Sustainable rural populations: the case of two National Park areas Alan Marshall Ludi Simpson Cathie Marsh Centre for Census and Survey Research
Jan 30, 2016
Sustainable rural populations: the case of two
National Park areasAlan MarshallLudi Simpson
Cathie Marsh Centre for Census and Survey Research
1.Introduction
• Population sustainability is an important issue in National Parks in the UK
• “If young people and key workers cannot afford to buy accommodation within park boundaries then local communities may suffer economic and social decline”
(Cairncross et al, 2001)
1. Introduction• Population projections highlight the problem for
policymakers
• Research Questions:• If recent trends what will be the impact on the
demographic characteristics of National Parks?• What is the nature of the migration age/sex
profile in the two parks and its impact on population change?
• What policy implications follow on from the projections?
2. National Parks in the UK
• National parks in England and Wales were set up by the National Parks and Access to Countryside Act (1949)
• Conservation of landscape • Promotion of public understanding and
enjoyment of the special qualities of the Parks• Since 1995 - a duty to seek to foster the
economic and social well-being of their local communities
2. National Parks in the UK• In Scotland National parks established in
2000
• A primary aim is the promotion of “sustainable economic and social development of the area's communities”
• Tension between landscape conservation and social and economic well-being
• Is there a need for more affordable housing?
2. National Parks
Demographic characteristics• PDNP population: 38,000• CNP population: 16,000
Compared with UK and surrounding districts:• Older• Predominantly white• Higher proportions of retired and self employed• Lower proportion of social housing• Smaller average household size• Higher proportions of holiday/second homes
3. Data and methodology
• Standard population and household projection methods. Extended to labour force for PDNP
• Population projections use the cohort component methodology
• Age/sex headship and economic activity rates • POPGROUP projection software used to create
projections.• Method requires very detailed data (single year
of age and sex detail for each component)
3. Data and methodologyIssues:
Non standard boundaries
• Estimation using proportions based upon residential addresses
Small area estimation - Data availability and robustness of demographic rates
• Use local data where possible to calibrate detailed schedules from relevant reference populations (wards, districts or national).
3. Data and methodologyPopulation projections
• Base population: • 2001 census (table CAS001)• Fertility and mortality:• GAD 2004 projections of age/sex specific fertility
and mortality rates• Vital statistics (output areas): estimates of
numbers of births and deaths in park areas (2001-4)
• Migration: • age/sex schedule based on in and out migration
in the year before the census
3. Data and methodologyHousehold projections• DCLG projected headship rates - PDNP• GROS projected headship rates - CNP• Census 2001 park estimates of household
numbers in each DCLG/GROS category Communal establishment population (Census 2001)
Economic activity projections (PDNP only)• ONS projected economic activity rates• Census 2001 park estimates of numbers
economically active
4. Results
CNP population change between 2001-25 and CNP household change between 2001-16All PDNP characteristics show change between 2001-26
Pop change (%)
HH change (%)
Economic activity change (%)
60+ population change (%)
PDNP -15.3% -1.1% -36% +57%
CNP +9% +20% n/a +91%
200 150 100 50 50 100 150 200 2500
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90+
Cairngorms National Park Projections: Age PyramidComparison of population forecast for 2001 with 2025
MalesFemales
Red shows an excess in 2001 Blue shows an excess in 2025
2001 – 26% 60+2025 – 45% 60+
400 300 200 100 100 200 300 400 500
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90+
Peak National Park Projections: Age PyramidComparison of population forecast for 2001 with 2026
Males Females
Red shows an excess in 2001 Blue shows an excess in 2026
2001 – 26% 60+2026 – 49% 60+
4. Results: Migration profileTotal projected net migrants (2001-2024)
-1000
-800
-600
-400
-200
0
200
400
1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 34 37 40 43 46 49 52 55 58 61 64 67 70 73 76 79 82 85 88 91
Age
Mig
rant
s
PP total net migrants CNP total net migrants
Out migration young adultsCNP: -1570PDNP: -7156
In migration at older agesCNP +3645 (35-55)PDNP: +2457 (38-64
Net effect over all agesCNP: +4168PDNP: +405
4. Results – PDNP components of change
PDNP: Components of population change 2001-2026
-400
-300
-200
-100
0
100
200
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018
2019
2020
2021
2022
2023
2024
2025
Year
Num
ber
of p
eopl
e
Natural change Net migration Population change
4. Results – CNP components of change
CNP: Components of population change 2001-2026
-200
-100
0
100
200
300
400
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018
2019
2020
2021
2022
2023
2024
Year
Num
ber
of p
eopl
e
Natural change Net migration population change
4. Results: PDNP - Zero net migration and Natural change
projectionsProjection 2001
population2026 population
% Change
% Population 60 and over
Zero net migration
35,157 30,591 -17.6 % 50.0 %
Natural change
35,157 32,772 -8.4% 40.0 %
4. Results: PDNP Alternative scenarios
Projection % Population change
% Working age pop change
Census based -15% -38%
48 dwellings p/a -6.3% -29%
95 dwellings p/a 1.1% -22%
150 dwellings p/a
9.9% -13%
4. Results: Household projections
• Relative to the population change number of households projected to increase
• Elderly population more likely to live in single person households
• Lower household sizes projected nationally
5. Discussion: Policy implications
• Aging of population a real concern
• Tackle the out migration 16-35 age range
• Affordable housing
• Attractiveness of the Park to the young
• Further research – why are young people moving out?
Thank you!
Any Questions/comments