. Appl. 21: 379-380. b c Introduction § Soil-borne diseases are a major constraint in woody ornamental nursery production. § Soil-borne pathogens have been conventionally controlled by performing soil fumigation using methyl bromide, which was completely phased out from the market of developed countries by 2005. § Finding an effective alternative for methyl bromide is an high priority in agriculture sector. § In agriculture, plants containing Glucosinolates (GSL) have a long history of use as rotation crops, green manures or as seed meal soil amendments to the soil due to its biocidal properties. § Cover crops in the family Brassicaceae have the ability to suppress soil microorganisms through the hydrolysis of GSL into isothiocyanate, a natural biofumigant. § Most of the studies have been conducted on GSL-related suppression and they show signiPicant ability to control soil-borne pathogens § Use of biofumigation in woody ornamental nursery production have not been documented so far. Objective The objective of this study was to assess Brassicaceae cover crops as biofumigant for soil-borne disease management in nursery production. Materials and Methods § Fifteen Brassicaceae cover crops were selected at the beginning of the study (Figure 1). § Sterilized top soil was inoculated with Rhizoctonia solani and Phytophthora nicotianae and 10 cover crop seeds were sown in each pot to evaluate root rot disease severity and incidence after 1 month. § Selected cover crops were used to perform biofumigation in greenhouse studies. Hydrangea and viburnum plants grown in biofumigated soil (14- and 30- days) and plant roots were evaluated for disease symptoms. § Cover crops that showed highest disease suppression ability were selected for the Pield study at a collaborator’s nursery with prevalent R. solani pressure. Biofumigation was performed for 14-days with astro arugula, amara mustard and purple top forage turnips. Mustard meal and compost was also tested in this experiment. § Flowering cherry cuttings were planted two weeks after biofumigation. Plant height and weight were measured and root rot disease severity was determined at the end of the trial. 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 Amara mustard green Dwarf essex rape Oriental mustard Astro arugula Purple top forage Mustard Mighty mustard® Oilseed radish Sylvetta green arugula Dragon's tongue Red giant mustard Arugula Wasabi arugula Olive-leaved sylvetta Bellezia arugula Root rot disease severity (%) P. nicotianae R. solani Sustainable Management of Soil-borne Diseases in Nursery Production Fulya Baysal-Gurel and Prabha Liyanathianage* SARE PROJECT GS16-155 Baysal-Gurel This project is supported by the National Institute of Food and Agriculture, U.S. Department of Agriculture, under award number GS16-155 Baysal-Gurel through the Southern Sustainable Agriculture Research and Education program under subaward number RD309-134/S001230. Any opinions, Pindings, conclusions, or recommendations expressed in this publication are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily rePlect the view of the U.S. Department of Agriculture or SARE. USDA is an equal opportunity employer and service provider. Cover crop used for biofumiga2on Viburnum suspensum Rhizoctonia root rot severity (%) Hydrangea paniculata Phytophthora root rot severity (%) Biofumiga4on (14-days) Biofumiga4on (30-days) Biofumiga4on (14-days) Biofumiga4on (30-days) Amara mustard 19.3 de 15.1 ef 23.4 d 23.4 c Astro arugula 23.4 cd 27.6 cde 23.4 d 15.1 cd Mighty mustard 23.4 cd 19.3 e 31.8 bcd 27.6 c Mustard 35.9 b 35.9 cd 31.8 bcd 23.4 c Oriental mustard 40.1 b 40.1 bc 40.1 bc 23.2 c Radish 44.3 b 52.6 b 44.3 b 56.8 ab Rape 40.1 b 35.9 cd 27.6 cd 15.1 cd Purple top forage turnips 31.8 bcd 23.4 de 35.9 bcd 48.4 b Non-inoculated control 6.8 e 4.5 f 2.3 e 8.7 d Inoculated control 77.6 a 73.4 a 65.1 a 69.3 a P-value 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Table 1. Rhizoctonia root rot disease severity of viburnum and Phytophthora root rot disease severity of hydrangea plants after 14 days or 1 month biofumigation (Greenhouse study) Treatment Root rot (%) Plant height Plant width Root weight Amara mustard 33.7 b 22.7 ab 18.6 b 7.3 b Astro arugula 34.4 b 21.5 bc 18.2 b 7.0 b Turnips 38.8 b 21.0 bc 18.8 b 6.3 b Mustard meal 49.4 ab 21.7 abc 21.9 b 7.3 b Compost 49.7 ab 26.4 a 27.2 a 10.7 a Non-treated control 63.2 a 17.8 c 18.2 b 6.3 b P-value 0.02 0.04 0.00 0.01 Table 2. Effects of soil amendments and biofumigant cover crop usage on crop health (On-farm study) Results and Discussion § Oilseed radish, mustard (Sinapis alba), purple top forage turnip, astro arugula, mighty mustard® paciPic gold, oriental mustard, dwarf essex rape brassica and amara mustard green showed lower root rot disease severity percentages and disease incidence percentages (data not shown) compared to the other tested cover crops (Figure 1 and 2). § When biofumigation was performed for 14- and 30-days as two greenhouse trials, similar disease severity values were recorded by the plants grown in Brassicaceae cover crops incorporated pots (Table 1). § Plants grown in amara mustard, astro arugula and purple top forage turnips incorporated soil resulted less Phytophthora and Rhizoctonia root rot. § Amara mustard, astro arugula and purple top forage turnips were effective in controlling soil-borne pathogens compared to compost and mustard meal amendments under Pield condition (Table 2). § Amara mustard, astro arugula and purple top forage turnips biofumigant cover crops showed promising results in controlling soil-borne pathogens of woody ornamental plants under both greenhouse and Vield conditions. Seeding Cover crop growth after 7 days Biofumigation Incorporation Bed preparation ‘Kwanzan’ cuttings taken from the mother plants 8-10’’ Cuttings with slant cut Cuttings dipped in 1% 3- Indolebutyric acid (IBA) Cuttings transplanted into each plot Cover crop growth after 2 months Figure 1. Root rot disease severity of tested Brassicaceae cover crops when inoculated with R. solani and P. nicotianae (b) (d) (c) (a) Figure 2. Brassicaceae cover crops showing disease symptoms due to R. solani infection. a) chlorosis, b) post- emergence damping-off, c) plant death, d) pre- emergence damping-off. southernsare.org
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.Appl.21:379-380.
b c
Introduction§ Soil-bornediseasesareamajorconstraintinwoodyornamentalnurseryproduction.§ Soil-bornepathogenshavebeenconventionallycontrolledbyperformingsoilfumigationusingmethylbromide,whichwascompletelyphasedoutfromthemarketofdevelopedcountriesby2005.
§ Findinganeffectivealternativeformethylbromideisanhighpriorityinagriculturesector.§ In agriculture, plants containing Glucosinolates (GSL) have a long history of use as rotation crops, greenmanuresorasseedmealsoilamendmentstothesoilduetoitsbiocidalproperties.
§ CovercropsinthefamilyBrassicaceaehavetheabilitytosuppresssoilmicroorganismsthroughthehydrolysisofGSLintoisothiocyanate,anaturalbiofumigant.
§ MostofthestudieshavebeenconductedonGSL-relatedsuppressionandtheyshowsigniPicantabilitytocontrolsoil-bornepathogens
§ Useofbiofumigationinwoodyornamentalnurseryproductionhavenotbeendocumentedsofar.
ObjectiveThe objective of this studywas to assessBrassicaceae cover crops as biofumigant for soil-bornediseasemanagementinnurseryproduction.
MaterialsandMethods§ FifteenBrassicaceaecovercropswereselectedatthebeginningofthestudy(Figure1).§ SterilizedtopsoilwasinoculatedwithRhizoctoniasolaniandPhytophthoranicotianaeand10covercropseedsweresownineachpottoevaluaterootrotdiseaseseverityandincidenceafter1month.
§ Selectedcovercropswereusedtoperformbiofumigationingreenhousestudies.Hydrangeaandviburnumplantsgrowninbiofumigatedsoil(14-and30-days)andplantrootswereevaluatedfordiseasesymptoms.
§ CovercropsthatshowedhighestdiseasesuppressionabilitywereselectedforthePieldstudyatacollaborator’snurserywithprevalentR.solanipressure.Biofumigationwasperformedfor14-dayswithastroarugula,amaramustardandpurpletopforageturnips.Mustardmealandcompostwasalsotestedinthisexperiment.
§ Floweringcherrycuttingswereplantedtwoweeksafterbiofumigation.Plantheightandweightweremeasuredandrootrotdiseaseseveritywasdeterminedattheendofthetrial.
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
AmaramustardgreenDwarfessexrapeOrientalmustard
AstroarugulaPurpletopforage
MustardMightymustard®
OilseedradishSylvettagreenarugula
Dragon'stongueRedgiantmustard
ArugulaWasabiarugula
Olive-leavedsylvettaBelleziaarugula
Rootrotdiseaseseverity(%)
P.nicotianae
R.solani
SustainableManagementofSoil-borneDiseasesinNurseryProduction
FulyaBaysal-GurelandPrabhaLiyanathianage*SAREPROJECTGS16-155Baysal-Gurel
ThisprojectissupportedbytheNationalInstituteofFoodandAgriculture,U.S.DepartmentofAgriculture,underawardnumberGS16-155Baysal-GurelthroughtheSouthernSustainableAgricultureResearchandEducationprogramundersubawardnumberRD309-134/S001230.Anyopinions,Pindings,conclusions,orrecommendationsexpressedinthispublicationarethoseoftheauthor(s)anddonotnecessarilyrePlecttheviewoftheU.S.DepartmentofAgricultureorSARE.USDAisanequalopportunityemployerandserviceprovider.
Covercropusedforbiofumiga2on
ViburnumsuspensumRhizoctoniarootrotseverity
(%)
HydrangeapaniculataPhytophthorarootrotseverity
(%)
Biofumiga4on(14-days)
Biofumiga4on(30-days)
Biofumiga4on(14-days)
Biofumiga4on(30-days)
Amaramustard 19.3de 15.1ef 23.4d 23.4cAstroarugula 23.4cd 27.6cde 23.4d 15.1cdMightymustard 23.4cd 19.3e 31.8bcd 27.6cMustard 35.9b 35.9cd 31.8bcd 23.4cOrientalmustard 40.1b 40.1bc 40.1bc 23.2cRadish 44.3b 52.6b 44.3b 56.8abRape 40.1b 35.9cd 27.6cd 15.1cdPurpletopforageturnips 31.8bcd 23.4de 35.9bcd 48.4b
Non-inoculatedcontrol 6.8e 4.5f 2.3e 8.7dInoculatedcontrol 77.6a 73.4a 65.1a 69.3aP-value 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Table1.RhizoctoniarootrotdiseaseseverityofviburnumandPhytophthorarootrotdiseaseseverityofhydrangeaplantsafter14daysor1monthbiofumigation(Greenhousestudy)
Treatment Rootrot(%)
Plantheight
Plantwidth
Rootweight
Amaramustard 33.7b 22.7ab 18.6b 7.3b
Astroarugula 34.4b 21.5bc 18.2b 7.0b
Turnips 38.8b 21.0bc 18.8b 6.3b
Mustardmeal 49.4ab 21.7abc 21.9b 7.3b
Compost 49.7ab 26.4a 27.2a 10.7a
Non-treatedcontrol 63.2a 17.8c 18.2b 6.3b
P-value 0.02 0.04 0.00 0.01
Table2.Effectsofsoilamendmentsandbiofumigantcovercropusageoncrophealth(On-farmstudy)
ResultsandDiscussion§ Oilseed radish,mustard (Sinapis alba), purple top forage turnip, astro arugula,mightymustard®paciPic gold,orientalmustard,dwarfessex rapebrassicaandamaramustardgreenshowed lower root rotdisease severitypercentages and disease incidence percentages (data not shown) compared to the other tested cover crops(Figure1and2).
§ Whenbiofumigationwasperformedfor14-and30-daysastwogreenhousetrials,similardiseaseseverityvalueswererecordedbytheplantsgrowninBrassicaceaecovercropsincorporatedpots(Table1).
§ Plants grown in amara mustard, astro arugula and purple top forage turnips incorporated soil resulted lessPhytophthoraandRhizoctoniarootrot.
§ Amaramustard,astroarugulaandpurpletopforageturnipswereeffective incontrollingsoil-bornepathogenscomparedtocompostandmustardmealamendmentsunderPieldcondition(Table2).
§ Amaramustard,astroarugulaandpurpletopforageturnipsbiofumigantcovercropsshowedpromisingresultsincontrollingsoil-bornepathogensofwoodyornamentalplantsunderbothgreenhouseandVieldconditions.
Seeding Covercropgrowthafter7days
Biofumigation
IncorporationBedpreparation
‘Kwanzan’cuttingstakenfromthemotherplants
8-10’’Cuttingswithslantcut
Cuttingsdippedin1%3-Indolebutyricacid(IBA)
Cuttingstransplantedintoeachplot
Covercropgrowthafter2months
Figure1.RootrotdiseaseseverityoftestedBrassicaceaecovercropswheninoculatedwithR.solaniandP.nicotianae
(b)
(d) (c)
(a)
Figure2.BrassicaceaecovercropsshowingdiseasesymptomsduetoR.solaniinfection.a)chlorosis,b)post-emergencedamping-off,c)plantdeath,d)pre-emergencedamping-off.
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