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Sustainable development of wind energy in Ireland – challenges of biodiversity and ecosystem services. David Bourke Ainhoa González, Nova Sharkey, Jesko Zimmermann, John McCann, and Jane Stout
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Sustainable development of wind energy in Ireland ... et al.pdf · Sustainable development of wind energy in Ireland –challenge. s of biodiversity and ecosystem services. David

Sep 17, 2020

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Page 1: Sustainable development of wind energy in Ireland ... et al.pdf · Sustainable development of wind energy in Ireland –challenge. s of biodiversity and ecosystem services. David

Sustainable development of wind energy in  Ireland – challenges of biodiversity and 

ecosystem services. 

David Bourke

Ainhoa

González, Nova Sharkey, Jesko

Zimmermann, John McCann, and Jane Stout

Page 2: Sustainable development of wind energy in Ireland ... et al.pdf · Sustainable development of wind energy in Ireland –challenge. s of biodiversity and ecosystem services. David

Outline

• Energy policy• Impacts on biodiversity

– National/international literature– Spatial analyses

• Key gaps/research questions

Page 3: Sustainable development of wind energy in Ireland ... et al.pdf · Sustainable development of wind energy in Ireland –challenge. s of biodiversity and ecosystem services. David

Policy Drivers

“Directive on the promotion of the use of energy from renewable sources”

Page 4: Sustainable development of wind energy in Ireland ... et al.pdf · Sustainable development of wind energy in Ireland –challenge. s of biodiversity and ecosystem services. David

How will we meet the 2020 Renewable Energy targets?

SEAI Report (2011) “Energy Forecasts for Ireland to 2020”.

Wind

Wave

Biomass

2041 MW of installed wind capacity– 174 onshore (1 offshore – 25 MW)

Page 5: Sustainable development of wind energy in Ireland ... et al.pdf · Sustainable development of wind energy in Ireland –challenge. s of biodiversity and ecosystem services. David

(EEA, 2009)

Page 6: Sustainable development of wind energy in Ireland ... et al.pdf · Sustainable development of wind energy in Ireland –challenge. s of biodiversity and ecosystem services. David

Impacts on Species & Habitats• Birds & Bats

– Collision– Avoidance (energetic costs)– Birds of prey, upland & waterbirds– Migration routes– Barotrauma

bats

• Cetaceans/marine communities– Noise, habitat loss, collisions, habitat creation

• Habitat disturbance, fragmentation

Bird Watch Ireland

NPWS

(Drewitt

and Langston, 2006; Stewart et al. , 2007; Masden

et al. 2010) 

Baerwald

et al. (2008)

(Inger

et al., 2009; Maar

et al., 2009) 

Page 7: Sustainable development of wind energy in Ireland ... et al.pdf · Sustainable development of wind energy in Ireland –challenge. s of biodiversity and ecosystem services. David

Pearse‐Higgins  et al. 

(2012)

BirdWatch

IrelandBirdWatch

Ireland

Effects on birds are variable and context specific. 

Page 8: Sustainable development of wind energy in Ireland ... et al.pdf · Sustainable development of wind energy in Ireland –challenge. s of biodiversity and ecosystem services. David

Q. How much viable wind do we have inside and outside of  designated areas?

Turbine Hub Height

Bourke et al. (in prep)

0

10,000

20,000

30,000

40,000

50,000

60,000

70,000

50m 75m 100m

Area Co

n > 7m

/s (km2)

Designated

Non designated

Page 9: Sustainable development of wind energy in Ireland ... et al.pdf · Sustainable development of wind energy in Ireland –challenge. s of biodiversity and ecosystem services. David

Q. Can we meet renewable energy targets without developing  designated areas?

5 – 10 MW/km2

~4000 MW

400 to 800km2

Turbine Hub Height

Bourke et al. (in prep)

0

10,000

20,000

30,000

40,000

50,000

60,000

70,000

50m 75m 100m

Area Co

n > 7m

/s (km2)

Designated

Non designatedQ. Height v Density?

•Impacts different species•Turbine footprint reduced

Page 10: Sustainable development of wind energy in Ireland ... et al.pdf · Sustainable development of wind energy in Ireland –challenge. s of biodiversity and ecosystem services. David

Bourke et al. (in prep)

Q. Where are wind farms located and planned in the future? 

Q. Is the density of wind farm development a problem and is it in  the “right or wrong places”?

Page 11: Sustainable development of wind energy in Ireland ... et al.pdf · Sustainable development of wind energy in Ireland –challenge. s of biodiversity and ecosystem services. David

Future Challenges (1)• Adequate evidence to provide sound advise• More publishing of data

• Inaccessible grey literature/internal reports• Many gaps in our knowledge

– Fundamental ecological understanding

– Impacts on species?

– Impacts on habitats?

Page 12: Sustainable development of wind energy in Ireland ... et al.pdf · Sustainable development of wind energy in Ireland –challenge. s of biodiversity and ecosystem services. David

Future Challenges (2)Multiple stressors & 

cumulative effects• Development  (e.g. 

wind farms, roads)

• Climate change

• Land‐use change• Invasive species• Habitat loss

Stack's to Mullaghareirk

Mountains, West 

Limerick Hills and Mount Eagle SPA 

• Planning• Assessment

• Monitoring

Future Challenges (3)

Photo: RSPB Images/Andy Hay/PA Wire

Page 13: Sustainable development of wind energy in Ireland ... et al.pdf · Sustainable development of wind energy in Ireland –challenge. s of biodiversity and ecosystem services. David

Key areas for future research

• Bird/bat sensitivity maps

• Population‐level impacts

• Species specific studies

• Identification of migration routes/corridors and  stepping stones of bats in Ireland

• Cumulative effects

• Preliminary research into

impacts on marine  species and

habitats

Page 14: Sustainable development of wind energy in Ireland ... et al.pdf · Sustainable development of wind energy in Ireland –challenge. s of biodiversity and ecosystem services. David

Bird Watch Ireland

[email protected]

Thanks toMs Soledad Colombe

Sustainable Energy Authority of  Ireland

BirdWatch

IrelandEirGrid

Special thanks to the SIMBIOSYS Team  and the EPA for funding.