Sustainable Electricity Supply for Cities Rangan Banerjee Forbes Marshall Chair Professor Department of Energy Science and Engineering Smart Cities – Delivery of Civic Services – Two Day Conference, Mumbai, 6 th June, 2015
Sustainable Electricity Supply for Cities
Rangan Banerjee
Forbes Marshall Chair Professor
Department of Energy Science and Engineering
Smart Cities – Delivery of Civic Services – Two Day Conference, Mumbai, 6th June, 2015
Energy needs of the city
Residential – Lighting, Cooking, Appliances, Cooling, Heating, Air conditioning
Transport
Industrial- motors
Commercial – cooling, appliances
Water pumping
Significant role of electricity
Agra – 2007-2008 Supply mix
Source: ICLEI, Agra Solar City Master Plan, 2011
Source Consumption Unit
Electricity 1206 MU
LPG 10414 MT
Petrol 50857 kL
Diesel 53469 kL
Kerosene 32406 kL
CNG 902 Tonnes
SWH 218 Nos.
Share of Fuels in Supply Side Energy Balance
43.47
5.45
16.91
21.93
11.74
0.47 0.03
Electricity LPG Petrol Diesel Kerosene CNG SWH
Mumbai- Final Energy Supply mix
Coal, 3.0 Wood, 1.7
Oil, 46.3
Gas, 9.9
Electricity, 39.1
Source: Reddy (2012)
271 PJ 2010 14.7 GJ/capita final energy
Comparison of Large Metros
Population Million
Area (km2) GDP/capita US$
Energy/capita GJ
CO2 emissions/capita Tonnes/capita
Mumbai 12.7 (24) 468 2184 14.2 1.0
Delhi 17.4 1483 2004 15.4 1.1
Kolkatta 15.6 1851 1414 5.65 1.5
Bengaluru 7.1 710 2066 9.5 0.5
Source: Asia Green City Index, 2011
Challenges for the Electricity Sector
Supply unable to match demand – Energy shortages – electricity and peak power shortages
Extreme Natural events – floods,cyclones
Failures of energy infrastructure
Emissions and Sustainability Challenge
Affordability and Access
Load Shedding Seasons
Source: Wartsila, 2009
Load Shedding Estimates – Indian cities
Source: Wartsila, 2009
Mumbai Electricity Load Profiles
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
4000
4500
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24
21-May-09
26-May-11
21-May-13
Electricity Supply -Indian Cities Average MW Peak MW Average/Peak Annual Growth rate
Lucknow 553 750 0.73 6.5
Kanpur 348 580 0.6 5.4
Jaipur 446 771 0.58 10.6
Ahmedabad 897 1320 0.68 7.4
Surat 917 1309 0.7 6.6
Nagpur 264 315 0.83 7.6
Indore 229 391 0.59 10.2
Pune 886 1173 0.76 10.5
Mumbai 2524 3605 0.7 6.9
Hyderabad 1544 2134 0.72 8.2
Chennai 1743 2291 0.76 5.6
Bengaluru 1404 2090 0.67 5.6
Kolkata 1773 2577 0.69 5.1
Source: CEA, 2013
Seasonal Variations - Delhi
Source: NRLDC 2006
Strategies for Cities
Energy Efficiency and Demand Side Management
Enhanced Use of Renewables – Roof top Solar Photovoltaics, Solar Water Heaters
Waste to Energy
Zero Energy and Energy Plus Buildings
Electric Vehicles
Understanding Load and Supply Variability, Improved Forecasting, Demand Response and Storage
Benchmarking Energy and Emission performance of cities, localities
Schematic of renewable energy options for buildings
Wind Power systems
14
http://www.AurovilleWindSystems.com
2 kW peak rating, weight 120 kg
Cost of Electricity ($/MWh)
15
3 R
s./k
Wh
6 R
s./k
Wh
9 R
s./k
Wh
Bloomberg, 2014
Plan Layout
16
17
A portion of the ELU map of Ward A of MCGM
Corresponding Satellite Imagery for the area from Google Earth
Analyzed in QGIS 1.8.0 To determine -Building Footprint Ratios - Usable PV Areas For Sample Buildings
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MU
s
Jan, 2014 Typical Load Profile vs PV Generation
1-Axis
Tracking @
Highest eff.
1-Axix
Tracking @
Median eff.
19 deg. Fixed Tilt @ Highest
eff.
19 deg. Fixed
Tilt @ Median
eff.
0.115
0.125
0.135
0.145
0.155
0.165
0.175
0.185
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
Capacity Factor for Mumbai
1-Axis Tracking
Fixed Tilt @ 19
deg.
Annual Average with 1-Axis
Tracking
Target area
Weather data, area details
Identification and Classification of different end uses by sector (i)
Residential (1) Hospital (2) Nursing
Homes (3) Hotels
(4) Others (5)
POTENTIAL OF SWHS IN TARGET AREA
Technical Potential (m2 of collector area) Economic
Potential (m2 of collector area) Market Potential (m2 of
collector area) Energy Savings Potential
(kWh/year) Load Shaving Potential (kWh/ hour for
a monthly average day)
* Factors affecting the adoption/sizing of solar water heating systems
Sub-class (i, j)
Classification based on factors* (j)
Single end use point
Potential
Base load for
heating
Electricity/ fuel savings
Economic
viability
Price of
electricity
Investment
for SWHS
Technical
Potential SWHS
capacity
Constraint: roof
area availability
Capacity of
SWHS (Collector
area)
Target
Auxiliary
heating
Single end use point
Micro simulation using
TRNSYS
Hot water
usage pattern
Weather
data
SIMULATION
Auxiliary heating requirement
No. of end
use points
Technical
Potential
Economic
Potential
Economic
Constraint
Market
Potential
Constraint: market
acceptance
Potential for end use sector (i = 1) Potential
for i = 2
Potential
for i = 3
Potential
for i = 4
Potential
for i = 5
Model for Potential Estimation of Target Area
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Load Curve Representing Energy Requirement for Water Heating
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24Hour of day
En
erg
y C
on
sum
pti
on
(M
W)
Typical day of January
Typical day of May
Total Consumption =760 MWh/day
Total Consumption = 390 MWh/day
53%
Electricity Consumption for water heating of Pune
Total Consumption =14300 MWh/day
Total Consumption = 13900 MWh/day
Total Electricity Consumption of Pune
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TEAM SHUNYA SOLAR DECATHLON EUROPE 2014
21 21
House in Versailles – 26th June, 2014
Team Shunya
70 students 13 disciplines 12 faculty 22
Building stock growth
23
Residential demand scenarios by stock type
24
0
1000
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3000
4000
5000
6000
7000
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24
Lo
ad
in
kW
Hour of day
IITB total load (kW)
Load Profile – IIT Bombay
25
Main Receiving Station of IITB
Salette Receiving Station SAKI
22kV/433V 1250kVA
22kV/433V 1250kVA
Solar PV System
Inverter
Academic Buildings
Hostel Buildings
Residential Buildings
Hostel 2
Hostel 3
Hostel 4
Hostel 5
Hostel 1
Hostel 6
Hostel 7
Hostel 9
Hostel 10
28kW
32kW
42kW
44kW
43kW
51kW
33kW
33kW
45kW
Chem Dept
Civil EED HSS IDC Library
MED Physics MET Dept CSE Dept Maths Dept
Aero
MB
200kW
87kW
168kW
99kW
94kW
132kW
93kW
71kW
157kW
98kW
88kW
85kW
182kW
Ananta B-22
White House
Type C- 22
39kW
16kW
40kW
1 MW
Distributed 1 MW Solar power plant@IIT Bombay
Urban Area – IIT Bombay
Example Urban Microgrid
26
Load Profile of an office building
Source: Puradbhat and Banerjee (2014) 27
Energy Flow Diagram
PRIMARY ENERGY
ENERGY CONVERSION FACILITY
SECONDARY ENERGY
TRANSMISSION & DISTRN. SYSTEM
FINAL ENERGY
ENERGY UTILISATION EQUIPMENT & SYSTEMS
USEFUL ENERGY
END USE ACTIVITIES
(ENERGY SERVICES)
COAL, OIL, SOLAR, GAS
POWER PLANT, REFINERIES
REFINED OIL, ELECTRICITY
RAILWAYS,TRUCKS, PIPELINES
WHAT CONSUMERS BUY DELIVERED ENERGY
AUTOMOBILE, LAMP, MOTOR,
STOVE
MOTIVE POWER RADIANT ENERGY
DISTANCE TRAVELLED, ILLUMINATION,COOKED FOOD etc..
28
Mitigating Load Shedding: Pune example
CII with MSEDCL – estimated 90 MW load shedding Pune in 2006
Captive generators – Capacity of 100 MW
Special tariff by MERC for variable cost of generation from CPPs Rs 8.24 -11 / kWh
Distributed Generation based Distribution Franchisee (In Pune – Tata Power)
Local solutions possible –with industry help
29
Storage Options
UK & India Partnership in Smart Energy Grids and Energy Storage Technologies: IMASE- IITB – Univ Nottingham 30
Summary
New Buildings stock – green, passive, net zero buildings – potential to transform cities
Increased Renewable share
Level playing field for Efficiency and DSM, Demand response
Intelligence – forecasting supply and demand variability – scheduling, deferring loads, bringing storage on line
Hybridisation, Resilience and Flexibility of Grid
Innovative systems and Solutions – Transport, water
Affordable Electricity
31
End-Note
http://www.ubmfuturecities.com/document.asp?doc_id=523792
References
Pillai and Banerjee, Methodology for estimation of potential for solar water heating in a target area, Solar
Energy, 81, pp. 162-172, 2006.
UNEP,2011: Cities Investing in energy and resource efficiency, Towards a Green Economy, United Nations
Environment Programme, 2011.
UN Habitat 2013: State of World’s Cities 2012-13 Prosperity of cities, United Nations Human Settlements
Programme (UN-Habitat), Kenya, 2013. < www.unhabitat.org> last accessed October 28, 2013.
Wartsila, 2009: The Real Cost of power, Rakesh Sarin, Managing Director, Wartsila India Limited.
ICLEI, Agra Solar City Master Plan, 2011: Development of Agra Solar City, Final Master Plan, supported
by MNRE, New Delhi, ICLEI, South Asia.
Reddy and Balachandra, IGIDR, WP-2010-023, Working Paper,2010.
Reddy, IGIDR, WP-2013-02, Working Paper,2013.
Singh, R., and Banerjee, R., Estimation of rooftop solar photovoltaic potential of a city, Solar Energy, Vol.
115, 589-602, May 2015.
Acknowledgement: Balkrishna Surve, Rhythm Singh, Jay Dhariwal
Thank you [email protected]