- 1. Presented at the International Food Security Dialogue 2014
Enhancing Food Production, Gender Equity and Nutritional Security
in a Changing World. Sponsored By: Hosted By:
2. Survival of the fittest or survival of the most creative
& hard working?! Near Lake Langano, Ethiopia (2011); Courtesy
of Dr. Tesfaye Abebe 3. Molla Assefa Mengistu (PhD student, U ofS)
Wondwosen Tena (PhD student, HU) Walelign Worku (Plant Science)
Sheleme Beyene (Soil Science) Endalkachew Wolde-Meskel (Soil
Science) Legesse Hidoto (PhD student, HU) Zenebe Worku (Extension,
HU) Tewodros Tefera (Agricultural Economic) Bunyamin Taran (Plant
Sciences) Fran Walley (Soil Science) Carol Henry (Nutrition) Susan
Whiting (Nutrition) Bob Tyler (Food Science) Gord Zello (Nutrition)
4. The total area of the country is about 111.5 million ha, out of
which 74.3 million ha is suitable for annual and perennial crop
production and only 15 million is under utilization 45 % (50.2
million hectares) is mid- highland and highland; the remaining is
lowland. The average annual rainfall ranges from 200 to 2500 mm.
The agroecology is highly diversified (18 major and 49 sub-agro
ecological zones). Agriculture sector in Ethiopia: Accounts for 47%
of the GDP, Provides 85% of employment, and Provides 90% of foreign
exchange. 5. Food supply systems in Ethiopia Three major systems
Crop production Livestock Market dependent system 75% of the
population Mostly in highland 10% of the population Mostly in arid
and semiarid zones 15% of the population Dependent on the preceding
food supply Diverse range of production Failure of rain during
cropping season Shortage of food supply 6. 400-1400 Sorghum Corn
1400-2200Sorghum Corn Teff Wheat Barley Beans, dry Chickpeas Lentil
Snap bean Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Sowing
Mid-season Harvest Crop Calendar of Ethiopia (Cereals and Pulses)
Altitude (m) (irrigation) 7.
http://ethiopia.usaid.gov/program/feed-the-future Pulse Production
Regions: ~ 13 percent of the croplands Production is seasonal
following the rainfall pattern Two seasons Three seasons Four
seasons 8. Research sites in SNNPR 500 km Prevalent Zn and Fe
deficiency 9. Research components: Pulse agronomy & Breeding
Soil management & N fixation Food processing and nutrition
Nutrition education Social Economy & Gender Chickpea, lentil,
snap bean, faba bean Capacity building Food and nutrition security
21 MSc students 8 PhD students 7 Faculties research sabbatical to U
of S Nutrition Education Farmers training as seed growers
Analytical lab. (AAS) Soil Microbiology lab. Field equipment 10.
IMPACT PATHWAY Identify Target Populations Setting Targets
Screening for micronutrient rich genotypes Discovery Crop
Improvement/Varietal testing/Agronomy Genotype x Environment,
Variety release Nutrient Retention Processing Studies
Bioavailability and Efficacy Studies Development Seed Production
and Distribution System Education, Promotion and Consumer
Acceptance Improved diet for target population Dissemination 11.
Key factors for expanding area of pulses and enhancing productivity
of pulses Availability and adoption of suitable varieties
(short-duration, high yielding, disease resistant, drought
tolerant); Availability and adoption of low cost agronomic package
including the use of inoculant; Promotion of pulses in cereal based
cropping system; Transportation and linking farmers to markets. 12.
Case of chickpea Low productivity in the region (0.6 -0.8 tons/ha)
Due to predominant cereal-cereal rotation, soils are generally
deficient in nitrogen fixing bacteria, which contributes to poor
yield of chickpea especially under no N application; Other
problems: drought, disease, human theft Participatory variety
selection : Both extension and research approach Simultaneous
efforts of promotion and dissemination The objectives were to:
Identify adapted and high yielding varieties of chickpea
Familiarize farmers with improved varieties and production
technology Majority of farmers are willing to grow chickpea if they
could access to improved varieties. 13. Map of Ethiopia showing
sampling sites for Rhizobium collection 14. 0 200 400 600 800 1000
1200 CP 01 CP 04 CP 05 CP 07 CP 08 CP 10 CP 12 CP 16 CP 19 CP 20 CP
22 CP 27 CP 30 CP 33 CP 36 CP 41 CP 44 CP 49 CP 51 CP 53 CP 61 CP
65 CP 67 CP 69 CP 76 CP 77 CP 78 CP 79 CP 82 CP 84 CP 88 CP 95 CP
96 CP 97 CP 99 CP 101 CP 102 CP 105 CP 109 CP 113 N- N+
Shootdryweight/plantinmg Rhizobial strains Symbiotic effectiveness
of selected rhizobial strains on chickpea (45 days) CP41 is a local
isolate and it is better than the introduced and as good as N+
treatment CP 41 CP113 (Commercial strain from Canada) N fertilizer
Data from Fran Walley and Endalkachew Wolde-Meskel (2011) 15. Seeds
before inoculation with ignite based inoculant Seeds after
inoculation Preparation of chickpea inoculation trial 16.
Inoculation trial (Nov 2013 Halaba) 17. Inoculation trial (Nov 2013
Halaba) Inoculated plot Un-inoculated plot (control) 18. Inoculated
and non inoculated chickpea plants 19. Only released varieties plus
local checks Kabuli Arerti Chefe Ejeri Habru Shasho Desi Wolaita
local Butajira local Mastewal Natoli Participating farmers were
selected with the development agent (DA): consent and ability to
provide land Seedling vigor Earliness Plant height Plant vigor
Disease resistance Insect resistance Biomass Grain yield Seed
colour Seed size Taste Marketable Overall Assessment: 20. Variety
trials: Site selection and land preparation 21. Top three chickpea
varieties based on farmers participatory evaluation: Butajira
(2011), Wolaita (2011), Hulbareg (2013) (2011) (2011) (2013) 22.
Grain yield of chickpea varieties at Wolaita and Butajira (based on
2011 & 2012 trials) All improved varieties performed better
than the local t/ha 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 Arerti
Chefe Ejeri Habru Shasho Local Mastewal Natoli Wolaita Butajira NS
at Wolaita 23. Variety Grain yield (t/ha) 100-seed weight (g)
Shasho (#2) 3.0 a 27.7 b Mastewal (#3) 2.8 a 22.6 d Natoli (#1) 2.8
a 26.5 bc Ejere 2.7 a 33.9 a Arerti 2.6 ab 23.8 cd Habru 2.1 b 29.1
b Local 2.1 b 10.3 e LSD (5%) 0.54 3.3 CV 11.78 7.47 Grain yield of
chickpea varieties at Hulbareg (2013) 24. Wolaita Butajira Average
monthly rainfall (mm) 1996-2010 Location Seeding time (2011 and
2012) Early Medium Late Wolaita 7th September 16th September 27th
September Butajira 6th September 16th September 28th September
Effects of seeding dates Molla Mengistu, PhD student 25. Habru
Local check Early Seeding Maturity (days) 101 99 Yield (% check)
118% 100 Medium Seeding Maturity 103 99 Yield (% check) 117% 100
Late Seeding Maturity 100 98 Yield (% check) 127% 100 Performance
of chickpea cultivar Habru across locations and seeding dates
(2011&2012) No significant effects of seeding dates on yield;
All improved varieties performed better than the local. Early
maturing variety such as Habru is suitable for use for double crop
in cereal-based rotation 26. Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep
Oct Nov Dec Snap Bean (early) Chickpea(early) Cereals (irrigation)
Cereal-based rotation Wolaita Butajira Rainfall (mm) Rainfall (mm)
27. Evaluations of chickpea elite varieties and germplasm lines for
micronutrients and carotenoid complex across locations and years
28. Implementation: Scaling up and out: Var. Habru and Mastewal
Seed production ~ all stake holders Linking formal eg. Ethiopian
Seed Enterprise (ESE)& non-formal seed sectors Establishment of
village seed banks/farmer cooperatives Possible involvement of
agro-entrepreneurs in seed supply chain Supply of macro and
micronutrients Link farmer groups with industry/suppliers
involvement of local gov. Soil testing facilities and soil health
cards? Supply of inoculants ~ link with N2Africa Project Grain
handling, transportation and storage. Value addition and linking
farmers to market 29. Year No. of districts No. kebeles No. of
farmers* Area (ha) Seed supply (tonnes) 2012 3 4 45 3 0.4 2013 4 8
600 (794) 150 (200) 21 2014 6 12 3,000 750 105 2015 15 30 15,000
3,750 525 2016 30 60 30,000 7,500 1,050 Target districts, kebeles
(villages), farmers and area coverage of chickpea production in
five year scaling up * targeting 20-30% female farmers 30. Thank
You! Canadian International Food Security Research Fund (CIFSRF):
Call 1 (2010-2013); Call3 (2012-2014); Pre Scaling Up (2013-2014)
Debre Zeit Agricultural Research Centre Southern Agricultural
Research Institute Bureau of Agriculture Southern Farmers
Cooperatives Federation and member coops union Zone and District
agriculture offices, AgriService Ethiopia Ethiopian Health and
Nutrition Research Institute Participating farmers 31.
Participating farmers