATE

VEHICLE

LAND-USE

MANAGEMENT

PUBLIC

TRANSPORT

ALTERNATIVESTRATEGY


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NON-MOTORIZED TRANSPORT (NMT)

Non-motorized transport (NMT), also called active transport and human powered

transportation refers to walking, cycling, and various variants such as wheelchairs

and scooters. Upgrading strategy NMT trip are able to offer a range of benefits to

society; including can improve the safety and comfort of pedestrians and cyclists,

expand travel options for non-drivers, reducing conflicts between drivers and other

road users, reducing the amount of car traffic and increase recreational activities and

health, promoting tourism NMT, giving comfort to the disabled efforts, and help

creating a more comfortable place to live.


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PUBLIC TRANSPORT

Public transit (also called public transport or mass transit) includes various services

that provide mobility to the general public, including buses, trains, ferries, shared

taxi, and their variations. It can play important and unique roles in an efficient and

equitable transport system by providing affordable basic mobility for non-drivers,

efficient urban travel, and a catalyst for more efficient land use development.

It can therefore have various impacts (benefits); including many that are indirect

and external (they affect people who do not currently use transit services). Some

result from the existence of the service, others from transit use and some from

reduced automobile travel. Not all transit services have all of these impacts, but

most have several.

In addition, public transport also plays an important role to passengers whocommute to work. Increased use of public transport, coupled with a decline in the

use of private cars capable significantly reducing CO2 as public transport generally

lead to lower CO2emissions per passenger/kilometre than private vehicles.

Public Transport Benefits


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The number of vehicles required to carry 57 passengers


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AUTOMOBILE / PRIVATE VEHICLE

Private vehicles dominate the transport sector in the world today. Either inside or

outside of the city, the popularity of private or personal vehicles well compare to the

other transport modes. The main factor is due to the popularity of private cars can

be controlled individually, responding to basic human impulse to act and movewithout constraints caused by others. Nothing mysterious about the advantages of

using automobile.

But unfortunately these private vehicles accounted for various problems to the

transport sector. Problems associated with this car have been extensively researched

in various publications. In fact, this material has appeared in popular media and

penetrating philosophical and technical analysis. The following points explain the

reasons for not supporting the use of a personal vehicle:

Traffic congestion

Mobility barriers

Accident damages

Consumer costs

Facility costs

DNRR: Depletion of non-renewable resources.


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LAND USE MANAGEMENT STRATEGY

Land use management strategies can be implemented at various geographic scales.

For example, clustering a few shops together into a mall tends to improve access for

shoppers compared with the same shops sprawled along a highway (this is the

typical scale of access management). Locating houses, shops and offices together in

a neighborhood improves access for residents and employees (this is the typical

scale of New Urbanism).

Clustering numerous residential and commercial buildings near a transit center can

reduce the need to own and use an automobile (this is the typical scale of transit-

oriented development). Concentrating housing and employment within existing

urban areas tends to increase transit system efficiency (this is the typical scale of

smart growth). Although people sometimes assume that land use management

requires that all communities become highly urbanized, these strategies are actuallyquite flexible and can be implemented in a wide range of conditions:

In urban areas they involve infilling existing urban areas, encouraging fine-

grained land use mix, and improving walking and public transit services.

In suburban areas it involves creating compact downtowns, and transit-

oriented, walkable development.

For new developments it involves creating more connected roadways and

paths, sidewalks, and mixed-use village centers.

In rural areas it involves creating villages and providing basic walking

facilities and transit services.

Land use management strategies


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Transportation and land use planning decisions interact. Transport planning

decisions affect land use development, and land use conditions affect transport

activity. These relationships are complex, with various interactive effects.

Impacts (benefits of land use management strategies)

ALTERNATIVE STRATEGY

The alternative strategy is referring to policy, enforcement and education program of

transportation. In addition to making a more holistic and comprehensive STS,

alternative strategies also acted widen choice of STS and offers many advantages.

Among the priorities of alternative strategies are:

Promote smart land use and transport planning in all cities so that the

distance can be reduced. Meanwhile source of income, education, and other

social needs, especially for a small segment of the urban population will be

improve. Establish rules and enforcement mechanisms that enable equality to all those

who use the service.

Addressing the concerns over road safety

Reduce the level of contamination by transportation modal shift, better

enforcement, policy more stringent, technology advancements, and others.


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ASSIGNMENT 1

Describe three strategies for each part of STS with figure (photographs or table) and

descriptions.

Sustainable Transportation & Sts

Documents