Sustainable Heritage and Tourism Management based on Ecomuseum Concept Kiho Yaoita Associate Professor, Okayama University of Science Noriaki Nishiyama Professor, Hokkaido University
Sustainable Heritage and Tourism Management based on Ecomuseum Concept
Kiho YaoitaAssociate Professor, Okayama University of Science
Noriaki NishiyamaProfessor, Hokkaido University
Contents and Key Words
• Ecomuseum as a system to manage heritage and tourism in a sustainable manner with community involvement• A case study on Hagi City (WH inscription: 2015)
• Destination Management Organization (DMO) as a heritage and tourism co-manager of the local government under public private partnership• A case study on Shirakawa-go (WH inscription: 1995)• A case study on Taketomi island (WH inscription: 2015)
• Current Situation of Levuka town (WH inscription: 2013)
ICOMOS International Cultural Tourism Charter• “A major reasons for undertaking the protection,
conservation and management of heritage places, the intangible heritage and collections is to make their significance physically and/or intellectually accessible to the host community and to visitors.”
• “Domestic and international tourism … can capture the economic benefits of cultural resources and is an important generator of economic development, when managed successfully.”
The question is “how??”
Ecomuseum can be an answer.
• Proposed by Georges Henri Rivière, the first director of ICOM (International Council of Museums), in 1970’s.• “A museum that aims to contribute a
local community through exploration, in-situ conservation, enhancement and exhibition of the historical evolution of the local life style and natural and social environment” (Georges Henri Rivière, translated by Arai)• However, there is no fixed definition
What is an Ecomusum?
© Mucem collection Leroux phw 1986-11-157
• 4 general characteristics based on the analysis of case studies:
• A local community plays an active role
• It is part of museological activities and treats resources and materials studied academically and scientifically
• In-situ exhibition and conservation
• It has a territory with a name that expresses a theme
8
What is Ecomuseum?Traditional museum and Ecomuseum
Traditional Museum Ecomuseum
Residents
Visitors
Satellite
CoreMuseum
SpecialistCurator
Collection
Building
Visitors
Satellite
Territory
Figure:Jyuzo Arai(1995)
Visitors see the treasure in the MUSEUM BUILDING.
Visitors see the treasure at the ORIGINAL PLACE.
Core MuseumTerritory
Core Museum
Satellites
Discovery Trails
• Not all of them but many employs “ecomuseumsystem”: Core museum / Satellites / Discovery trails
Advantage of Ecomuseum
• It can provide tourists with values of and access to heritage through integrated system of Core museum/ Satellites/ Discovery trails.• More importantly, it can protect sensitive heritage
from exploitative tourism development and increasing tourists, by separating heritage between those to exhibit and those to protect.• Most importantly, sensible tourists become aware
of the real importance of heritage and become willing to cooperate/contribute to the conservation.
EcomuseumHow does it work?
Example
‘Hagi Machijuu Museum’ in Japan
“Sites of Japan’s Meiji Industrial Revolution: Iron and Steel, Shipbuilding and Coal Mining”Inscribed on the W.H. List, 2015
HAGI City
Hagi is a quiet coastal city in the countryside, with the population of 60,000.
Hagi preserves traditional castle town of Edo (samurai) period (16-18C) almost intact.
Historic townscape
Cultural Resources of Hagi City (2004)
LegendHistoric buildingsCemeteriesGardens / OrchardRivers / PondsForestMud walls (plaster)Mud walls (rough)Mud walls (other)Wooden board wallsRound stone wallsStone wallsFoundation Hedges
Brick wallsDitch stone wallsSmall shrinesShrine gatesStone monumentsStone bridgesStone stepsGatesStone gatesStreetscape Project AreaWellsChimneys
Cultural Resources of Hagi City
Loss of Cultural Resources
1998 survey 2004 survey
・Historic Buildings 1,604 1,434(-10.6%)
・other historic elements 3,825 3,460(trees・walls・hedges・etc.) (-10.0%)
※文化庁・国交省・農水省「歴史まちづくり法パンフレット」より
Loss of Historical townscape
Open spaces after demolishion of historic buildings
New buildings destroying historical townscape
Kanazawa-City2,200 historical buildings (20%) were lost in 8 years
Hagi-City170 historical buildings (10.6%) were lost in 6 years
Daito-ku (Tokyo)168 of historical buildings (31.3%) were lost in 13 years
Hagi Machijuu (whole town) Museum
Territory
Trail: merchant town at the port
Trail: Hagi castle
Trail: castle town in the delta
Core Museum
Tourists first visit a core museum namely Hagi Museum to be informed of trails and satellites, rules of visit etc.
Then, tourists visit satellites through discovery trails.
With the warm hospitality of local community
Local volunteer guides
Interactions with local people give more satisfaction to tourists.
4 pillars of Hagi Machijuu Museum System
Rese
arch
/C
onse
rvat
ion
Site
De
velo
pmen
t
Hos
pita
lity
Mar
ketin
g
Hagi Machijuu Museum System(run by Public Sector and NGO)
The system is jointly run by Public sector (City govt. & Museum) and
NGO (Hagi Machijuu Museum)
• Research and documentation of cultural heritage
Pillar 1: Research & Conservation
Trust box
Pillar 1: Research & ConservationFund raising for restoration by ‘One Coin Trust’üTrust boxes installed at nine cultural heritage sitesüRequest donation of one coin (100JPY=2FJ$)üCollected 12million JPY(0.24million FJ$) in one and a half years
Before
Restoration of cultural heritage by ‘One Coin Trust’
After
Pillar 1: Research & Conservation
• Core museum
Pillar 2: Site Development
Core Museum
• Satellite: Identification and renovation of cultural heritage
Pillar 2: Site Development
Opening of satellite
• Satellite: Identification and renovation of cultural heritage
Pillar 2: Site Development
Discussion on how to utilize cultural heritages
• Internet/Guidebook & Map• Event• Utilization of old houses for promotion
Pillar 3: Marketing
• Guidebook & Map/Internet/Event
• Utilization of old houses for promotion
Pillar 3: Marketing
Candle light-up
Display in an old house
Music concert
• Volunteer guides• Restaurants and shops which serve local materials• Local people, including women, farmers and fishermen, are
involved
Pillar 4: Hospitality
Operation Body / System is the Key to success
4 pillars of Hagi Machijuu Museum System
Rese
arch
/C
onse
rvat
ion
Site
D
evel
opm
ent
Hos
pita
lity
Mar
ketin
g
Hagi Machijuu Museum System(run by Public Sector and NGO)
The system is jointly run by Public sector (City govt. & Museum) and
NGO (Hagi Machijuu Museum)
Heritage and Tourism Managementbased on PPP (Public Private Partnership)• PPP is to the relationship between a public sector
and a private sector which aims to implement public-purpose projects more reasonably and economically with better quality through synergistic effect gained by utilization of authority of the public sector and know-how of project management and funding ability.
Heritage and Tourism Managementbased on PPP (Public Private Partnership)• In the context of local heritage conservation and
tourism management, the concept of DMO (destination management organization) is attracting attentions from the world. • It has a public purpose of natural and cultural heritage
protection, social welfare, employment improvement, education, etc.
• It is a co-manager of a tourism destination together with a local government.
国宝・重要文化財「和田家住宅」
Shirakawa-go Gassho Foundation as a DMO
- Income generating system
Historic Villages of Shirakawa-go and Gokayama• The large houses with their steeply pitched thatched
roofs called Gassho-style houses subsisted on the cultivation of mulberry trees and the rearing of silkworms.• Inscribed on the World Heritage List in 1995• The number of tourists increased rapidly after WH
inscription and highway opening, from 0.6 million to 1.8 million.• Shirakawa gassho foundation was established in 1998,
lead by the local government• The foundation’s main income is a commission to
manage and operate a public parking.
Management of a public parking
39
Public parking
Protected Area
40
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Parking fee
Standard sized cars: 5 USD(2FJD is heritage cooperation fee)
Trucks and Buses: 30USD(10USD is heritage cooperation fee)
Income for Conservation Projects
41
�Expense 2015
Projects by the Gassho Foundation 135,000UDSProjects by the local government 325,180UDS
Total 460,180USD
�Income
Public parkingHeritage cooperation fee 438,270USD
National government subsidyfor preservation districts 211,360USD
Total 649,630USD
Repair
Harmonization of Existing andnew buildings with the historic villagescape
PatrolAnniversary event
Monthly meeting
Site visitsActivities of the local conservation committee
45
Restoration of fallow rice fields
Taketomi Kominkan as a DMO
- A Body represents the local community benefit
Taketomi Kominkan (community center): Private / Public
üLocal self-governmentüIt functions as the local governmentüIts origin was the self government of the island to
conduct prayer’s festivals and any other social issues of the island
Public challenges in Taketomi
üDevelopment of heritage conservation experts üDevelopment of heritage guides üJob creation for young generation and lives worth
living for elder generation → Promotion of permanent residents
üEmployment of a conservation architectüRepair and harmonization of existing and new
houses → Promotion of permanent residentsüLands Buyback (1/3 of the island’s land is owned by
companies from the main land and was to be sold to a vulture fund.)
Resort development by Hoshino Resort GroupIn Taketomi
49
Resort promotion area
Hoshino resort
Hoshino Resort Group and Taketomi
Promises from Hoshino
・Only 6ha out of 130ha bought by the Hoshino resort group will be developed as resort and rest of the land will be kept untouched. The untouched land will be returned to the island after the resort recovered the capital for the investment.
・Hotel design will follow the design manual
・ Hotel staffs will join and contribute to island activities (festivals, cleanings, etc.)
51
ඹ෨ඹā
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ိ༃જāॢā
ඹ෨ۋڳۙޏ
Building Repair/Design Manual
トーラ トーラ
トーラ
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Meaning to have a DMO through case studies
For government…ü They do not have to worry about equality issueü cost efficiencyü They can leave complicated and detailed works for
arrangementü They can increase community awareness thorough
involvementFor local community…
ü They can take active role in heritage and tourism management
ü They will have economical benefit through tourismü They have a representative body of local communityü They can get subsidy for heritage conservation where
the government fund can not cover including employment of a heritage officer
57
For visitors…ü They will receive genuine heritage experienceü They can visit like livingü They will have one stop tourism information center
58
Meaning to have a DMO through case studies
Functions of a DMO through case studies
üDeclaration of sustainable tourism and heritage managementüInterpretation�to provide authentic information and its significance to tourists, residents and all stakeholdersüMarketing�to develop an are as one tourism product and promote it as one destinationüConservation : to protect heritage elements that are not covered by the governmentüProtection of Residents�to protect residents from disorderly and unplanned developmentüReturn benefit�to develop a system to return benefit from tourism income to community development and heritage protectionüDistribution of benefit�to develop a system not to concentrate tourism development only in the World Heritage site but to increase benefit in the surrounding area as wellüPublic private partnership�to obtain the privileged right such as getting permission to collect conservation cooperation fee and fund a management body who can compete with and resistant outside capital59
How does this work in Levuka?
Levuka• Inscribed on the WH List in 2013• The island’s economy totally
depends on a tuna canning company in Levuka town
• Used to receive 2 cruise ships in a week in 90’s with involvement of villagers
• The number of local tourists including schools have been increased after the inscription. However, it has not boosted local economy nor bring back tourism business to the level when there were more tourists coming to the town. 61
0 500m
Levuka’s Status
EcomuseumüResearch
• All potential historic buildings (150) measured and recorded
• Other built elements including bridges, monuments and stone steps are mapped and documented
• Open spaces and large trees as natural elements in the townscape are recorded 62
11
Levuka’s Status
EcomuseumüResearch
• All potential historic buildings (150) measured and recorded
• Other built elements including bridges, monuments and stone steps are mapped and documented
• Open spaces and large trees as natural elements in the townscape are recorded 63
98
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shop
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public facility
church
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scale 1:2000
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THE MAP OF LEVUKA TOWN
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Fig. 3.25 Division D
Phenology Calendar �in Nauouo Village
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65
Ecomuseum
üSite development• Community center can be used as the core museum (would be
perfect if the whole compound is restored)• A trail to visit “Fiji’s firsts” is developed• Satellite development is needed (ex. Café, accommodation or
exhibition site on hill side)
Levuka’s Status
Ecomuseum
üMarketing• Tourist data collection sheet has been
developed.• Tourists analysis is to be revived.• Promotion materials are developed.
66
0
20
FijiAUS NZ UK Ge…
Fr…USA Ca… Ja…
Ot…
Nationality
5.09 4.91
5.18
4.68
4.38
Guidedheritage tour
Fijian villagetour
Eco tour Wreck divingtour
Local craftmaking
The interest in activities
Levuka’s Status
Ecomuseum
üMarketing• Tourist data collection sheet
has been developed.• Tourists analysis is to be
revived.• Promotion materials are
developed (a brochure, a trail map, and a promotion video).
67
Levuka’s Status
Levuka’s Status
Ecomuseum
üHospitality• Guides are trained not only in the town but in villages
68
Levuka’s Status
DMO• The system to use prepared tools and operate is not yet
developed.
69
Levuka’s Status
Challenges: Ecomuseum• Identify values of not only Levuka town but the whole
island to strengthen the attraction and to benefit each other
Challenges: DMO• Lack of involvement of the local community in decision
making for heritage management• Tourism marketing• The fund establishment through tourism
70