partnership excellence growth Sustainable Intensification Aquaculture Bill Collis Director, South Asia WorldFish Center Bangkok, 19 July 2012
partnership excellence growth
Sustainable Intensification
Aquaculture
Bill Collis
Director, South Asia
WorldFish Center
Bangkok, 19 July 2012
partnership excellence growth
Intensification
• Drivers of Aquaculture Intensification
– Opportunities – due to new technologies,
Markets,
• Trends in South and SE Asia
• Impacts and Issues in Intensification-
– Participation by the poor
– Gender considerations
– Environmental impacts
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World Aquaculture
• FAO Estimates that :
– > 50% of all fish consumed come from Aquaculture
– > 60% Growth in aquaculture since 2000
– Estimates Aquaculture growth > 33% by 2020
– 1960’s 9 kg/capits- 2009 >18 kg/capita
– Fastest growing source of animal protein
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Aquaculture Intensification Terms (Intensification is linked to Inputs-feeds, fertilizers, fish densities, energy)
• Extensive Production : stocking + fertilization
(organic and/or inorganic) production. Low cost, risk
and lower production.
• Semi-Intensive: extensive + natural foods,
supplemental feeding/byproducts, (Carp Polyculture,
tilapia, shrimp and prawn. Slightly higher costs, low risk,
management intensive,
• Intensive: dependence on complete diets, higher
densities, high risk, more potential for environmental
risks, generally higher costs and profit.
• Very Intensive System: ~>20mt/ha. Advanced
technologies, limited species (biofloc, aquaponic
systems, shrimp, tilapia, catfish) Capital Intensive, high
risk, high energy, generally lower environmental risk.
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Drivers: Aquaculture
Intensification
Fish vs Livestock
• Fish float. Less energy spent in
fighting gravity, making skeletons.
• Fish will (almost) always convert
food to flesh better than other
livestock.
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Drivers: Aquaculture Intensification
Technologies Seed, Feeds, Production Systems
– Fish Seed and Domestication
• Carps - Induced breeding early 80’s-
• Shrimp hatchery technologies mid- 90’s
• Tilapia – commercial mono-sex late 90’s
• Pangasius- mid 90’s breeding
• Domestication and improved genetics –
( mid- 90’s tilapia, salmon, some shrimp,….)
– Feeds
• Quality feeds available East, South and SE Asia- late 90’s
• Commercial Research did not begin until the 70’s
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Intensification South and South-East Asia
Production
• Center of Aquaculture is Asia: 89% of production (China >60%)
• Smallholder culture predominates in Asia
• Main Cultured Species
– Tilapia: (Global Production > 2 M mt)
• 2012 5- 20mt/ha (used in cage culture 15-100 kg/m2)
– Carps: (Global Production >14 M mt )
• 2012 1- 15 mt/ha (used in environmentally effiecient poly culture systems)
– Shrimp: (Global Production ~ 4 M mt annually, prices have
dropped 50- 60% in last 15 years)
• 2012 ~ 10 - 20 Mt/ha (experimental >60 mt/ha)
– Pangasius Catfish: (Global Production ~ >2.5 M mt annually)
• 2012 ~ 350- 600 mt/ha (smallholders
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In 2000 60% of these fish (Pangas, Tilapia, Climbing Perch)
where not present in the market
Consumption of cultured fish by Dhaka consumers
(Market survey data – November 2010)
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Drivers: Aquaculture Intensification
• Capture Fisheries Declines: Most major
natural fisheries are either stagnant or in
decline- Aquaculture is filling the market
gap.
• Urbanization and Incomes: 55% of Asian
population will be urban by 2030 – ADB.
(2-5% annual increases)
• Asia - rising incomes have increased
demand for fish, meat and vegetables.
• Urban markets have changed the kinds of
fish markets require: regular deliveries and
larger quantities.
Markets
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Environmental Impacts (Pollution, Feeds, Invasive Species)
Pollution: Usually Excessive Nutrients
• Pond Culture:
– Not a issue for semi-intensive and extensive systems.
– Is a problem where water is exchanged or discharged : intensive
systems, poor quality feeds.
• Cage/Pen Culture – can be an issue large numbers of fed cages-
(Laguna de Baya- Philippines)
• Very Intensive - Usually not an issue in internationally traded very
intensive aquaculture. Recycled water, lined ponds
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Environmental Impacts (Pollution, Feeds, Invasive Species)
Feeds: Using fish to grow fish,
feed quality,
• Intensive predator production (salmon,
shrimp, ….) require animal protein-
fish meal, etc…
• Herbivorous fish species can utilize
plant protein- (tilapia, pangas, many
carps,…..).
• Poor quality feeds= poor FCR and
Invasive Species: Basically don’t import
a new species.
• Improved Lines: Disease risks
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WorldFish Bangladesh
Surveys - Impact of intensive, high value
aquaculture on livelihoods, employment
and growth.
Conducted May- August 2012
Looking at Pangas, Prawn/Shrimp, Tilapia,
Carp production
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Participation by the Poor
• Poor participate as producers or within production
value chains. Clear-cut positive impacts on income
and increased purchases of better food.
• High levels of poor entering intensive commercial
aquaculture in locations with dense clusters of
operations
• Upward mobility for some landless entrants, but also
some increased vulnerability related to high
dependence on credit
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Gender & Intensification
• Increased participation of women in aquaculture
but mainly close to home; poorer women work as
off farm wage labor (mainly for Hindus and
Adivasis, much lower among Muslims)
• Declining availability and consumption of wild fish;
some anecdotal reluctance to consume cultured
fish from own production for higher returns from
investment (IFPRI studies)
• Women have less control over production and
income in intensive as compared to small scale HH
aquaculture: depends on level of investments and
location.
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• Intensive commercial aquaculture is male
dominated; women’s participation depends
on proximity to home
• Income controlled by men in most cases
• In SA - Markets dominated by men; women
lack access to information, inputs,
services; mobility issues
GENDER
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Clusters
• Clusters of commercial aquaculture
operations appear to produce synergies in
the provision of goods, services and
employment.
• This may lower the costs of participating in
aquaculture. Also creates growth linkages
by raising demand for labor with
subsequent increases in wages and non-
farm activities
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Land ownership and access
• Major shift from share-based tenancy to
rental-based tenancy arrangements driven
by introduction of commercial aquaculture
• Little concentration of land ownership or
access despite extremely dynamic and
competitive land markets (Pond/gher sizes
getting smaller)