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International Workshop on Sustainable Energy Solutions for Community Development in Pakistan
(November 08-09, 2016)
1
Sustainable solar and bioenergy technologies for community development in Pakistan
Anjum Munir1,*, Oliver Hensel2, Abdul Ghafoor3, Waseem Amjad1
1Department of Energy Systems Engineering, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad 2Department of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering, University of Kassel, Germany
3Department of Farm Machinery & Power, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad *Corresponding Author’s Email: [email protected]
Abstract Persisting energy crises is seriously affecting human growth index of the country. Despite of
available potential, there is lack of policy, strategy and suitable solutions to harvest this potential
effectively. The production potential from solar, wind, biogas/biomass and hydel are 2.9 million
MW, 20000 MW, 5000 MW and 45000 MW respectively, whereas Pakistan is unable to tap these
resources effectively. A consolidated and integrated approach is needed to lay down the
guidelines of policy making. A huge amount of post-harvest losses in perishable and
nonperishable food products are 20-25% and 15-20% respectively but very little work has been
done on value addition and post-harvest processing. UAF has developed various worthwhile solar
based technologies viz. solar distillation systems, solar roaster, solar baking units, solar double
jacketed autoclave and solar cookers to add value to agricultural products. Being an agricultural
country, 82 million tons solid per annum and dung available from 72 million animals can
contribute significantly to address energy deficit issues in rural community in particular. Keeping
these facts in view, UAF is intensively working on all aspects of bioenergy conversion from
biomass viz. biochemical, thermochemical, and physiochemical processes. Two floating drum
type biogas plants (40 and 25 m3) have been installed near the animal shed in order to use animal
dung for biogas production. About 1050 kg dung is fed in the feeding chambers and 36.75 m3 per
day gas is produced. The biogas is stored in two storage tanks to run a 20 hp engine for 6 hours
operation. The byproduct of biogas plant is slurry which can be effectively utilized as an organic
fertilizer. Moreover, UAF has developed fixed dome and bag type biogas plants for the thermal
application and operation of Genset. Recently, a 20 kW biomass gasifier unit has been developed
using indigenous resources address agricultural waste/biomass. The biomass consumption rate is
18-40 kg per hour depending upon type, quality and moisture contents. Gas production is 102
million m3 while heat generation rate is 100,000 kCal/h. The system is coupled with an 18 kVA
generator for power production. Parasitic load is 3kVA and gas temperature was found to be
about 250°C. Feeding system of the gasifier is automatic using a bucket elevator. Ash and tars
removal system is automatic with the help of cyclone separator, wet scrubber and biomass filters.
Solar based milk pasteurizer is developed for milk pasteurization. The system comprises a
pasteurizer (100 liters), a chiller (200 liters) a 2000 W solar PV array, a hybrid inverter and 300
Ah battery backup system. The pasteurizer is operated with the help of a vacuum tube collector
while a VC refrigeration system has been employed and inverter technology has been
incorporated in the chiller unit. In order to minimize torque load, inverter technology employing a
rotary compressor and an electronic kit is used. An environmental friendly refrigerant R-410a has
been used. This technology has shown very excellent results in terms of improving COP (2.83)
and reducing load. A 200 liters milk was chilled in a period of 90min from 30 to 4°C. The
average load during the experiments was constant and recorded as 1kW (3.5-4 Amps at 220 V).
The research concluded that these decentralized solar based and bioenergy technologies are
sustainable energy solution using indigenous resources and can play a vital role for income
generation and community development
Keywords: Solar thermal technologies; solar milk pasteurizer; multi-crop dryer; biomass
gasifier; inverter, pasteurizer, chiller, Income Generation.
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International Workshop on Sustainable Energy Solutions for Community Development in Pakistan
(November 08-09, 2016)
2
Developing and testing pressurized water scrubbing system to purify biogas
Allah Bakhsh1,*, Furqan Aslam1, Muhammad Ashraf 2, Anjum Munir3 1Department of Irrigation and Drainage, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
2Agricultural Engineering Research Division Jhang Road, Faisalabad, Pakistan 3Department of Energy Systems Engineering, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad,
Pakistan *Corresponding Author’s Email: [email protected]
Abstract
Biogas is one of promising renewable energy resources in Pakistan. Whereas the potential
of biogas has not been fully utilized and commercialized so far because it contains about 35-
45% carbon dioxide. Biogas generally comprises 55-65% methane (CH4), 35-45% carbon
dioxide (CO2), 986 ppm hydrogen sulphide (H2S) and traces of water vapors. The presence
of carbon dioxide reduces its calorific value as well as restrains its compressibility and the
hydrogen sulphide corrodes the internal of fittings and gas storage devices. For this purpose,
a pressurized water scrubbing system (PWS) has been developed and installed at the biogas
plant site, University of Agriculture Faisalabad. The PWS system depends on the concept of
higher physical solubility of CO2 and H2S compared to CH4 in pressurized water. This PWS
system consists of a cylinder in which pressurized water is sprayed from top and raw biogas
is injected through bottom of the cylinder opposite to vapors flow and solubility occurs at
the surface of packing media placed in the column. Such PWS system has the potential to
remove carbon dioxide (CO2) ranges from 80 to 90% from raw biogas. The results of
Pressurized Water Scrubbing system are helpful for upgrading, compressing and bottling of
biogas as a cooking fuel, vehicle fuel and production of electricity.
Keywords: Biogas; cooking fuel; vehicle fuel; pressurized water scrubbing (PWS); packing
media.
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International Workshop on Sustainable Energy Solutions for Community Development in Pakistan
(November 08-09, 2016)
3
Solar PV quality issues and Standardization in Pakistan
Faiz Mohammad Bhutta1,* 1Senior Energy Consultant, Lahore
*Corresponding Author’s Email: [email protected] Cell: 0335-4047974
Abstract
Solar PV Quality is a big concern in Pakistan and there is a need to impose standards at import,
design, installation and monitoring of solar systems. Because of no standardization, the customers
do not look satisfied from performance of solar system deployments. There is a need to put
standardization at various levels. First level is the import and local assembling of Solar PV
components. Second level is the design of solar systems. Third level is the installation,
commissioning and Performance Monitoring. IEC standards are available and are widely being
practiced in Pakistan in electrical sector and there is a need to implement all IEC standards
applicable for design, installation, commissioning and performance of solar systems in Pakistan.
IEC standards for solar components are: IEC standards for Solar PV crystalline modules are IEC
61215 and IEC 61730, IEC standard IEC 62109 is safety of Power Converters for use in
Photovoltaic Power Systems. Part-1 is General requirements and part-2 relates to Photovoltaic
requirements, IEC 62509 is a standard for Battery charge controller for photovoltaic systems and
it relates to Performance and monitoring of charge controllers, IEC 60896 is a standard for Valve
regulated Stationary lead acid batteries and part -21 relates to method of test of stationary lead
acid batteries and Part-22 relates to Type Requirements, IEC 61427:2015 is a standard for
secondary cell and batteries for renewable energy storage General requirements and method of
test and part-1 relates to photovoltaic off-grid applications and Part-2 relates to On-Grid
Applications, IEC 50818 and EN 50818 are standards for cables for photovoltaic applications,
IEC 61724 is a standard for Photovoltaic Performance Monitoring. Government has to regulate
this sector and make active Pakistan National Accreditation Council (PNAC) and PSQCA for
imposition of solar standards and certifications in Pakistan to bring quality in this sector.
Keywords: Solar; standards; quality; solar PV; solar design.
Brief Introduction of Engr. Faiz Mohammad Bhutta:
Faiz Mohammad Bhutta is a professional engineer having more than 30 years’ experience
of working at technical and managerial posts in national and multinational companies.
Apart from his professional career, he has served as visiting teacher on engineering and
management subjects in Air University, COMSATS University and UMT. He is master
trainer on Solar from GIZ Pakistan and from HNAC China on MHP. He is Senior Energy
Consultant and currently working as National Capacity Development Expert in ADB
funded Clean Energy Investment Project in Pakistan and is associated with Premier Energy and HNAC China as adviser and consultant He has also contributed as PEC Task
force member for development of Building Energy Code 2011, Pakistan Electric and
Telecommunication Safety code 214 and Fire code of Pakistan 2016. He is founder
chairman of Pakistan Solar Association and first Chapter chairman of REAP Punjab. He is
member of International Solar Society Germany (ISES), Life member of PEC, Life
Member of IEP, Life member of IEEEP, Member of HVACR Society, Member of PGBC,
Member of MAP and member of ASHRAE USA. He is a writer & Trainer and his articles
are published in Daily DAWN, Alterenergy Mag USA, EIR, HVACR Journal, TechnoBiz, Engineering Horizon and Energy Update etc.
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International Workshop on Sustainable Energy Solutions for Community Development in Pakistan
(November 08-09, 2016)
4
Is on-grid solar systems a solution for rural communities?
Fritz Boehmler*
Solar-b gmbh Germany
Corresponding Author’s Email: [email protected]
Abstract
Although, if solar systems are connected to grid, they require combination either with
batteries or generator to ensure security of working at electric lines, if grid is switched off.
This is an international standard for all On-Grid inverters. To use solar energy in situation
of blackouts they need a frequency source, like battery or generator. Anyhow rural
communities would already profit by the effect of stabilizing its week grid at the tale of
public electricity grid by lifting Voltage level. These systems would enhance the life of
many electronic devices and bulbs of community though the community itself would not
necessarily profit financially directly by providing energy to grid (As long as Netmetering is
not allowed) . If the community provides some public services the availability of power
would avoid wasted time of its employees and avoid permanent frustration. Considering
these affects, already the financial saving would mostly exceed the initial investment, but
obviously depending of exact circumstances. In case the community service already runs
generators, savings would come from reduced expenditures in shape of Rupies. The critical
issue why this type of system is not spread everywhere is not the price, but on one hand the
missing framework for netmetering and the physically bad quality oft he local grid and on
the other hand missing awareness oft he possibilities and mising knowledge to design a
proper proper hybrid system as well as missing craftsmenship. The communities, as an
official entity have so many opportunities to distribute such local produced power where
they assume most needed to secure development of their local economy. The UAF is
developing such models but the acceptance has to be seen in future.
Keywords: Hybrid systems; rural development; public grid analyse.
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International Workshop on Sustainable Energy Solutions for Community Development in Pakistan
(November 08-09, 2016)
5
Numerical study of cooling performance of slurry flow with phase change
nanoparticles in a microchannel
Safi Ahmad Memon1, Muhammad Bilal Sajid2,*, M. Mohib Ur Rehman1, Muhammad
Sohail Malik1, Awad Bin Saud Alquaity3 1Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Ghulam Ishaq Khan Institute of Engineering Sciences
& Technology (GIKI) , Topi, Pakistan 2U.S.-Pakistan Center for Advanced Studies in Energy (USPCAS-E), NUST , H-12,
Islamabad, Pakistan 3Clean Combustion Research Center, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology
(KAUST), Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
*Corresponding Author’s Email: [email protected]
Abstract
Numerical investigation has been conducted to study the thermal performance of laminar
slurry flow consisting of PCM (Phase Change Material) nanoparticles in a microchannel.
The slurry consisting of lauric acid nanoparticles based in water has been modeled using the
homogenous flow approach assuming effective thermophysical properties computed using
appropriate correlations from the literature. A microchannel of 50 µm height, 35 mm length
and 2 mm width has been used with a uniform heat flux applied to the bottom wall.
Solutions of mass, energy and momentum equations have been obtained for a range of heat
flux, flow rate and nanoparticle concentration, and thermal performance of the slurry has
been presented using effectiveness ratio, performance index, and Merit number. The
research serves as a design guideline for optimizing cooling performance of fluid based heat
sink devices.
Keywords: Phase change material; slurry flow; nanoparticles; microchannel; cooling
performance.
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International Workshop on Sustainable Energy Solutions for Community Development in Pakistan
(November 08-09, 2016)
6
Comparison and optimization of the configurations for organic Rankine
cycles with different working fluids using medium-temperature geothermal
water
Jahan Zeb Alvi1, Gang Pei1*, Anjum Munir2, Abdul Ghafoor3, Waseem Amjad2,
Sidrah Ashfaq3 1Department of Thermal Science and Energy Engineering, University of Science and
Technology of China 2Department of Energy Systems Engineering, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad-
Pakistan 3Department of Farm Machinery & Power, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad-
Pakistan
Corresponding Author’s E-mail: [email protected]
Abstract
Concerning the comprehensive performance of organic Rankine cycle (ORC), comparisons
and optimizations are investigated in 3 different configurations of ORC with 14 working
fluids. The three configurations are Basic, Regenerative and Extractive. A medium-
temperature geothermal water is used to compare the influence of configurations, working
fluids and operating parameters on different evaluation criteria. Different evaluation and
optimization methods are adopted in evaluation of ORCs to obtain the one with the best
comprehensive performance, such as exergoeconomic analysis, bi-objective optimization
and grey relational analysis. The results reveal that the comprehensive thermodynamic and
economic performances of the basic ORC is the best among these three ORCs. R245fa is
used as the working fluid and geothermal water at 150 oC. While neglecting the safety
factor 141b shows the best comprehensive performance among 14 working fluids based on
the Pareto frontier solutions. Meanwhile, R141b is the best among all 14 working fluids
with the optimal comprehensive performance when regarding all the evaluation criteria
equally by using grey relational analysis.
Keywords: Organic rankine cycle; exergoeconomic analysis; multi-objective optimization;
grey relational analysis; geothermal resource.
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International Workshop on Sustainable Energy Solutions for Community Development in Pakistan
(November 08-09, 2016)
7
Solar assisted milk pasteurizer and energy efficient milk chiller with inverter
technology for milk preservation of rural communities
Khawar Saeed Khan*
Department of Agriculture and Biosytems Engineering, Witzenhausen Campus, Uni Kassel
Germany *Corresponding Author’s Email: [email protected]
Abstract
Raw milk is considered as a tremendous medium for contagious growth of bacteria and
other pathogens which soon get accelerate when stored at ambient temperature. Pakistan has
fourth place in milk production throughout the world. About 41.6 million ton of milk is
being produced annually in Pakistan from which hardly 5% is processed and pasteurized
while remaining proportion of milk is handled by milkman under non-hygienic conditions
which is ultimate source of different diseases. The milk dairy processing is a rapid growing
business but high energy running cost is a serious problem. Milk is pasteurized with
cheapest source of energy, which is solar energy. The solar energy in combination with
vacuum tube collectors having 200 liters capacity and 2.088 m² collector area is an efficient
way of pasteurizing the milk. Steam is used to pasteurize the milk stored in stainless steel
tanks. Milk is heated up to a temperature of 63ºC for 30 min and then cooled down to 30ºC
through heat exchanger by using natural water. The temperature of milk is then reduced to
4ºC in the energy efficient milk chiller within 2 hours (standard of WHO) which is powered
by a 2kW solar PV system. Efficiency of the unit was achieved up to 69%. The payback
period of this unit is only 5.5 years. This research study is conducted to prolong the shelf
life of milk and results as most excellent and economical way of preserving milk through
this solar energy resource technique.
Keywords: Non-hygienic; dairy processing; vacuum tube collector; energy efficient chiller;
PV system.
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International Workshop on Sustainable Energy Solutions for Community Development in Pakistan
(November 08-09, 2016)
8
Development of concentrated photovoltaic thermal system for greenhouse
heating: Performance and economic analysis
Muhammad Imtiaz Hussain, Jun Tae Kim*
Green Energy Technology Research Center, Kongju National University, South Korea *Corresponding Author’s Email: [email protected]
Abstract
In this paper, the capability of concentrated photovoltaic thermal (CPVT) for greenhouse
heating was analyzed using experimental and numerical findings. The thermal and electrical
outputs from the CPVT were tested with and without glass reinforcement plastic enclosure
around the collector assembly. In addition, the performance of CPVT collector in terms of
solar fraction is tested under different thermal storage capacities. The core concept of this
section is to evaluate the energy potential and the economic viability of the CPVT as a
substitute for electricity/kerosene/diesel fuels for greenhouse heating. Economic analysis of
all above-mentioned systems was carried out by taking into account performance, cost,
discounted payback period, and life cycle. All aspects and characteristics of these systems
were tested and discussed in detail. The thermal efficiency of the CPVT system increased
and discounted payback period decreased significantly with increasing the storage capacity
of the thermal mass. It was noticed that for some months (in particular), the heating cost of
the greenhouse was reduced to zero and given system can solely fulfill their entire heating
demand.
Keywords: Photovoltaic thermal system; greenhouse heating; economic analysis; storage
capacity.
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International Workshop on Sustainable Energy Solutions for Community Development in Pakistan
(November 08-09, 2016)
9
Solar date drying for community development
Munir Ahmad1, Farrukh Ehsan2, Rabia Anam3
1 Chief Scientist-II/ Director General (Agricultural Engineering Division), Pakistan
Agricultural Research Council, Islamabad 2 Agricultural Engineering Division, Pakistan Agricultural Research Council, Islamabad
3 Department of Farm Machinery and Power, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad,
Pakistan
Abstract
On-farm postharvest management of fruits is a big challenge for developing countries. Due
to unavailability of suitable techniques for post-harvest processing, 20 to 30 percent of fruits
being wasted every year. Dates are the third most important fruit of Pakistan and, are being
grown in all four provinces over an area of 923,000 hectares with an annual production of
535,000 tons. Conventionally, open sun drying is adapted to dry dates that results with high
product loss and low quality produce. Study showed that, 22 percent of dates are being
wasted due to unavailability of drying technologies. Date growers / processors cannot
afford mechanical dryers as their initial as well as operational cost is very high. Lavish
availability of sun energy in Pakistan, it’s being free of cost and simplicity in utilization,
lured the processors to take advantage and use it as an alternate source. Solar tunnel and
solar-cum-gas fired date dryers were developed, installed and evaluated at District Khairpur,
Sindh during the period of July-August, 2016. During the evaluation of solar-cum gas fired
date dryer the ambient temperature ranged from 38 to 41 oC and heated air temperature
range was 52 to 60 oC. Dates having wet weight of 600 kg were dried in four (04) days and
the seasonal capacity of dryer was 4 tons. During the evaluation of solar tunnel date dryer,
the inside air temperature ranges from 55 to 60 oC. Dates having wet weight of 1000 kg
were dried in three (03) days and the seasonal capacity of dryer was 10 ton. The quality of
dryer dried date was better than open sun dried dates and fetched higher price. Dates dried
in solar tunnel dryer were sold at rupees 150 per kg while rupees 250 per kg were earned
from solar-cum-gas fired dryer. These solar dryers provide sustainable solution for on farm
value addition of dates.
Keywords: Dates processing; solar energy; drying.
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International Workshop on Sustainable Energy Solutions for Community Development in Pakistan
(November 08-09, 2016)
10
Use of hyperspectral imaging (HSI) for energy optimization of an industrial
drying process
Waseem Amjad1,*, Stuart Crichton2, Anjum Munir1, Oliver Hensel2, Barbara Sturm2,3
Syed Nabeel Husnain1 aDepartment of Energy Systems Engineering, University of Agriculture Faisalabad,
Pakistan 2Department of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering, University of Kassel, Germany
3School of Agriculture, Food and Rural Development, Newcastle University, UK *Corresponding Author’s Email: [email protected]
Abstract
Food drying is a highly energy intensive process which needs to be controlled using real
time data acquisition devices. Hyperspectral imaging (HSI) has a short measuring time with
limited sample preparation, chemical-free, and can be applied to estimate more than one
attribute at the same time. All these factors reduce energy requirements and costs of
process. HSI was utilized for the determination of moisture content of potato slices with
three thicknesses (5mm, 7mm, 9mm) at three drying temperatures (50oC, 60oC, 70oC)
during convective drying in a laboratory hot air dryer. The Page, thin-layer drying model
was found suitable to describe the drying process with a fitting accuracy of R2 (0.96-0.99)
and lowest reduced Chi-square (0.000246-0.000906), RMSE (0.01453-0.02685), and
relative percentage error (1.49%-5.07%) under the used drying conditions. Spectral data
was analyzed using the partial least squares regression (PLSR) analysis, a multivariate
calibration technique, alongside MCUVE-PLS and CARS-PLS. The feasibility of both
moisture content and CIELAB co-ordinate prediction with a reduced wavelength set from
the VNIR region (400-1010nm) was investigated with these three models. The PLSR model
(R2 = 0.93-0.98, RMSE = 0.16-0.36 and the lowest number of optimal wavelengths = 6, for
all drying conditions) was found suitable to implement for the moisture visualization
procedure. The current study showed that hyperspectral imaging was a useful tool for non-
destructively measurement and visualization of the moisture content and chromaticity
during the drying process and let the user to know the process end time, thus saving energy
consumption and retention of product quality as well.
Keywords: Hyperspectral imaging; potato; convective drying; partial least square;
moisture content; wavelength selection.
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International Workshop on Sustainable Energy Solutions for Community Development in Pakistan
(November 08-09, 2016)
11
Emission of CO2 from agricultural water pumping and performance of solar
photovoltaic pump in Pakistan
Muhammad Munir Ahmad*, Muhammad Khalid Jamil, Abdul Wahab, and
Muhammad Asif
Climate Change, Alternate Energy and Water Resources Institute, National Agricultural
Research Centre (NARC), Pakistan Agricultural Research Council (PARC), Islamabad *Corresponding Author’s Email: [email protected] ; Tel.: 051 9255022
Abstract Indus basin irrigation system was designed for an annual cropping intensity (i.e. yearly cropped
area) of about 75 %. At present, the cropping intensity varied 200 to 300 % in some regions of
Pakistan. Farming communities are using groundwater to fulfil the food and feed requirements.
Groundwater plays an important role in Pakistan and more than 50 % of the irrigation water
requirements of crops are met through this resource. Generally, pumps are used to relocate water
from the source which may be underground or from surface water bodies (ponds, lakes, river,
stream, etc.) to its ultimate consumption point which may be livestock, field crops or domestic
overhead tank. Realizing the benefits of groundwater irrigation, the trend of groundwater use
increased. The numbers of private tube wells were 10,000 in 1960 and increased to 0.60 million
in 2002 and at present these are 1.2 million. In the last 40 years (1976-2016), the groundwater
contribution to irrigated agriculture has doubled from 25.6 to 50.2MAF. The energy requirements
were also raised with the rise in usage of groundwater. In 2016, the total number of tube wells in
Pakistan has reached to 1.2 million whereas diesel operated tube wells are nearly 01 million. The
data analysis shows that average annually CO2 emission is 5.025 million metric tonnes from these
agricultural water pumps. Pakistan has been seriously struggling with conventional energy
sources since 2005. Agriculture sector is also affected like other sectors and performing sub-
optimally. It is estimated that about 3000 sunny hours are available in Pakistan during each year
with an average insolation of 5-7 KW/m2. A solar PV pump of 5 HP was installed on a reservoir
to irrigate 13 acres farm land in Potohar region and the performance evaluation was carried out.
The solar pump was monitored for 20 months on three randomly selected sunny days from
morning to evening in each month. Every day, the radiations on PV systems and pump discharge
were measured. The incident solar radiations at the Fatehjang study site were analysed from Oct
2012 to Sept. 2014. The solar radiation was 4.68 KW/m2 during summer months and 2.78 kW/m2
during winter months of the study duration. The average discharge of solar pump was 5.73 lps
during 09am-03pm and 4.07 lps before 09am and after 03pm during sun hours. The average
discharge of whole day was 5.23 lps and it was 29 percent lesser than high radiation time and 22
percent higher than low radiation time. This shows that a good reliability of solar pump discharge
for both high and low radiation time during the day. Development department like Agency for
Barani Area Development (ABAD), Punjab has providing subsidy for installation of solar pumps
on 200 mini dams in the Potohar area, Punjab. Moreover, Punjab Govt. also announced 20,000
solar drip systems in 2016-2017 budget and Kyber Pakhttoonkha Govt. already installed
subsidized 100 solar pumps during 2015-2016. Prime Minister of Pakistan also announced
30,000 mark-up free solar pumps scheme. The data analysis shows that more than 5 % CO2
emission in water pumping for irrigation will be reduced after complete installation of above
mentioned solar pumps. Moreover, after complete installation of aforementioned solar pumps
there will be a saving of 100 million liters of diesel annually and there will be a reduction of 7.2
billion rupees in the operational cost of pumping per annum.
Keywords: Cropping intensity; water pumping; solar PV; CO2 emission.
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International Workshop on Sustainable Energy Solutions for Community Development in Pakistan
(November 08-09, 2016)
12
Sustainable development: Renewable energy education for architects
Azlan Zahid1,*, Abdul Ghafoor1, Muhammad Faheem1, Muhammad Muzammil2,
Faisal Shahzad3 1Department of Farm Machinery and Power, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad
2Department of Irrigation and Drainage, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad 3Institute of Horticultural Sciences, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad
*Corresponding Author’s Email: [email protected]
Abstract
Inconsiderate use of fossil fuels not only subjects to resource depletion but also triggering
environmental threats. For sustainability, renewable energy is considered as an attractive
source. Nearly 40% of the global energy consumption is associated with buildings in the
form of heating, lighting, cooling and ventilation requirements. The rapidly growing
population, accessible forms of renewable energies, crucial events and activities in
sustainable energy development and today’s financial crisis around the globe forced the
developed countries to introduce and adopt renewable energy buildings as a clean option.
Energy efficiency, auditing and management strategies are the most auspicious means of
curtailing the growing energy demand. A viable technique to reduce the primary energy
consumption involves educating the building architects to use renewable energy in the
design of buildings. The role of architecture is becoming crucial as the world is looking for
green and sustainable development. Architecture has a significant role in providing better
and friendly designs for new buildings and residential areas, which meets the building
standards and is also energy efficient. In designing buildings, the embodied energy of
construction materials is also a significant which is a matter of great concern. This is a chief
aspect in sustainable development to use recycled building materials where possible and
diminish energy ingesting. In architectural education, the renewable energy concept has
been established over the years and renewable energy courses and trainings are linked with
some programs of architecture together with the principles of sustainable development.
There is a dire need insight in order to revolutionize the architectural courses or curriculums
to enable the process of sustainable buildings development for green revolution in the entire
world.
Keywords: Sustainable energy; sustainable architecture; architectural education;
renewable energy.
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International Workshop on Sustainable Energy Solutions for Community Development in Pakistan
(November 08-09, 2016)
13
Stagnant pro-poor approach and green energy susceptibility in Pakistan:
Redefining policy for paradigm shift
Saleem Ashraf1,*, Aashiq Hussain Sangi1, Muhammad Luqman2, Gulfam Hassan3 1In-Service Agricultural Training Institute, Rahim Yar Khan, Pakistan 2University College of Agriculture, University of Sargodha, Pakistan
3Institute of Agricultural Extension and Rural Development, University of Agriculture
Faisalabad, Pakistan *Corresponding Author’s Email: [email protected]
Abstract
Energy crisis is noteworthy issue of Pakistan and load shedding and power failure has
become complaint of rural dweller to industrialists. Inadequate power generation in country
led development on back foot. Pakistan is leading most expensive energy producer in Asian
region. States intrinsic efforts are inadequate to fulfill the demand and supply gap of energy
generation. On contrary, citizens are compelled to pay heavy amount of electricity bills
despite of power failure of 10-14 hours per day. Miserable situation infer the quick
rehabilitation with inclusion of green energy technologies like solar, wind and biogas in
power generation set up. At current, power generation through these technologies is
minimal as compared to other countries of the world. Pakistan possess vast potential of solar
and biogas technologies pertinent to sunny climate and huge animals population capable of
producing approximately 700 million kg of dung. Pakistan is geographically located on
latitude of 24°N to 37°N and 61°E to 76°E longitudes with total land area of approximately
800,000 K2 which is highly favorable for solar technologies. In this regard, Pakistan needs
to invest in renewables and shift energy generation alternate to fuel. Expensive billing is
beyond the potential of poor peoples who are residing in rural peripherals and depending
upon farming for their livelihoods. In fact, agriculture is too indulges in misery at present.
Promotion and awareness of human and environment friendly technologies could help
bridging the supply and demand gap. Farmers may be motivated to adopt these technologies
on domestic level. Particularly, biogas could happen as multiple benefits providing source
for households. Solar adoption could bring lights on in plain areas without interruption. This
division of power could stabilize the supply and demand gap of energy. Coordination and
inter-disciplinary research, trainings and awareness campaigns could harness the potential in
befitting manner.
Keywords: Green energy; pro-poor growth; technology gaps.
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International Workshop on Sustainable Energy Solutions for Community Development in Pakistan
(November 08-09, 2016)
14
High flux solar thermal receiver using s-CO2 in microchannels
Muhammad Mohsin Tanveer1, Muhammad Bilal Sajid1,* 1U.S.-Pakistan Center for Advanced Studies in Energy (USPCAS-E), NUST , H-12,
Islamabad, Pakistan *Corresponding Author’s Email: [email protected]
Abstract
Global warming is a major issue for the world, conventional power plants being the major
contributor. Concentrated solar technologies have the potential to generate power at large
scale using existing thermal energy cycles and hence reducing global warming. This work
aims at designing and optimizing a solar receiver consisting of mircochannels and using
Supercritical Carbon Dioxide (s-CO2) as working fluid. These types of plants can generate
high solar flux (nearly 1MW/m2) and hence lead to high working fluid temperature. Major
issues in implementing these technologies are large size of receiver, high energy loss,
limiting heat capacity and operating conditions of working fluid. Normal heat transfer fluid
(HTF) changes phase at operating conditions causing high pressure inside the pipes. Due to
this phenomenon, a bulky design is required. The objective of this study is to reduce the
receiver size by using microchannels for high heat flux and outlet target temperature of
6500C. s-CO2 is stable, nonflammable and nontoxic. Moreover, it has low critical
temperature and pressure and it can be directly used in Rankine or Bryton cycle. Thus, s-
CO2 can be used directly as working fluid and no intermediate heat exchanger is required.
This results in compact, efficient and cost-effective system.We are performing 2D CFD
analysis of microchannels. Commercial available software package of ANSYS FLUENT
15.0 is being used for this work. The performance of microchannels is being investigated by
varying the aspect ratio and flow parameters (e.g. Re number) of the working fluid.
Moreover, effect of presence of fins (and their geometries) in microchannels is under
investigation. Applying fins will increase the contact area with working fluid and is likely to
enhance heat transfer while reducing external surface temperature to reduce heat loss to
ambient.
Keywords: Renewable energy; solar concentrator; CFD; heat transfer; microchannels;
sCO2.
Page 15
International Workshop on Sustainable Energy Solutions for Community Development in Pakistan
(November 08-09, 2016)
15
Assessment of hydropower production potential on Jhang branch canal
Muhammad Arshad*, Muhammad Hamid, Muhammad Awais, Muhammad Usman
Department of Irrigation and Drainage, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad-Pakistan *Corresponding Author’s Email: [email protected]
Abstract
The significance of energy for various purposes (domestic, industrial and environmental
etc.) is irrefutable. Worlds total energy resources constitute 82% from fossil fuels, 13% from
renewable energy resources and remaining 5% is from nuclear energy. Generally, renewable
energy is defined as the energy that is obtained from resources, which are continuously
replenished on a human timescale, such as sunlight, water, wind, waves, tides and geothermal
heat etc. Among these water is considered as the most reliable and cheap source of renewable
energy. Water is a natural resource, which has been used to generate power since ancient
times. Modern way of harnessing the power of water is by direct conversion to electricity,
called hydroelectric power. Pakistan is an energy deficient country and facing severe shortfall
of electricity since last decade. In Pakistan, primarily, the hydroelectric energy would come
from dams and reservoirs, where water is stored to create desirable hydraulic head to produce
electricity. Pakistan has one of the world’s largest canal irrigation network which, runs over
the topography and a number of head drops are available along the course of this network.
These drops may be identified on a selected canal command and the available head can be
utilized for electric power generation. Keeping in view the aforementioned facts a study was
designed with a primary objective of identifying suitable sites for hydroelectric power
generation at selected canal command. The selected sections of canal (RDs from 38000-
306500) has total seven feasible sites having a range of hydropower generation from 0.976
to 2.257 MW, with the most suitable site for energy generation is at RD 68830 with a
maximum potential of 2.25 MW. This energy can be utilized locally to satisfy the power
requirements of the adjoining villages against the potential demand of 600 kW in
neighboring villages of canal.
Keywords: Fossil fuels; renewable energy; hydropower generation; canals.
Page 16
International Workshop on Sustainable Energy Solutions for Community Development in Pakistan
(November 08-09, 2016)
16
Potential biochemical components of crop residues for renewable energy
Muhammad Farrukh Saleem1,*, Muhammad Shahid1, Muhammad Ashfaq Wahid1,
Haroon Zaman Khan1, Abdul Shakoor1 1Department of Agronomy, University of Agriculture Faisalabad Pakistan
*Corresponding Author’s Email: [email protected]
Abstract
Crop residues are an important source of renewable energy and are often problematic to
manage after harvesting of crops. Knowledge about the composition of biodegradable
residues is prerequisite to optimize energy output. On the basis of cellular components,
plant residues are comprised of parenchyma and sclerenchyma tissues. Parenchyma tissues
mainly comprised of protoplasm and vacuoles while sclerenchyma are composed of bio-
membranes. 1- Parenchyma tissues (a) Proteins are polypeptides of 20 different amino
acids. Biofuel obtained from protein rich residues may have acidic or basic pH depending
on amino acid composition. (b) Starch contains glucose in the form of amylose and
amylopectin. Starch is easily degraded by aerobic and anaerobic bacteria. (c) Fructans are
polysaccharides found in residues of cereals. Two most important groups of fructans are
inulin and levans. (d) Chlorophyll consists of 4 pyrol rings which combine with another
pyrol ring to build porphyrin structure. A long phytol chain forms bond with porphyrin
structure. During residues stage chlorophyll disintegrates and phytol chain cleavage takes
place from porphyrin structure. It gives rise to colorless products. Carotenoids in residues
develop yellow color and anthocyanin red color. Brown color of residues develops due to
oxidation and subsequent polymerization of phenolics present in subcellular compartments.
2- Sclerenchyma tissues (a) Cellulose is most abundant biopolymer in residues as it is
structural component of cell wall, stalks and woody parts. It is linear glucan polymer
(glucose units > 10,000) which are linked by β-1,4- glycosidic bond. Only those fungi and
few bacteria having cellulase enzyme can decompose it. (b) Hemicelluloses are mainly
composed of pentoses and hexoses. It has cellulose like glucose units linked to each other
by glycosidic bond but has less polymerization than cellulose. These take less time for
decomposition than cellulose. Examples of non-cellulosic polysaccharides are xylans,
mannans, glucomannans, galactins, pectins etc. (c) Lignin is the most abundant biopolymer
after cellulose in residues. It is found in primary, secondary, and middle lamella, provides
rigidity to walls. It is found in the form of three dimensional structures consisting of phenyl
propane units. Primary building blocks of lignin are cinnamyl alcohol, coniferyl alcohol,
sinapyl alcohol and p-coumaryl alcohol. Only white-rot fungi are able to completely
decompose it. (d) Tanins are polyphenols, divided into hydrolysable and non-hydrolysable
tannins. Non-hydrolysable tannins contain 10-40 flavin monomers. These are not
hydrolysable, so these will accumulate in biofuel as such. Hydrolysable tannins are
composed of sugar and phenolic acid; on decomposition sugars act as source of carbon
while phenolic acids reduce biofuel pH. (e) Cutin is found in plant cuticle and composed of
fatty acids having C-chain length of C16 to C18 linked by ester bond. (f) Suberin is
composed of C-chain length of C20-C30 and phenolic acid. As bottom line, parenchyma
tissues are more biodegradable and rich in energy than sclerenchyma tissues.
Keywords: Parenchyma; sclerenchyma; protein; starches; cellulose; lignin.
Page 17
International Workshop on Sustainable Energy Solutions for Community Development in Pakistan
(November 08-09, 2016)
17
A prospect of robotics in precision agriculture as an energy efficient
technology in Pakistan
Hafiz Muhammad Nauman1,*, Abdul Ghafoor1, M.J.M Cheema2
1Department of Farm Machinery and Power, Faculty of Agricultural Engineering and
Technology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad-Pakistan 2Department of Irrigation and Drainage, Faculty of Agricultural Engineering and
Technology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad-Pakistan *Corresponding Author’s E-mail: [email protected]
Abstract
Robots (Pre-programmed Self-acting Machines) play the role of backbone in the
development of any region in this era of high technologies. After the industrial revolution,
with the development of artificial intelligence, robotics has been increased tremendously in
past two decades. Moreover, the involvement of highly intelligent robots in industrial,
agricultural and energy sector has improved productivity, profitability and efficacy at
greater extent especially in developed countries. Artificial intelligence allows the robots to
perform specified jobs with high precision and accuracy thus saving time, energy and
human effort. The high initial cost of robotics is a main hindrance for its adoption in most of
the underdeveloped, developing and some developed countries as well. Moreover, the lack
of skilled labor and technical manpower for the operation and repair and maintenance is
also need to be addressed. Pakistan is one of the developing country making some effort to
meet the needs of high tech era. Approximately more than 50% of Pakistan’s industrial and
agricultural sectors are not fully mechanized. Pakistan, as an agricultural country, has
introduced precision agricultural techniques to improve yield by controlling inputs in past
few years. But, still there is a high need to involve robotics in precision agricultural
technologies to get more accurate results and to join the race of smart era with the
developed countries. Robotics along with the precise application of inputs makes the
machine 30-50% more precise, energy efficient and environment friendly by limiting the
use of inputs, working time, fuel consumption and by controlling echo and flue gas
emission.
Keywords: Precision agriculture; robotics; energy efficient; environmental friendly.
Page 18
International Workshop on Sustainable Energy Solutions for Community Development in Pakistan
(November 08-09, 2016)
18
Development of cost effective algal biomass harvesting strategy with minimal
nutrient consumption for biodiesel production
Saima Mirza1,*, Ehsan Ali1, Saira Abdul Aziz1, Habib ur Rehman1, Muhammad Azam
Khan1 1Punjab Bioenergy Institute (PBI), University of the Agriculture, Faisalabad-Pakistan
*Corresponding Author’s Email: [email protected]
Abstract
Energy is a major limiting factor in developing economies, their scarcity and non eco-
friendly nature explore significance of alternative and cheap energy sources with no GHG
emissions. Algal bio-oil is one of the major alternative, however yield is low due to lack of
efficient biomass harvesting strategies. The present study is designed to develop an efficient
technique for algal biomass harvesting, to ensure more yield of algal bio-oil. This study is
considered optimal in terms of more oil yield from moderate or low lipid yielding algal
strains. The algae strain producing 68% lipid in a system with capacity of 1 kg/d of DW,
will normally produce 0.68 kg lipids. In this study lipid yield is enhanced from 20% lipid
producing algae strains upto 2 kg lipid per day with improved harvesting technology by
getting 10kgDW/day and permeate recycling illustrating minimal nutrient consumption.
Pakistan is importing crude oil about 85% of daily consumption costing approximately $
34.5M per day with 80% of tube well running on diesel in agriculture. Thus, on the basis of
these findings onsite pilot scale installation in rural areas and open systems in the vicinity of
industrial area/industrial zones will be milestone in energy sector of Pakistan as solar
illumination is prevalent almost throughout the year in the country. This study will open
different avenues for commercial biodiesel utilization like for tube wells, three wheeler/
small engines vehicles and SMEs with anticipation that biodiesel cost will be reduced in
coming few years.
Keywords: Algae; bio-oil; biodiesel.
Page 19
International Workshop on Sustainable Energy Solutions for Community Development in Pakistan
(November 08-09, 2016)
19
Biocatalyst assisted bio-hydrogen production from lignin
Saima Mirza1,*
1Punjab Bioenergy Institute (PBI), University of the Agriculture, Faisalabad-Pakistan *Corresponding Author’s Email: [email protected]
Abstract
Lignocellulose as largest sinks for fixed global carbon could be used as both a carbon
source for microbial growth or enzyme assisted biofuel production. But limitation in this
regard is removal lignin conversion barrier into simple fermentable components. Hydrogen
gas being a carbon neutral fuel is an ideal energy carrier, which may be produced more
efficiently from lignocellulose derived sugars. The present study explores advanced
ecofriendly solution for lignin valorization and biohydrogen production. For this purpose,
an enzyme cocktail is extracted from basidiomycetes for evaluation it’s potential for lignin
valorization by applying on variety of biomass. Development of effective lignin
valorization system was designed in this study for microbes mediated conversion of
obtained hydrolysate into biohydrogen. Metabolomics analysis are included in future aims
of this work with 13C labeled aromatics to identify intermediates involved to understand
catabolism pathway. On the basis of these findings way forward will be stream lined for
further study of maximum utilization of lignin derived sugars/ aromatics for improved
biohydrogen yield. This study would turn into cost effective and viable lignocellulosic
biofuels technology in terms of new biohydrogen synthesis routes from completely inert
materials.
Keywords: Biocatalyst; biohydrogen; lignin into biohydrogen.
Page 20
International Workshop on Sustainable Energy Solutions for Community Development in Pakistan
(November 08-09, 2016)
20
Integrated solar thermal system for water and space heating applications
Hafiza Mahreen Fatima1, Muhammad Bilal Sajid1,* 1U.S.-Pakistan Center for Advanced Studies in Energy (USPCAS-E), NUST , H-12,
Islamabad, Pakistan *Corresponding Author’s Email: [email protected]
Abstract
Our planet is facing significant challenges in 21st century because energy consumption is
expected to double globally during the 1st half of this century. Faced with increasingly
constrained oil supplies, engineers must exploit renewable energy resources, such as solar
energy to help us to meet the energy demand. Commercial and residential buildings
consume significant amount of energy for air conditioning, space heating and water heating.
Use of renewable energy resources in buildings can reduce the reliance on electricity supply
and can result in significant operational cost saving. This work aims at utilization of solar
energy for water and space heating in a commercial building during winter. In this research
solar water and space heating system is designed and simulated on TRNSYS software with
respect to weather conditions of city of Islamabad. Our proposed system consists of a solar
collector, a storage tank, a heat exchanger and an auxiliary heater. Auxiliary heater is a
gasifier running on the principal of bio-gasification. This system is designed to meet the
heating load of an office building with working hours from 9 am to 5pm. During sunny
days, it may be practical to meet thermal load using solar based heating system only.
However, for operation during cloudy days, it is necessary to include an auxiliary heater to
supplement the solar based heating. Our present work aims at investigating the effect of
solar collector size, storage tank capacity, and size of the building on maximum achievable
temperatures for water heating and space heating during the whole winter season. On the
basis of our analysis, an optimum design with capacity to meet daily heating demands will
be proposed.
Keywords: Renewable energy; space heating; water heating; green buildings; TRNSYS.
Page 21
International Workshop on Sustainable Energy Solutions for Community Development in Pakistan
(November 08-09, 2016)
21
Bio-production of high value products from apple processing waste:
Perspective of sustainable energy
Noor Ul Huda*, Javaria Bashir, Madiha Shokat, Bushra Ayub, Aleena Alvi
University of Agriculture sub campus Toba Tek Singh, Pakistan *Corresponding Author’s Email: [email protected]
Abstract
In past the value of food waste had not paid much attention because of the lack of
application policies and suitable management laws. Now days the food processing
industries are experiencing intensification by rising demand of food products because of
increasing human population. The population of world is increasing geometrically although
production of food is increasing arithmetically. Apple and its products are one of the
foremost fruit and fruit products used all over the world. Apple processing industries
produce large amounts of processed wastes. The residue includes combination of skin, pulp
and seeds resulting from the production of apple juice, jam, and sweets and is known as
‘apple pomace’. Being highly decomposable, the disposal of processed wastes is a serious
environmental issue and causes many challenges. Over and over again only 20% is
recovered as animal feed and the rest 80% goes to landfill, is burned which results in release
of greenhouse gases. Conversely, advancement in knowledge has managed the alternative
options of consumption of apple extract. It can be recycled as a favorable raw material for
direct extraction of bioactive composites and bio production of high value-added products,
such as enzymes, organic acids, biofuels, among other products. The reused residue can be
used to produce functional foods or as adjuvants in food processing or in medicinal and
pharmaceutical preparations. The ample apple flour is the first product made from apple
waste that bug a lot of boxes for consumers seeking an alternative to wheat flour – it's
gluten-free, GMO-free, dairy-free, high protein, low calorie, low fat, natural source of
vitamins, minerals and antioxidants.
Keywords: Intensification; increasing, decomposable; environmental, pomace; extract,
bug; tick.
Page 22
International Workshop on Sustainable Energy Solutions for Community Development in Pakistan
(November 08-09, 2016)
22
Impact of solid state sodium hydroxide treatment on mesophilic bio-hydrogen
production from rice straw
Asma Sattar1,*, Chaudhry Arslan1, Ji Changying2, Abdul Nasir1 1Department of Structures and Environmental Engineering, University of Agriculture
Faisalabad, Pakistan 2College of Engineering, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu China, 210031
*Corresponding Author’s Email: [email protected]
Abstract The rice straw was treated under three doses of NaOH (@the rate of 3%, 6% and 9% on the
basis of dry weight) for three weeks and treated rice straw was co-digested with heat
shocked sludge to produce bio-hydrogen under mesophilic conditions in an anaerobic bio
reactor. It was observed that the increase in NaOH concentration from 3% to 6 % increased
the bio-hydrogen yield from 43.53 to 51.18 mL/VS rem but further increase from 6% to 9%
NaOH concentration decreased 11.5% and 6.4% bio-hydrogen yield under mesophilic and
thermophilic conditions, respectively. The reduction was observed due to possible overdose
of NaOH causing higher levels of Na+. The process pH from 7.3 to 5.6 found optimum for
bio-hydrogen production from NaOH treated rice straw. On the other end, the VFA
production was also increased with incubation time, NaOH concentration. As a whole, the
6% NaOH treatment was observed to be the best for bio-hydrogen production.
Keywords: Solid state NaOH treatment; rice straw; heat shocked sludge; kinetic
parameters; bio-hydrogen production.
Page 23
International Workshop on Sustainable Energy Solutions for Community Development in Pakistan
(November 08-09, 2016)
23
Investigation of bioethanol production from crop residue by nature inspired
enzymes
Saima Mirza1,*, Habib ur Rehman1, Muhammad Azam Khan1 1Punjab Bioenergy Institute (PBI), University of the Agriculture, Faisalabad
*Corresponding Author’s Email: [email protected]
Abstract
Bioethanol is a fuel, produced from diverse varieties of raw materials such as simple sugars,
starch and lignocellulose because of their low cost and huge availability. This study was
designed to investigate bioethanol production potential of baker’s yeast (Saccharomyces
cerevisiae) by employing in different waste carbon source in the agriculture crop waste. For
this purpose variety of agriculture crops residue including wheat straw (WS), Sugar cane
bagasse (SCB) and sorghum (S) were subjected to different pretreatment processes to
liberate sugars bound with lignin present in it. The hydrolysate enriched with sugar was
obtained after acid, alkali and ionic liquid pretreatment was further used for bioethanol
production by employing baker’s yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae). 10% more yield was
observed from ionic liquid pretreated hydrolysate. The study was also performed to
determine the substantial influences of pH and temperature on fermentation due to its effect
on growth of yeast and rate of fermentation. Further research directed to the utilization of
various cheap carbon sources, such as agro-industrial waste, industrial effluent and crop
residue as substrate of oleaginous yeast hold high promise and could serve as feedstock for
biodiesel production in future.
Keywords: Bioethanol; saccharomyces cerevisiae; lignocellulosic waste.
Page 24
International Workshop on Sustainable Energy Solutions for Community Development in Pakistan
(November 08-09, 2016)
24
Comparative study of different pretreatment methods for obtaining sugar
rich hydrolysate and its conversion into bioethanol
Muhammad Azam Khan*, Saima Mirza, Saira Abdul Aziz, Ehsan Ali, Habib ur
Rehman, Muhammad Tayyab, Hassan Haroon
Punjab Bio-Energy Institute (PBI), University of Agriculture, Faisalabad-Pakistan *Corresponding Author’s Email: [email protected]
Abstract
Food and energy are the backbone of each economy worldwide. The insecurity in these
sectors compels the community to hunt for renewable energy sources. In modern era
increasing energy demand has emerged as major challenge to both developed and
developing economies. Fossil fuels are running short and unable to meet the demand of
increasing population. Thus looking for alternate energy sources is an area of key focus for
economic development. Bio-fuels obtained from crop biomass offer an alternate energy
source as crops harvest sunlight to produce energy rich compounds. Crop residues and
organic waste from food and wood industry are a potential source to be used for biofuel
production. Current experiment was designed to check the performance of different biomass
samples for bioethanol production. The samples of Wood, Crop Residues, and Municipal
Waste were collected from research farms of University of Agriculture, Faisalabad and local
vegetable market. The samples were categorized in three groups i.e. wood samples (Wood,
Bargad, Neem), Municipal waste (Fruit waste, Vegetable waste) and crop residues (Wheat
Straw, Rice Straw, Rice Bran, Corn Stover). The samples were oven dried for 48-72 hours
for grinding to fine powder. Ash contents were determined for these samples according to
ASTM standard method using muffle furnace. Highest ash contents were found in rice
straw, rice bran and wheat straw (14.36%, 14.83% and 12.15% respectively) while lowest
ash contents were seen in paper waste and eucalyptus (1.165% and 2% respectively).
Calorific values for all the samples were determined using Oxygen Bomb Calorimeter using
standard method. Energy values were highest for Eucalyptus (20109 J/g) and lowest value
was measured for wheat straw (12466 J/g). These results are in agreement with established
fact that ash contents are inversely proportional to energy value for bio-ethanol production.
The determination of ash contents and calorific values will help in correlating this data with
sugar rich hydrolysates obtained after using different pretreatment methods. In next phase,
these samples will be subjected to acid, alkali, and Ionic Liquid pretreatments after
pyrolysis at temperatures range of 100- 400 oC with an interval of 50 oC. The results will
help in determining the type of biomass suitable to pretreatment method at specific
temperature and finally bioethanol yield potential.
Keywords: Biomass; hydrolysate; bioethanol; calorific value.
Page 25
International Workshop on Sustainable Energy Solutions for Community Development in Pakistan
(November 08-09, 2016)
25
Integrated use of calcium carbide and salicylic acid for sustainable production
of high quality sweet pepper fruits
Wazir Ahmed1,*, Muhammad Yaseen2 and Tanveen ul Haq1 1Department of Soil and Environmental Sciences, Muhammad Nawaz Shareef University of
Agriculture, Multan-Pakistan 2Institute of Soil and Environmental Sciences, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad-
Pakistan *Correspondence Author’s Email: [email protected]
Abstract
Sweet pepper fruit is an important part of human diet due to enriched in minerals and
vitamins. Moreover, its off-season production is an excellent source of income for small
land holding famers in Pakistan. But its low yield, poor fruit quality and high input cost
have restricted its production on larger scale. Integrated effects of different rates of salicylic
acid (0, 0.1, 0.3 and 0.5 mM) and calcium carbide (0, 100, 200 and 300 mg plant-1) on
growth, nutrient use efficiency, yield and fruit quality of sweet peer were investigated
through a field study. Results indicated significant improvements in growth attributes,
fertilizer use efficiency, photosynthetic efficiency and finally yield of sweet pepper due to
integrated use of salicylic acid and calcium carbide. Chemical and biochemical analyses of
sweet pepper fruits showed improvements in their nutritional characters due to more
nutrients and antioxidants accumulation in fruits. Additionally, fruits of treated plants
showed higher contents of total soluble solids, titratable acidity and ascorbic acid over
control ones. Our investigation highlights an existing unexploited potential of calcium
carbide and salicylic acid in improving sweet pepper nutrition by more efficient use of
inputs.
Keywords: calcium carbide; capsicum; fertilizer efficient use; monohydrobenzoic acid.
Page 26
International Workshop on Sustainable Energy Solutions for Community Development in Pakistan
(November 08-09, 2016)
26
Use of Khapra beetle, Trogoderma granarium (Coleoptera: Dermestidae) as a
source of biomass (Fat)
Saima Mirza1, Habib ur Rehman1,*, Ehsan Ali1, Mansoor-ul-Hasan2, Muhammad
Sagheer2, Muhammad Azam Khan1, Muhammad Tayyab1 1Punjab Bio-Energy Institute (PBI), University of Agriculture, Faisalabad-Pakistan
2Department of Entomology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad-Pakistan
*Corresponding Author’s Email: [email protected]
Abstract
Trogoderma granarium is a primary insect pest of stored commodities. The larvae feed on
wheat voraciously while adults usually do not feed. The feeding larvae shred their skins which
is indication of their presence. They turn the wheat grains into fross. Population of T. granarium
was collected from Grain Market of district Faisalabad. The insect culture was reared in
sterilized plastic jars in insect growth chamber at 30 ± 2ºC and 65 ± 5% relative humidity.
Sterilized wheat grains were used as a culture medium for rearing of T. granarium. The larvae
of T. granarium were collected and a sample of 30 g larvae was used in Soxhlet apparatus for
the purpose of fat extraction. The extraction of fat was done in n-hexane. The results has
revealed that fat yield of larvae was 52 % by their body weight. The analysis of free fatty acids
was also performed. The free fatty acids were 34 %. So this potential insect can be a source of
fat for the efficient production of biodiesel and can be supplement in energy crisis solving
programs.
Keywords: Trogoderma granarium; wheat grains; n-hexane; fat yield.
Page 27
International Workshop on Sustainable Energy Solutions for Community Development in Pakistan
(November 08-09, 2016)
27
Isolation and cultivation of salt resistant microalgae for saline soil treatment
Rubab Fazal1,*, Ehsan Ali2, Muhammad Khalid1, Sana Sadaf2
1Institute of Soil and Environmental Science, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad-
Pakistan
Punjab Bioenergy Institute (PBI), University of Agriculture, Faisalabad-Pakistan
Corresponding Author’s Email: [email protected]
Abstract
The saline soil is that which contain sufficient amount of soluble salts to adversely affect the
growth of most crop plants. All soils contain salts, but salinity becomes a problem only
when certain salts concentrate in the crop's rooting zone. In Pakistan, large area of land is
saline and need amendments to restore their productivity. This study relates to resort the
salt-affected lands for plant production and develop a technology for sustainable saline
ecosystem. For this purpose, different algal strains were collected from different areas of
Punjab. The algae samples collected from Kallar Kahar Lake (KKL) Chakwal were tested to
screen out salt resistant algae strains and grow them on saline soil. Algal strains were
cultivated by using BG 11 medium by varying salt concentration from 0.5- 3.0 % on agar
plates and in liquid culture. The algal strains showed remarkable resistance against salinity
of growth media up to 3% on agar plates. The algal growth is observed in liquid culture up
to 2 % salinity. These study results indicated that the microalgae species collected from
KKL have a very good potential against high salt concentrations and these can be used to
grow on saline soils in order to reduce the soil salinity. It will help in converting the saline
land into fertile land for cultivation of crops.
Keywords: Saline soil; microalgae; sustainable saline ecosystem; Kallar Kahar lake; BG
11 medium.
Page 28
International Workshop on Sustainable Energy Solutions for Community Development in Pakistan
(November 08-09, 2016)
28
Sustainable thermal desalination using combined-cycle solar and geothermal
heat sources
Azlan Zahid1,*, Abdul Ghafoor1, Manzoor Ahmad1, Anjum Munir2 1Department of Farm Machinery and Power, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad-
Pakistan 2Department of Energy Systems Engineering, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad-
Pakistan *Corresponding Author’s Email: [email protected]
Abstract Thermal desalination using solely a single renewable energy source has presented some
concerns when attempts to scale up systems to fulfil the water demands of community. Heat
energy from solar can be harnessed during daytime only and also a very limited amount of
heat energy can be gathered on cloudy or rainy days. Therefore, uninterrupted operation of
solar-thermal desalination plants requires heat storage which can be established in shallow
groundwater, but it encounters some limitation in case of large water production systems. In
geothermal sources, the locations with high heat source of either wet water discharge or dry
steam can provide hot water for continuous operation. However, in shallow geothermal
locations, dry steam exchange systems containing a closed-loop of light oil, the continuous
heat supply required to operate a large desalination system is hindered due to the fact that
heat conductivity of the rock is inadequate to keep the essential exchange rates. The
combined cycle between solar and geothermal sources is a novel approach to provide
continuous hot water to thermal desalination system using multiple renewable sources.
Solar heating can provide the hot water in range of 55 and 90°C and hot water in range of
60–120°C can be provided with a low-grade geo-thermal system. Feed water in these
temperature ranges can be used in combination with adsorption desalination (AD) to
produce large amount of potable and chilled water at the same time. The combination of
solar and geothermal heat sources with AD and multiple-effect distillation would also
permit scale-up to virtually any desired capacity system.
Keywords: Desalination; renewable energy; solar energy; geothermal energy; combined-
cycle.
Page 29
International Workshop on Sustainable Energy Solutions for Community Development in Pakistan
(November 08-09, 2016)
29
Synthesis and screen printing of ZnO thin films for solar cell applications
Khuram Ali*, Nouman Amjad, Yasir Javed, Yasir Jamil, Hafeez Anwar
Department of Physics, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Faisalabad 38040, Pakistan *Corresponding Author’s E-mail: [email protected] ; Tel: +92-3319641752
Abstract
Solar cell antireflection coating (ARC) by screen printing processes was achieved by a
simple cost efficient technique. In the present research work a film paste was synthesized by
mixing zinc oxide (ZnO) nano particles with anhydrous zinc chloride (ZnCl2) by using ball
milling technique. The paste was screen printed on glass substrates. After de-ionizing with
water for 20 min the films were dried at 110 °C for 2 h. Furthermore, the synthesized films
were subjected to the kiln atmosphere at 550 ᵒC for 10 minutes. This treatment was applied
to synthesized films in order to soften the films and also to increase the stability of films.
On the other hand organic materials were also removed from the films by using kiln
atmosphere treatment. The importance of ZnO antireflection coatings (ARCs) in the solar
cells is undeniable. For this purpose, ZnO thin films were screen printed on glass substrates
with locally devolved screen printing process at different annealing temperatures. The
screen printed ARCs were characterized for morphological and structural properties with
scanning electron microscope (SEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) techniques. The optical
properties of ZnO ARCs measured by UV visible spectroscopy have shown remarkable
decrease in reflection with in visible spectrum region.
Keywords: ZnO; screen printing; ARCs; solar cell.
Page 30
International Workshop on Sustainable Energy Solutions for Community Development in Pakistan
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30
Energy crisis in Pakistan, How important livestock is??
Shafia Tehseen Gul11,*, Ahrar Khan1, Maqbool Ahmad2, Farzana Rizvi1, Muhammad
Kashif Saleemi1 1Department of Pathology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad-38040, Pakistan
2Department of Theriogenology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad-38040, Pakistan
*Corresponding Author’s Email: [email protected]
Abstract
Energy remains a key element for the development of a country, but developing nations
including Pakistan has worst energy crisis. In developing countries, about 1.3 billion people
remain without electricity, mean only ten percent of global energy is utilized by three-
quarters of world’s population. Energy crisis ultimately contributes to other social problems
including unavailability of food and water, limited or no access to the communications,
inadequate healthcare and education facilities etc. Like many other basic rights, right for
energy to everyone is the biggest challenge. There are many causes of energy crisis
including overconsumption and population, poor infrastructure and distribution system,
unexplored renewable energy sources, wastage of available energy sources etc. But possible
solution to meet these crises is to reduce the dependence on non-renewable resources and to
improve conservation of available resources. Many renewable energy resources are solar,
hydropower, wind and biomass. Biomaas is an important option for Pakistan being an
agricultural country where this animal and agricultural waste has huge potential to be used
as an energy source with little efforts. About three billion people are dependent upon
biomass including animal and agriculture residues and wood for cooking around the world.
Biogas production has an advantage that the raw materials are available in abundance and
this gas can be used not only for cooking but also for electricity production. Another
advantage is that the byproduct can be used as fertilizer. In Pakistan, livestock has various
roles in terms of food production, source of income, transportation etc. so there is potential
to utilize them as a source of renewable energy to meet the current crisis.
Keywords: Energy; crisis; biomass; livestock; Pakistan.
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International Workshop on Sustainable Energy Solutions for Community Development in Pakistan
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A case for extreme energy consevation in Pakistan through Universities Arshad Jamil*
Education Innovations. Piscataway, NJ, USA *Corresponding Author’s Email: [email protected]
Abstract Many countries have long realized and accepted Energy Conservation, as essential to reduce
carbon footprint and carbon dioxide emissions for the global warming, besides reducing pollution
and other environmental damage. They also saw the necessity of reducing fossil fuel
consumption, which cannot be depended to last indefinitely, besides uncertain cost escalations.
Those countries had been continuously setting progressively more stringent goals for energy
conservation and generally achieved those. For that, they adopted a mix of ways and means,
including; legislations, vigorous campaign for awareness and program promotions, knowledge
dissipation, incentives and ongoing R&D in further reducing energy consumption. Pakistan is far
behind in energy conservation. It did not have in place any of the programs of energy
conservation, which other countries have adopted, except for occasional orders like earlier
closing of shops and illuminations at wedding halls, which were never followed through, and
neither had the potential to reduce energy use significantly. Then, there is lack of awareness, even
for common daily use energy. Take the example of cooking, where energy use is grossly
inefficient and wasteful, be it a household or a commercial establishment. Gas stoves are usually
left on full flame throughout the cooking process or left open during breaks. Same goes for
firewood, generally used as open flame, and thus utilizing only a small fraction of available total
heat energy for cooking, while the rest goes waste to the atmosphere, besides causing scores of
health issues. That is the reason, that cooking takes up almost 34% of total energy use in the
country. Cooking takes 17% of natural gas, used in the country, and same as Fertilizer plants.
There are similar examples for lighting and other electrical use. Irrigation water use is excessive,
which in the case of pumping means excessive energy use, then necessary. To compound the
situation, the country has severe energy shortfall. Total electrical generation capacity is about
6,000 MW short of demand. Same is for natural gas and petroleum, most of which is imported.
Firewood is almost depleted. Shortfall is going to further increase, with population growth, higher
living standards demands and industrial expansion. The country has also serious water shortage,
which makes it not easy to have Thermal power plants, since those plants require huge quantities
of water for cooling. There is lot of catchup for Pakistan to achieve even modest energy
conservation. It is very difficult to visualize massive campaigns or serious legislations towards
conservation. Incentives are also difficult to come by, due severe budget constraints. Against all
this scenario, there is one viable way that is proposed, is to launch energy conservation through
universities. Actually, it should be extreme energy conservation, due potential for large savings
and involvement of a more informed group. The proposal is to have a comprehensive plan,
involving all students, including a two-point credit hours class room teaching, project work for
reducing energy use in the campus academic buildings, the faculty/staff and students housing,
dining hall kitchens, landscaping and farming (for agricultural universities), and for some
surrounding entities. There needs to be some incentives, to share a small percentage of savings.
Universities are large complexes, using huge amount of energy in different forms, and with a
informed group, it offers better potential for success of launching an extreme energy conservation
program. Long term advantage of involving university students for extreme energy conservation
program is that the same students, once trained in energy conservation, could follow it after
graduation, at their places of work and home.
Keywords: Energy conservation; conservation awareness; energy management; energy use in
university.
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International Workshop on Sustainable Energy Solutions for Community Development in Pakistan
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32
Development of hybrid solar cabinet dryer with adjustable solar collector
Badar Munir Khan Niazi1,*, Tanveer Ahmad1, Zeeshan Munir2 1Agricultural & Biological Engineering Institute, National Agricultural Research Centre,
Islamabad-Pakistan 2University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Sub-Campus Burewala-Vehari, Pakistan
*Corresponding Author’s Email: [email protected]
Abstract
Horticulture sector contributes about 12 % to the National Gross Domestic Product (GDP)
of Pakistan and the annual fresh fruit and vegetable production of the country is about 10.0
million tonnes. Most fruits and vegetables are highly perishable in nature as they are
vulnerable to spoilage. Due to non-availability of post-harvest managements and value
addition practices for fruits and vegetables, about 30-40% produce is wasted from farm gate
till it reaches to the consumer. Among all renewable energy sources, solar energy is
abundant, freely available, widely distributed and can easily be converted into other forms
of energy. This makes solar energy the most promising future source of energy. The number
of clear sunny days in the country varies from 250 in the Northern region to above 300 days
in most part of the rest of the country. The introduction of solar drying technology seems to
be the most promising alternative in reducing post-harvest losses and could have significant
contribution to ensure continuous food supply. Solar dryers are the most economical
solution to reduce the post-harvest losses associated with horticulture sector. Different types
of solar dryers are available in the country but they have fixed solar collector which cannot
be adjusted according to the latitude of different areas across the country. A solar collector
performs best when it is installed at an angle equal to the latitude of the specific area. To
address this problem an adjustable hybrid solar cabinet dryer is proposed to be developed at
Agricultural & Biological Engineering Institute, National Agricultural Research Centre,
Islamabad. The dryer will have an adjustable solar collector, which can be tilted from 0° to
45° w.r.t. horizontal plane. The heated air from the solar collector will be pushed into drying
chamber via DC fans. A natural gas fired air heating system will be installed as a secondary
source of air heating during cloudy conditions or during night hours. The entire dryer
assembly will be made to swivel 360°, so that sun tracking can be done easily. A small scale
prototype will be developed capable of handling 20-25 kg of sliced fruits/vegetables. This
dryer will be an excellent solution to reduce post-harvest losses associated with horticulture
sector and will be very helpful for the small farmer of the country.
Keywords: Horticulture; post-harvest; hybrid; latitude; adjustable solar collector; cabinet
type solar dryer.
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International Workshop on Sustainable Energy Solutions for Community Development in Pakistan
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Effective nutrients recovery technology development and optimization from
the digested effluent of biogas plants for manure treatment
Iqra Ayub1,*, Anjum Munir1, Muhammad Salman Nasir2, Rabia Anam3
1Department of Energy Systems Engineering, University of Agriculture Faisalabad,
Pakistan 2Department of Structures and Environmental Engineering, University of Agriculture
Faisalabad, Pakistan 3Department of Farm Machinery & Power, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Pakistan
*Corresponding Author’s E-mail: [email protected]
Abstract
Pakistan has been facing the worst energy crisis since 2007 in its history. Farming is the
chief profession of Pakistan about 60% of families depends on Farming. They need energy
for domestic and farm use. Primary energy resources (oil, gas and coal etc.) are not only
expensive but insufficient to meet the need of growing population. Hence, to fulfill the
growing demands, biogas (renewable energy resource) is a judicious solution for livestock
farmers but the rising consciousness about environmental pollution problems arising from
organic waste streams and dung management has directed to limitations for nutrient input
per hectare in different places with concentrated animal production around the biosphere. In
biogas plants, the main feedstocks for anaerobic fermentation are animal dung from sheds,
crop scums, wastes from food industry, community wastes, and energy crops. During
Anaerobic fermentation, approximately 20–95% of the organic matter present in feedstock
is degraded, reliant on composition of feedstock. During the fermentation process, the
substrate is retained inside the biogas digester for about 30-40 days at 34-39oC. During
retention period, substrate is decomposed by a variety of microbes through a multifaceted
biochemical process in anaerobic conditions and form a mixture of gasses (CH4 + CO2). The
by-product produced during the process is a solid residue which is high-grade manure called
digestate. The digestate is a stimulating by-product as it contains exceptional plant
nourishment potentials, based on a rich content of plant macronutrients (N, P, K, S,
Micronutrients & OM). This infers that application of high-grade manure on soils has the
quality of improving soil structure. Cautious selection of “clean” substrates or alternative
conditioning of substrates is the most justifiable method to evade scums and pollutants
ending up with the high-grade manure. Digestates are either directly apply on soils as
manure or undergoes different nutrient recovery techniques (solid-liquid separation, drying,
dilution, filtration, nitrogen recovery techniques etc.) before application on soils.
Keywords: Biogas; environmental pollution; digestate; nutrient recovery techniques.
Page 34
International Workshop on Sustainable Energy Solutions for Community Development in Pakistan
(November 08-09, 2016)
34
Bio-hydrogen production from food waste and its derivatives under
mesophilic and thermophilic interval heating
Chaudhry Arslan1,*, Asma Sattar1, Ji Changying2, Abdul Nasir1, Haroon Rasheed1 1Department of Structures and Environmental Engineering, University of Agriculture,
Faisalabad, 38000, Pakistan 2College of Engineering, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210031, China
Corresponding Author’s Email: [email protected]
Abstract
Food waste (FW) and its two derivatives i.e. rice and noodles were used as feed stock in
equal proportion to sludge used as a source of Clostridium mix culture for bio-hydrogen
production under mesophilic and thermophilic conditions to study the impact of heating
@12h/day (HI12) and 24h/day (HI24). The highest experimental bio-hydrogen yield of
104.08 mL/VSremoved and 85.14 mL/VSremoved was achieved from thermophilic noodle waste
under HI24 and mesophilic rice waste under HI12, respectively. The decrease in heating
interval from HI24 to HI12 decreased the bio-hydrogen yield by 28.19% and 27.11% from
thermophilic noodle waste and mesophilic food waste respectively. The same change in
heating interval increased the bio-hydrogen yield by 17.24% from mesophilic rice waste. As
a whole, thermophilic HI12 treatment resulted higher bio-hydrogen yield as compared to
mesophilic HI24 treatment, whereas the theoretical energy requirement of both were almost
the same. The HI12 as compared to HI24 reduced the volatile solids removal efficiency of
mesophilic food waste by 22.66%, which make HI12 a suitable energy conservation option
of food waste treatment plants. The interval heating was also found helpful for decreased
the average drop in pH and decreased VFA production, which provide better control of pH
and VFA.
Keywords: Interval heating; quadratic modeling; surface plots; heat shocked sludge; food
waste; Rice waste; noodles waste.
Page 35
International Workshop on Sustainable Energy Solutions for Community Development in Pakistan
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35
Use of solar cookers for improved health of rural households
Naveed Farah1,*, Izhar Ahmad Khan1, Anjum Munir2 1Department of Rural Sociology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
2Department of Energy Systems Engineering, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad,
Pakistan *Corresponding Author’s E-mail: [email protected]
Abstract About 2.4 billion people of rural community depends on biomass fuel and half of them are
from South Asia. A biomass fuel that consists of wood, dung and agricultural waste
contributes a major role towards decline of rural women health through incomplete burning
and smoke that consists of hazardous substance. Biomass combustion within the household
is thought to be the main contributor to acute respiratory infections, so women who cook
and the infants and children they care for are particularly affected. World Health Report
identifies IAP as the single largest environmental risk factor for female mortality, attributing
5% of all female deaths in the developing world to indoor smoke. In Pakistan, biomass users
normally cook indoors, using open fires or poorly working stoves with insufficient
ventilation facilities and there is a relationship between indoor smoke exposure and possible
negative health effects on women and children. The world bank assessed that indoor air
pollution cause over 280,000 deaths over a year and around 40 million cases of severe
respiratory illnesses in Pakistan. Solar cooker is considered as the simplest, safest and
convenient way to cook food without consuming fuels or heating up the kitchen. A solar
cooker normally employs energy of direct radiation to heat, cook and pasteurize food items
and drink. Solar cookers are relatively inexpensive, low-tech devices, and can be properly
utilized instead of traditional stoves. Different kind of solar cookers use different methods
of cooking, but most follow the same basic principles for example direct sunlight is
converted into thermal/heat energy that is retained for cooking. Through effective social
mobilization strategies, and capacity building training workshops, the adoption of solar
cookers can contribute a significant improvement in the health related issues of rural
community.
Keywords: Solar cooker; household health; rural; social mobilization.
Page 36
International Workshop on Sustainable Energy Solutions for Community Development in Pakistan
(November 08-09, 2016)
36
Installation and optimization of solar water pumping system for irrigation
purpose in Pakistan
Faizan Majeed1, , Zahid Mehmood Khan1, Anjum Munir2, Hafiz Umar Farid1, Aamir
Shakoor1 and Aftab Nazeer1 1Department of Agricultural Engineering, Bahauaddin Zakariya University, Multan,
Pakistan 2Department of Energy Systems Engineering, Faculty of Agricultural Engineering
and Technology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan Corresponding Author’s Email: [email protected]
Abstract
There are more than one million tubewells in Pakistan including 750,000 diesels and 70,000
electricity operated in the Punjab, consuming enormous fuel and energy. The government is
heavily subsidizing electric tariff for agricultural tubewells in many areas of the country
putting additional burden on national exchequer. Poor productivity of water and energy
resources in the irrigated agriculture also contributes to excessive costs. Agricultural
production through irrigation with electric tubewells is hit badly by energy crises as the grid
electricity in remote areas is extremely short. A reliable, efficient, sustainable and cost
effective energy option for agriculture sector is, therefore, direly needed to address these
issues. The arid/semi-arid climate of the Punjab also provides ideal conditions for adoption of
solar energy for operating irrigation water pumps. The replacement of existing non-renewable
energy source of fossil fuels for irrigation tubewells with renewable energy resources such
as solar or wind could be a viable option. Solar energy is available for more than 300 days a
year in Pakistan, with about 6-8 hours effective daylight hours. Its seasonal variations are
also within acceptable limits. This research was focused on testing of solar energy pumps for
irrigation purposes. For testing and optimization two solar water pumps were installed for
evaluation of their performance in the study area. The prospects of effects of solar radiation on
solar array and subsequent variations in pumpage at various locations under different weather
conditions were studied. This research was, therefore, well-justified for adopting solar water
pumping system in Pakistan.
Keywords: Solar water pumping; irrigation; performance evaluation; renewable energy.
Page 37
International Workshop on Sustainable Energy Solutions for Community Development in Pakistan
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37
Development and application of a work-bench for the real-time parametric
investigation of in function photovoltaic system
Hasnain Yousuf1,*, Saqlain Yousuf3, Anjum Munir2, Abdul Ghafoor1, Yasir Jamil3, Noor-
uz-Zaman1 1Department of Farm Machinery and Power, Faculty of Agricultural Engineering and
Technology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan 2Department of Energy Systems Engineering, Faculty of Agricultural Engineering and
Technology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan 3Department of Physics, Faculty of Sciences, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
*Corresponding Author’s Email: [email protected]
Abstract
Presently photovoltaic systems are extensively used almost in every country globally, for a
variety of domestic, off-grid remote areas, far off telecommunication facilities and on-farm
pumping out underground water. To make the model PV system whose output was DC energy,
viable for AC appliances, inverters were used in the PV system. Further, to transfer electrical load
on the system during night or when the solar irradiance was low, a storage battery bank with a
charge controller was employed with the system. The standalone under investigation was a model
PV system and comprised of 24 solar modules each of 250Wp, an inverter (6kW 48V), an MPPT
charge controller (200V-80A), four backup gel batteries (12V-100Ah). This data-logger
employed standard investigative tools, namely, SP Lite 2 Pyranometer (Kipp and Zonen), Agilent
34970A Data Logger/Data Acquisition Unit, 20 Channel Agilent 34901A Multiplex Card,
Voltcraft VC-511 AC/DC Current Clamp Adopter, Voltcraft VC-732 Trms Current Clamp-meter,
K-Type Thermocouple, Home-made Power Supplies and Connection Board. The real-time
investigated parameters were Room Temperature (oC), Solar Irradiance (Wm-2), PV Modules
output voltage (VDC)PV, Charge Controller output voltage (VDC)CC , Battery voltage (VDC)BATT,
Inverter input voltage (VDC)INVin, Inverter output voltage (VAC)INVout, Inverter output voltage
frequency fINV, PV Modules current (ADC)PV, Charge Controller output current (ADC)CC, Battery
Banks’ charging and discharging current (ADC)BATT, Inverter input current (ADC)INVin, Inverter
output load current (AAC)INVout, Ambient temperature (oC) and PV module surface temperature
(oC). The PV output power (kW), total available power G (kW) and efficiency η of the under
investigation PV system, cumulative energy (kWh) and temperature differences were computed
by using standard formulae. During this study, the real-time maximum, minimum and average
values of the parameters, viz. room temperature, solar irradiance, PV output voltage, battery
voltage, inverter output voltage, inverter output AC voltage frequency, PV output current, charge
controller output current, ambient temperature, module surface temperature were recorded. The
respective values of each parameter, i.e. 17.06, 16.32, 16.92 oC; 760.54, 0.00078, 312.70W/m2;
131.20, 21.80, 95.48VDC; 54.78, 38.07, 50.19VDC; 222.50, 219.61, 220.29VAC; 50.02, 49.99,
50.00Hz; 17.04, 0.10, 4.94 ADC; 15.50, 0.03, 5.46 ADC; 9.66, 5.05, 7.62ADC; 25.38, 10.22, 19.81 oC; 37.66, 9.16 and 22.75 oC were found. The data has proven that this workbench is a reliable
tool which is fit for the parametric investigation to explore real-time performance of an
operational PV system of any sort such as domestic, commercial or industrial installed locally.
This Work-Bench is capable to perform real-time parametric investigation of any type of solar
system and enabled the PV system user to examine and compare with those values that were
claimed by the PV system supplier and hence can evaluate the quality of the system at his own.
Keywords: Real-time data-logging system; PV panels; battery; inverter.
Page 38
International Workshop on Sustainable Energy Solutions for Community Development in Pakistan
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38
Power of facebook in shaping energy conservation priorities
Saleem Ashraf1,*, Muhammad Luqman2, Aashiq Hussain Sangi1, Gulfam Hassan3 1In-Service Agricultural Training Institute, Rahim Yar Khan, Pakistan 2University College of Agriculture, University of Sargodha, Pakistan
3Institute of Agricultural Extension and Rural Development, University of Agriculture
Faisalabad, Pakistan *Corresponding Author’s Email: [email protected]
Abstract
Future energy security is a hot topic being discussed globally seeing energy endowments as
strategic resources towards sustainable development. Mounting energy losses, inadequate
production and shrinking resources holds potential to raise inter-state conflicts. On other
hand, international cooperation between energy deficient and energy surplus countries,
technology developers, manufacturers, emerging markets and service providers can harness
complementarities to enhance the effectiveness and judicious usage of available resources to
build cross country energy capacities for mutual benefit. Energy conservation and
management is essential priority ahead of energy generation. On domestic level users are
exploiting the resources while similar trend is depicted on macro level. It’s a dire need to
change users’ concepts towards energy management for future security. Consumers face
significant social and psychological barriers to behavioral change, which can be achieved
through service providers and technological interventions like social media and power of
Facebook in particular. Facebook could create opportunities for the consumers through
connectedness with other consumers adopting conservation strategies. In addition, Facebook
allows greater information access and accountability likely viable tool for transitional
change of consumers’ behavior and fostering conservation attitude. In addition, Facebook
can harness mutual cross countries cooperation. Present study analysis is novel and most
likely will describe significant strategies for conservation priorities for future security.
Keywords: Facebook; social media; energy conservation; future security.
Page 39
International Workshop on Sustainable Energy Solutions for Community Development in Pakistan
(November 08-09, 2016)
39
Desalination markets: how sustainable can desalination be?
Muhammad Amir Mustafa1, Mudassar Anwar Butt1,*, Azlan Zahid2, Faisal Shahzad3 1Department of Irrigation and Drainage, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
2Department of Farm Machinery and Power, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad,
Pakistan 3Institute of Horticultural Sciences, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
*Corresponding Author’s Email: [email protected]
Abstract
Fulfilling the water demand of the future is a serious challenge due to rapid population
growth and climate change. By 2030, the water demand-supply gap is likely to raise 2700
km³, which is approximately 40% of world water requirement. Desalination is a well-known
process to make potable water though it covers minor part of water supply on a global scale.
On the other hand, in many regions of the world an adequate water supply without
desalination is hard to imagine. But the question arises” Is this technical fix sustainable? For
desalination plants, the energy requirement is by far the most important parameter along
with brine disposal, wastewater discharges, and visual impact. The energy requirement has
already shaped today’s desalination market, since reverse osmosis membrane energy-
efficient desalination is rapidly surpassing market compared to thermal energy-intensive
desalination. This progress drops the energy requirement of reverse osmosis desalination
systems which require 3-4 kWh/m³ compared to 8-10 kWh/m³ three decades ago. Presently,
fossil fuels are the only mainstream energy source for almost all desalination plants.
Integration of some renewable energy resources with existing desalination plants or
installing hybrid systems instead would be a stride forward towards sustainability. The
amount of energy required for the operation of desalination plants can easily be harnessed
from renewable energy sources available in the country. Operating desalination plants by
renewable energy sources like solar energy (PV panels) is economically viable as compared
to non-subsidized fossil fuel. The authors intended to make desalination more sustainable by
giving an idea of the options that are available today.
Keywords: Renewable energy; desalination; reverse osmosis; sustainability.
Page 40
International Workshop on Sustainable Energy Solutions for Community Development in Pakistan
(November 08-09, 2016)
40
Global renewable energy projections
Mudassar Anwar Butt1,*, Azlan Zahid2, Abdul Ghafoor2, Muhammad Ali2 1Department of Irrigation and Drainage, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
2Department of Farm Machinery and Power, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad,
Pakistan
*Corresponding Author’s Email: [email protected]
Abstract
The accessibility of renewable energy resources, fossil fuels and nuclear sources intensely
disturbs existing and future energy supply systems. Projections are essential tools for
enduring planning and policy settings. Energy facilities with almost negligible greenhouse
gas (GHG) emissions and air pollutants may be provided by use of indigenous renewable
energy resources. Presently, renewable energy sources, an effective substitute that is clean
and environmental friendly; supply 22% of total global energy. By 2040, almost 50% of the
world supplies of energy will be generated from renewable sources. Hydro-power affords
about 1/4th of the world’s total power supply but sustainable potential of large hydro-power
is relatively inadequate to parts of the globe; whereas the small hydro-power potential (<10
MW) is important and will be more substantial in future. The highest used renewable energy
source now and in the future will be biomass which is ranked 4th largest energy resource in
the world and provides almost 14% of the global energy. Sooner or later, biomass will offer
economical and supportable source of energy and at the same time reducing the GHG
emissions. A substantial part in the energy settings of the future will be through
Photovoltaic systems (PV) and wind energy. By 2040, PV with a production of 26% of
global energy will be the major renewable electricity source trailed by wind and biomass.
Biofuels are also significant as they substitute petroleum oils and are mostly considered as
proposing significances, comprising sustainability, lessening of GHG emissions, agriculture
and local development. Conversely, the expansion of these sources of energy depends on
determined political provisions.
Keywords: Renewable energy; photovoltaic; bioenergy; hydro-power.
Page 41
International Workshop on Sustainable Energy Solutions for Community Development in Pakistan
(November 08-09, 2016)
41
Energy harvesting and treatment of wastewater using MFC technology at lab
scale
Muhammad Salman Nasir1,*, Abdul Nasir1, Iqra Ayub2 1Department of Structures and Environmental Engineering, University of Agriculture,
Faisalabad, Pakistan 2Department of Energy Systems Engineering, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad,
Pakistan
*Corresponding Author’s Email: [email protected]
Abstract
Two important challenges that we are facing today are protection of environment and
energy shortage. We are using fossil fuels to fulfill our energy needs, which is very costly
and it is the wastage of currency to buy the fossil fuels. So an attractive solution to suppress
these issues is the use of microbial fuel cell technology. The objective of this study was to
build low cost technology to harvest energy and to treat contaminated water without
mechanical aid. The anode chamber was filled with two liters of waste water having
lactobacillus bacteria and this chamber was attached to cathode chamber using PVC
sections with proton exchange membrane in it. The cathode chamber was filled with two
liters of tap water plus phosphate buffer to maintain pH at 7.7. Electrons in the anode are
oxidized then carried through a wire connected to a carbon rod from the anode to the
cathode and multi meter are attached to check the value of current. Lactobacillus took part
in reaction and consumed the oxygen present in the waste water. The reading was noted
after eight hours’ interval. Initial value of current was 125.1 mV. The number of bacteria
increased with the passage of time by consuming the oxygen. After two days’ current
production was 148mV and after 64 hours it was decreased upto 82mV.Current production
increased with the passage of time and reaching peak level the production starts declining
because chemical reaction of bacteria slows down. After 64 hours’pH of waste water
reduced from 7.9 to 7.1. The COD of waste water decreased from 2380 ppm to 590 ppm
after 3 days. These results indicated that fuel cell technology could be applied to generate
electricity as well as used to treat waste water.
Keywords: Microbial; buffer; membrane; lactobacillus; wastewater.
Page 42
International Workshop on Sustainable Energy Solutions for Community Development in Pakistan
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42
Design and development of solar vapor absorption cooling system
Muhammad Usman1, Sajjad Miran1,*, Asad Muneer2
1Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Gujrat, Pakistan 2Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Gujrat, Pakistan
*Corresponding Author’s Email: [email protected]
Abstract
Renewable energy has prime importance in fulfilling the energy demand for the whole
world. Large developments has already been made in the most of the developed countries in
order to convert the power load to renewable. Solar energy is a gift for the south eastern
countries having an large exposure to the sunlight for 8 to 10 hours a day, governments has
started number of projects in order to make effectively utilize this source for the power
production. The percentage usage of the power in cooling, refrigeration and air conditioning
appliances is much higher as compared to the other applications that becomes the biggest
reason for the power shortfalls. The objective of this study is to evaluate the impact of the
solar cooling technolgies in controling the consumption of power during the high load
period. Most common concepts of the solar cooling technolgies consistes of solar vapor
adsorption system, solar vapor absorption system, solar electric compression system, solar
ejector cooling system, solar solid desiccant cooling system and solar liquid desiccant
cooling system. The solar electric compression cooling system consists of conventional air
conditioner unit which is operated by the solar photovolitic plates and the DC current is
used to run the compressor. The system is quite useful expect the capital cost, that is mainly
due to the batteries employed in order to provide the input during the night and cloudy days.
Among others the solar vapor absorber system has more practical importance than the other
cycles due to its more availability of technology and resourcs. The system is slow starting
and need lot of space to be installed. The disadvantages associated with the system should
be resolved in order to find the most optimum variation in the design or the cycle in order
the make the system affordable and convient to be used in industry and at domestic level.
As an experiment solar vapor absorption cooling system is constructed at Mechanical
Engineering Department University of Gujrat. The system demonstrated the coefficient of
performance value approximately 0.7. The involvment of the heat exchanger between
generator and the absorber of the cycle may increase the coefficent of performance to higher
value. The detailed work on the other forms of the cooling technologies is also necesary for
the useful utilization of the solar energy. The solar cooling technologies are an effecient
source to over come the power shortfall for the hot summer countries mainly due to low
running costs. The statistical data for the consumption of power in the cooling technologies
technologies for the case of Pakistan is presented, the country’s power shortage is a major
problem for more than ten years. The inclusion of solar cooling can fulfil the power
shortfall. The study shows that comparing with other solutions of power shortage to the
solar cooling, the latter is most efficient, most quick and long term solution. Further
research and development should be made in the solar cooling sector in order to fully utilize
it.
Keywords: Solar cooling technologies; vapor absorption cooling; power consumption;
energy soultions.
Page 43
International Workshop on Sustainable Energy Solutions for Community Development in Pakistan
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43
Synthesis, characterization of titanium dioxide-zinc oxide nanocomposites for
dye-sensitized solar cells
Hafiz M. Umair1, Khuram Ali1, Yasir Javed1, Yasir Jamil1 and Hafeez Anwar1,* 1Department of Physics, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad-38040 Pakistan
*Corresponding author E-mail: [email protected]
Abstract
The nanocomposites of titanium dioxide–zinc oxide were prepared by different molar ratios
of zinc oxide in titanium dioxide. Briefly, appropriate molar ratios were taken to prepare
solution of composites. After filtration, washing, the as prepared samples were annealed at
500 °C for 2 hours. The samples were characterized by the X-ray diffraction (XRD) and
scanning electron microscopy (SEM) techniques. The XRD was used to determine the
crystalline structure of titanium dioxide–zinc oxide nanocomposite relating to the different
molar ratios of zinc oxide. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used to study the
morphology of the titanium dioxide–zinc oxide nanocomposite. XRD results confirmed
both the phases of titanium dioxide and zinc oxide. SEM showed exhibited systematic
change in morphology of titanium dioxide–zinc oxide with molar ratio. The as prepared
nanocomposites are potential candidates for their used in fabrication of photoanode of dye-
sensitized solar cells.
Keyword: Titanium dioxide-zinc oxide; nanocomposites; dye-sensitized solar cells.
Page 44
International Workshop on Sustainable Energy Solutions for Community Development in Pakistan
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44
Renewable desalination: A methodology for cost comparison
Muhammad Ali1,*, Manzoor Ahmad1, Abdul Ghafoor1, Azlan Zahid1
1Department of Farm Machinery and Power, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad,
Pakistan *Corresponding Author’s Email: [email protected]
Abstract
Rising demands of fresh water and some effects of climate change requires setting up of a
large number of new big desalination plants to reduce toxic and harmful environmental
effects and relevant amounts of excessive power consumption. Therefore, new power
generation projects are required to be installed on urgent basis as base load plants for the
continuous supply to the desalination units. As hydrocarbons fuel prices are not constant
and increasing day by day, the use of renewable energies ensures the saving of fossil fuels
and also reducing the risks related to the escalation of energy price throughout the life of the
desalination plant. However, the renewable energies have intermittent nature that conflicts
with the running of desalination plants all the year. In contrast to technologies such as wind
power and PV system, that produce fluctuating and intermittent power generation at source,
concentrating solar power (CSP) can provide stable load on requirement and can be fully
merged with the conventional power plants. Though, CSP is untruthfully thought to be a
costlier option if it is compared with other renewable energy technologies. This concept
mainly emphasis on the importance of different comparing possibilities that have equal
power quality for obtaining unbiased results. For the given meteorological year hourly wind
and solar data can be incorporated in a techno-economic performance model. Several
possibilities for CSP designing, thermal energy storing, installation of PV and wind plants
need to be studied and compared in terms of unit power and water cost with reference to RO
and MED plants.
Keywords: Renewable energy; concentrating solar power; water supply; sustainable
desalination.
Page 45
International Workshop on Sustainable Energy Solutions for Community Development in Pakistan
(November 08-09, 2016)
45
NH3 fuel: An alternative to fossil fuels
Nafeesa Tayyab1,*, Umar Farooq 1
Department of structures and Environmental Engineering, University of Agriculture,
Faisalabad-Pakistan *Corresponding Author’s Email: [email protected]
Abstract
Carbon emissions from transportation sector are increasing rapidly worldwide as compared
to other energy-using sectors and are predicted to increase up to 80% from 2007 to 2030.
All vehicles mostly use hydrocarbon fuels, when fuel is burnt carbon dioxide is discharged.
An alternative approach of powering vehicles that has not obtained much attention to date is
Ammonia fueled vehicles. Ammonia that is a liquid fuel at normal temperature and pressure
rapidly discharges energy during combustion. NH3 fuel can be utilized in ICE vehicles with
simple alterations. Selective catalyst reduction (SCR) system can be used to overcome the
problem of unburnt ammonia in the engine’s exhaust of NH3-fueled vehicles. Most ordinary
cars on the road can run on a mixture of 90% gasoline/diesel and 10% liquid ammonia, and
could readily be converted to drive on a mixture of about 85% ammonia. Approximate retail
cost of ammonia fuel is about 20cents/liter. There are no carbon emissions from NH3-fueled
vehicles, as there is no carbon in ammonia therefore the use of this fuel is environment
friendly and can share the burden of fossil fuels.
Keywords: NH3 fuel; selective catalyst reduction; carbon emissions.
Page 46
International Workshop on Sustainable Energy Solutions for Community Development in Pakistan
(November 08-09, 2016)
46
Response surface methodology (RSM) and optimization of loading and time of
cooking in a solar cooker
Khuram Ali*, Yasir Jamil, Muhamad Raza Ahmad, Hafeez Anwar, Yasir Javed,
Tamveel Mujahid, Urva
Department of Physics, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Faisalabad 38040, Pakistan *Corresponding Author’s E-mail: [email protected] ; Tel: +92-3319641752
Abstract
In the present research work optimization of the loading and time of cooking of solar cooker
was performed using response surface methodology (RSM). The solar cooker has been
designed, fabricated and analyzed. The effect of loading and cooking time on the cooking
power and effective efficiency has been investigated. The RSM is used to examine the
performance of box-type solar cooker. We applied FCCD (Face centered composite design)
on our work to investigate the effect of different variables for effective efficiency and
cooking power of the solar cooker. The optimized values for loading and time of cooking
predicted by RSM were 4.92 kg/m2 and 12.32hr, for a cooking power of 795.89 watt and
effective efficiency of 13.61% respectively. The results of predicted response were
compared with actual response. The results demonstrate that the response surface
methodology (RSM) is useful in constructing a mathematical model. The experiment was
conducted in Faisalabad, Pakistan 31.4181° North Latitude, 73.0776° East Longitude and
184 m above the sea level.
Keywords: RSM; loading; cooking power; solar cooker.
Page 47
International Workshop on Sustainable Energy Solutions for Community Development in Pakistan
(November 08-09, 2016)
47
Energy production potential from agricultural biomass in Pakistan
Farrukh Ehsan1, Rabia Anam2,*
1Agricultural Engineering Division, Pakistan Agricultural Research Council, Islamabad 2 Department of Farm Machinery and Power, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad-
Pakistan
Corresponding Author’s Email: [email protected]
Abstract
Energy is the life line of an economy and an important input to commercial and domestic
activities. Pakistan’s energy crises have been started since mid-2000 and continued till
now. In 2016, the electricity supply and demand gap reported is 6,000 MW. In another
report, a shortfall of 8,000 MW is reported on October 4, 2016 by Energy Management
Cell. 35 % industry of country has shifted to Bangladesh due to these crises which is an
alarming condition for economy of country to be considered. Currently the major source of
electricity production is fossil fuel which is very expansive. To overcome the current
energy crises in country biomass can be used for energy production. Biomass is the world’s
fourth largest energy source and in developing countries it contributes 35 percent of the
prime energy supply. It is a versatile source of energy, in that it can be readily stored and
transformed into heat for electricity production. Pakistan is an agricultural country and
according to an estimates the agricultural sector produces 139.2 million tons of agricultural
residue (biomass) per year with an energy potential of 1,838.98 million TJ per year. There
are many types of biomass available in country like crop harvesting residues (wheat straw,
rice straw, cotton sticks, sugarcane trash and maize stalk), crop processing residues
(sugarcane bagasse, rice husk, maize cob and maize husk), livestock residue (animal dung
and poultry waste) and wood processing residue. The available residue of cotton, wheat,
rice, sugarcane and maize is 49.4, 34.5, 27.4 and 7.66 million tons per year respectively.
Bagasse offers the highest energy potential via their use as a fuel in cogeneration plants in
sugar mills for electricity generation and the total installed capacity of bagasse cogeneration
plants is 1,844 MW. The other sources may also be used for energy production via different
techniques such as direct burning of biomass in boilers to produce steam for electricity,
gasification, bio-fuels (bio diesel and bio gas).
Keywords: Agricultural residues; biomass; gasification; biofuel.
Page 48
International Workshop on Sustainable Energy Solutions for Community Development in Pakistan
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48
Synthesis, characterization of cobalt sulphide nanoparticles for counter
electrode of dye-sensitized solar cells
Ali Akbar1, Shumaila Ashraf1, Khuram Ali1, Yasir Javed1, Yasir Jamil1, Hafeez
Anwar1,* 1Department of Physics, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad-38040 Pakistan
*Corresponding Author’s E-mail: [email protected]
Abstract There is growing trend to synthesize the nano-sized analogues for their emerging
applications in various areas. Cobalt is often encouraged in research domains for their eco-
friendly and bio-friendly nature. In the present work, cobalt sulphide nanoparticles
synthesized using hydrothermal method. Cobalt chloride hexahydrate (CoCl2.6H2O) and
thiourea (CH4N2S) in the methanol solution were used as precursors for cobalt and sulphur
respectively. The samples were characterized using X-rays diffraction (XRD), scanning
electron microscopy (SEM for their structural and morphological investigations. XRD
showed the pure phase of the cobalt sulphide nanoparticles. Various parameters such as
average crystallite size, lattice constants, unit cell volume and X-ray density were also
calculated from the XRD data. The synthesized nano-particles can be used in the counter
electrode of dye sensitized solar cells (DSSCs). There are many studies in which thin film
of cobalt sulphide on conducting substrate was used as counter electrode in dye-sensitized
solar cells.
Keywords: Cobalt sulphide; nanoparticles; counter electrode; dye-sensitized solar cells.
Page 49
International Workshop on Sustainable Energy Solutions for Community Development in Pakistan
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49
Design modification of a hybrid continuous solar roaster for quality roasting
of agricultural products
Syed Shariq Pervaiz1,*, Anjum Munir2, Abdul Ghafoor1
1Department of Farm Machinery and Power, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad-
Pakistan 2Department of Energy Systems Engineering, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad-
Pakistan *Corresponding Author’s Email: [email protected]
Abstract
Roasting is a process of moisture reduction of the food to enhance its taste and quality.
Conventional roasting is done by burning of wood and gases. Solar roasting technique is
used to roast different kinds of raw products like peanut, soybean and coffee beans to make
them edible. The continuous solar roaster will be operated with Scheffler reflector having
surface area of 10 m2 and its dimension is 226 x 152 mm. The diameter of receiver was 300
mm and cylinder of drum was 2.1 m long having a diameter of 0.57 m. In this study, the
hybridization of continuous solar roasting system was carried out. The parametric study of
solar roasted agricultural products was done for quality enhancement. All the modifications
were carried at Agricultural Engineering workshop, department of Farm Machinery and
Power in University of Agriculture Faisalabad. The system was equipped with burner,
temperature sensor, heating coils, solenoid valve. The system was fully insulated to reduce
the heat losses from hybrid continuous solar roaster. The experiment was conducted for the
roasting of soybeans. The quality test was also performed to analyze the chemical properties
of the roasted products and ultimately to increase the system efficiency. The experimental
results were further be compared with international standards. Three replications were
carried out to make the experiment trustworthy. The average initial moisture of the
unroasted soybeans was 20.57%. % and the average moisture content after roasting was
9.91%. The average moisture removed was 10.65%. The heat losses from solar receiver and
thermal oil sump before insulation were 654 and 200 watts respectively and heat losses
from solar receiver and thermal oil sump after insulation were 144 and 40 watts
respectively. The total energy per unit time available at Scheffler reflector and solar receiver
was 4367 and 2259 watt respectively. Proximate analysis results in average values of
soybeans were final moisture content 10.65%, crude protein content 36.38%, crude fat
content 17.03%, crude fiber content 4.93%, ash content 4.10% and nitrogen free extract
content was 26.89% which were nearly according to the standard values. Economic analysis
of HCSR had revealed that payback period of this system was 1 years and 7 months.
Keywords: Solar thermal technologies; solar roaster; multi-agricultural products roaster;
solar hybrid system; value addition; Income Generation.
Page 50
International Workshop on Sustainable Energy Solutions for Community Development in Pakistan
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50
Evaluating potential of alternative energy resources in agro-based industries:
a case study of sizing and dyeing industry in Faisalabad
Daniyal Irfan1, Sarfraz Hassan1, Azhar Abbas1,*, Raza Ullah1 1Institute of Agricultural and Resource Economics, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad,
Pakistan *Corresponding Author’s Email: [email protected]
Abstract
Energy availability and supply is the most highlighted issue in many developing countries
including Pakistan. Pakistan needs more than $7 US billion for the import of fossil fuels to
bridge the gap between energy supply and its demand. The conventional fuels are becoming
costly day by day along with their faster depletion. To cope these challenges, a movement
from conventional fuels to alternative energy resources is mandatory. Same is happening
with natural gas in Pakistan mainly due to mismanagement and lack of vision in future
planning. Natural gas is one of the essential inputs in textile and garments industry in the
district of Faisalabad having 328 such units. Sizing and dyeing industry provides bulk of
semi-manufactured products to textile units. There are more than 400 sizing units in the
whole country while Faisalabad district only has 150 units. Every year, the gas demand rises
by 40-50 million cubic feet a day in summers and eighty to hundred million cubic feet
during winters. The present work aims to evaluate energy short fall in the city along with
alternative sources of energy being utilized by the selected units. Moreover, the impact of
such alternative source on human health is also analyzed. The data are collected from
randomly selected sizing and dyeing industries from Faisalabad district. Using OLS
regression and logit models, the results indicate various socioeconomic and environmental
impacts of alternative energy sources on workers’ health and their working time. Diesel and
wood are found to be the major sources of meeting energy shortfalls. The cost of using
wood as fuel was significantly higher than the cost of coal while the cost of using maize
cobs was relatively small. In terms of CO2 emission, the coal has the CO2 emission of
69112 Kg per day compared with 19920 Kg and 9047.2 Kg per day respectively for wood
and diesel from 50 sizing units. The study highlights the need for conserving available
energy resources as well as finding alternative options to meet energy demand for ever
increasing population and industrial growth.
Keywords: Costs; emission; textile; diseases; demand.
Page 51
International Workshop on Sustainable Energy Solutions for Community Development in Pakistan
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51
Synthesis and characterization of cuprous oxide nanoparticles for solar cell
applications
Almas Younis1, Syed Zulqarnain haider1, Hafeez Anwar1,*, M. Raza Ahmad1,2 1Department of Physics, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad-38040 (Pakistan)
2Center for Advanced studies in Physics (CASP), GC University, Lahore *Corresponding Author’s E-mail: [email protected]
Abstract
Copper oxide nanoparticles are of vital interest due to their low cost and easy availability.
Also they have unique optical, catalytic, mechanical, electrical, magnetic, and heat
conduction properties. Copper oxide exists in two forms which are cuprous oxide or cuprite
(Cu2O) and cupric oxide or tenorite (CuO). Cuprous oxide (Cu2O, cuprite) is an important
cubic p-type semiconductor than cupric oxide with a direct band gap of 2.0 eV. In the
present research work, solvothermal process was used to synthesize cuprous oxide
nanoparticles. For sample preparation, copper slphate pentahydrate (CuSO4.5H2O),
polyvinyl pyrrolidone (PVP K-30), Sodium hydroxide (NaOH) and D-glucose was used.
The samples were placed on the magnetic stirrer for obtaining reddish precursor. For
characterization of cuprous oxide nanoparticles, two techniques were used namely X-ray
diffraction (XRD) and Scanning electron microscope (SEM) to study their structural and
morphological properties respectively. XRD studies showed pure phase of cuprous oxide
which confirmed the impurity free phase. Cuprous oxide can be used successfully as a hole
transport material for Perovskite Based Solar Cells (PSCs).
Keywords: Cuprous oxide; nanoparticles; solar cell; XRD.
Page 52
International Workshop on Sustainable Energy Solutions for Community Development in Pakistan
(November 08-09, 2016)
52
Waste to energy: a renewable source of energy
Waheed Tariq1,*, Umar Farooq1, Hafiz Ihsan-ul-haq Khan1, Tanveer Anjum1 1Department of Structures and Environmental Engineering, University of Agriculture
Faisalabad, Pakistan *Corresponding Author’s Email: [email protected]
Abstract
Rapid industrialization incorporates increased urbanization and population growth.
Increments in population add to the magnitude of Municipal solid waste (MSW). Solid
waste management (SWM) is a severe problem that needs to be addressed. Solid waste
clutches huge quantitative production as energy source globally. However, consequences
colligated to environmentally MSW management, intromitting waste reduction and
clearance; have not been addressed sufficiently. Therefore, the solution is to utilize the solid
waste as source of bioenergy. SWM is totally based on physic-chemical characteristics and
composition of solid waste. The technique of “Waste to Energy (WTE) combustion recoups
energy from disposed MSW” is spotted renewable energy source and is encountering
significant importance. The WTE conversion can be executed with following main
operational techniques: mechanical extraction, thermochemical extraction and biochemical
extraction. The benefits of WTE involves generating electricity through running steam
turbines or for the purpose of heating and transportation fuel.
Keywords: Bioenergy; solid waste management; waste to energy; urbanization.
Page 53
International Workshop on Sustainable Energy Solutions for Community Development in Pakistan
(November 08-09, 2016)
53
Utilization of citrus reticula for sustainable development
Javaria Bashir, Noor Ul Huda*, Madiha Shokat, Nizwa Itrat, Rimsha Zulfiqar
University of Agriculture sub campus Toba Tek Singh, Pakistan *Corresponding Author’s Email: [email protected]
Abstract
Citrus fruits include the oranges, lemons, limes, tangerines and mandarins. Citrus fruits are
widely cultivated across the world and its production is increasing every year due to its
increasing demand by the consumer. Citrus processing industry generates the large amount
of wastes every year. Citrus wastes and their peels are of great economic values because it
contains the large amount of various flavonoids, carotenoids, dietary fiber, sugars,
polyphenols, essential oils, ascorbic acid, and enough amounts of trace elements. Citrus
peels and seeds are the byproducts of the industry of juice extraction. These can be used as
natural antioxidant. Citrus seeds possess the more antioxidant activity than the peels. The
fiber concentrate which is derived from the citrus wastes can be used as the potential fiber
sources for the enrichment of foods. These substrates can be utilized to produce the essential
oils, pectin, ethanol, methane, industrial enzymes and single cell protein. The utilization of
all these citrus reticula can provide the great opportunities for more economical benefits and
to develop the more efficient and sustainable system.
Keywords: Citrus reticula; flavonoids; essential oils; antioxidant; economic benefits.
Page 54
International Workshop on Sustainable Energy Solutions for Community Development in Pakistan
(November 08-09, 2016)
54
Design, development and performance evaluation of a distillation system for
essential oils extraction using Scheffler solar concentrator
Faizan Majeed1,*, Zahid Mehmood Khan1, Anjum Munir2, Arslan Afzal3 1Department of Agricultural Engineering, Bahauaddin Zakariya University, Multan,
Pakistan 2Department of Energy System Engineering, Faculty of Agricultural Engineering and
Technology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan 3Department of Farm Machinery and Power, Faculty of Agricultural Engineering and
Technology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
Corresponding Author’s Email: [email protected]
Abstract
Solar distillation processes for essential oils extraction play a vital role in the value addition
of agricultural products. The main objective of the study was to introduce a distillation
system for essential oil extraction from different medicinal and aromatic plants using a 10
m2 Scheffler solar concentrator. By introducing innovative solar collectors, it becomes
possible to use solar energy in the applications of medium temperature range and will help
in enhancing Pakistan export of high quality essential oils to all parts of the world. The solar
distillation system was developed at Agricultural Engineering Workshop, University of
Agriculture Faisalabad, Pakistan. The main components of a solar distillation system are
primary reflector, secondary reflector, distillation still, condenser, and florentine flasks. The
distillation still, condenser and florentine flask was fabricated using high quality food grade
stainless steel material. The distillation unit had provisions to be operated for both “hydro
distillation” as well as “hydro cum steam distillation”. Pyranometer and thermocouples was
attached with the solar distillation system for data recording, monitoring, controlling and
optimizing the solar distillation processes at an acceptable quality by yielding optimum
quantity of essential oils. The efficiency of the solar system was checked by using water and
following the international standards for evaluating the efficiency of the solar distillation
system. Mathematical model was developed to predict the thermal losses from the different
components of the solar distillation system. Optimum insulation thickness of the still was
determined by using mathematical calculations.
Keywords: Scheffler solar concentrator; solar distillation; essential oils; value addition.
Page 55
International Workshop on Sustainable Energy Solutions for Community Development in Pakistan
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55
Synthesis and characterization of molybdenum disulfide nanoparticles for
solar cell applications
Bushra Naseer1, Zunaira Noreen1, Yasir Jamil1, Hafeez Anwar1,* 1Department of Physics, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad-38040 Pakistan
*Corresponding Author’s E-mail: [email protected]
Abstract
In this age, nanotechnology has become very vast choice for many fields because of the
outstanding properties of nanostructures which cannot be achieved by bulk materials.
Transition metals can give sulfides that can be used for catalysis. In the present research,
molybdenum disulfide nanoparticles were synthesized by wet chemical process in which
ammonium molybdate, C6H8O7 and (NH4)2S were used as precursors for molybdenum and
sulpher respectively. Molybdenum disulfide nanoparticles were prepared using different
values of pH and their effect on the structural and morphological properties of MoS2
nanoparticles was studied. For characterization, X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning
electron microscopy (SEM) were used. Structural characterization was done by XRD and
morphological characterization was done by SEM. Using XRD data, structural parameters
such as lattice constants, unit cell volume and X-Ray density were calculated and found in
accordance to the standard data. Molybdate: Citrate molar ratio and pH was also found to be
critical in order to control the phase and morphology. Recently, in many investigations,
MoS2 and their composites were used as catalysts in counter electrodes of dye-sensitized
solar cells to reduce iodide-triiodide redox couple.
Keywords: Molybdenum disulfide; nanoparticles; dye-sensitized solar cell; XRD.
Page 56
International Workshop on Sustainable Energy Solutions for Community Development in Pakistan
(November 08-09, 2016)
56
Fabrication and performance evaluation of flat plate collector based hybrid
solar cooler
Ayesha Israr, Jawad Latif, Muhammad Bilal, Yasir Jamil*, Hafeez Anwar, Zia ul Haq
and Ayesha Younis
Department of Physics, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad-Pakistan *Corresponding Author’s Email: [email protected]
Abstract
Energy crises and shortage of electricity production are the barricades in the path leading to
prosperity and economic empowerment. Pakistan is facing energy crisis and is in the utmost
need of alternative energy source. Depending on the regional importance solar energy is the
highly useful and recommended energy source. It is capable of providing massive energy
influx to a large proportion of population. Many types of technologies have been developed
to make use of solar radiations. Some of them make direct use of solar energy (to provide
light and heat), while others provide electricity. Solar energy ensures environmental friendly
energy source and cheaper electricity. This study was concerned with performance and
fabrication of solar cooler. The solar cooler consisted of two main parts, i.e. flat plate
collector and solar panel. Condenser and evaporator had two fans connected with them,
worked as heating and cooling units owing to thermal expansion. The gas heated by
condenser pipes was pressurized by the condenser connected with flat plate collector. The
cooling was done in capillary tube and was then fed to evaporator. Blower fan driven by
solar panel was placed behind evaporator. Its performance at different temperatures was
also studied. The study showed that a temperature difference of nearly 5oC was observed
during summer season.
Keywords: Solar cooler; solar energy; flat plate collector; hybrid cooler.
Page 57
International Workshop on Sustainable Energy Solutions for Community Development in Pakistan
(November 08-09, 2016)
57
Synthesis of polyaniline-graphite composites for counter electrodes of dye-
sensitized solar cells
Asma Kausar1, Faiza Mustafa1, Muhammad Zagum Hanif1 and Hafeez Anwar1,* 1Department of Physics, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad-38040 (Pakistan)
*Corresponding Author’s E-mail: [email protected]
Abstract
Polyaniline related to the group of electrically conducting polymers. Electrically conducting
composites comprising of polyaniline (PANI) and graphite were synthesized by oxidative
polymerization of aniline. The Synthesis and characterization of polyaniline-graphite will be
used as a unique eco-friendly composites material. Most important aspect of conducting
polymers is that ability to charge storage according to requirement. PANI have applications
in many technical fields such as catalysis, electroluminescence, redox capacitors, antistatic
coatings and secondary batteries, electro chromic displays, electronic devices and chemical
sensors. The formation and structural changes in PANI-graphite composites were examined
by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). XRD results were
found in accord with the standard data of polyaniline and its composites. These composites
can be considered as promising catalysts for iodide and triiodide redox couple in dye-
sensitized solar cells.
Keywords: Polyaniline-graphite composites; counter electrodes; dye-sensitized
solar cells.
Page 58
International Workshop on Sustainable Energy Solutions for Community Development in Pakistan
(November 08-09, 2016)
58
Potato and its by-products: A future source of biogas production
Sibtain Ahmad*, Pervez Akhtar, Muhammad Tariq and Shahid-ur-Rehman
University of Agriculture Faisalabad-Sub Campus Toba Tek Singh, Pakistan
*Corresponding Author’s E-mail: [email protected]
Abstract
Biogas a renewable and sustainable energy carrier yielding mainly methane (CH4) and
carbon dioxide (CO2), is the end-product of the anaerobic digestion (AD) of organic
materials. Technologies that convert organic material into biogas or hydrogen (H2) in
fermentation processes simultaneously provide the combined advantages of waste disposal
and the generation of biogas. Potato and its by-products from potato-starch processing
industry can be used as substrate for the production of biogas using anaerobic digestion.
Potato has become an important crop for both farmers and consumers in Pakistan. It is the
4thmost important crop by volume of production, high yielding, having a high nutritive
value and gives high returns to farmers. Pakistan is self-sufficient in potatoes for household
consumption and relies for more than 99% on locally produced seed potatoes. Presently, it
is estimated that the total annual domestic production amounts to around 2.02 Million MT
of which 280000 MT is used as seed and 1.7 Million MT is available for consumption after
post-harvest losses. The process of anaerobic digestion for converting potato and its by-
products consists of four steps including (i) hydrolysis/saccharification (additional step in
case of starchy materials like potato), (ii) acido genesis, (iii) aceto genesis, and (iv) methano
genesis. Starch is a polysaccharide (i.e. a polymer made up of linked monosaccharides)
consisting of long chains of glucose molecules. Through hydrolysis, where the starch reacts
with water, the starch is broken down to fermentable glucose molecules. Hydrolysis can
either be enzymatic (using amylases) or acid-based. Once the starch is broken down to
glucose syrup, the sugars are fermented to ethanol (typically using the yeast called
Saccharomyces cerevisiae), followed by distillation of the ethanol to the desired
concentration and removal of water). The process also yields several by-products, such as
protein-rich animal feed (e.g. dried distillers' grains with soluble, DDGS) that is commonly
used in ruminants feed especially beef cattle to avoid sub-acute acidosis thereby proving
potatoes and its by-products a sustainable and easily accessible alternate energy source.
Keywords: Anaerobic digestion; methane; saccharification; dried distillers; potato.
Page 59
International Workshop on Sustainable Energy Solutions for Community Development in Pakistan
(November 08-09, 2016)
59
Fabrication and performance study of a low cost solar food dehydrator
Urva, Javeria Anwar, Tamveel Mujahid, Yasir Jamil*, Hafeez Anwar, Ramiza
Department of Physics, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Pakistan *Corresponding Author’s Email: [email protected]
Abstract
A solar food dehydrator for drying of agricultural food products (e.g. apricot, onion etc.) has
been designed and fabricate for use in developing countries. Solar energy is a free, limitless
and non-polluting source of energy. In this work, a solar food dehydrator was fabricated and
the performance of low cost solar dehydrator was investigated. The solar energy provides
sufficient temperature for dehydration purposes. The performance of solar dehydrator was
affected by drying time and temperature. We noted the temperature for preservation of bitter
gourd, apricot, tomatoes, potatoes, mangoes and onions. The values of ambient temperature,
maximum base temperature, inner space temperature, maximum tray temperature and
maximum outlet temperature were found to be 46oC, 99oC, 92oC, 80oC, 75oC respectively.
It was concluded that the use of solar dehydrator decreased the drying time. Furthermore,
the product quality was also improved. The main purpose of developing this cheap solar
dehydrator is to get affordable and portable device with maximum drying temperature and
low drying time for agricultural products.
Keywords: Solar food preservation; low cost dehydrator; drying.
Page 60
International Workshop on Sustainable Energy Solutions for Community Development in Pakistan
(November 08-09, 2016)
60
Stirling engine: A potential solution to energy crises in Pakistan
Syed Nabeel Husnain1,*, Muneeb Bin Muzzamal1, Anjum Munir1, Waseem Amjad1,
Zeeshan Munir2 1Department of Energy Systems Engineering, Faculty of Agricultural Engineering and
Technology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan 2Faculty of Agricultural Engineering & Technology (Burewala Campus), University of
Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan *Corresponding Author’s Email: Email: [email protected]
Abstract
Energy is a cooperative agenda of world community because energy consumption is
projected to increase 819 quadrillion BTUs in 2040, which is 47% increase of 558
quadrillion BTUs in 2014. The depletion of conventional energy sources is forcing the
researchers to explore renewable energy resources for power generation. In Pakistan, solar
energy is one of the attractive renewable energy sources with an irradiance availability of
800-900 W/m2. The application of solar thermal energy to run Stirling engine is an excellent
opportunity for power generation as the use of external heat source is the major advantage
of Stirling engine. System comprises of hot side heat exchanger, cold side heat exchanger,
regenerator, displacer cylinder, heat sink, fly wheel, piston cylinder, main engine assembly,
fire box, power piston, wrist pin and walking beam. One side of the engine is continuously
heats up while the other is continuously cool down using cooling tower. In operation, the air
moves to the hot side, gets warm (180 oC) and pushes the piston while expanding. Then the
air moves through the regenerator to the cold side, gets cool (30 oC) and pull down the
piston while contracting. This change in temperature creates a pressure difference to make
the engine run on a closed reversible thermodynamic cycle comprising of four processes,
isothermal compression, isochoric heat addition, isothermal expansion and isochoric
expansion. Efficiency of solar based stirling engine is 35 % to 40% depending upon specific
heat ratio, temperature ratio and pressure ratio. So it would be good idea to use the huge and
abundantly available solar potential in the country to address the energy crises.
Keywords: Stirling engine; solar power; renewable energy.
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International Workshop on Sustainable Energy Solutions for Community Development in Pakistan
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Design and fabrication of hydrothermal liquefaction reactor (HTL) for the
production of bio-liquid fuel through biomass feedstock in the presence of
suitable solvent/catalyst
Hassan Haroon*, Ihsan ali, Muhammad Tayyab, Umaid Khan
Punjab Bio-Energy Institute (PBI), University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan *Corresponding Author’s Email: [email protected]
Abstract
Fossil originated fuels would not be an economical option as source of energy in near future
due to their scarcity and environmental issues generated due to burning process. Fossil fuels
burning have a direct impact in aggrandizement of carbon dioxide (CO2), carbon monoxide
(CO), and greenhouse gasses (GHG) in the atmosphere which are directly associated with
global warming issues. Hence, conversion of biomass in useful energy resource has a
colossal future in the middle of this century. The term biomass has such a broad paradigm
that includes energy crops, agriculture crops straw, agriculture waste, aquatic plants, and
animal waste and so on. Biomass can be used in colourful ways. It can be used as direct
source of energy like combustion, can be used by converting it in liquid fuels by
liquefaction process and last but not the least, it can be used as gas form by gasification or
by anaerobic/aerobic digestion. The concept to use biomass for liquid bio-fuels production
has sparked now days due to economics and environmental related issues. However, the
most viable commercial way to produce liquefies bio-fuels is through edible crops (bio
diesel & bio-ethanol) which have negative impact on food and feed supply. So, researcher
reoriented the research ways and used hydrothermal liquefaction process to convert biomass
into liquid fuel. Hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL) is a thermochemical conversion into
liquid fuels in a hot pressurized water environment for sufficient time to break down the
solid bio-polymeric structure to mainly liquid components. HTL has gained increased
interest in recent years as it develops a promising technology for the production of bio
liquid fuels (bio-crude oil) from wet organic feed stock. Biomass used in the wet condition
which eradicates the drying cost. HTL of microalgae considered as a most viable process for
the production of liquid bio-fuels. High growth rate, high lipid content and no competition
with arable land makes it more valuable as compare to terrestrial biomass. With all its
advantages, it is still not possible to develop a HTL reactor which is commercially viable.
Therefor a study should be carried out whose investigate the global chemical mechanism for
HTL of selected feedstock to develop the knowledge and engineering tools required to
design and fabricate commercially viable reactor for bio-crude production at a large scale.
Keywords: Hydrothermal liquefaction; greenhouse gasses; bio-crude oil.
Page 62
International Workshop on Sustainable Energy Solutions for Community Development in Pakistan
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62
Study the performance of solar cells at various illumination levels
Muhammad Bilal Chishty1, Sarmed Ali1, Syed Zulqarnain hyder1, Hafeez Anwar1,* 1Department of Physics, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad-38040 Pakistan
*Corresponding Author’s E-mail: [email protected]
Abstract
Due to the recent increasing demand of energy in modern life, traditional energy resources
are being replaced by new energy resources. Solar cells have proved their innumerous
contribution as energy is produced from sun light without polluting the air. This energy is
cheap and also free of noise pollution. Solar cells work on the simple principle of photo
voltaic effect in which sun light is converted into electric current. The efficiency of solar
cells is affected by different parameters. One of parameters is intensity of light that affects
the performance of electrical parameters. In present work, performance of Si based solar
cell was studied under variable light intensity. Current-voltage curves were calculated by
variable load method. Efficiency (η) and Fill Factor (F.F.) were calculated from measured
values of short-circuit current, open-circuit voltage and Pmax . Efficiency and Fill Factor
were found to decrease with the increase in intensity of light and short-circuit current
increased prominently while open-circuit voltage slightly increased.
Keywords: Energy resources; solar cells; illumination level; fill factor; efficiency.
Page 63
International Workshop on Sustainable Energy Solutions for Community Development in Pakistan
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63
Global perspectives for the production of sustainable energy resource from
food waste
Noor ul Huda*, Javaria Bashir, Madiha Shokat, Hunza
University of Agriculture Faisalabad sub campus Toba Tek Singh, Pakistan *Corresponding Author’s Email: [email protected]
Abstract
FDA states that 1/3rd of total produced food are lost globally. Food waste is produced in
millions of tones everyday everywhere in the world. Increasing food waste may lead to
affect the global climate. Therefore, efforts are required to reduce the volume of this
increasing waste that is disturbing our world badly. Food waste can be utilized for the
production of sustainable energy. Oil, gases and coal should not be utilized for sustainable
energy because they lead to production of greenhouse gases that disturb environment.
Utilizing food waste for producing sustainable energy is safe and efficient way of managing
waste. It leads to waste management, sustainable energy production, economic development
and many other benefits. Sugar ethanol is utilized to replace the use of motor gasoline.
Hydrogen gas being an effective energy source can be produced from the food waste that is
rich in carbs and deficient of nitrogen (N). It can also be produced by other wastes from
food industry including the wastewaters from whey produced cheese varieties, bakery
yeasts and olives. Food waste is utilized efficiently in production of energy by anaerobic
digestion. Food waste can be used to produce heat and electricity in a carbon neutral
process that also helps to reduce waste volume. Land refilling is used in conjunction with
incineration for recovering considerable energy from wastes of food and other wastes. But
these techniques are subjected due to economic stress and environmental problems. Because
of being rich in nutrient & organic content wastes from food can be utilized efficiently for
the production of bio-fuels using different techniques of fermentation. Wastes from
different foods are also valorized for the production of biogas, hydrogen (H) & bio-
diesel. Increasing the source of renewable energy is good for ensuring the supply of energy.
It also prevents the depletion of resources for future generations and helps us in making out
for our needs on our own resources without disturbing resources of next generations.
Keywords: Food waste; sustainable energy; economic development; environmental
problems.
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International Workshop on Sustainable Energy Solutions for Community Development in Pakistan
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64
Solar energy uses in agriculture, overview and policy issues
Shafiqur Rehman Zia*, Ijaz Ashraf, Gulfam Hasan, Aqeela Saghir
Institute of Agri. Extension and Rural Development, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad-
Pakistan *Corresponding Author’s Email: [email protected]
Abstract
Agriculture sector has satisfactory growth to certify food security for our growing
population. Increased agricultural production and high crops yield is essential for food
security which makes the farming systems less exposed to climate change. It is therefore
appropriate to assess alternative sources of energy for the future of agriculture. Increasing
energy cost is becoming a serious issue in agriculture. Due to high cost of diesel and
electricity and frequent shutdown of electricity, pumping of groundwater has become
uneconomical. Solar, wind, and bio fuels are the alternate energy sources that can help
overcome this issue. Most of energy on the earth is received from the sun. Solar energy
creates circulation of wind and ocean water, causes water evaporation and consequent
precipitation. Plants use solar energy for photosynthesis and store carbohydrates, protein,
fats, oils, alcohols, cellulose and lignin. In agricultural systems, energy is available from
different sources as human, animal, sun, wind, biomass, coal, fertilizer, seed, agro-
chemicals, petroleum products, electricity etc. Energy sources that release available energy
directly to the system are classified as direct energy sources. Renewable energy and farming
are a winning combination. Wind, solar, and biomass energy can be harvested forever,
providing farmers with a long-term source of income. Farmers have the tradition of being
stewards of the land, and their investment in renewable energy supports their role of
protecting the land, air, and water. Solar energy, like other renewable, offers an opportunity
to stabilize energy costs, decrease pollution and greenhouse gases (GHGs), and delay the
need for electric grid infrastructure improvements.
Keywords: Solar energy; policy issues; renewable energy; greenhouse gases.
Page 65
International Workshop on Sustainable Energy Solutions for Community Development in Pakistan
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Performance assessment of solar-powered drip-irrigation system
Aamir Shakoor 1,*, M. Arshad2, Zahid Mahmood1, Faizan Majeed1 1Department of Agricultural Engineering, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan-
Pakistan 2Department of Irrigation and Drainage, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad-
Pakistan
*Corresponding Author’s Email: [email protected]
Abstract
In Pakistan, water shortage is a big challenge along with water wastage through
inefficient irrigation system, which ultimately leads less crop water productivity. The
excessive load shedding in rural areas has also dropped down the yield of the crops per
year. Thus, it is necessary to replace the traditional sources of energy with solar power
and conventional methods of irrigation with High Efficiency Irrigation Systems (HEIS)
to achieve the challenges of agriculture in future. Thus, the economic performance of
solar operated drip irrigation system (SDIS) was compared with diesel operated drip
irrigation system (DDIS) at Mini-Dam, District Attock, Punjab province of Pakistan. It
was found that in first year total cost of SDIS was very high than DDIS, that was due
to the high rates of the solar panels. On the other side, the first year operational cost in
DDIS was higher than the SDIS due to the consumption of expensive fuels. The
comparison was extended to 10 and 20 years. After 10 years, the total cost became
equal and the operational cost was significantly high in DDIS. After 20 years, the total
cost was become higher in DDIS, due the consumption of plenty of diesel to operate
engine. The life of diesel engine was not included during the comparison, which is
almost 10 years, otherwise the difference would be much higher. Hence, it was cleared
from the results that diesel system had double operational cost as compared to solar
operated drip irrigation system. The overall impact of the solar drip irrigation system
was found more efficient, energy saving, economical and environmentally safe as
compared to diesel operated drip irrigation system, even though the initial installation
cost is very high. The operational cost of SDIS was very low as compared to diesel
operated drip irrigation system.
Keyword: Groundwater level; GIS mapping; spatial variation; pumping cost; energy
nexus.
Page 66
International Workshop on Sustainable Energy Solutions for Community Development in Pakistan
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66
Designing and fabrication of low cost simulator: A necessary tool for solar cell
testing
Muhammad Sulman Afzal1, Syed Zulqarnain Hyder1, Hafeez Anwar1,* 1Department of Physics, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad-38040 Pakistan
*Corresponding Author’s E-mail: [email protected]
Abstract
Photovoltaic (PV) cell technology has become very important as it is environmental friendly
as compared to other renewable technologies. Proper testing of solar cells is very critical to
study the performance of solar cells. Solar simulator is used to test solar cells at laboratory
level. A good simulator must provide the same spectrum as that of sun when sun radiations
hit the earth surface. Commercial solar simulators are very expensive due to their expensive
components used in it. The main components of solar simulator are its light source,
concentrator and convex lens to focus the light beams. In this research work, homemade
low cost simulator was designed and fabricated. Performance of this simulator was tested
and found to be satisfactory.
Keywords: PV cell technology; simulator; tool; solar cell testing; environmental friendly.
Page 67
International Workshop on Sustainable Energy Solutions for Community Development in Pakistan
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67
Proximate analysis of solar dried peach and pear using different
pretreatments
Aamir Saeed1,*, Muhammad Faheem1, Umar Farooq2, Naeem Saddique3 1Department of Farm Machinery and power, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad-
Pakistan 2Department of Structures and Environmental Engineering, University of Agriculture,
Faisalabad-Pakistan 3Department of Irrigation and Drainage, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
*Corresponding Author’s Email: [email protected]
Abstract
Plants are main sources of food and income. Post-harvest losses and spoilage of plants
changes the quality and reduces the quantity of products. Preservation of food is required to
reduce decay, to increase the time for availability, to maintain the required characteristics of
nutrition for long period of time and to produce value added products. Different methods
could be used to preserve food. Study was carried out to investigate the proximate
composition of pear and peach using a dryer. It showed that the reduction of protein in
untreated and treated samples were found to be 44 and 40% respectively. The reduction of
fiber in untreated pear samples was found to be 36% while the increase in fiber content in
NaCl treated sample was found to be 0.06%. The reduction of ash content in ascorbic acid
treated samples was found to be 12%. Proximate analysis of peach showed that. The
reduction of protein in untreated and ascorbic acid treated samples were found to be 11%
while the reduction of protein in NaCl treated sample was found to be 16%. The reduction
of fat in untreated and NaCl treated samples were found to be 96 and 15% respectively. The
fat contents of ascorbic acid treated samples were increased up to 22%. The increment of
fiber in untreated samples was found to be 55% while the increase in fiber content in
ascorbic acid treated peach sample was found to be 32%. NaCl treated samples results in
decrement of fiber content up to 0.01%. The increment of ash content in untreated, ascorbic
acid and NaCl treated samples of peach were found to be 4, 49 and 38% respectively.
Keywords: Proximate analysis; peach; pear; pre-treatments; dryer.
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International Workshop on Sustainable Energy Solutions for Community Development in Pakistan
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Control system design for distributed power generation
Abubaker Ijaz1,*, Umer Ijaz2 1School of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, University of Leeds, UK 2Department of Electrical Engineering, NFC-IEFR, Faisalabad, Pakistan
*Corresponding Author’s Email: [email protected]
Abstract
Distributed power generation can be best solution for Power-crisis in underdeveloped
Countries where there is an Energy-mix of the renewable and non-Renewable technologies.
The major challenge during the grid integration of the renewable and non-renewable power
sources is the control system designing. The Control system may be an open loop or a
closed loop and its transfer function may determine how well it responds. The control
system should have to be responsive enough to react to any short-term disturbances or
transients. The Optimization technique by using a desired software system is very useful in
controlling the negative effects while Grid-integration of this type of system. MATLAB
modeling, especially Simulink is used as a software tool to design the control system with
the help of SimScape and SimPowerSystems. Reactive power compensation is another
important parameter that needs to be focused during the distributed generation, as the power
will ultimately be transmitted to the grid and the end user. To maximize the real power
transmitted towards the grid. The Voltage variations need to be controlled to enhance the
quality of power being transmitted. So, the Control system should also be intelligent enough
to select between the various types of generations either Renewable or Non-renewable
depending upon the situation in order to enhance the security of the power system operation.
Conclusively, the Control system design for interconnection or combined operation of the
Renewable & Non-Renewable power systems is focusing on three of the most important
aspects of the power system operation such as Reliability, Safety & Power quality
transmitting to the End-user.
Keywords: Distributed power; control system design; MATLAB; SimScape.
Page 69
International Workshop on Sustainable Energy Solutions for Community Development in Pakistan
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Sustainable rural development through biogas production as a viable
alternative energy source
Muhammad Tariq1,*, Anjum Munir2 and Pervez Akhtar1
1University of Agriculture Faisalabad Sub-Campus Toba Tek Singh, Pakistan 2Department of Energy Systems Engineering, University of Agriculture Faisalabad Pakistan
*Corresponding Author’s Email: [email protected]
Abstract
In Rural areas, livestock keeping offers a great opportunity to combat poverty in Pakistan
like many other developing countries. Most of the resource poor rural livestock keepers
(95%) are living in extreme poverty. Income from livestock and their by-products – milk,
eggs, meat, wool, leather, could allow poor families to put food on the table, improve their
livelihood, nutrition, send their children to school and purchase medicine for themselves
and their livestock. Rural communities traditionally use livestock-dung cakes and fuel-wood
as a source of energy in Pakistan. Seventy-five percent of the total energy used by a rural
household is consumed for the two basic necessities; cooking and lighting. Literature review
has revealed that the annual per capita fuel-wood requirement is 0.52 m³ that implies a
consumption of 5.20 m³ of fuel-wood for a family of 10 persons per year. Thus, a single
family may cut three to four mature trees in a year just to meet its domestic energy needs
leading to natural degradation of natural forests. Renewable energy sources, on the other
hand, offer environment-friendly and economically viable options for energy generation in
the rural areas. Biogas offers an opportunity for decentralized energy-generation for
livestock keepers. A user and eco-friendly and quality product to satisfy these needs from
locally available renewable energy resources like livestock manure for biogas production
can go a long and sustainable way in improving the quality of life of rural resource poor. It
is a great challenge for scientists and technologists to develop such technologies to improve
the quality of life of rural communities as the rural population also have a right to the same
quality of life as urban dwellers. In order to take advantage of emerging market demands
and reduce their poverty, small farmers and herders need access to basic services and new
emerging technologies including biogas production. It would be advisable that the relevant
policy-making is required for devising a policy that encourages biogas development and
promotion.
Keywords: Sustainability; eco-friendly; poverty alleviation; livestock; renewable energy.
Page 70
International Workshop on Sustainable Energy Solutions for Community Development in Pakistan
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70
Groundwater-energy-food security nexus in Pakistan
Ghulam Zakir Hassan1,*, Faiz Raza Hassan1
1Irrigation Research Institute (IRI), Government of the Punjab, Irrigation Department,
Library Road, Lahore 54000, Pakistan
Correspondence Author’s Email: [email protected] .
Abstract
Pakistan is the 8th largest food producing country where irrigated agriculture contributes
over 90% of Pakistan’s food production, 22% of GDP, employs about 45% of the overall
labor force and generates over 60% of foreign exchange. Globally groundwater consists of
96% of planet’s unfrozen freshwater, is used 60% for agriculture, 20% for domestic and
20% for industry. Pakistan is 4th largest user of groundwater after India, USA & China. In
Pakistan about 90% drinking water and 100% industrial water demands are met from
groundwater while 40% irrigated food grains production is dependent on groundwater. Use
of groundwater has supported increased food and fiber production and significant increase
in farm income and has helped in increasing cropping intensity from 60% in 1947 to 150%
or even more in 2015. In Punjab, about 1.2 million tubewells have been installed by farmers
to pump the groundwater without any scientific planning. About 47% farmers are running
their tubewells with tractors or diesel engines. Groundwater levels are dropping abruptly
taking this resource beyond the bound of rural poor farmers and energy costs of pumping
deeper groundwater are becoming unaffordable. Some other factors like poor well
construction/development, inefficient pump, improper design of well, aquifer characteristics
etc also contribute to the energy losses in pumping the groundwater. Punjab irrigation
department has installed about 3000 piezometers to monitor the groundwater potential in the
province. Different sources of energy for groundwater pumpage are solar, diesel, electricity,
biogas etc. Excessive use of groundwater is critical for food production and environmental
sustainability. Research study carried out in Lower Bari Doab Canal (LBDC) has indicated
that by increase of depth to water table from 40 ft to 70ft the cost of pumping per acre-feet
has increased 125%. Our food basket, the Punjab province is under severe threat due to
excessive energy requirements for pumping the groundwater from deeper and deeper
aquifers. Under this paper threats to food production due to overdraft of groundwater and
increasing costs of energy have been highlighted with possible solutions.
Keywords: Groundwater; energy; Punjab; Pakistan, food.
Page 71
International Workshop on Sustainable Energy Solutions for Community Development in Pakistan
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Options for controlling micro environment of poultry houses
Esa Khan, Umar Farooq*, Shahid-ur-rehman, Muhammad Farooq Khalid,
Muhammad Khalid Bashir, Muhammad Ashraf, Pervez
University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Sub Campus Toba Tek Singh, Pakistan *Corresponding Author’s Email: [email protected]
Abstract
Farmers, grow poultry birds worldwide. In poultry production conservation of energy is the
core of farm production and use of electricity in heating and cooling down of poultry houses
has been one of the costliest inputs in poultry farming. In cold weathers however the
conservation of heat inside the shed become important as shed cool down quickly
depending upon the outside temperature and infrastructural condition. So the farmers must
work on the efficient use of power/electricity in order to conserve heat and provide better
environmental conditions to the birds. There are many ways to reduce dependency on
electricity for controlling temperatures in poultry operations. Ostensibly, no one can control
outside temperatures and, as a result, there are limitations on how much heating costs can be
controlled. In conservation of energy the environmental controlled houses with solid side
walls are more energy efficient than houses with open-sided walls or supported with
curtains. In solid walls houses ceiling fans can be used to circulate/mix warm air with the
cold air or warm air can be re-used/circulated to conserve heat in the sheds. Other options
are the use geothermal temperature to heat and cool down the houses. In this regards cold or
warm air can be circulated to use geothermal energy to cool or heat up the air. Another
option is to transfer heat from a source to a sink in the opposite direction for spontaneous
heat flow. In this regards an external energy source can be used to achieve the transfer of
thermal energy from source to sink. Another option is to use solar energy to generate
electricity and heat up the houses that can eliminate farmer’s electric bill completely or
reduce it so dramatically that electricity costs will no longer be a significant factor in
budget. Hydronic systems can afford both heating and cooling, but they also require an
external heating and cooling unit, respectively. However, there is need to adopt these
methods in poultry farming in Pakistan to reduce dependency on electricity and reduce cost
of production.
Keywords: Controlling heating cost; geothermal pumps; solar energy; energy conservation.
Page 72
International Workshop on Sustainable Energy Solutions for Community Development in Pakistan
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72
Synthesis of ZnO/CuO hierarchical nanostructures for solar cell applications
Ayesha1, Mariam Noreen1, Zainab Waseem1, Yasir Jamil1, Hafeez Anwar1,* 1Department of Physics, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad-38040 Pakistan
*Corresponding Author’s E-mail: [email protected]
Abstract
Zinc oxide (ZnO) is a wide band gap semiconductor used in many applications such as solar
cells, light emitting diodes, piezoelectric generators, photocatalytic activity and
photoelectrochemical (PEC) water splitting. The problem with ZnO nanomaterials is its low
capability for light harvesting. This makes ZnO nanomaterials inferior candidates for photo
electrochemical applications. In order to enhance its ability towards PEC applications, the
common approach is to couple ZnO with several narrow band gap semiconductors such as
copper oxide (CuO). In this research work, ZnO/CuO hierarchical nanostructure was
synthesized. The hierarchical nanostructures propose benefits with more surface area in
PEC applications. CuO nanowires were grown on suitable substrates by oxidizing them at
various temperatures for 4 h. The prepared nanowires were studied using X-ray diffraction
(XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). XRD was used to investigate structural
properties such as phase identification and SEM was used to study morphological
properties. XRD pattern of CuO showed the pure phase of CuO, whereas SEM confirmed
the formation of nanowires. To deposit ZnO nanoparticles on the prepared CuO nanowires,
a simple hydrothermal method was used. The XRD results confirmed the presence of both
CuO and ZnO phases. This ZnO/CuO hierarchical nanostructure can be used for thin film
solar cells.
Keywords: ZnO/CuO; hierarchical nano-structures; solar cell; XRD.
Page 73
International Workshop on Sustainable Energy Solutions for Community Development in Pakistan
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Biomass improved stove for rural community development
Muhammad Waqar Akram1.*, Manzoor Ahmad1, Rao Husnain Arshad2, Imran
Shauket3, Muzaffar Irshad4
1Department of Farm Machinery and Power, University of Agriculture Faisalabad,
Pakistan 2Department of Irrigation and Drainage, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Pakistan
3Department of Structures and Env. Engg., University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Pakistan 4Department of Modern Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, China
*Corresponding Author’s E-mail: [email protected]
Abstract
Pakistan has been facing severe energy crisis and environmental degradation from the last
decade. The limited availability of ordinary fuels and their environmental impacts has
increased the demand of energy security and environment security. It is increasingly
understood that ensuring availability of sufficient, affordable, and environment friendly
energy is one of the major challenges faced by Pakistan in future. Potential for renewable
energy sources like biogas, biomass, solar, and wind exists widely in Pakistan. The dire
need of the time is to adopt such sustainable energy approaches. In rural areas of Pakistan,
people use different kind of biomass as a fuel for cooking and other purposes in their
homes. They use mud stoves for that purpose. Such conventional practice involves
incomplete combustion of fuels resulting in release of toxic smoke. This toxic smoke
contains climate harmful agents like black carbon and carbon monoxide. Such conventional
mud stoves also have low thermal efficiency that results in high fuel consumption thereby
also contributing to deforestation. Keeping in view the environmental impacts of traditional
combustion practice of biomass and low thermal efficiency of conventional mud stoves,
there is need to design and fabricate a biomass improved stove which has more thermal
efficiency and is environment friendly. An insulated material is used in the outer part of
stove to minimize heat losses and a blower is used to facilitate complete combustion. The
improved biomass stove is environment friendly and consumes less amount of fuel as its
thermal efficiency is high comparatively which reduces drudgery of people collecting wood
fuel and also reduces deforestation. The cooking time also reduces and locally available fuel
can be burnt cleanly. It’s a step towards clean combustion. This research will help in
development of rural community of Pakistan.
Keywords: Energy security; biomass; thermal efficiency; clean combustion.
Page 74
International Workshop on Sustainable Energy Solutions for Community Development in Pakistan
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74
Solar thermal energy storage using phase change materials
Abubakar Bin Talat1, Anjum Munir1, Syed Nabeel Husnain1,*, Abdul Ghafoor2
1Department of Energy Systems Engineering, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad-
Pakistan 2Department of Farm Machinery and Power, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad-
Pakistan
Corresponding Author’s Email: [email protected]
Abstract
The continuously rising levels of greenhouse gases and climbing prices of fuels are the main
reasons behind the efforts to utilize various renewable energy resources more effectively. In
most areas of world, solar energy is considered to be the most promising and reliable energy
source for cooking, heating water and other fluids for heat transfer in various residential,
commercial and industrial applications. The main drawback in solar energy is its
intermittent supply in cloudy days and in evenings. So for large scale utilization, there
should be an effective technology for its storage with acceptable capital and running costs.
Here the use of phase change materials (PCMs) as “Solar Recharge Coal” presents an
opportunity for addressing these issues and harnessing low cost heat energy for cooking. By
the use of PCMs the efficiency of solar cookers can be improved over the conventional
ones. PCMs are eco-friendly as well as they save fuels, gas and coal which are exhausting at
very high rates. PCMs have high capacity of thermal energy storage. They store and release
a large amount of thermal energy while changing their phase (from solid to liquid and vice
versa) at a specific temperature. These materials can be placed beneath the absorbing
plate/tray for solar thermal energy storage and this heat can be used for cooking purpose at
the required time.
Keywords: Phase change material; solar energy; renewable energy.
Page 75
International Workshop on Sustainable Energy Solutions for Community Development in Pakistan
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75
Analysis of AC distribution system integrated with PV generation
Waseem Abbas1, Abubaker Ijaz2,* 1M.Sc. Electrical Engineering FAST-NU
2School of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, University of Leeds, UK *Corresponding Author’s Email: [email protected]
Abstract
Increase in energy demand leading to diminish the fossil fuels, which are the main sources
of energy. Integrating renewable energy sources with power grid can be helpful to
overcome the challenge. Smart meters, smart appliances and renewable energy resources
can make the overall system, a more energy efficient. Renewable energy sources like wind,
geothermal and solar are not continuous sources of energy because of their environmental
and seasonal limitations. Energy efficient methods will not only help to overcome power
shortage issues, it can also lead towards smart gridding and energy management. Smart grid
not only systemizes the electricity system but also increases the reliability, security, and
efficiency. Electricity generated by fossil fuels affecting climate and human health
simultaneously, however, smart grid is helping to overcome these issues by integrating
renewable energy sources. Main aspects of the smart grid are electronic power conditioning
to deliver voltage correctly hence controlling the production and distribution of electricity.
Integrating PV batteries based solar system with 132kV power grid station can be helpful to
store energy and provide an affordable system to user. This paper focuses impact on output
of PV generation and impact on power grid planning. A concise load flow and short circuit
analysis/studies are carried out for fault calculation purposes. Simulations on MATLAB to
compare a system with PV and without PV prove the point strongly. Results ensure the
advantages of renewable energy sources, which are in the form of reduced electricity bills,
offering a more reliable backup or energy storage system.
Keywords: Fossil fuels; power grid; AC distribution; PV generation; MATLAB.
Page 76
International Workshop on Sustainable Energy Solutions for Community Development in Pakistan
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76
Agriculture byproducts as renewable energy sources in Pakistan:
opportunities and challenges
Muhammad Tariq1,*, A. Waheed3, Sibtain Ahmad1, Zia Ur Rehman1, M. Sharif2
1University of Agriculture Faisalabad Sub-Campus Toba Tek Singh, Pakistan 2Institute of Animal Sciences, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
3Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Pakistan
*Corresponding Author’s Email: [email protected]
Abstract
In order to meet increasing global energy demands and to minimize environmental impacts,
there is dire need of an alternate energy sources. To address the global challenges, the
energy system needs to undergo a transformation from fossil-fuels to renewable energy and
energy efficient technologies. Pakistan has a huge potential for harnessing renewable energy
to achieve energy security. Therefore, all sustainable development programs in the current
time are focusing on global concerns such as energy conservation together with water
preservation and environment management through appropriate alternatives resources and
applicable technologies. In this context, bio-fuels production from agriculture by-products
and its allied fields (animal production) has been developed and proven successful from past
few decades in the developed as well as developing countries of the world like Pakistan.
Biogas and other bio-fuels production from agriculture waste fractions and other
agricultural resources is a potentially important energy carrier in the future fuel mix. If we
consider future opportunities, process optimization is needed in this context for the
development and expansion of this important renewable energy from agriculture sources to
meet the ever growing demand for methane. Agricultural raw materials and waste fractions
are easily and in-abundance available resources in Pakistan. They have great potential as
substrates for biogas and other bio-fuel production if properly utilized. Energy crops such as
sugar cane, sugar beet, corn and different straw and their industrial by-products could be
considered best sources in future for their wide availability and large potential. In addition
to energy crops, different animal waste from cattle, buffalo, sheep, goats and poultry can be
utilized for biogas production. Properly installed and well versed biogas production system
can yield a range of benefits to the end users, the society as well as the mother ‘nature’.
Various reported prospects addressed during the review process give an opportunity to
enhance bio-fuel production from agriculture and its allied fields in future. Hence it is
suggested that a comprehensive research program should be launched to assess these
valuable alternate energy sources for the purpose to achieve energy security in Pakistan.
Keywords: Bio-fuel; manure; crop by-products; sustainability; energy security.
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Beneficiation of Coal
Mohsin Noor1,*, Abdul Nasir1, Shahbaz Nasir Khan1, Imran Shoukat1, Hafiz
Muhammad Safdar Khan1, Hafiz Ihsan-ul-Haq Khan1, Saddam Hussain2
1Department of Structures and Environmental Engineering, University of Agriculture,
Faisalabad-Pakistan 2Department of Irrigation and Drainage, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad-Pakistan
*Corresponding Author’s Email: [email protected]
Abstract
Commercial coal cleaning or beneficiation processes are physical washing methods to
decrease the mineral contents and pyretic sulfur amounts. Accordingly, the item coal has a
more vitality thickness and less fluctuation (contrasted with feedstock coal) so power plant
productivity and unwavering quality are progressed. A side advantage to these procedures is
that emanation of sulfur dioxide, and in addition different toxic elements including mercury
can be lessened. The proficiency of this removal relies on upon the cleaning procedure
utilized, sort of coal, and the contaminant substances of the coal. The washing of coal
happens in aquatic medium, in a thick medium, or in dry medium. Physical washing
procedures depend on either specific gravity or apparent dimension distinction amongst coal
and its debasements. The expulsion productivity ranges from 0 to 60% with 21 % as
average lessening. The proficiency is profoundly reliant on the type of coal and chloride
substance of the coal. Concerning other fuels, the cleaning of the unrefined petroleum
happens for the most part through the residue desulfurization (RDS). Be that as it may, the
substance of Hg in raw petroleum is typically low and RDS is a wasteful approach to try
and lower this substance.
Keywords: Mineral matter; energy density; impurities; desulfurization.
Page 78
International Workshop on Sustainable Energy Solutions for Community Development in Pakistan
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78
Solar photovoltaic panels over canals to produce electricity and reduce
evaporation: potential in Pakistan
Rabia Anam1,*, Farrukh Ehsan2, Muhammad Waqar Akram1, Iqra Ayub3 1Department of Farm Machinery and Power, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad-
Pakistan 2Agricultural Engineering Division, Pakistan Agricultural Research Council, Islamabad,
Pakistan 3Department of Energy Systems Engineering, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad-
Pakistan
Corresponding Author’s Email: [email protected]
Abstract
Pakistan is facing energy shortage as well as water shortage problems particularly in rural
areas. To overcome this problem renewable energy sources should be utilized as it reduces
both gas emissions and dependence upon fossil fuel. There is high solar energy potential
available in Pakistan. Average solar irradiance received on flat area is 200 to 250 W m-2
day-1 and global solar insolation available is 5-7 kWh m-2 day-1 on more than 95% area of
country. But, for the installation of solar system large space is required and it is not
recommended to disturb the cultivated land. Pakistan’s canal system is one of the largest
canal system in the world and irrigates 80 percent of the total cultivable area. There are 44
major canals having total length of 56,073 km. According to a study, 15 to 20 percent of
water is lost from canals due to evaporation. To overcome these problem solar canals is the
best solution. Solar canal is similar to solar roof top in that they are installed over existing
infrastructure (canal) and do not require additional land development to install PV system.
The benefit of this system is, it produces clean, environmental friendly energy and reduce
evaporative losses as well. A solar canal system installed in Gujrat, India is providing
1MW electricity to the rural area, and reduced the evaporation up to 7 million liters. The
implementation of solar panels over existing water canals would be instrumental in
conserving the Pakistan water supply and in reduction of fossil fuel consumption.
Keywords: Solar canals; evaporation losses; solar potential.
Page 79
International Workshop on Sustainable Energy Solutions for Community Development in Pakistan
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79
Sustainable Renewable Energy from the Sugarcane waste for the production
of biofuel
Javaria Bashir, Noor Ul Huda*, Saba Shahid
University of Agriculture sub campus Toba Tek Singh, Pakistan *Corresponding Author’s Email: [email protected]
Abstract
Worldwide biofuel generation has been expanding quickly in the course of the most recent
decade; however, the extending biofuel industry has as of late raised critical concerns. The
dry pulpy residue left after the extraction of juice from sugar cane, used as biofuels
(electricity generators, transportations, thermal powers) cane trash can be considered as a
viable fuel supplementary to bagasse to permit year-round power generation in sugar mills.
Stick waste in creating countries of Asia, Africa and Latin America suggests a change from
customary reaping methods, which normally comprise of decimating the junk by setting
tremendous zones of stick fields on fire preceding the collect. To recuperate the trash, a
new so-called ''green mechanical gathering ''plan will must be introduced. By recouping the
junk in this way, the generation of nearby air pollutants, as well as nursery gasses adding to
unfriendly climatic change, from the flames are avoided and stick waste could be utilized as
a mean of provincial feasible advancement.
Keywords: Renewable energy; dry pulpy residue; sugarcane; biofuel; climate change.
Page 80
International Workshop on Sustainable Energy Solutions for Community Development in Pakistan
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Success stories of solar energy production: A way forward to Pakistan
Shafiqur Rehman Zia*, Ijaz Ashraf, Umair Talib, Naima Nawaz
Institute of Agricultural Extension and Rural Development, University of Agriculture,
Faisalabad-Pakistan *Corresponding Author’s Email: [email protected]
Abstract
Solar is the first energy source in the world. It was in use before humans even learn how to
light a fire. Many living things are dependent on solar energy from plants, aquatic life and
the animals. The solar is generally used in producing light and heat. The solar energy
coming down to the planet is affected by the orbital path of the sun and its deviations within
the galaxy. It is one the alternative energy source that is used extensively across the globe.
About 70% of the sunlight gets revealed back into the space and we have only 30% of
sunlight to fill up our energy demands. In a world that's hungry for energy that's cheap,
virtually endless and clean energy so it is called solar energy. Ranking the top 10 countries
with the most solar power capacity is a way to see who's doing it best, and who could do it
better and these countries are South Korea: 2,398 Megawatts, Belgium: 3,156 Megawatts,
Australia: 4,130 Megawatts, Spain: 5,376 Megawatts, France: 5,678 Megawatts, United
States: 18,317 Megawatts, Italy: 18,622 Megawatts, Japan: 23,409 Megawatts, China
28,830 Megawatts and Germany: 38,250 Megawatts solar energy. Pakistan is more suitable
for solar power. Let’s not forget that solar energy increases the value of a society in such a
way that it is good for our planet. It is cheap, renewable and sustainable. It does not fulfill
our atmosphere with carbon monoxide and other poisoning chemicals. It is free and
unlimited source of power.
Keywords: Carbon monoxide; solar energy; solar power; sustainable.
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International Workshop on Sustainable Energy Solutions for Community Development in Pakistan
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Energy auditing
Noor uz zaman1,*, Anjum Munir2
1Department of Farm Machinery and Power, University of Agriculture Faisalabad,
Pakistan 2Department of Energy Systems Engineering, University of Agriculture Faisalabad,
Pakistan *Corresponding Author`s Email: [email protected]
Abstract
The electric shortfall reaches to 5000 MW approximately, there are three options one of
them is to cut off supply second way is to increase generation and the third ways is to
reduce the consumption of appliances, it is evident the first option is not viable as the
present era is of automation and this requires power to work second option is good but it
requires lots of financial to build new dams and install new power generation facilities but
the third option is best that the consumption of appliances reduce by replacing them with
energy efficient appliances and the process of estimating called is energy auditing. For the
specific case study, a survey was conducted at Main Library of University of Agriculture
Faisalabad, in this survey the load of lighting and fan was calculated using voltcraft clamp
meter, this library has 1616 Nos. of 4 feet rods with average each consumption of 60 W and
572 Nos. of 2 feet rod with average consumption of 30 W each and the total average
operational hour of these lights are 8 hours for the whole year so by this this consumes
about 27388.8 kW. Whereas this lighting system can be replaced with Energy Efficient
Lighting system the 4 feet tube rods can be replaced with 4 feet LED tube rod which
consumes 18W with more light intensity and 2 feet with 9 W by replacing them 9129.6 kW
can be saved in a month which Is huge amount of energy and the installation of new lights
return its investment cost in 10 months. So by adopting the energy auditing practice the
energy can be saved in lighting air conditioning and heating applications from domestic to
industrial scale and huge amount of energy can be saved by adopting this practice and this
would be enough to overcome energy crises.
Keywords: Energy audit; voltcraft clamp meter; energy efficient; LED; industrial scale.
Page 82
International Workshop on Sustainable Energy Solutions for Community Development in Pakistan
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Turning wastes into electricity: A solution to chicken hatchery waste disposal
Umar Farooq*, Shahid-ur-rehman, Muhammad Farooq Khalid, Muhammad Khalid
Bashir, Muhammad Ashraf, Pervez Akhtar, Muhammad Shoaib khan, Muhammad
Usman, Umair Mahmood and Abdul Wahaab
University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Sub Campus Toba Tek Singh, Pakistan *Corresponding Author’s Email: [email protected]
Abstract
Pakistan is facing one of the worst energy crises in the region. The power/electricity
generation has been limited and the supply deficit is over 6000-7000 MW which has caused
around 10% loss of GDP over the past few years. The Poultry, especially the hatchery
operations require continuous supply of electricity to maintain suitable environmental
conditions for hatching eggs, and in case of load shedding the alternate methods i.e. oil/gas
fuel-fed-generators are used for electricity generations which add extra cost to hatchery
produce hence reduce profit margins. The solution to this problem however is not
unrealizable. Poultry hatcheries produce lot waste in the form of solid waste that includes
empty egg shells, dead embryos, infertile eggs, and liquid from eggs and decaying tissue.
Customarily hatchery waste is sent to land fill, incineration plants, rendering and
composting facilities that not only incur extra charges for disposal but also pollute the
environment. Alternately these solid wastes can be used for electricity generation using two
approaches i.e. i) production of steam from waste and ii) anaerobic digestion. In the first
method light egg shells can be separated from the other wastes by a powerful suction
vacuum. The left over heavier infertile eggs can be chopped and grind, and then fed by
conveyor belts into an incinerator system to heat the solid and liquid waste to produce
steam. The generated steam can in turn be used to run a turbine generator for production of
electricity. In second method, hatchery waste can efficiently be used to produce biogas
using on-site anaerobic digester system. The biogas then can be used for electricity
generation to run the incubators and hatcerhs while the leftover solid waste can be sold as
valueable-high-quality fertilizer. The chicken hatcheries in Paksitan produce around twenty
thousand tonnes of solid waste annually and one kg of this waste can produce around twenty
eight mega joul of energy, so this can be used for power generation. However, there is need
to employ above mentioned methods of htachery waste management in Paksitan so that
hathcery wastes can be converted into useful substances i.e. fuels and electricity, and load
on national grid can be decreased.
Keywords: Energy/electricity production; biogas; poultry wastes; waste disposal.
Page 83
International Workshop on Sustainable Energy Solutions for Community Development in Pakistan
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Geothermal-Renewable energy potential in Pakistan
Nafeesa Tayyab1,*, Umar Farooq1, Madiha Javed1, Komal Naeem1
1Department of structures and Environmental Engineering, University of Agriculture
Faisalabad- Pakistan *Corresponding Author’s Email: [email protected]
Abstract
Pakistan can beat the shortfall of energy to a remarkable level by utilizing the geothermal
energy, which is a sustainable and renewable source of energy. According to the studies of
geologists, Pakistan lies at the juncture of tectonic plates thus, it has sufficient geothermal
reserves to support the energy sector. A recent research revealed that Pakistan has the
potential to produce 100,000MW electricity from geothermal resources at an approximate
cost of about 5-10 cents/unit. The primary advantage of this energy is that it is available for
24hours. Moreover, geothermal power plants work for 90–100% of the time. Steam is used
in geothermal power plants in place of fuel. Consequently, the plant generates less than 1%
CO2 emissions. As geothermal power plants yield 13.38g Carbon/KWh, while coal, oil, and
natural gas produce 1042g, 906g, and 453g Carbon/KWh accordingly. Therefore, the
utilization of geothermal energy can lead to overcome power crisis with better environment.
Keywords: Geothermal energy; renewable energy; carbon emissions.
Page 84
International Workshop on Sustainable Energy Solutions for Community Development in Pakistan
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84
Modification and performance evaluation of an updraft gasifier operating
with crop residue
Ch. Sohail Babar1,*, Manzoor Ahmad1, Anjum Munir1
1Department of Farm Machinery and Power, University of Agriculture Faisalabad,
Pakistan *Corresponding Author’s Email: [email protected]
Abstract
Energy is important for human beings existence, which supports for the modernization of
the community. Now a day’s Pakistan is facing energy crises such as load shedding and gas
shortage so to overcome on these crises there is a demand of some renewable/alternative
energy resource. Pakistan is producing million of tons biomass in the form of crop residue,
saw mill waste and animal poultry manure. Gasification is the most reliable and best
alternate source to get the energy from the biomass. Gasifiers are the reactors which convert
the solid fuels into the gaseous fuels. So the biomass can easily convert into useful gas
which can be utilized as energy. Updraft gasifier was modified to convert batch type gasifier
to continuous feeding, for enhancing its working efficiency. The batch type updraft gasifier
is already developed and installed at the workshop of Department of Farm Machinery &
Power, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad. The main disadvantage of this gasifier is that
it completely shut down when feeded biomass finished in combustion process. So to
overcome this problem gasifier was modified for continuous feeding, in this way
syn/producer gas continuously produced. After modification the system was evaluated for
its performance. The collected data was statically analyzed.
Keywords: Updraft gasifier; fuel delivery pipe; gas analyzer; biomass; syn gas.
Page 85
International Workshop on Sustainable Energy Solutions for Community Development in Pakistan
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Marine renewable energy seascape
Tanveer Anjum1,*, Umar Farooq1, Hafiz Ihsan-ul-haq Khan1, Waheed Tariq1 1Department of Structures and Environmental Engineering, University of Agriculture
Faisalabad, Pakistan
*Corresponding Author’s Email: [email protected]
Abstract
Energy produced by fossil fuel is largely responsible for carbon emissions, NOx’s and
SOx’s which leads to global warming. Concerted actions are required on the planet
regarding reduction in consumption of fossil fuels and to mitigate the carbon emission.
Ocean energy can be produced from blowing wind, current of ocean, tidal waves, and from
the sources of ocean plankton. Ocean energy which has a large potential faces, some
interdisciplinary; complications which are to be overcome like automation, cost reduction,
speculation, environmental impacts and so forth. In future, areas that can harness the Marine
Renewable Energy seascape through viable plan includes proceed material, automation,
informatics and storage of energy. Renewable marine energy in the perspective of
sustainability encompass custom, ratification, monetary, managing environment, public and
environmental limitation. New generation of the engineers are required with the inspiration
and essence of thrill and excitement to encounter the universal provocation constitute by
MRE.
Keywords: Ocean plankton; speculation; ratification; provocation.
Page 86
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86
Termite gut as a potential source of lignocellulytic enzymes for conversion of
cellulose of crop residues into reducing sugars
Habib ur Rehman1,*, Mansoor-ul-Hasan2, Muhammad Sagheer2, Muhammad Azam
Khan1, Saima Mirza1, Muhammad Tayyab1 1Punjab Bio-Energy Institute (PBI), University of Agriculture, Faisalabad-Pakistan
2Department of Entomology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad-Pakistan *Corresponding Author’s Email: [email protected]
Abstract
Lignocellulose is one of the plentiful renewable materials which act as a main source of
reducing sugars. But its use for production is limited because it recalcitrant and heroic
efforts are required to break it. There are few numbers of organisms which can effectively
degrade the cellulose. Termites are one of them and known as a potential source of laccase
and cellulose enzymes. The termite has lignocellulytic enzymes in their gut to effectively
perform conversion of the cellulosic biomass into sugars. The present study was designed
to evaluate the enzymatic activity lignocellulytic enzymes of termite gut for their potential
to convert the cellulose part of crop residue into fermentable sugars. Three substrates wheat
straw, maize leaves and carboxymethaylcellulose (CMC) were used, each at 2 %
concentration. The results of the experiments have showed that maximum reducing sugars
(2.39 mg/L) in 0.06 g/ mL and 0.05 g/L was observed in wheat straw substrate while
minimum (0.07 g/ mL) wheat straw substrate. The termites are effective source of reducing
sugars.
Keywords: Termite; crop residue substrates; concentrations; reducing sugars.
Page 87
International Workshop on Sustainable Energy Solutions for Community Development in Pakistan
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Synthesis, characterization of zinc oxide nanoparticles for dye-sensitized solar
cells
Asma Nosheen1, Iqra Chaudhary1, Rabia Javaid1 and Hafeez Anwar1,* 1Department of Physics, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad-38040 Pakistan
*Corresponding Author’s E-mail: [email protected]
Abstract
Dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs), a class of third generation hybrid solar cells, are getting
lot of interest of researchers working on renewable energy. Photoanode is one of the most
critical components of dye-sensitized solar cells. Titanium dioxide, a metal-oxide, is
extensively used to fabricate photoanode of DSSCs but researchers are also working on
many other metal-oxides for the fabrication of photoanode. In this study, we have
investigated ZnO nanoparticles with various particle sizes. Using precipitation method, Zinc
oxide nanoparticles have been synthesized by using zinc sulfate heptahydrate and sodium
hydroxide as precursors. The obtained samples have been calcined at the different
temperatures such as 3000C, 5000C, 7000Cand 9000C for the 2 hours. For characterization,
Scanning Electron Microscopy, X-Ray Diffraction and UV-vis Spectroscopy have been
used. Different morphological modifications of the obtained zinc oxide (ZnO) samples have
been observed. Using Debye Scherrer’s formula, the average crystallite size of the prepared
samples has been calculated from the Full Width at Half Maximum (FWHM) of X-Ray
Diffraction data. Lattice constants and bulk density also have been calculated. The
optimized ZnO nanoparticles were then used to fabricate photoanode of dye-sensitized solar
cells (DSSCs).
Keywords: Zinc oxide; nanoparticles; dye-sensitized solar cells; X-Ray.
Page 88
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Scope of fish drying in Balochistan using solar energy
Badar Munir Khan Niazi1,*, Zeeshan Munir2 1Agricultural & Biological Engineering Institute, National Agricultural Research Centre
(NARC), Islamabad-Pakistan 2University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Sub-Campus Burewala-Vehari, Pakistan
*Corresponding Author’s Email: [email protected]
Abstract
Pakistan has 1000 kilometers long coastal belt, out of which Balochistan province occupies
about 700 kilometers. The main fishing areas of Balochistan are Gwadur, Ormara, Pasni,
Jiwani, Sonmiani and Gadani. In year 2013 and 2014 the total fish production of
Baluchistan was 155,155 and 143,976 tonnes respectively. About 30% to 40% of the total
fish catch is exported to 30 countries of the world. Considerable quantity of processed and
un-processed fish is exported to China and Middle Eastern countries, where it is very
popular. Salted, dried and smoked fish export to China is increasing very rapidly but the
price per unit export is not increasing. The main reason for this is that the expensive fishes
like Tuna, Salmon, Hilsa Rahu, Dhotar, Mushka and Kund are not caught in big volumes
due to unavailability of proper processing facilities in the costal belt. If low cost fish
processing/preservation facilities are provided in the coastal belt of Balochistan then fish
catch will be increased to about 20-30% and will make the province able to earn more profit
for the country through export. In Balochistan, cold stores are being used to preserve the
commercial fish. The poor fishermen cannot afford the preservation of fish in these
expensive cold storage facilities. A low cost fish preservation technology, suited for the
poor fishermen is needed in the coastal areas of Balochistan. Fish is a highly perishable
food product and can be stored only by proper refrigeration or drying. The installation and
operating cost of the drying is much more less than the refrigeration system which make it
more adoptable for the poor fisherman. The average solar irradiance received by
Balochistan lies between 7-7.5 KWh/m2/day which make solar drying an ideal option for
the province. Open sun drying is being used from centuries to reduce the moisture contents
of fish to enhance its shelf life. It is a simple and economical process but there are some
disadvantages of this process. The fish dried by this process is exposed to the environmental
pollutants; infestation of insects, animals and birds which results in poor quality product. To
reduce the processing losses during the drying and to retain the quality of dried fish, it is
necessary to dry the fish in the close chamber to prevent the fish from dust, insect, larva,
birds and animal. Balochistan has potential to increase its fish production and this can only
be accomplished by providing low cost solar dryers in the province.
Keywords: Solar irradiance; cold stores; perishable; smoked fish; refrigeration; shelf life;
environmental pollutants; solar dryer.
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International Workshop on Sustainable Energy Solutions for Community Development in Pakistan
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89
Solar powered portable high efficiency irrigation system
Rao Husnain Arshad1,*, Muhammad Waqar Akram2, Muhammad Nawaz Iqbal3,
Imran Shauket3, Muhammad Zaman1, Sikandar Ali1 1Department of Irrigation & Drainage, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, 38000,
Pakistan
1Department of Farm machinery and Power, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, 38000,
Pakistan 2Department of Structures & Environmental Engineering, University of Agriculture
Faisalabad, 38000, Pakistan *Corresponding Author’s E-mail: [email protected]
Abstract
Water scarcity and energy shortage are the biggest problems of our country. Thermal power
electricity is very expensive and on the other hand hydropower electricity is scarce due to
less storage capacity of our Reservoirs. It is necessary to replace the conventional sources of
energy with solar power and conventional methods of irrigation with high efficiency
irrigation systems (HEIS). In this study portable solar driven drip irrigation system was
studied at Post Graduate Agricultural Research Station. The system was designed for small
land holders. The performance, efficiency and distribution uniformity of the system was
evaluated. Four samples were taken at different time intervals. It was noticed that maximum
pressure was at 12 pm. However, at different time intervals 11:00 AM, 12:00 PM, 01:00 PM
and 02:00 PM, the mean discharge was 3.731 L/H, 3.772 L/H , 3.692 L/H and 3.125 L/H
respectively. The R2 value for coefficient of variation was 0.914 and for emission
uniformity R2 value was 0.878. An economic analysis was made as a comparison between
solar driven drip irrigation system and electrical energy driven drip irrigation system. The
cost comparison shows that the proposed system and its operational cost are cheaper than
the traditional drip irrigation system.
Keywords: Thermal power; solar power; HEIS; distribution uniformity; emission
uniformity.
Page 90
International Workshop on Sustainable Energy Solutions for Community Development in Pakistan
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Energy conservation by using plastic bottles as construction material
Muhammad Jawad Latif1,*, Muhammad Salman Nasir1, Abdul Nasir1, Inziam ul Haq1,
Waqas Ali1, Syed Hamza Gillani1 1Department of Structures and Environmental Engineering, University of Agriculture
Faisalabad, Pakistan
*Corresponding Author’s E-mail: [email protected]
Abstract
Construction is the process of constructing the buildings which is our basic need to survive.
These buildings were made of mud in past. Now the building materials are bricks, cement
and concrete etc. These materials are expensive and a lot of energy is required for preparing
these materials. This process is causing dual problem, one is the cost of the building
materials and other one is the CO2 emissions from this process. Bricks and cement
manufacturing companies use coal, wood, poultry waste and wheat straw as a fuel for
manufacturing of the bricks. It produces CO2 in the air and contributes to the global
warming. Keeping in view the above facts there is need to conserve the energy and
environment by using plastic bottles in construction. So the use of the plastic bottles in
construction may overcome the pollution, cost and land filling problem. Plastic bottles have
1/3 cost as compared to the bricks. Another technology that can be used in the same process
is the addition of the green roof technology. We can grow grass and sedum plants at the
roofs. This will reduce the temperature of the inside buildings up to 10oC.So, above
mentioned methods can be adopted in construction for the sustainable development,
conservation of the environment.
Keywords: Construction; buildings; emission; energy; plastic
Page 91
International Workshop on Sustainable Energy Solutions for Community Development in Pakistan
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Installation, optimization and performance evaluation of solar photovoltaic
system for rural electrification
Faizan Majeed1, , Zahid Mehmood Khan1, Anjum Munir2, Adil Majeed3 1Department of Agricultural Engineering, Bahauaddin Zakariya University, Multan-
Pakistan 2Department of Energy Systems Engineering, Faculty of Agricultural Engineering
and Technology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan. 3Solar Energy Research Centre, Dalarna University, Sweden
Corresponding Author’s Email: [email protected]
Abstract
Photovoltaic’s (PV) is the name of a method of converting solar energy into direct current
electricity using semiconducting materials that exhibit the photovoltaic effect, a
phenomenon commonly studied in physics, photochemistry and electrochemistry. A system
employs solar panels composed of a number of solar cells to supply usable power. It is used
for rural electrification for small industries and poor or leased land holders. At least a billion
people worldwide still lack household electric power (a population equal to that of the entire
world in the early 19th century). Energy is one of the issues that are causing the most
controversy as fossil fuels are the greatest pollutants and the greatest contributors to the
greenhouse effect. The increasing importance of environmental concern, fuel savings and
unavailability of power has led to the renewal of interest in renewable energies. It therefore
stands to reason that developing countries whose energy consumption rate is increasing at a
very fast rate should be investigating new energy systems based on renewable energies that
do not pollute and which are inexhaustible such as the Solar system. In this paper a simple,
reliable and effective solar panel charging system has been introduced consisting of a solar
panel of desired size and shape. This solar panel is integrated with an embedded system
(which contains two modules i.e. microcontroller/compiler module and charging output and
a battery system which can be used for any electronic device for home and office purposes).
This embedded system regulates the electricity produced between the storage battery and
charging output with the help of microcontroller which is programmed to combat the
situations in presence and in absence of input supply and able to supply stored energy at
night or in unavailability of solar source.
Keywords: Photovoltaic; energy; solar system; DC devices.
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Performance evaluation of hybrid solar dryer under load and no-load
condition
Aamir Saeed1,*, Muhammad Faheem1, Naeem Saddique2, Umar Farooq3 1Department of Farm Machinery and power, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad-
Pakistan 2Department of Irrigation and Drainage, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad-Pakistan
3Department of Structures and Environmental Engineering, University of Agriculture
Faisalabad-Pakistan *Corresponding Author’s Email: [email protected]
Abstract
Pakistan is located in the sun-belt where solar energy is available in abundance. The mean
global irradiation in a day and sunshine hours in a year are about 200-250 W m-2 and about
1500-3000 respectively. Solar energy is particularly available in rich form in Baluchistan
province with an average daily global insolation and annual mean sunshine duration of 19-
20 MJ m-2 a day and 8-8.5 h respectively. These situations are best for various solar energy
applications. Drying needs large amount of heat to remove water to preserve the products.
Natural sun drying is the most common method of drying. The major restriction of using
this method is that the product undergoes unwanted changes due to high temperature. The
products needs be dried at low temperature but it increases the drying cost. Also, the
conventional fuel prices are increasing day by day along with reduction in availability. This
emphasis on the use of renewable resources of energy. This problem can be solved by using
solar assisted dryers because of various advantages. The overall objective of this study was
to investigate the drying behavior and performance evaluation of locally fabricated hybrid
solar dryer. The study was carried out in the month of August and September at University
of Agriculture, Faisalabad. Various parameters such as relative humidity, temperature,
velocity of air, moisture content, solar intensity and air flow rate were recorded. The
maximum efficiency of the dryer was obtained to be 71.68% at 12:00 hours under no-load
condition with minimum value of 47.53% at 09:30 hours. The efficiency of dryer was in the
range of 55.34 to 71.68% during maximum solar irradiance between 851 to 963 W m-2
under no load condition. The maximum efficiency of the dryer was obtained to be 59.38%
at 13:30 hours under loaded condition with minimum value of 10.20% at 10:30 hours. The
efficiency of dryer was in the range of 11.51 to 59.38% during maximum solar irradiance
between 809 to 860 W m-2 from 11:30 to 13:30 hours under loaded condition.
Keywords: Solar energy; hybrid solar dryer, no-load; under load; drying behavior.
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Fabrication and performance evaluation of dual tracking solar parabolic
tough for steam generation
Muhammad Faheem1,*, Manzoor Ahmad1, Anjum Munir2, Abdul Basit1, Aamir
Saeed1
1Department of Farm Machinery and Power, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad-
Pakistan 2Department of Energy Systems Engineering, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad-
Pakistan *Corresponding Author’s Email: [email protected]
Abstract
The 21st century the advancement of science and the usage of many electrical devices, life
becomes very difficult without electricity. Hence, full supply of electricity is necessary to
meet the power requirements of the country. Solar energy is an important renewable
energy/alternative source. The utilization of renewable energy cradle is charming
progressively more due to the rise in prices and also with the reduction of fossil fuels
resources. Most of the industrial process required a temperature level below 400 C which is
easily attainable by the use of sun as a font of energy. To overcome on such type of problem
a solar parabolic trough was designed, fabricated and analyzed for direct steam generation
in summer and for heating water in winter. Using solar energy a solar parabolic tough was a
sort of solar thermal energy collector. The parabolic trough was made up of glass mirror
coated with silver riveted with the help of GI sheet. The trough along with dual tracking
assembly was usually united on an east west as well as north south axes. The dual tracking
parabolic trough was analyzed and evaluated in the Farm Machinery and Power Workshop,
University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Pakistan. The data collected was statistically
analyzed.
Keywords: Renewable energy; solar thermal technologies; glass strips; parabolic trough;
solar collector; dual tracking system.
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International Workshop on Sustainable Energy Solutions for Community Development in Pakistan
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Energy regeneration in milk pasteurization using high temperature short time
(HSTS) method
Usman Amin1,*, Syed Nabeel Husnain2, M. Azam Khan1, Abid Aslam Maan1 1Department of Food Engineering, Faculty of Agricultural Engineering & Technology,
University of Agriculture, Faisalabad-Pakistan 2Department of Energy Systems Engineering, Faculty of Agricultural Engineering &
Technology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad-Pakistan
Corresponding Author’s Email: [email protected]
Abstract Pasteurization of milk is a process of heating milk up to a specific temperature and holding
at that temperature for specific time in which pathogenic micro-organisms kill. Not only the
killing of micro- organism is necessary, but the amount of energy used to move the product
to the pasteurization temperature is also need to be considered. The milk dairy processes are
fast growing business but high energy cost is a serious problem. Major emphasis of the
research is to utilize the waste heat of the process which otherwise goes to the atmosphere
and result in energy loss. Therefore, a continuous milk pasteurizer was designed to conserve
the energy by using regenerative heat exchanger. Regenerative heat exchanger allows the
cooled raw milk to absorb heat from pasteurized milk so as to cool down the hot milk and
pre-heat the cooled milk. Double pipe heat exchanger (counter flow) was designed to
conserve the energy as both pipes contain milk at different temperature. This pre-cooling
and pre-heating result in the conservation of energy. Continuous hot water at 950C was
supplied to heat the milk using water bath. Cooling of milk was done using latent heat of
ice. HTST process is used to make the process continuous. This result in a short time
required to achieve the pasteurization. Shell and tube heat exchanger was used to take the
temperature to pasteurization temperature. This heat exchanger was proven to be very good
to achieve pasteurization temperature. To avoid the heat loss in pasteurization process, pipes
were insulated with glass wool which is the best insulating material. The performance
evaluation was done by calculating the amount of heat conserved or saved during the
pasteurization and was found 125.73 kJ/kg. To ensure the pasteurization, negative
phosphatase test was applied. After pasteurization, the shelf life study of milk was done by
keeping different parameters like pH, COB, Fat separation and specific gravity etc. It was
concluded that continuous milk pasteurizer is most efficient pasteurizer by conserving the
energy and also the milk can be preserved for 4-5 days without change in pH and acidity.
Also, as the process is continuous, therefore less time consuming to achieve pasteurization.
Keywords: Pasteurization; energy conservation; HTST.
Page 95
International Workshop on Sustainable Energy Solutions for Community Development in Pakistan
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Establishing sustainable cities: A strategic illumination to improve urban food
security and encourage healthy societies
Hafiz Ihsan-ul-Haq Khan1,*, Abdul Nasir1, Syed Hamid Hussain Shah2, Imran
Shauket1, Umar Farooq1, Azlan Zahid3, Muhammad Ali3, Muhammad Muzammil2,
Mohsin Noor1 1Department of Structures and Environment Engineering, University of Agriculture,
Faisalabad-Pakistan 2Department of Irrigation and Drainage, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad-Pakistan
3Department of Farm Machinery and Power, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad-
Pakistan *Corresponding Author’s Email: [email protected]
Abstract
Global population will reach up to 9.6 billion by 2050 and there would be an urgent need to
explore new techniques of making urban areas more sustainable and environment friendly.
Green infrastructure (green walls, roofs etc.) and urban agriculture (growing food in city) is
an economically and environmentally valuable approach, a new concept for water
management and natural resources protection. Green infrastructure is helpful to improve
urban water quality, reduce air pollution, improve community health, boost urban aesthetics
and safety, produce green collar jobs and contribution to urban food security. To make these
excellences of life and health benefits easily and rapidly available to urban people, it is
indispensable that leaders should remove both legal and policy barriers for the
implementation of green infrastructure projects in new and also in existing cities. Increased
public financing and other inducements are also necessary. Furthermore, legal structures
that promote green solutions must be put in place. Lastly, awareness and responsiveness of
green infrastructure solutions among policy makers and public must be highlighted so that
our nation's more worried urban population may realize the benefits that such solutions
yield.
Keywords: Green infrastructures; urban food security; sustainability; policy solution.
Page 96
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Evaluation and optimization of a solar pumping system in Pakistan
Adil Majeed1,*, Faizan Majeed2, Anjum Munir3 1Solar Energy Research Center, Dalarna University, Sweden
2Department of Agricultural Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture Sciences and Technology,
Bahauddin Zakariya University Multan, Pakistan 3Department of Energy Systems Engineering, University of Agriculture Faisalabad,
Pakistan
Corresponding Author’s Email: [email protected]
Abstract
Pakistan is rich with potential of solar water pumping having huge amount of solar
radiations all over the country. The present work aims to do a system evaluation of
monitored solar water pumping system and optimization of the system at the Punjab
District, Pakistan. Performance evaluation of PV powered water pumping unit was carried
out for different solar irradiance, ambient temperatures, water head and tilt angles of PV
array. The flow from pump started at irradiance of 100W/m² and flow rate was 0.5m³/hr.
The discharge increased with increase of solar irradiance and become constant at irradiance
level of 600W/m2 and flow rate was 2.95m³/hr. The further increase of irradiance had no
effect on flow rate and discharge from pump remained constant. However, the increase of
radiation also caused the rise of temperature which had adverse effect on voltage production
from PV module. The ambient temperature affected the flow rate, when temperature
increases performance also increases but after 300˚C rise of temperature causes the low
performance of pump. The pumping head effect on flow on flow rate, when head was
adjusted at 22m then discharge from pump was 2.5m³/hr (seven-day average), further
increased of head causes low flow rate, when head was 30m the flow rate is 1.5m³/hr. At
fixed head 22m and irradiance 500 W/m², the tilt angle effect on flow rate from pump was
observed. Maximum performance achieved at the tilt angle was equal to site latitude. The
simulation of pumping unit with PVSYST model was done. And the system evaluation was
done by comparing the monitored data and simulated data with PVSYST software. The
study found the main influential parameters of the system performance and suggested
measures for optimization.
Keywords: Solar water pumping; irrigation; renewable energy; PVSYST.
Page 97
International Workshop on Sustainable Energy Solutions for Community Development in Pakistan
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Energy saving through non-thermal processing tomato pulp
Abdul Moiz1,*, Abid Hussain1, Muhammad Iqbal1, Umer Maqsood1, Muhammad Usman
Khan2 1Department of Food Engineering, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad-Pakistan
2Department of Energy Systems Engineering, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad-
Pakistan
*Corresponding Author’s Email: [email protected]
Abstract
Pakistan facing the significant energy crises as well as post harvest losses like other
developing countries. Demand of energy has been increased in food industry sector with the
increase of population. Energy efficient Food processing machinery is one of the most
important contributor that can reduce the post harvest losses in the food sector.The tomato is
one of the major cash crop of Pakistan with a potential to produce 26.840 tons/ha. The
remarkable feature of this commodity is its regular consumption in the fresh form and
processed type all over the world. There are numerous techniques for tomato processing,
including heat procesing methods and innovative food engineering technologies. Cold
pulping is one of the best choices that completely eradicate initial thermal pulping energy.
There is an adequate span of investigation to establish trouble-free machine by modification
to previous cold tomato Pulper, which may operate in ambient conditions to separate pulp;
seed and skin (peel) from fresh tomato avoiding thermal treatment. To achieve this target,
an effort was made to improve and modify the existing indigenous the cold tomato pulping
machine which can help to determine various mechanisms to establish the machine
parameters for the cold pulping of tomato. Since there is an energy crisis in Punjab,
consequently, thermal heating of tomatoes should be diminished, which otherwise will
increase costs due to heating of tomato at 70°C to unpeel the tomato. This energy saving
pulping machine will not only save energy, but will also conserve seed viability and the
bioactive antioxidant compounds.
Keywords: Non-thermal processing; cold tomato pulper; pulp process; energy saving.
Page 98
International Workshop on Sustainable Energy Solutions for Community Development in Pakistan
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Role of rural bioenergy in the energy sector of developing countries
Shahbaz Nasir Khan1,*, Muhammad Usman khan1, Muhammad Rizwan Khan2
1Bioproducts Sciences and Engineering Laboratory, Washington State University, USA 2Institue of Soil and Environmental Sciences, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad-
Pakistan *Corresponding Author’s Email: [email protected]
Abstract
The world future is directly related to the energy resources. In the developing countries
major portion of the population is living in the rural areas and bioenergy is considered as the
major source of energy, sharing its part around 15 % and 38 % in worlds and developing
countries respectively. Some of the developing countries are producing more than 90 %
bioenergy from rural sources. Exponential growth in industries in developing countries at
the time of limiting fossil fuel reserves have shifted the paradigm towards rural bioenergy.
The developed countries have already started working on developing modern and efficient
technologies for making biofuels, which are becoming competitor with fossil fuels.
Presently, the major focus is on the renewable energy alternatives in the developing
countries which can be future saving for the countries with limited fossil fuel reserves.
Rural areas could be benefited directly from bioenergy produced locally without taking care
of the factors associated with the fossil fuels like accessibility to remote locations and cost.
Renewable energy can facilitate in economic and social development in rural communities
unless projects are designed with proper planning and local input. In comparison rural
bioenergy is low cost solution with the other renewable energy sources like solar or wind
sources. It can be concluded from the discussion above that rural bioenergy could offer no.
of benefits like sustainability, ecofriendly, rural sector development and social structure.
Keywords: Rural bioenergy; fossil fuels; biofuels; sustainability.
Page 99
International Workshop on Sustainable Energy Solutions for Community Development in Pakistan
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99
Energy efficiency in lighting
M. Owais Manzoor1,*, Anjum Munir1, Umar Farooq1, M. Usman Khan1 1Department of Energy Systems Engineering, University of Agriculture Faisalabad Pakistan
*Corresponding Author’s Email: [email protected]
Abstract
Energy efficiency is the basic block for all architectures, designers and lighting
professionals. From the threat of climate change and global warming to combustion of fossil
fuels along with the sustainability and availability of energy supplies as well as rapidly
increasing costs; efficient use of energy is second to none. This approach must be balanced
against the need for well-lit environment to ensure the productivity, well-being, safety and
health of the people it serves. This means that the issue of energy efficiency in lighting
should be approached by taking into account all the elements contributing to the design and
operation in a robust manner. The importance of exploring total chain between electricity
and illumination required for the specific situation means using the right lighting products in
a specific way. In a period of considerable changes and advances, both in lighting
technologies and in the area of lighting standards and regulations, the research on energy
efficiency and quality of lighting seems to be a interesting subject in both indoor and
outdoor lighting operations. To reduce energy consumption for lighting there are usually
three possibilities suggested: a greater use of day lighting combined with better controls on
electric lighting, the development of more energy efficient lighting technologies and a
change in the lighting design approach and standards. The research projects on energy
efficiency in lighting will consider the different aspects which influence the energy
consumption for lighting in both indoor and outdoor environments. For indoor
environments the challenge now is to address more critically the design, operation and
specification of electric lighting in combination with the design of the building for as long
as daylight is available. For outdoor environments the challenge is mainly concerned with
the adoption of advanced energy efficient lighting and control technologies.
Keywords: Energy efficiency; lighting; energy consumption; energy efficient buildings.
Page 100
International Workshop on Sustainable Energy Solutions for Community Development in Pakistan
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Solar energy driven liquid desiccant cooling systems
Naeem Saddique1,*, M. Irfan Asim1, M. Muzammil1, Aamir Saeed2, Umar Farooq3 1Department of Irrigation and Drainage, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Pakistan
2Department of Farm Machinery and Power, University of Agriculture Faisalabad,
Pakistan
3Department of Structures and Environmental Engineering, University of Agriculture
Faisalabad, Pakistan; *Corresponding author’s e-mail: [email protected]
Abstract
Solar energy is a sustainable source of energy with its availability harmonizing the demand
for air-conditioning. Solar thermal has emerged as an important field for progress, as it
provides opportunities for polygeneration including power, process heat, heating & cooling,
desalination of water etc. It can be used for direct generation of steam/ hot water and
cooling in several different configurations depending on the climatic conditions and
application. Heat sorption technologies are good alternatives to common vapor compression
systems for heat absorption. To improve indoor air quality (IAQ) and for large latent load
requirements out of the diverse sorption technologies, desiccant sorption systems are
appropriate. The main energy required for such kind of system is low grade thermal energy
for the regeneration of desiccants. Liquid desiccants are preferred over the solid ones due to
amalgamation of solar collector cum regenerator and easy handling of regenerated
desiccant. However, these have the limitations of corrosion, crystallization and carryover.
The desiccant solution can also be regenerated in an open type solar collector cum
regenerator. The absorber used in this technology is an indirect contact mass and heat
exchanger. This removes the carryover of desiccant droplet with the supply air stream,
unless it ruptures. Experimental studies have been conducted using Lithium Chloride (LiCl)
solution as desiccant. Two dimensionless parameters - moisture effectiveness- enthalpy and
the moisture removal rate are taken as the performance indicator of the absorber and the
desorber. The coefficient of performance (COP) of this system depends strongly on the
system configuration and climatic conditions. Few potential configurations of liquid
desiccant cooling systems have been explored. The presentation will highlight the
challenges and prospects of developing the desiccant technology.
Keywords: Polygeneration; desalination; desiccant sorption; solar collector; enthalpy.
Page 101
International Workshop on Sustainable Energy Solutions for Community Development in Pakistan
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Vibration amplitude increases due to ingression of foreign particles in the
compressor
Nisar Ahmed1,*, Syed Amjad Ahmed Shah2
Mechanical Engineering NFC-IEFR, Faisalabad-Pakistan *Corresponding Author’s Email: [email protected]
Abstract The high vibration issues rise when the upsets occur at wellheads of gas fields, when the
water, oil and solid particulates carried out with the gas and flow through the pipeline
towards industry then there is also rust present inside of the pipeline walls and the ferrous
particles also flows with the gas. As we know that the compressors are designed for the dry
gas only, not for solid particles or moisture contents. These kind of particles are dangerous
for the machines which are highly sensitive so the gas before going into the compressor, it
passes through the filters and knockout drums for the filtration and removal of solid
particulates and moisture contents from the gas, first comes into knockout drum there is the
“impingement" plate installed which breaks the velocity of the gas flow and after breaking
of velocity the heavy particles from the gas drops down and then it goes to filters and the
small particles and moisture contents removed then it sent to compressor. When the sludge
carried out with the feed gas, it contains Fe2O3 particles (from pipe line), insoluble
particles, moisture, oil & silica (SiO2). Elements which chock the filters are silica, moisture
& oil. Due to chocking, suction starvation occurs at compressor. Due to suction starvation,
vacuum is created and ferrous, insoluble particles torn the filters. Several times, filters were
being replaced and this issue occurred repeatedly. So, research work had done how to
prevent the filters from sludge for long lasting life. Cartridge filters were being replaced by
“Pulse-clean filters”. And “Cyclone separator” introduced after a research. Pulse-clean
filters for huff & puff system are capable of containing some extent of sludge contamination
and after an interval of time, can spit it out. So, by using these filters and modifying the
filters with cyclone separator, the life of filters can be extended and to get rid of this issue
which causes high vibration at compressor after damaging filters.
Keywords: Vibration; gas fields; sludge; filters; compressor; pulse-clean filters; cyclone
separator.
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The innovative approach to overcome the drinking water shortage problem in
arid regions of the world
Muhammad Muzammil1,*, Lubna Anjum1, Muhammad Arshad1, Azlan Zahid2,
Muhammad Ali2 1Department of Irrigation and Drainage, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad-Pakistan
2Department of Farm Machinery and Power, University of Agriculture Faisalabad-Pakistan *Corresponding Author’s E-mail: [email protected]
Abstract
About 768 Million people around the world have not easy access to the safe water. About
the 1500 hundreds children under the age of five die due to the water borne dieses. A warka
water technology has capability to fulfils the needs of the peoples living in the rural areas. A
prototype warka water collect the potable water from the air by the process of the
condensation. The specific type of the fabric used to pick up the water with maximum
efficiency. It is easily erected in less than a week by using biodegradable material. A 30 feet
tall prototype warka water tower can provide about the 100 litres of water per day. Its
effectiveness may be increased if it installed in desert, where the temperature range be huge.
Its costs about 500 dollars, but it could be reduced further when the local technicians and
operators will get necessary know to how.
Keywords: Safe water; water borne diseases; warka; potable water.
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Comparative study of Cultivated Brassica Genotypes for yield related traits
with a focus of Bio-diesel Production potential under water stress condition
Muhammad Azam Khan*, Saira Abdul Aziz, Ehsan Ali, Saima Mirza, Habib ur
Rehman, Muhammad Tayyab, Hassan Haroon
Punjab Bio-Energy Institute (PBI), University of Agriculture, Faisalabad-Pakistan *Corresponding Author’s Email: [email protected]
Abstract
Energy sector is an area of extensive research worldwide and the hunt for renewable energy
sources is the key focus both in developed and developing countries. Fossil fuels are
running out of supply and unable to meet the demand of ever increasing population. So
there is a dire need to explore new avenues of energy. Bio-fuels obtained from crop biomass
offer an alternate energy source as crops harvest sunlight to produce energy rich
compounds. Brassica species are oil based crops that are capable to grow on marginal lands
with low inputs. Despite of growing on marginal lands they have the potential to produce
high oil yields. It is reported that Brassica species have an oil content range of 33-45%.
Current study is based on growing Brassica types for oil yield potential aiming at bio-diesel
production. Three cultivated verities i.e. Aari Canola, Faisal Canola, Raya Anmol were
obtained from Ayub Agricultural Research Institute (AARI) Faisalabad and UAF-11 was
obtained from University of Agriculture, Faisalabad. These genotypes were sown in Rabi
season 2015-16 following RCBD design with three replications. After sowing three
irrigations were applied to control and only one irrigation was applied to drought
component of experiment. The data for Morphological traits i.e. plant height, number of
plants per square meter, number of branches, number of pods per plant, number of seeds per
pod, 1000 grain weight and oil yield was recorded. Significant variations were observed for
all the traits under study. In control experiment Raya Anmol exhibited highest values for the
traits viz. plant height and main branches while secondary branches and number of pods per
plant were equally good in Raya Anmol and Aari canola. Chlorophyll contents were higher
both in Raya Anmol and Faisal Canola but plants per square meter were highest in Faisal
Canola. Oil contents were highest in UAF-11 while lowest in Aari Canola. In drought
component of experiment Raya Anmol performed best for plant height, secondary branches,
number of pods per plant and chlorophyll contents while number of plants per square meter
were highest in Aari Canola. UAF-11 born highest number of seeds per pod and 1000 grain
weight both in control and water stress conditions. High oil yield is most desirable
component of experiment as it is directly related to amount of biodiesel to be produced. In
this experiment UAF-11 and Raya Anmol have higher oil yields not only under drought
stress but also in comparison to other genotypes at both irrigation levels. The results suggest
that non canola types i.e Raya Anmol and UAF-11 proved their worth to be used as energy
feedstock among genotypes under study for biodiesel production. These genotypes can be
grown on marginal lands with low inputs and after further genetic improvement, have
ability to be used as viable energy feedstock for biodiesel production in future.
Keywords: Biodiesel; brassica; 1000 grain weight; oil yield.
Page 104
International Workshop on Sustainable Energy Solutions for Community Development in Pakistan
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Utilization of tomato waste for generation of electricity
Abdul Moiz1,*, Eyad Damara2, Mohammad Ali Shariati3, Muhammad Aslam Mughal4 1Department of Food Engineering, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad-Pakistan
2Department of the Science of Agriculture Food And Environment, University in Foggia,
Italy 3All-Russian Research Institute of Phytopathology, Moscow, Russia 4 Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Salerno, Italy
*Corresponding Author’s Email: [email protected]
Abstract
In Pakistan, significant burden of waste tomatoes from agri-food industries have negative
effects on the environment and economic loss as well. Characterization of these residues
shows their potential suitable for their electricity generation in microbial-electrochemical
systems (MESs). The impedance behavior of wasted tomatoes was observed in microbial-
electrochemical systems (MESs) and its spectra of impedance compared with soluble
substrates like dextrose, acetate and wastewater. The waste tomatoes have superior
execution with compared to pure substrates under the series of AC and DC diagnostic tests.
During this research activity it was found that tomato based microbial-electrochemical
systems (MESs), which function by saddling the electrons produced when bacteria
decompose organic matter, hold potential for generating electric power. The results of
cyclic voltammetry come with an indication of the active role of indigenous resources,
though the overall electricity production extremely depend of diffusible redox-active
pigments in the wasted tomatoes. According to the results of Electrochemical impedance
spectroscopy the most significant contribution made by peel and seed on the oxidation
behavior of wasted tomatoes will be able to produce electricity.
Keywords: Tomato waste; microbial-electrochemical system; impedance; voltammetry.
Page 105
International Workshop on Sustainable Energy Solutions for Community Development in Pakistan
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Identification of renewable energy sources: only possible way for sustainable
agriculture
Faisal Shahzad1,*, Azlan Zahid2, Abdul Ghafoor2 1Institute of Horticultural Sciences, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad-Pakistan
2Department of Farm Machinery and Power, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad-
Pakistan *Corresponding Author’s Email: [email protected]
Abstract
Agriculture is the backbone of country for providing food security in Pakistan. In
agriculture, the major source of energy is coming from fossil fuels which is resulting
greenhouse gas emissions thus causing climate change issues. These environmental
damages can be mitigated using innovative and environmental friendly renewable energy
sources viz. solar, wind, tidal, biomass, biogas, mini/micro hydel, geo-thermal energy,
biofuels and tidal energy. and wave generated power. Farmer communities can be
encouraged to subsidies the use of renewable energy technology. The concept of sustainable
agriculture relates with the balance amount of inputs and energy supply for maximizing net
crop productivity and income. It is therefore dire need to explore and promote renewable
energy for sustainable agriculture in Pakistan. Solar energy can be successfully employed in
ground water pumping, solar drying to reduce moisture of the products, post-harvesting
processes, greenhouse technologies. In remote agricultural lands, underground fitted
submersible solar PV operated water pumps are viably used and also considered as eco-
friendly option in comparison with a diesel generator. In case of adverse climatic conditions
for plants grown in clod climatic zones, there is a need for renewable energy technology
like greenhouse for maintaining optimum plant ambient temperature for growth of plants,
fruits and vegetables. The economics in employing greenhouses for growing of vegetables
and plants, the regular use of PV water pumps involved in maintaining sustainable
agriculture. The clean development can provide the industrialized countries with potential
of an incentive to invest in emission reduction projects for developing countries to achieve a
reducing trend in CO2 emission to a lowest possible extent. This explains a complete
training for contribution of RE in farming by integrating all aspects of agriculture with
ecology, economics, the environment and society.
Keywords: Sustainable agriculture; renewable energy; solar pumping; greenhouse
emissions.
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Development and indigenization of solar assisted milk powder machine
Zuhair Qamar1,*, Anjam Munir2, Muhammad Zaman3, Kashif Mahmood4
1Department of Farm Machinery and Power, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad-
Pakistan 2Department of Energy Systems Engineering, University of Agriculture Faisalabad-
Pakistan 3Department of Irrigation and Drainage, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad-Pakistan
Corresponding Author’s Email:[email protected]
Abstract
Pakistan has been facing energy crisis from last few decades. The essential science relating
key substantial and efficient goods for solar assisted milk powder for plant operating
conditions is composite and mostly anonymous. Currently in the production of milk
powders, the main challenges were to reduce variations in the product properties and the
reduction of processing costs. We proposed a newly technique for drying milk powder by
using solar system after the simulation of CFD model. The manufacturing capability of the
proposed system is increased and the minimum fouling of equipment’s are observed in the
milk powder processing with minimum production losses and declination of energy
utilization. Quality control system is not implemented yet for the milk production
processing system. The computational fluid dynamics models (CFD) are found best for the
optimization of milk quality as they predict the effect of every plant variable for the
Nutritive values of milk. In the present study the CFD model is used for quality control
system and for the simulation and evolution of huge number of commercially used milk
powder while the solar system uses for drying the milk powder. Furthermore, spray driers
and pilot plant evaporator is used in this study for investing the characteristics of the spray
drying process. The CFD model was used to estimate the heat-mass transfer in the spray
dryer while its dimensions were calculated according to available solar energy. CFD model
in combination of the solar system has proven best for the drying process of milk powder.
Keywords: Milk powder machine; CFD model; quality control; pilot plant.
Page 107
International Workshop on Sustainable Energy Solutions for Community Development in Pakistan
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Designing of solar peltier refrigerator to determine the freezing time of the
droplets of different solutions
Zia Ahmad Chatha1, Syed Ahmad Raza Zaidi1,*, Shahzad Farooq1, Umer Farooq1,
Syed Nabeel Husnain2
1Department of Food Engineering, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad. 2Department of Energy Systems Engineering, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad
Corresponding Author’s Email: [email protected]
Abstract
Now a day, we have to face many problems such as energy crises and environment
dilapidation due to the increasing CO2 release and ozone layer depletion has become the
main alarm to both developed and developing countries. Our project utilizes the solar
energy for its operation. Solar refrigeration using thermoelectric module is going to be one
of the most cost effective, clean and environment friendly system. This project does not
need any kind of refrigerant and mechanical device like compressor, prime mover, etc for
its action. The main purpose of this project is to provide refrigeration to the distant areas
where power supply is not possible and also to determine the freezing time of droplets of
different solutions to develop a new technique of freeze encapsulation for food and other
applications. We designed and constructed a peltire refrigerator with an interior cooling
volume of 3.45 cubic meters (1.5m x 1.0m x 2.3m). The peltier refrigerator was equipped
with on/off control which was found to be adequate to meet the required precision of +/- 15
degrees Celsius put forth in the project requirements. One liter of water was placed inside
the cooler to test the performance of the device. We tested the maximum performance of the
device by cooling a sample down to -5 degrees Celsius. Temperature control was also tested
by cooling droplets of different solutions from room temperature down to -5 degrees
Celsius. On/off control was found to give adequate performance and we met or exceeded all
of our project requirements.
Keywords: Refrigeration; peltier effect; thermo-electric module; solar energy;
encapsulation.
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Energy efficiency analysis of wheat crop under different climate and soil
based irrigation schedules
Rubina Ansari1,*, Hafiz Ihsan Khan2, Usman Liaqat1, Sumra Mushtaq1 1Department of Irrigation and Drainage, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad-Pakistan
2Department of Structure and Environmental Engineering, University of Agriculture,
Faisalabad-Pakistan *Corresponding Author’s E-mail: [email protected]
Abstract
Use of energy in agriculture sector directly or indirectly has been intensified to increase
crop production to fulfill the food demand of the growing population. Considering the
energy and water scarcity in Pakistan, the present study was carried out to assess wheat
production efficiency with regard to energy consumption. For the purpose, a field
experiment was conducted at Water Management Research Centre (WMRC), University of
Agriculture Faisalabad to compare two irrigation scheduling techniques (climatic and soil
moisture based) and farmer’s practice. All the inputs except volume of irrigation water were
same for all treatments. Energy equivalents (extracted from scientific source) were used to
calculate energy balance and indices (Energy use efficiency, Energy Productivity (kg MJ-1),
specific energy (MJ.kg-1), Net energy (MJ ha-1) and Water productivity (kg m-3)). Results
shows that the soil moisture based treatment (at 30% MAD) gave 7.94% and 27.94% more
yield compared to climate based treatment’s (20 mm CPE) and farmer’s practice
respectively. The pumping water for irrigation was the highest energy consumption input
for wheat production after chemical fertilizers. Soil moisture and climate based treatments
saved 33.72% and 35.72% energy respectively due to water saving over farmer practice.
The highest net energy (78855.35 MJ ha-1), energy use efficiency (4.643011), energy
productivity (0.200964 kg MJ-1) and water productivity (1.875 kg m-3) was achieved with
soil moisture based irrigation schedule at 30% MAD however highest specific energy
(7.097692 MJ.kg-1) was achieved with farmer practice.
Keywords: Energy; climate; soil moisture.
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Optimization of biomass briquettes from different crops residue and the
development of a biomass compacting system
Hafiz M. Safdar, Abdul Nasir , Faizan-Ul-Haq Khan, Haroon Rasheed, Mohsin Noor,
Umer Farooq, Imran Shaukat and Hafiz Ihsan-Ul-Haq
Department of Structures and Environmental Engineering, University of Agriculture
Faisalabad, Pakistan
Corresponding Author’s Email: [email protected]
Abstract
Biomass (mainly crops residue) is available in Pakistan almost everywhere in the country. It
is reported that about 225,000 tonnes of biomass from different crops is generated in
Pakistan on daily basis. Diverse type of biomass is available round the year depending on
crop type, season, location, agriculture machinery used, trend of the local people to utilize
the biomass etc. It is present in huge amount and it is very difficult to handle this
heterogeneous material. Utilization of this massive source of energy in a better way is need
of the hour. There is requisite to produce briquettes having different ratios of diverse crop
residues, not only depending on their availability but also having high breaking strength and
higher energy contents value. Locally available crops residue like wheat straw, rice husk,
maize straw, cotton sticks are to be ground before briquettes formation. Optimization on the
basis of burning characteristics like calorific value, burning rate and exhaust gases analysis
may lead to the energy solution to some extent. It is required to develop biomass
compacting machines which really work according to our environmental conditions. In this
regard, department of Structures and Environmental Engineering has taken the initiative to
develop an indigenous piston press biomass compacting machine to manufacture the 60 mm
diameter briquetting rods with the above mentioned heterogeneous crops residue funded by
the Higher Education Commission of Pakistan. A shredder to decrease the size of the crop
residue to 8mm - 12mm is also prepared for input material to the machine.
Keywords: Biomass; briquetting machine; optimization; energy contents.
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POSTER
PRESENTATIONS
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Biodiesel production by using different feedstocks
Sana Sadaf*, Javed Iqbal, Ehsan Ali
Punjab Bio-Energy Institute (PBI), University of Agriculture, Faisalabad-Pakistan
Corresponding Author’s Email: [email protected] ; [email protected]
Abstract
The current energy crisis has compelled the scientists and researchers to explore alternate
energy resources which are renewable, sustainable and environment friendly. Biodiesel has
become an attractive option as alternate transportation fuel due to its compatibility with
existing vehicle engines. No engine modification is required for using biodiesel. Punjab
Bio-Energy Institute is a newly established institute and Bio-analytical Chemistry
laboratory is mainly focusing on the utilization of different feedstocks for biodiesel
production. For this purpose, the research work was conducted with mustard oil as a 1st
generation feedstock and we have successfully obtained 98 % biodiesel yield. Among 2nd
generation feedstocks, we have utilized waste cooking oil and insect biomass. Waste
cooking oil was successfully converted into good quality biodiesel which meets all the
ASTM standards with 94 % yield. Now our group is focusing on utilization of some insects
with high lipid content for use as a source of biodiesel. Extensive research work on
microalgae is also in progress. We have collected different algae samples from different
locations in Faisalabad and Kallar Kahar Lake, Chakwal. We have successfully isolated 5
microalgae strains from these collections and now we are working on large scale algae
cultivation. We are using different growth media for algae cultivation and our main focus is
to find some economic growth media suitable for cultivation on large scale. We are also
working to explore the potential of isolated strains as a source of biodiesel. Since so far, we
have established good infrastructure for lab scale studies and we are hopeful that we will
establish the pilot scale set up very soon.
Keywords: Biodiesel; 1st generation feedstock; 2nd generation feed stock; 3rd generation
feedstock; pilot scale studies.
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Fabrication and performance evaluation of solar tunnel dryer
Bushra Sana Idress, Ayesha Israr, Yasir Jamil*, Imran Shaukat, Hafeez Anwar,
Ramiza, Iqra Aslam
Department of Physics, University of Agriculture Faisalabad-Pakistan *Corresponding Author’s Email: [email protected]
Abstract
In this research the fabrication and performance of a solar tunnel dryer has been
investigated. The performance of the dryer is analysed by varying different parameters and
their effect on inner temperature and base temperatures has been studied for different values
of ambient temperature. The performance of dryer for drying of the various food items like
onion, chillies and mangoes etc. has been studied. A comparison between time and inner
temperature, ambient and base temperatures of the moisture removed by the solar tunnel
dryer and open sun for various food items shows that the moisture removed in solar tunnel
dryer is significantly higher as compared to the open sun drying. In case of the onion for the
prepared weight of 103 gm, the moisture removed in solar tunnel dryer is 79% and by the
open sun dryer is 44% and likewise in other food items. The food items dried in solar tunnel
dryer takes less time than the open sun and maintain their properties like colour, taste,
flavour. It is very effective for small scale food preservation. The solar tunnel dryer is
economically quite favourable than the open sun or an electric dryer which makes it very
effective for drying purposes.
Keywords: Dehydrator; solar heating; dryer; food preservation.
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International Workshop on Sustainable Energy Solutions for Community Development in Pakistan
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Effective use of solar energy in the synthesis of nanostructured material
Tamveel Mujahid, Yasir Jamil*, Urva, Memoona Naz, Hafeez Anwar, Yasir Javed,
Bushra Chand Rana, Ayesha Younis and Zia ul Haq
Department of Physics, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Pakistan *Corresponding Author’s Email: [email protected]
Abstract
Zinc oxide nanoparticles were synthesized by utilizing solar energy. Zinc sulphate was
mixed with sodium hydroxide solution in appropriate ratios. The final solution was exposed
to solar radiation in place of usual digestion under isothermal static conditions. The
formation of ZnO nanoparticles was confirmed using X-ray diffraction analysis of the
synthesized samples. The solar irradiation resulted in the formation of single phase. The
particle size was estimated using the line broadening of the characteristic peaks by applying
Scherer’s formula. The samples were also synthesized using conventional methods. The
calculated experimental values of particle sizes were found to be 27.69, 27.73, 27.75, and
27.79 by drying through electric oven, solar cone cooker, solar dehydrator and solar oven.
The comparison of analyzed data shows that solar irradiation can be an effective alternative
of conventional oven heating for the synthesis of nanomaterials.
Keywords: Solar irradiation; nanomaterials; solar digestion.
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Usage of biogas plant in socio-economic community development of district
Faisalabad
Nabeela Farah*, Izhar Ahmad Khan, Naveed Farah
Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Rural Sociology, University of Agriculture
Faisalabad-Pakistan *Corresponding Author’s Email: [email protected]
Abstract
In developing countries, the households of rural areas mainly dependent on agricultural
residues, wood and animals dung to fulfill their energy demand. 2.4 billion people from all
over the world rely on it and half of its part covered from south Asian countries in which
Pakistan majorly included. The use of biomass in cooking and heating directly related with
health hazards. Animal’s dung which use in biogas plant produces purified energy for rural
households in various communities. Transformation of biomass traditional use into modern
and cleaner use (biogas plant) improving the domestic environment, increasing health
status, saving time and uplifting standard of living of rural people. In this way a study was
conducted in rural areas of district Faisalabad which aim to identify the usage of biogas
plant in socio-economic community development. For this purpose, a cross sectional survey
was conducted in rural areas of District Faisalabad for data collection. The sampling was
consisted on four stages. The total sample size of respondents was 80. A questionnaire was
developed in the light of research objectives. Data were collected with the help of an
interview schedule. Field work activities were done by the researcher herself. Descriptive
analysis was used to describe the socio-economic development. Chi square and Gamma
tests were applied to examine the relationship between independent and dependent
variables. It is come to the conclusion that biogas plant works without health hazard effects
in which mainly included lungs and heart disease, allergies and burning issues and it gives
50% better quality in heating and cooking. There was found the improved domestic
environment by the use of biogas plant in various communities where research was
conducted. Biogas plant also puts the energy from unsustainable to stainable form and
simply raises efficiency of fuel which expels lot of smoke and heat.
Keywords: Biomass; biogas; energy; hazards; efficiency; sustainable.
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Synthesis and Characterization of CuO nanoparticles and its applications in
solar cells
Saira Saeed, Muhammad Yaseen*, Asima Rashid
Department of Physics, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, 38040, Pakistan
Corresponding Author’s Email: [email protected]
Abstract
Copper oxide (CuO) is a p-type semiconductor with thin band gap and low electrical
resistance values. CuO nanoparticles are well-known because of their various applications
in solar cells, nanofluids, superconductors, photocatalytic degradation, optical, biosensors,
electrical, gas sensors and in catalysis. In current research, the precipitation method was
used to prepare CuO nanoparticles. The structural characterization, morphology and optical
properties of the synthesized materials were analyzed by X-ray Diffraction technique,
Scanning electron microscope and UV-Vis spectrophotometer. CuO nanoparticles with
monoclinic crystalline structure were verified by XRD spectrum. SEM results showed that
the CuO nanoparticles were systematically distributed and spherical in shape. The results of
UV-Vis spectrophotometer revealed that the band gap of CuO nanoparticles was found to be
2.6 eV. The particle size calculated by using Sharrer’s formula was found to be ≈14.54 nm
and it was intensely depended upon calcination temperature and reaction time. We also
show that the as-prepared CuO nanorod arrays are promising hole-transport media of dye-
sensitized hetero-junctions for solar energy conversion.
Keywords: Cuo; nanoparticles; solar cells; XRD.
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Effect of doping on the structural and optical properties of Zinc Oxide for
energy applications
Muhammad Irfan Hussain, Rabia Arshad, Yasir Javed*, Yasir Jamil, Muhammad
Yaseen
Department of Physics, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad-Pakistan *Corresponding Author’s Email: [email protected]
Abstract
Nanoparticles based on ZnO has their own vast area of applications such as gas sensors,
optical and electrical devices, solar cells and many more. ZnO nanocrystals belong to
wurtzite structure, showing hexagonal unit cell and P63mc space group. At nanoscale,
subsitition of a pure material atoms drives the properties of the nanoparticles drastically.
Therefore, doped material has gained an increased research due to their ehnhanced
properties and their emerging applications in bio- photonics, LED and laser etc. The
synthesis of these doped nanomaterials demonstrated much more better efficiency as
compare to conventionally employ macroscopic particles/pure one type of nanoparticles
focusing on this view. In present research work, We try to enhance the ZnO nanoparticles’
effiencey for solar cells and other energy related applciations. For this purpose, metal (Fe,
Al) doped ZnO nanoparticles were prepared by co-precipitation method. In this method
clear and homogeneous metal doped ZnO precipitates were obtained. Various quality
assurance tests including XRD, UV- visible spectrophotometer and SEM techniques were
employed for its necessary characterization. X-ray diffraction shows well define and sharp
peaks for metal doping in ZnO and doped materials. SEM analysis has been done to observe
the morphology of the nanostructures. The UV-Vis spectrometer studies show peaks around
typical ZnO band of 380 nm.
Keywords: Doping; structural and optical properties; zinc oxide; energy applications.
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Theoretical investigation of electronic and optical properties of Mn doped
CdS
Maryam Zia, Tehreem Naik, Muhammad Yaseen*
Department of Physics, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, 38040, Pakistan *Corresponding Author’s Email: [email protected]
Abstract
Manganese doped Cadmium Sulfide semiconductors have many exclusive and important
chemical and physical properties. Nanocrystals of cadmium sulfide play an extraordinary
role in preparation of many electronic devices like field emitters, photoconductors and
quantum dot laser. They are being used in solar cell applications. Various experimental and
theoretical inspections have been executed on these compounds. The implementation of Mn
on CdS influenced the electronic and optical properties of CdS. In this proposed work, we
discussed and investigated the effect of doping on these properties theoretically. The
computation on Mn doped CdS compounds are executed through full potential-linearized
augmented plane waves and local-orbital’s (FP-LAPW+lo) using the Wien 2k code which is
a fundamental way for the solution of the Kohn–Sham equations specified by density
functional theory (DFT).
Keywords: Electronic and optical properties; Mn doped CdS; DFT.
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Designing and fabrication of a forced convection hot box
Suniya Iftikhar*, Kh. Altaf Hussain, Kiran Khurshid, Amna Amir Rana Department of Food Engineering, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad-Pakistan
Corresponding Author’s Email: [email protected]
Abstract
The design and construction of a hot box was aimed to determine quality warming of
eatables. The research work was done to design and fabricate a forced convection hot box
by incorporating a blower and interlock switch. The assembling techniques and handling of
the equipment for optimum usage are detailed. The AUTOCAD design, pictorial views and
dimensions for its mass production are placed. The forced convection hot-box was put to
test in order to determine its functionality and effectiveness through some food items and
heat transfer coefficient, power calculation and cost estimation were done. It is energy
efficient as it operates at 500W whereas other forced convection ovens consume 1600W.
Therefore, it can be deduced that the designed hot-box is efficient and thus effective when
compared with other available units.
Keywords: Hot box; blower; AutoCad; heat transfer coefficient; power calculation.
Page 119
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Extractive desulfurization of coal by deep eutectic solvents
Naila Hameed1, Muhammad Zahid1,*, Nasir Saqib2, Zubera Naseem1, Asif Hanif1 1Department of Chemistry, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad-Pakistan
2Coal Technology Section,Mineral Processing Research Centre, PCSIR Laboratories
Complex, Ferozepur Road, Lahore -54600, Pakistan
Corresponding Auther’s Email: [email protected]
Abstract
Deep eutectic solvents (DESs) are similar to the ionic liquid (IL) because they share various
properties and characteristics with ionic liquids. The presence of sulfur compounds in coal
restricts its industrial application mainly due to environmental impacts. In present research
work, various deep eutectic solvents were prepared by heating and evaporating methods,
and applied for the desulphurization of coal. The DES has been prepared using
combinations of choline chloride with urea, malic acid and glycerol. The coal samples were
obtained from the coal mines situated in the Chakwal (sample A) and Khushab (sample B)
districts of Punjab, Pakistan. The sulphur contents (sulphate sulphur, pyritic sulphur,
organic sulphur and total sulphur) determination were carried out according to ASTM
International standard methods (D-2492, D-3177) for the samples before and after the
extraction. The calorific values have also been determined and compared before and after
desulphurization. The sulphate, pyritic and organic sulphur contents are 0.7 %. 2.06% and
0.18% sample A, respectively. The sulphate, pyritic and organic sulphur contents are 0.08
%, 1.26 % and 0.21 % sample B, respectively. The total sulphur contents for the sampple A
and Sample-B have been determined by following Eschka method, and are found to be 0.18
and 0.23 %, respectively. The extractive desulphurization of coal samples is carried out
using DESs and is done by maceration, ultra-sonic assisted and microwave assisted
extraction. It has been observed that the sulphur contents has been removed considerably
(upto 70 %) by applying choline chloride and maleic acid mixture (2:1) for both the samples
A and samples B. The calorific values (before sulphur extraction) are found 3,598 Kcal/Kg
and 5,185 Kcal/Kg for sample-A and sample B, respectively. It has been observed that there
is negligible change in the calorific values after extractive desulphurization using different
DESs. This study has shown that the DESs are potential candidates for the desulphurization
of the coal.
Keywords: Deep eutectic solvent; desulphurization; coal; calorific values.
Page 120
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Water energy and food linkages with sustainable agricultural development
future challenges and prospectus
Saliha Mehboob1,*, Saima Nazir1 1University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Sub-campus Burewala-Vehari, Pakistan
*Corresponding Author’s Email: [email protected]
Abstract
Water, Energy and food are essential for agro-ecological system and for sustainable
agricultural development. Trends in availability of natural resources show that freshwater,
energy and food are experiencing significant stress and shortfalls. Increasing agricultural
productivity, the pressure of population growth, economic development, urbanization,
culture and technological changes anticipate the increasing demand of these resources. The
significant quantity of water is used in food production for irrigation, forestry, and fishery
along the entire agri-food supply chain and is also used for energy processing activities. As
demand grows, there is increasing competition for resources between water, energy,
agriculture, fisheries, livestock, forestry, mining, transport and other sectors with
unpredictable impacts for livelihoods and the environment. The Water, Energy and food
linkages have rejuvenated the complex and interrelated nature of our global resource
system. In practical terms, it presents a conceptual approach to better understand and
systematically analyses the interactions between the natural environment and human
activities, and to work towards a more co-ordinated management and use of natural
resources across sectors and scales. This linkage will help to better understand the complex
and dynamic interrelationship between water, energy and food. This approach will help to
use and manage the limited resources sustainably and will help to understand the wider
implications for water, energy and food. The purposed research will be conducted at
Burewala, Pakistan.
Keywords: Urbanization; agricultural productivity; population growth; livestock.
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Conversion from food waste to energy: future directions
Huda Farooq1,*, Komal Nida Khan2
1,2 University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Sub Campus Burewala-Vehari, Pakistan *Corresponding Author’s Email: [email protected]
Abstract
Food waste represents a significant fraction of municipal solid waste (MSW). The amount
of MSW generated by the world is expected to grow much higher due to rapid urbanization,
industrialization and population growth, which is projected to reach 9.5 billion t/yr by 2050.
These wastes lead to a waste of resources used in food production and distribution,
including land, water, energy, fertilizers, pesticides, labor and capital. In recent years, it has
been recognized that food waste is an untapped resource with great potential for generating
energy. In Pakistan proper management and recycling of huge volumes of food waste is
required to reduce its environmental burdens and to minimize risks to human health.
Utilization of food waste for energy conversion currently represents a challenge due to
various reasons. These include its inherent heterogeneously variable compositions, high
moisture contents and low calorific value, which constitute an impediment for the
development of robust, large scale, and efficient industrial processes. Alternatively, food
waste can be converted to energy by using several methods. Food wastes can be converted
to ethanol by fermentation with ethanol producing microorganisms such as S. cerevisiae.
Technological option like Anaerobic Digestion (AD) can be used to break down the organic
matter into biogas, which can be burnt for heat and electricity production. Biological
treatment methods possess advantages such as simplicity and low capital cost. Among
thermal and thermochemical techniques, Hydrothermal Carbonization (HTC) is an attractive
option. HTC converts food waste into hydrochar and crude oil which can be considered as
easily stored energy-rich resources. Compared to other waste-to-energy conversion methods
using biological processes, HTC has various advantages including smaller treatment
footprints, greater waste volume reductions and no process-related odors. Additionally,
HTC reaction takes only a few hours compared to days or months needed for biological
processes. Furthermore, the high process temperature helps to eliminate pathogens and
inactivates other potential organic contaminants. The process results in the production of a
sterile, hygienic, easily stored and transported energy-rich resource. By using HTC in
Pakistan the heavy burden of food wastes can be reduced to a minimal level.
Keywords: Municipal solid waste; hydrothermal carbonization; hydrochar; energy.
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Maximum power point tracking in solar energy system
Muhammad Usman Shahid Butt1, Abubaker Ijaz2,* 1Trainee Engineer, WASA Faisalabad-Pakistan
2School of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, University of Leeds, UK *Corresponding Author’s Email: [email protected]
Abstract
The main purpose of this project is to design an inverter that is enabling the inversion of a
DC power source, supplied by Photovoltaic (PV) Cells, to an AC power source that will
either be used to supply a load or connected directly to the utility grid depending upon the
power output voltage. A separate microcontroller is used which is playing its role for this
automatic Power system operation. The system is controlled to operate at maximum
efficiency using Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) algorithm. MPPT solar charge
controllers allow the solar panels to operate at their optimum power output voltage, hence
improving the overall performance of the system from 30-40% as compared to the
traditional PWM solar projects. Beside MPPT algorithm, a buck converter and power
booster is used that works in the event when the light intensity is low or due to cloudy
weather. The buck converter steps down the voltage hence activating the power booster and
gives 12-14 volts, which is enough to charge battery. Current transformer and potential
transformer (CT-PT) are also used for calculating current and voltage. The benefit of this
project is to give access to an everlasting and pollution free source of energy hence giving
the user the option to use the system in two possible operating modes; the stand alone mode
which is used to satisfy its needs, and the grid connected mode which is used to sell
electricity to utility when in excess; thus eliminating the need of battery storage.
Keywords: DC power; PV cells; MPPT; converter; CT-PT; battery.
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Solar and wind 3-phase grid tie inverter
Muhammad Farhan Javed1,*, Makhdum Sarfraz2
+1MSEE, FAST, NUCES Faisalabad -Pakistan 2MS Engineering Project Management, Superior University Lahore, Pakistan
*Corresponding Author’s Email: [email protected]
Abstract:
A grid tie inverter is a power inverter that converts Direct Current (DC) electricity into
Alternating Current (AC) with an ability to synchronize with a utility line. Its application is
to convert DC sources such as solar panels or small wind turbines into AC for tying with the
grid. Residence and business that have a grid tired electrical systems are permitted in many
countries to sell their energy to the utility grid. Electricity delivered can be compensated in
several ways. In Smart Metering System entity that owns the renewable energy power
sources receives compensation from the utility for its net outflow of power. For example, if
during a given month a power system feed 500 kilowatt-hours into grid and uses 150
kilowatt-hours from the grid, it would receive compensation for 350 kilowatt-hours. In
United States of America, these policies vary by jurisdiction. Another policy is a feed-in
tariff, where the producer is paid for every kilowatt delivered to the grid by a special tariff
based on a contract with Distribution Company or other power authority. A grid tie inverter
is a basic tool for all this working that converts the renewable source power into AC three
phase and enable it to interface/synchronize with the utility line. So, with the increasing
demand of electricity and with increased CO2 omission (global warming), grid tie inverter
plays an important role to promote environmental friendly renewable energy. Moreover, as
Pakistan is facing a huge power shortfall since many years’ utility must have an alternative
reliable power source solar or wind and be self-dependent in case of power production. In
that case, three phase grid tie inverter is the need of time.
Keywords: 3-phase grid tie inverter; solar energy; wind energy.
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Bulk power transmission techniques in renewable energy: comparative analysis
between HVAC and HVDC
Muhammad Farhan Javed1,*, Usman Yousaf1
1MSEE, FAST, NUCES Faisalabad-Pakistan *Corresponding Author’s Email: [email protected]
Abstract Electricity is the basic need of everyone and its demand is increasing day by day worldwide.
One the other hand, CO2 emission global warming is a big challenge for all the countries. In
that scenario, we have to meet the demand of electricity with a quit environment friendly
manner. Renewable energy (solar, wind, bio-fuel, geo thermal and hydro) is the best
solution. In renewable energy resources, we often have to transmit power over a long
distance from offshore power station to onshore grid. We transmit power in the form of high
voltage to reduce losses over a large distance. For this purpose, two techniques are used viz.
high voltage alternating current (HVAC) and high voltage direct current (HVDC). In direct
current, we apply a constant electric current; while, as in alternating current scheme, the
voltage oscillates as a function of time-usually at the rate of 50 or 60 cycles per second.
Alternating current is the basic tool for industries and houses. Comparative analysis of these
two techniques in case of bulk transmission from offshore power plant to onshore grid
(more than 400 miles) promotes DC technique more. Long distances are technically
unreachable by HVAC line without intermediate reactive compensations. The frequency
and the intermediate reactive components cause stability problems in AC line. On the other
hand, HVDC transmission does not have the stability problem because of absence of the
frequency, and thus, no instance limitation. The cost per unit length of a HVDC line is
lower than that of HVAC line of the same power capability and comparable reliability, but
the cost of the terminal equipment of a HVDC line is much higher than that of the HVAC
line. The breakeven distance of overhead lines between AC and DC line is range from 500
km (310 miles) to 800 km (497 miles). The HVDC has less effect on the human and the
natural environment in general, which makes it environment friendly. Moreover, HVDC
transmission is preferable on HVAC due to many of its qualities like increase power
transmission capacity, decrease losses, environment friendly nature, less expensive and best
for integrating more intermittent form of renewable energy to the grid.
Keywords: HVDC; bulk power transmission; HVAC and HVDC; technical; environmental;
economical.
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Development of 30W solar bag with wireless power transmission unit
Muhammad Farhan Javed1,*, Annus Hashmi2
1MSEE, FAST, NUCES Faisalabad-Pakistan 2MSEE, University of Gujarat, Pakistan
*Corresponding Author’s Email: [email protected]
Abstract Our developed Prototype “30 W solar’’ can be used for solar energy through photovoltaic
(PV) cells to charge all kind of tablets, smart phones, Digital cameras and all types of
batteries without any wired connection to the device. It weighs less than 400 grams
excluding solar panels. Net Weight could be reduced to less than 800 grams by using
lightest foldable solar cells, Battery backup and solar panels of solar bag could be
increase/decrease according to the requirements. The estimated battery standby time is 120
minutes with 30 W load. After modification and advancement, it is very suitable for Army,
Mountain Climbers, Bike Riders, Workers and on the places with no electricity. This
Prototype “Wireless power transmission unit” is transferring Electricity Free from wires up
to the Distance of 1 ft with 45% efficiency, using “Resonant inductive coupling method” at
the frequency of 700 kHz. It can successfully transfer power through all kind of solids,
liquids, Gases and even through the living organisms without harming the tissues. After
modification and advancement our WPT unit could bring revolution for embedded medical
devices. It can be install as WPT unit in solar bag for the sake of future patients and doctors
need of charging their embedded medical devices like artificial heart, arms, legs, insulin
pumps etc. without wires and it will decrease the risk of infection caused due to the direct
penetration of wires.
Keywords: 30 W solar bag; charging; batteries; power transmission unit.
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International Workshop on Sustainable Energy Solutions for Community Development in Pakistan
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By using nano-fluid enhance the efficiency and decrease the corrosion in a
heat exchanger
Muhammad Ali1,*, Syed Amjad Ahmed Shah2
Mechanical Engineering NFC-IEFR Faisalabad affiliated with UET Lahore, Pakistan
Abstract
A recent work on anti-corrosive properties and enhanced heat transfer properties of
carboxylated water based nanofluids. The Sebacic acid is a naturally occurring dicarboxylic
acid with a structure of (HOOC)(CH2)8(COOH) is a derivative of castor oil which can also
be used as lubricants. Water mixed with sebacic acid from 20% to 25% as carboxylate
additive found to be resistant to corrosion and suitable for automotive environment. The
carboxylated water is dispersed with very low mass concentration of carbon nanotubes. The
stability of nanofluids in terms of zeta potential is found to be good with carboxylated water
compared to normal water. The heat transfer performance of nanofluids is carried out on a
shell & tube heat exchanger. The flow Reynolds number of water is in the range of 2500 to
6000 indicating developing flow regime. The corrosion resistance of nanofluids is found to
be good indicating its suitability to industrial environment. There is a slight increase in
viscosity and marginal decrease in the specific heat of nanofluids with addition of
carboxylate as well as carbon nanotubes (CNTs). Significant improvement is observed in
the thermal conductivity of nanofluids dispersed with CNTs. During heat transfer
experimentation, the inside heat transfer coefficient and overall heat transfer coefficient has
also improved markedly. It is also found that the flow rate of coolant plays an important role
in enhancement of the heat transfer coefficient and overall heat transfer coefficient.
Keywords: Nano-particles; multi-walled carbon nano tubes; thermal conductivity
enhancement; heat transfer enhancement; overall heat transfer coefficient.
Page 127
International Workshop on Sustainable Energy Solutions for Community Development in Pakistan
(November 08-09, 2016)
127
Half-metallic ferromagnetism in Mg0.75Ti0.25 X (X = S, Se, Te) Alloys by an Ab-
initio method
M. Yaseen1,*, Q. Mahmood2
1Department of Physics, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, 38040, Pakistan 2Department of Physics, University of the Punjab, Quaid-e-Azam Campus, 54590
Lahore, Pakistan *Corresponding Author’s Email: [email protected]
Abstract
Simulation techniques for computing complex structural, electronic properties, optical
properties, mechanical, nonmagnetic and magnetic of solids have been widely used for
studying advanced electronic applications. Mentioned properties are very hard to be studied
through experiments. For the application of dilute magnetic semiconductors (DMS) based
on II–VI and III–V semiconductor compounds practically, it is necessary that these
compounds possess a unique combination of structural, electronic, and magnetic properties.
In this type of semiconductors, cations are usually replaced by magnetic transition metal
and/or rare-earth anions. Doping does not change the semiconducting properties of the
compound but it adds the magnetic effects in the host material. In this work, Ti is doped in
the zinc-blend structure MgTe, MgS and MgSe. The full-potential linear-augmented-plane-
waves plus local-orbitals (FP-LAPW+lo) method has been employed to explore the
mechanical and half-metallic ferromagnetic properties. Poisson’s and Pough ratios are used
to study the ductile and partial ionic natures of subjected compounds. Two different
formalism of exchange and correlation (XC) effects have been applied in the form of
generalized gradient approximation (GGA) and orbital independent modified Becke-
Johnson potential combined with local density approximation (mBJLDA). To check the
stability of ferromagnetic (FM), enthalpy of formation and energetic comparison has been
used. Premeditated electronic properties divulge that the Ti-doping induces ferromagnetism
in MgS, MgSe, and MgTe which appear to show half-metallic (HM) gap at Fermi level
(EF). Electronic properties are studied by the terms of exchange constants (N0α and N0β) that
are found to be comparable with typical magneto optical experiment.
Keywords: Dilute magnetic semiconductors; bandgap; density functional theory;
ferromagnetic.