Masters in Art in Sustainable Design Minneapolis College of Art and Design Fall 2015 Program Thesis Chair Cindy Gilbert, MEd, MS Thesis Advisor Denise DeLuca, PE Committee member #1 Jeremy Faludi, MEng Committee member #2 Steven McGarraugh, AIA Sustainable Manufactured Housing In Support of MA Thesis Review, Fall 2015 MA Candidate: Victor A. Palacios
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Sustainable Manufactured Housing22...sustainable single-family homes, and analyzes what makes manufactured homes both appealing and inexpensive yet unsafe and unsustainable. The Sustainable
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Masters in Art in Sustainable Design Minneapolis College of Art and Design
Fall 2015
Program Thesis Chair Cindy Gilbert, MEd, MS
Thesis Advisor Denise DeLuca, PE
Committee member #1 Jeremy Faludi, MEng
Committee member #2 Steven McGarraugh, AIA
Sustainable Manufactured HousingIn Support of MA Thesis Review, Fall 2015
MA Candidate: Victor A. Palacios
1 MA Thesis – Victor Palacios
MCAD, Spring 2015
1 1 1 1 1
Acknowledgments
To my loving wife and wonderful family, without their support, patience and
understanding none of this would have been possible. This is all just for you and
because of you.
To Ms. Gilbert, Ms. DeLuca, Mr. Faludi, Mr. McGarraugh and Ms. Marshall, for
your invaluable insight and endless patience.
To Bryant, for all the help but also the friendship.
“…on a mote of dust suspended in a sunbeam.”
Carl Sagan, Pale Blue Dot, 1990.
2 MA Thesis – Victor Palacios
MCAD, Spring 2015
2 2 2 2 2
Abstract
There are more than 52,000 manufactured homes placed every year in the US.
As of 2015, none of the main manufactured home brands offered a sustainable
alternative for mass production. Further, a large number of these type of homes
are abandoned at the end of it useful life. Designing a sustainable, safe and
affordable alternative to typical manufactured homes is the primary goal of this
thesis work.
This paper outlines the current manufactured housing status, looking into its
fabrication methods and analyzing weak points. There are several issues of
concern with manufactured homes, including the low construction quality, short
lifespan and lack of safety to withstand weather phenomena. High wind
scenarios, like tornados, result in a disproportionately large number of casualties
when compared to onsite built housing.
A new sustainable alternative to typical mobile homes is proposed with an
improved anchoring system, modular framing strategy and materials selection
that could potentially reduce fatalities, improve the end-of-life and introduce a
sustainable alternative to the current market. Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) is
used to evaluate the new design’s environmental impacts.
Construction Materials .............................................................................................................................. 6
Manufactured homes .............................................................................................................................. 11
The I‐House .............................................................................................................................................. 13
Sustainable Prefabricated Homes ............................................................................................................ 14
Modular Homes ....................................................................................................................................... 15
Design Process and Results .................................................................................................................. 24
More Sustainable Construction Materials ............................................................................................... 24
A Safer Alternative ................................................................................................................................... 28
Early Designs ............................................................................................................................................ 36
Framing System ....................................................................................................................................... 38
Final Design .............................................................................................................................................. 40
Key Features of the Final Design ........................................................................................................ 42
Sustainability of Construction Materials .................................................................................................. 47
Life Cycle Assessment .............................................................................................................................. 47
Life Cycle Assessment Conclusions ........................................................................................................... 52
Next steps ........................................................................................................................................... 57
Work Cited .......................................................................................................................................... 60
Design OptionsOption 1 - Mobile home (primary)Option 2 - Sustainable home
CeilingsGWB on WD Stud
Curtain PanelsSystem Panel: Glazed
Curtain Wall MullionsRectangular Mullion: 2.5" x 5" rectangular
DoorsSingle-Flush: 24" x 80"Single-Flush: 30" x 80"Single-Flush: 30" x 84"Single-Flush: 36" x 80"Single-Flush: 36" x 84"Single-Glass 2: 36" x 82Sliding_Door_Pocket_door_-_Wood_8628: 1.00mx2.00m
WallsAlside - Conquest - Double 4 in Dutch Lap - Antique Parchment Color over Shea...Interior - 4 1/2" PartitionWood siding over Sheathing and Framing as Specified
WindowsDouble Hung with Trim: 36" x 48" mtl trimDouble Hung with Trim: 36" x 60Slider with Trim: 36" x 24"Slider with Trim: 48" x 20" mtl trim
Results per Revit Category, itemized by Tally Entry
Project NameDesign option comparison
10/25/2015
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0%
50%
100%
36,254kg
Mass1 2
142.5kgSO₂eq
AcidificationPotential
1 2
30.85kgNeq
EutrophicationPotential
1 2
38,718kgCO₂eq
Global WarmingPotential
1 2
6.770E-004CFC-11eq
Ozone DepletionPotential
1 2
1,781O₃eq
Smog FormationPotential
1 2
773,689MJ
Primary EnergyDemand
1 2
636,350MJ
Non-renewableEnergy
1 2
137,338MJ
RenewableEnergy
1 2
Legend
Design OptionsOption 1 - Mobile home (primary)Option 2 - Sustainable home
CeilingsWall board, gypsumWood framing with insulation
Studied objectsThe LCA results in the report represent either an analysis of a singlebuilding, or a comparative analysis of two or more building designoptions. The single building may represent the completearchitectural, structural, and finish systems of a building or a subsetof those systems, and it may be used to compare the relativecontributions of building systems to environmental impacts and forcomparative study with one or more reference buildings. Thecomparison of design options may represent a full building invarious stages of the design process, or they may representmultiple schemes of a full or partial building that are beingcompared to one another across a range of evaluation criteria.
Functional unit and reference flowThe functional unit of the analysis is the usable floor space of thebuilding under study. For a design option comparison of a partialbuilding, the functional unit is the complete set of building systemsthat performs a given function. The reference flow is the amount ofmaterial required to produce a building, or portion thereof,designed according to the given goal and scope of the assessment,over the full life of the building. If operational energy is included inthe assessment the reference flow also includes the electrical andthermal energy consumed on site over the life of the building. It isthe responsibility of the modeler to assure that reference buildingsor design options are functionally equivalent in terms of scope, size,and relevant performance. The expected life of the building has adefault value of 60 years and can be modified by the model author.
System boundaries and delimitationsThe analysis accounts for the full cradle-to-grave life cycle of thedesign options studied, including material manufacturing,maintenance and replacement, and eventual end-of-life (disposal,incineration, and/or recycling), including the materials and energyused across all life cycle stages. Optionally, the operational energyof the building can be included within the scope.Architectural materials and assemblies include all materials requiredfor the product’s manufacturing and use (including hardware,sealants, adhesives, coatings, and finishing, etc.) up to a 1% cut-offfactor by mass with the exception of known materials that havehigh environmental impacts at low levels. In these cases, a 1%cut-off was implemented by impact.Manufacturing includes cradle-to-gate manufacturing whereverpossible. This includes raw material extraction and processing,intermediate transportation, and final manufacturing and assembly.Due to data limitations, however, some manufacturing steps havebeen excluded, such as the material and energy requirements forassembling doors and windows. The manufacturing scope is listedfor each entry, detailing any specific inclusions or exclusions that falloutside of the cradle-to-gate scope.
Transportation of upstream raw materials or intermediate productsto final manufacturing is generally included in the GaBi datasetsutilized within this tool. Transportation requirements between themanufacturer and installation of the product, and at the end-of-lifeof the product, are excluded from this study.Infrastructure (buildings and machinery) required for themanufacturing and assembly of building materials, as well aspackaging materials, are not included and are considered outsidethe scope of assessment.
Maintenance and replacement encompasses the replacement ofmaterials in accordance with the expected service life. This includesthe end-of-life treatment of the existing products andcradle-to-gate manufacturing of the replacement products. Theservice life is specified separately for each product.Operational energy treatment is based on the anticipated energyconsumed at the building site over the lifetime of the building. Eachenergy dataset includes relevant upstream impacts associated withextraction of energy resources (e.g., coal, crude oil), refining,combustion, transmission, losses, and other associated factors. USelectricity generation datasets are based on subregions from USEPA's eGRID2012 database v1.0, but adapted to account for importsand exports into these regions. These consumption mixes - uniqueto the GaBi databases - provide a more accurate reflection ofimpacts associated with electricity consumption.
End-of-life treatment is based on average US construction anddemolition waste treatment methods and rates. This includes therelevant material collection rates for recycling, processingrequirements for recycled materials, incineration rates, andlandfilling rates. Along with processing requirements, the recyclingof materials is modeled using an avoided burden approach, wherethe burden of primary material production is allocated to thesubsequent life cycle based on the quantity of recovered secondarymaterial. Incineration of materials includes credit for average USenergy recovery rates. The impacts associated with landfilling arebased on average material properties, such as plastic waste,biodegradable waste, or inert material. Specific end-of-life scenariosare detailed for each entry.
Data source and qualityTally utilizes a custom designed LCA database that combinesmaterial attributes, assembly details, and engineering andarchitectural specifications with environmental impact dataresulting from the collaboration between KieranTimberlake and PEINTERNATIONAL. LCA modeling was conducted in GaBi 6 usingGaBi databases and in accordance with GaBi database andmodeling principles.
Geography and date: The data used are intended to represent theUS and the year 2013. Where representative data were unavailable,proxy data were used. The datasets used, their geographic region,and year of reference are listed for each entry. An effort was madeto choose proxy datasets that are technologically consistent withthe relevant entry.Uncertainty in results can stem from both the data used and theapplication of the data. Data quality is judged by its precision(measured, calculated, or estimated), completeness (e.g.,unreported emissions), consistency (degree of uniformity of themethodology applied on a study serving as a data source), andrepresentativeness (geographical, temporal, and technological). TheLCI data sets from the GaBi LCI databases have been used in LCAmodels worldwide in industrial and scientific applications, both asinternal and critically reviewed and published studies. Theuncertainty introduced by the use of any proxy data is reduced byusing technologically, geographically, and/or temporally similardata. It is the responsibility of the modeler to apply the predefinedmaterial entries appropriately to the building under study.Tally methodology is consistent with LCA standards ISO 14040-14044.
Environmental Impact CategoriesThe following list provides a description of environmental impactcategories reported according to the TRACI 2.1 characterizationscheme. References: [Bare 2010, EPA 2012, Guinée 2001]
Acidification Potential (AP) kg SO₂ eqA measure of emissions that cause acidifying effects to theenvironment. The acidification potential is a measure of amolecule’s capacity to increase the hydrogen ion (H⁺) concentrationin the presence of water, thus decreasing the pH value. Potentialeffects include fish mortality, forest decline, and the deterioration ofbuilding materials.
Eutrophication Potential (EP) kg N eqEutrophication covers potential impacts of excessively high levels ofmacronutrients, the most important of which are nitrogen (N) andphosphorus (P). Nutrient enrichment may cause an undesirable shiftin species composition and elevated biomass production in bothaquatic and terrestrial ecosystems. In aquatic ecosystems increasedbiomass production may lead to depressed oxygen levels, becauseof the additional consumption of oxygen in biomassdecomposition.
Global Warming Potential (GWP) kg CO₂ eqA measure of greenhouse gas emissions, such as carbon dioxideand methane. These emissions are causing an increase in theabsorption of radiation emitted by the earth, increasing the naturalgreenhouse effect. This may in turn have adverse impacts onecosystem health, human health, and material welfare.
Ozone Depletion Potential (ODP) kg CFC-11 eqA measure of air emissions that contribute to the depletion of thestratospheric ozone layer. Depletion of the ozone leads to higherlevels of UVB ultraviolet rays reaching the earth’s surface withdetrimental effects on humans and plants.
Smog Formation Potential (SFP) kg O₃ eqGround level ozone is created by various chemical reactions, whichoccur between nitrogen oxides (NOₓ) and volatile organiccompounds (VOCs) in sunlight. Human health effects can result in avariety of respiratory issues including increasing symptoms ofbronchitis, asthma, and emphysema. Permanent lung damage mayresult from prolonged exposure to ozone. Ecological impactsinclude damage to various ecosystems and crop damage. Theprimary sources of ozone precursors are motor vehicles, electricpower utilities, and industrial facilities.
Primary Energy Demand (PED) MJ (lower heating value)A measure of the total amount of primary energy extracted fromthe earth. PED is expressed in energy demand from non-renewableresources (e.g. petroleum, natural gas, etc.) and energy demandfrom renewable resources (e.g. hydropower, wind energy, solar,etc.). Efficiencies in energy conversion (e.g. power, heat, steam, etc.)are taken into account.
LCA Metadata
Project NameDesign option comparison
10/25/2015
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NOTESThe following list provides a summary of all materials and energy inputs present in theselected study. Materials are listed in alphabetical order along with a list of all Revitfamilies and Tally entries in which they occur and any notes and system boundariesaccompanying their database entries. The mass given here refers to the full life-cycle massof material, including manufacturing and replacement.
Aluminum turn-tilt window fitting 57.8 kgUsed in the following Revit families:
Double Hung with Trim: 36" x 60 55.1 kgSlider with Trim: 36" x 24" 2.8 kg
Used in the following Tally entries:Window frame, vinyl
Description:Finished aluminum metal fitting for aluminum window
Life Cycle Inventory:1.647 kg/piece
Manufacturing Scope:Cradle to gate
End of Life Scope:90% collection rateremaining 10% deposited in the LCA model without recyclingmaterial recycling efficiency dependant on the metal (89% steel, 90.2% aluminum,stainless steel 83%, zinc 91%, brass 94%)Plastic components incinerated resulting in credits for electricity and thermal energy
Aluminum window fitting, EPD - FSB 19.1 kgUsed in the following Revit families:
Rectangular Mullion: 2.5" x 5" rectangular 19.1 kg
Used in the following Tally entries:Window frame, wood
Description:Made of aluminum, plastic and steel/stainless steel, anodized surface (colorless)
Life Cycle Inventory:0.437 kg/piece
Manufacturing Scope:Cradle to gate, including disposal of packaging
End of Life Scope:90% collection rateremaining 10% deposited in the LCA model without recyclingmaterial recycling efficiency dependant on the metal (89% steel, 90.2% aluminum,stainless steel 83%, zinc 91%, brass 94%)Plastic components incinerated resulting in credits for electricity and thermal energy
Asphalt felt sheet, roofing underlayment 310.4 kgUsed in the following Revit families:
AMSI_US175LS_REGAL-WHITE_over_Dimensional-Wood-Framing-as-Specified 310.4 kg
Used in the following Tally entries:Asphalt felt sheet
Description:Asphalt felt sheet, exclusive of spray adhesive for roofing and wall application. Type Ifelt, also called No. 15 asphalt felt, is the minimum accepted by the IBC and IRC forunderlayment and interlayment.
Life Cycle Inventory:0.56 kg/m² bitumen sheet
Manufacturing Scope:Cradle to gate
End of Life Scope:5% recycled into bitumen (includes grinding energy and avoided burden credit)95% landiflled (inert waste)
Entry Source:DE: Bitumen sheet v 60 (EN15804 A1-A3) PE (2012)
Cellulose insulation, blown 2,252.8 kgUsed in the following Revit families:
AMSI_US175LS_REGAL-WHITE_over_Dimensional-Wood-Framing-as-Specified2,252.8 kg
Used in the following Tally entries:Wood framing with insulation
Description:Blown-in cellulose insulation
Life Cycle Inventory:Waste paper fibers
Manufacturing Scope:Cradle to gate
End of Life Scope:100% landfilled (biodegradable waste)
Entry Source:DE: Cellulose fibre blowing insulation material (EN15804 A1-A3) PE (2012)
Ceramic tile, glazed 2,855.1 kgUsed in the following Revit families:
Wood Joist 6" - tile Finish 2,855.1 kg
Used in the following Tally entries:Ceramic tile, glazed
Description:Ceramic tile, glazed
Life Cycle Inventory:Ceramic tile, glazed
Manufacturing Scope:Cradle to gate
End of Life Scope:50% recycled into coarse aggregate (includes grinding energy and avoided burdencredit)50% landfilled (inert material)
Entry Source:DE: Stoneware tiles, glazed (EN15804 A1-A3) PE (2012)
Cold formed structural steel 4,186.9 kgUsed in the following Revit families:
Used in the following Tally entries:Steel, rectangular tubingSteel, round tubing
Description:Cold-rolled steel
Life Cycle Inventory:Cold rolled steel
LCA Metadata (continued)
Project NameDesign option comparison
10/25/2015
18
Manufacturing Scope:Cradle to gate
End of Life Scope:98% recovered (product has 9.5% scrap input while remainder is processed andcredited as avoided burden)2% landfilled (inert material)
Entry Source:NA: Steel finished cold rolled coil worldsteel (2007)GLO: Steel sheet stamping and bending (5% loss) PE (2012)US: Electricity grid mix PE (2010)US: Lubricants at refinery PE (2010)GLO: Compressed air 7 bar (medium power consumption) PE (2010)GLO: Value of scrap worldsteel (2007)
Domestic hardwood, US 768.8 kgUsed in the following Revit families:
Wood siding over Sheathing and Framing as Specified 768.8 kg
Used in the following Tally entries:Wood siding, hardwood
Description:Dimensional lumber, sawn, planed, dried and cut for standard framing or planking
Life Cycle Inventory:38% PNW62% SEDimensional lumberProxied by softwood
Manufacturing Scope:Cradle to gate
End of Life Scope:14.5% recovered (credited as avoided burden)22% incinerated with energy recovery63.5% landfilled (untreated wood waste)
Entry Source:US: Surfaced dried lumber, at planer mill, PNW USLCI/PE (2009)US: Surfaced dried lumber, at planer mill, SE USLCI/PE (2009)
Domestic softwood, US 6,551.3 kgUsed in the following Revit families:
Used in the following Tally entries:Wood framingWood framing with insulation
Description:Dimensional lumber, sawn, planed, dried and cut for standard framing or planking
Life Cycle Inventory:17% US Pacific Northwest30% US Southeast11% US Inland NorthwestUS Northeast/North Central 3%39% CASoftwood lumber
Manufacturing Scope:Cradle to gate
End of Life Scope:14.5% recovered (credited as avoided burden)22% incinerated with energy recovery63.5% landfilled (untreated wood waste)
Entry Source:RNA: Softwood lumber CORRIM (2011)
Door frame, wood, no door 63.7 kgUsed in the following Revit families:
Single-Flush: 30" x 80" 31.4 kgSingle-Flush: 36" x 80" 32.4 kg
Used in the following Tally entries:Door frame, wood
Description:Wood door frame
Life Cycle Inventory:Dimensional lumber
Manufacturing Scope:Cradle to gate, excludes hardware, jamnb, casing, sealant
End of Life Scope:14.5% recovered (credited as avoided burden)22% incinerated with energy recovery63.5% landfilled (wood product waste)
Entry Source:DE: Wooden frame (EN15804 A1-A3) PE (2012)
Door, interior, wood, hollow core, flush 482.4 kgUsed in the following Revit families:
Single-Flush: 24" x 80" 120.4 kgSingle-Flush: 30" x 84" 52.7 kgSingle-Flush: 36" x 80" 150.5 kgSingle-Flush: 36" x 84" 63.2 kgSingle-Glass 2: 36" x 82 63.2 kgSliding_Door_Pocket_door_-_Wood_8628: 1.00mx2.00m 32.4 kg
Used in the following Tally entries:Door, interior, wood, hollow core, flush
Description:Interior wood door with hollow core
Life Cycle Inventory:16.2 kg/m²
Manufacturing Scope:Cradle to gate, excludes assembly, frame, hardware, and adhesives
End of Life Scope:14.5% wood products recovered (credited as avoided burden)22% wood products incinerated with energy recovery63.5% wood products landfilled (wood product waste)
Entry Source:US: Plywood, at plywood plant, PNW USLCI/PE (2009)US: Plywood, at plywood plant, SE USLCI/PE (2009)
Door, interior, wood, particle board core, flush 219.7 kgUsed in the following Revit families:
Single-Flush: 30" x 80" 219.7 kg
Used in the following Tally entries:Door, interior, wood, particle board core, flush
Description:Interior flush wood door with particle board core
Life Cycle Inventory:12.2 kg/m² wood, 16.2 kg/m³ particle
LCA Metadata (continued)
Project NameDesign option comparison
10/25/2015
19
Manufacturing Scope:Cradle to gate, excludes assembly, frame, hardware, and adhesives
End of Life Scope:14.5% wood products recovered (credited as avoided burden)22% wood products incinerated with energy recovery63.5% wood products landfilled (wood product waste)
Entry Source:US: Plywood, at plywood plant, PNW USLCI/PE (2009)US: Plywood, at plywood plant, SE USLCI/PE (2009)EU-27: Particle board PE (2012)
Exterior grade plywood, US 3,618.5 kgUsed in the following Revit families:
Used in the following Tally entries:Plywood, exterior grade
Description:Plywood, unfinished
Life Cycle Inventory:33% PNW67% SEPlywood
Manufacturing Scope:Cradle to gate
End of Life Scope:14.5% recovered (credited as avoided burden)22% incinerated with energy recovery63.5% landfilled (untreated wood waste)
Entry Source:US: Plywood, at plywood plant, PNW USLCI/PE (2009)US: Plywood, at plywood plant, SE USLCI/PE (2009)
Exterior grade plywood, US SE 1,845.0 kgUsed in the following Revit families:
AMSI_US175LS_REGAL-WHITE_over_Dimensional-Wood-Framing-as-Specified1,845.0 kg
Used in the following Tally entries:Plywood, exterior grade
Description:Plywood, unfinished
Life Cycle Inventory:Plywood
Manufacturing Scope:Cradle to gate
End of Life Scope:14.5% recovered (credited as avoided burden)22% incinerated with energy recovery63.5% landfilled (untreated wood waste)
Entry Source:US: Plywood, at plywood plant, SE USLCI/PE (2009)
Fasteners, galvanized steel 40.6 kgUsed in the following Revit families:
AMSI_US175LS_REGAL-WHITE_over_Dimensional-Wood-Framing-as-Specified 40.6 kg
Used in the following Tally entries:Metal roofing panels, formed
Description:
Galvanized steel part. Used for fasteners and some specialized hardware (bolts, rails,clips, etc.) that are linked to other entries by volume or weight of metal.
Life Cycle Inventory:Galvanized steel
Manufacturing Scope:Cradle to gate
End of Life Scope:70% recovered (product has 27.6% scrap input while remainder is processed andcredited as avoided burden)30% landfilled (inert material)
Entry Source:GLO: Steel wire rod worldsteel (2007)GLO: Steel turning PE (2012)GLO: Unit load galvanisation (1 m2 steel sheet partelectrolytic) PE (2012)GLO: Value of scrap worldsteel (2007)
Fasteners, stainless steel 18.9 kgUsed in the following Revit families:
Alside - Conquest - Double 4 in Dutch Lap - Antique Parchment Color... 5.0 kgWood Rafter 8" - Asphalt Shingle - Insulated 12.9 kgWood siding over Sheathing and Framing as Specified 1.0 kg
Used in the following Tally entries:Plastic siding, vinylSBS modified asphalt shinglesWood siding, hardwood
Description:Stainless steel part. Used for fasteners and some specialized hardware (bolts, rails,clips, etc.) that are linked to other entries by volume or weight of metal.
Life Cycle Inventory:Stainless steel
Manufacturing Scope:Cradle to gate
End of Life Scope:98% recovered (product has 58.1% scrap input while remainder is processed andcredited as avoided burden)2% landfilled (inert material)
Entry Source:RER: Stainless steel Quarto plate (304) Eurofer (2008)GLO: Steel turning PE (2011)US: Electricity grid mix PE (2010)RER: Stainless steel flat product (304) - value of scrap Eurofer (2008)
Fiberglass blanket insulation, kraft paper faced 896.4 kgUsed in the following Revit families:
Manufacturing Scope:Cradle to gate, plus emissions during application
End of Life Scope:69% solids to landfill (inert waste)
Entry Source:US: Colophony (rosin, refined) PE (2012)US: Kaolin (mining and processing) PE (2012)US: Naphtha at refinery PE (2010)US: Urea (stami carbon process) PE (2012)US: Tap water from groundwater PE (2012)US: Electricity grid mix PE (2010)
Flooring, bamboo plank 963.0 kgUsed in the following Revit families:
Wood Joist 6" - Wood Finish 963.0 kg
Used in the following Tally entries:Flooring, bamboo plank
Description:Bamboo plank flooring
Life Cycle Inventory:90% Bamboo, 10% phenol formaldehyde
Manufacturing Scope:Cradle to gate for raw material only, includes transportation from China and estimatefor material processing neglects materials for installation
End of Life Scope:14.5% recovered (credited as avoided burden)22% incinerated with energy recovery63.5% landfilled (wood product waste)
Entry Source:CN: Bamboo (estimation) PE (2012)GLO: Bulk commodity carrier PE (2012)US: Heavy fuel oil at refinery (0.3wt.% S) PE (2010)CN: Electricity grid mix PE (2010)DE: Phenol formaldehyde resin PE (2012)
Flooring, sheet vinyl 133.7 kgUsed in the following Revit families:
Wood Joist 6" - Vinyl Finish 133.7 kg
Used in the following Tally entries:Flooring, vinyl sheet
Description:Unbacked vinyl sheet flooring
Life Cycle Inventory:Laminated PVC flooring
Manufacturing Scope:Cradle to gate
End of Life Scope:100% landfilled (plastic waste)
Entry Source:EU-25: Flooring PVC printed, laminated EN 649 ERFMI (2005)
Foil facing 18.6 kgUsed in the following Revit families:
Insulation 6" 18.6 kg
Used in the following Tally entries:Glass-fiber, blanket
Description:Aluminum foil facing to be linked with appropriate insulation products. Entry based on7 micron foil.
Life Cycle Inventory:Aluminum foil
Manufacturing Scope:Cradle to gate
End of Life Scope:100% landfilled (inert waste)
Entry Source:EU-27: Aluminum foil PE (2012)
Galvanization, hot dip 169.2 kgUsed in the following Revit families:
AMSI_US175LS_REGAL-WHITE_over_Dimensional-Wood-Framing-as-Specified 169.2 kgColumn Base Plate-4 Hole: 1/2" 0.1 kg
Used in the following Tally entries:Metal roofing panels, formedSteel, plate
Description:Batch hot dip galvanizing for steel or iron (average thickness)
Life Cycle Inventory:2 oz zinc/ft2
Manufacturing Scope:Cradle to gate for process of galvanization, excludes metal
Galvanized steel tilt-turn window fittings for wood- and PVC-window... 73.9 kgUsed in the following Revit families:
Double Hung with Trim: 36" x 48" mtl trim 67.6 kgSlider with Trim: 48" x 20" mtl trim 6.3 kg
Used in the following Tally entries:Window frame, wood
Description:Galvanized steel window fittings for wood and PVC windows
Life Cycle Inventory:2.247 kg/pieceGalvanized steel
Manufacturing Scope:Cradle to gate
End of Life Scope:90% collection rateremaining 10% deposited in the LCA model without recyclingmaterial recycling efficiency dependant on the metal (89% steel, 90.2% aluminum,stainless steel 83%, zinc 91%, brass 94%)Plastic components incinerated resulting in credits for electricity and thermal energy
Entry Source:DE: Window fittings (tilt-turn wood- and PVC-window) - FV S+B PE-EPD (2009)EOL - DE: Window fittings (tilt-turn wood and PVC) - FV S+B PE-EPD (2009)
Glazing, double, insulated (air) 292.3 kgUsed in the following Revit families:
Double Hung with Trim: 36" x 60 238.6 kgSingle-Glass 2: 36" x 82 41.8 kgSlider with Trim: 36" x 24" 11.9 kg
Used in the following Tally entries:Glazing, double pane IGU
Life Cycle Inventory:21.4 kg/m² glass. 0.40 kg/m² PVB film (30% adipic acid70% PVB)15.4 kg/m² glass0.15 kg/m² low-e coating
Manufacturing Scope:Cradle to gate
End of Life Scope:100% to landfill (inert waste)
Entry Source:DE: Double glazing unit PE (2012), modified to exclude argon
Hot rolled structural steel 3,715.8 kgUsed in the following Revit families:
W-Wide Flange: W12X26 3,715.8 kg
Used in the following Tally entries:Steel, wide flange shape
Description:Hot rolled structural steel
Life Cycle Inventory:Hot rolled structural steel
Manufacturing Scope:Cradle to gate
End of Life Scope:98% recovered (product has 60.8% scrap input while remainder is processed andcredited as avoided burden)2% landfilled (inert material)
Manufacturing Scope:Cradle to gate, plus emissions during application
End of Life Scope:76.9% solids to landfill (inert waste)
Entry Source:US: Limestone flour (5mm) PE (2012)US: Lubricants at refinery PE (2010)RER: Magnesium carbonate (MgCO3, fine, washed for fillers) PE (2012)US: Ethylene glycol (from ethene and oxygen via EO) PE (2012)US: Tap water from groundwater PE (2012)US: Electricity grid mix PE (2010)
Oriented strandboard (OSB) 2,423.4 kgUsed in the following Revit families:
Alside - Conquest - Double 4 in Dutch Lap - Antique Parchment Color... 2,011.8 kgWood siding over Sheathing and Framing as Specified 411.5 kg
Used in the following Tally entries:Oriented strandboard (OSB)
Description:Generic OSB sheet good
Life Cycle Inventory:73% US Southeast27% CAOSB
Manufacturing Scope:Cradle to gate
End of Life Scope:14.5% recovered (credited as avoided burden)22% incinerated with energy recovery63.5% landfilled (wood product waste)
Paint, interior acrylic latex 730.3 kgUsed in the following Revit families:
Alside - Conquest - Double 4 in Dutch Lap - Antique Parchment Color... 312.4 kgGWB on WD Stud 122.4 kgInterior - 4 1/2" Partition 231.6 kgWood siding over Sheathing and Framing as Specified 63.9 kg
Used in the following Tally entries:Wall board, gypsum
End of Life Scope:10.5% recycled into HDPE (includes processing and avoided burden credit)89.5% landiflled (plastic waste)
Entry Source:US: Polyethylene High Density Granulate (PE-HD) PE (2012)GLO: Plastic Film (PE, PP, PVC) PE (2012)US: Electricity grid mix PE (2010)US: Thermal energy from natural gas PE (2010)US: Lubricants at refinery PE (2010)
Polyurethane floor finish, water-based 74.0 kgUsed in the following Revit families:
Wood Joist 6" - Wood Finish 74.0 kg
Used in the following Tally entries:Flooring, bamboo plank
Description:Water-based polyurethane wood stain, inclusive of catalyst
Manufacturing Scope:Cradle to gate, including emissions during application
End of Life Scope:26.7% solids to landfill (plastic waste)
Entry Source:DE: Ethylene glycol butyl ether PE (2012)US: Epichlorohydrin (by product calcium chloride, hydrochloric acid) PE (2012)DE: Propylenglycolmonomethylether (Methoxypropanol) PGME PE (2012)US: Tap water from groundwater PE (2012)DE: Polyurethane (copolymer-component) (estimation from TPU adhesive) PE (2012)US: Electricity grid mix PE (2010)
Residential bedroom carpet, medium pile weight 642.6 kgUsed in the following Revit families:
Wood Joist 6" - carpet Finish 642.6 kg
Used in the following Tally entries:Carpet, nylon, generic
End of Life Scope:5% recycled into bitumen (includes grinding energy and avoided burden credit)95% landfilled (inert waste)
Entry Source:DE: Bitumen sheets G 200 S4 (EN15804 A1-A3) PE (2012)DE: Glass fibre fleece (21% UF resin) (estimation) PE (2012)US: Styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR) PE (2012)US: Limestone (CaCO3washed) PE (2012)US: Polyethylene High Density Granulate (HDPE/PE-HD) PE (2012)GLO: Plastic Film (PE, PP, PVC) PE (2012)US: Electricity grid mix PE (2010)US: Thermal energy from natural gas PE (2010)US: Lubricants at refinery PE (2010)
Stainless steel, door hardware, lever lock, interior, residential 42.4 kgUsed in the following Revit families:
Single-Flush: 24" x 80" 8.4 kgSingle-Flush: 30" x 80" 8.7 kgSingle-Flush: 30" x 84" 3.7 kgSingle-Flush: 36" x 80" 10.5 kgSingle-Flush: 36" x 84" 4.4 kgSingle-Glass 2: 36" x 82 4.4 kgSliding_Door_Pocket_door_-_Wood_8628: 1.00mx2.00m 2.3 kg
Used in the following Tally entries:Door, interior, wood, hollow core, flushDoor, interior, wood, particle board core, flush
Description:Stainless steel door fitting (hinges and lockset) for use on residential interior doorassemblies.
Life Cycle Inventory:Door hinges 0.622 kg/part, Battalion Lever Lockset, Light Duty, Privacy 0.70 kg/part
Manufacturing Scope:Cradle to gate, including disposal of packaging.
End of Life Scope:90% collection rateremaining 10% deposited in the LCA model without recyclingmaterial recycling efficiency dependant on the metal (89% steel, 90.2% aluminum,stainless steel 83%, zinc 91%, brass 94%)Plastic components incinerated resulting in credits for electricity and thermal energy
Steel, sheet 4.7 kgUsed in the following Revit families:
Column Base Plate-4 Hole: 1/2" 4.7 kg
Used in the following Tally entries:Steel, plate
Description:Steel sheet
Life Cycle Inventory:Steel sheet
Manufacturing Scope:Cradle to gate
End of Life Scope:98% recovered (product has 9.5% scrap input while remainder is processed andcredited as avoided burden)2% landfilled (inert material)
Thinset mortar 165.1 kgUsed in the following Revit families:
Wood Joist 6" - tile Finish 165.1 kg
Used in the following Tally entries:Ceramic tile, glazed
Description:Mortar Type N (moderate strength mortar for use in masonry walls and flooring)
Life Cycle Inventory:72% aggregate16% cement12% water
Manufacturing Scope:Cradle to gate
End of Life Scope:50% recycled into coarse aggregate (includes grinding energy and avoided burdencredit)50% landfilled (inert material)
Entry Source:DE: Masonry mortar (MG II a) PE (2012)
Titanium zinc sheet, prePATINA bright-rolled, EPD - Rheinzink 1,995.6 kgUsed in the following Revit families:
AMSI_US175LS_REGAL-WHITE_over_Dimensional-Wood-Framing-as-Specified1,995.6 kg
Used in the following Tally entries:Metal roofing panels, formed
Description:Titanium zinc sheets for roofing and facade cladding, roof drainage systems. EPDrepresentative of German (DE) conditions. EPD representative of German (DE)conditions.
Life Cycle Inventory:99.835% Special High-Grade ZincCopper 0.08-1%Titanium 0.07-1.2%
Manufacturing Scope:Cradle to gate, including packaging
End of Life Scope:Includes 96% recycling rate for zinc with no quality loss
TPO roofing membrane, sheet, white 831.5 kgUsed in the following Revit families:
AMSI_US175LS_REGAL-WHITE_over_Dimensional-Wood-Framing-as-Specified 831.5 kg
Used in the following Tally entries:TPO roofing membrane, sheet, white
Description:Roofing membrane
Life Cycle Inventory:TPO membrane
Manufacturing Scope:Cradle to gate
End of Life Scope:100% landfilled (plastic waste)
Entry Source:DE: Polypropylene / Ethylene Propylene Diene Elastomer Granulate (PP/EPDM) Mix PE(2012)GLO: Plastic Film (PE, PP, PVC) PE (2012)US: Electricity grid mix PE (2010)US: Thermal energy from natural gas PE (2010)US: Lubricants at refinery PE (2010)
Vinyl siding 284.4 kgUsed in the following Revit families:
Alside - Conquest - Double 4 in Dutch Lap - Antique Parchment Color... 284.4 kg
Used in the following Tally entries:Plastic siding, vinyl
Description:Rigid vinyl siding, (0.04" thickness) factory formed and cut. Entry inclusive of sidingmaterial, exclusive of wood stud or other support material.
Life Cycle Inventory:PVC
Manufacturing Scope:Cradle to gate, excluding any coatings
End of Life Scope:100% landfilled (plastic waste)
Entry Source:US: Polyvinylchloride granulate (E-PVC) PE (2012)GLO: Plastic Extrusion PE (2012)US: Electricity grid mix PE (2010)US: Thermal energy from natural gas PE (2010)US: Lubricants at refinery PE (2010)
Wall board, gypsum, natural 14,264.6 kgUsed in the following Revit families:
Alside - Conquest - Double 4 in Dutch Lap - Antique Parchment Color... 5,078.5 kgGWB on WD Stud 2,121.8 kgInterior - 4 1/2" Partition 6,025.4 kgWood siding over Sheathing and Framing as Specified 1,038.9 kg
Used in the following Tally entries:Wall board, gypsum
Description:Natural gypsum board
Life Cycle Inventory:1 kg gypsum wallboard
Manufacturing Scope:Cradle to gate
End of Life Scope:54% recycled into gypsum stone (includes grinding and avoided burden credit)
46% landfilled (inert waste)
Entry Source:DE: Gypsum wallboard (EN15804 A1-A3) PE (2012)
Window frame, vinyl, operable 471.1 kgUsed in the following Revit families:
Double Hung with Trim: 36" x 60 437.0 kgSlider with Trim: 36" x 24" 34.1 kg
Used in the following Tally entries:Window frame, vinyl
Description:Vinyl operable window frame inclusive of steel bracing
Manufacturing Scope:Cradle to gateexcludes hardware, casing, sealant
End of Life Scope:100% landfilled (plastic waste)
Entry Source:DE: Window frame PVC-U (EN15804 A1-A3) PE (2012)
Window frame, wood, fixed 190.3 kgUsed in the following Revit families:
Rectangular Mullion: 2.5" x 5" rectangular 190.3 kg
Used in the following Tally entries:Window frame, wood
Description:Wood fixed window frame inclusive of paint
Life Cycle Inventory:1.30 kg/m
Manufacturing Scope:Cradle to gateexcludes hardware, casing, sealant beyond paint
End of Life Scope:14.5% recovered (credited as avoided burden)22% incinerated with energy recovery63.5% landfilled (wood product waste)
Entry Source:DE: Wooden frame (EN15804 A1-A3) PE (2012)
Window frame, wood, operable 151.1 kgUsed in the following Revit families:
Double Hung with Trim: 36" x 48" mtl trim 133.1 kgSlider with Trim: 48" x 20" mtl trim 18.0 kg
Used in the following Tally entries:Window frame, wood
Description:Operable wood casement window frame inclusive of paint
Life Cycle Inventory:1.30 kg/m
Manufacturing Scope:Cradle to gateexcludes hardware, casing, sealant beyond paint
End of Life Scope:14.5% recovered (credited as avoided burden)
LCA Metadata (continued)
Project NameDesign option comparison
10/25/2015
25
22% incinerated with energy recovery63.5% landfilled (wood product waste)
Entry Source:DE: Wooden frame (EN15804 A1-A3) PE (2012)
Wood stain, water based 34.6 kgUsed in the following Revit families:
Single-Flush: 24" x 80" 3.3 kgSingle-Flush: 30" x 80" 3.4 kgSingle-Flush: 30" x 84" 1.4 kgSingle-Flush: 36" x 80" 4.1 kgSingle-Flush: 36" x 84" 1.7 kgSingle-Glass 2: 36" x 82 1.7 kgSliding_Door_Pocket_door_-_Wood_8628: 1.00mx2.00m 0.9 kgWood siding over Sheathing and Framing as Specified 18.1 kg
Used in the following Tally entries:Door, interior, wood, hollow core, flushDoor, interior, wood, particle board core, flushWood siding, hardwood
Description:Semi-transparent stain for interior and exterior wood surfaces
Manufacturing Scope:Cradle to gate, including emissions during application
End of Life Scope:38.7% solids to landfill (plastic waste)
Entry Source:US: Tap water from groundwater PE (2012)US: Acrylate resin (solvent-systems) PE (2012)DE: Acrylate (emulsion) PE (2012)US: Dipropylene glycol by product propylene glycol via PO hydrogenation PE (2012)