Sustainable architecture

1

University of Liverpool

Department of Architecture

ARCH421 – Current Themes in Sustainable Design

Cheema , Shubh Shagan

Student ID -200843624

25th

May 2012

2

Indian Scenario

One of the seventh largest country in the world, India is home to over one billion people. With

the economic reforms of 1991, Indian economy has been growing at a steady pace leading to

rapid urbanization. In 2001, 68.7% of the total urban population was living in Class 1 cities

(defined as cities having a population of over 1, 00,000) .1 80.7 million person or about one

fourth of the country’s total urban population is poor therefore for a third world country,

sustainability also taken on the issue of affordability.2 Green building and construction

techniques need to be affordable by the masses to make the larger impact in a country like

India. One section of architectural community wants to combine modern building designs with

various passive strategies and technologies that allow the use of local material and skill. While

the other section is looking at the international renowned LEED rating system as well as GRIHA

which is designed by the Government of India on the lines of LEED . These two different aspects

of sustainability are coexisting in the Indian construction/design ecosystem. Both have different

perspective on the issue of sustainability. To give the complete picture of Indian sustainability

landscape one need to understand the perspective/drawback of the both directions.

Scale of the issue

With the rapid urbanization, the number of buildings with huge energy consumption is on rise

in the country .Buildings are responsible for 33% of energy consumption in industrialized and

developing countries.3 As per 17th electrical power survey (EPS) of the central electricity

authority, the electricity demand is likely to increase by 39.7% in 2011-12 as compared to 2006-

07, by another 43.7% in 2016-17 as compared to 2011-12 and by yet another 37.5% in 2021-22

as compared to 2016-17. With nearly 8% rise in annual energy consumption in residential and

commercial sector ,building energy consumption has seen an increase from 14% in the 1970’s

to nearly 33% in 2004 -05. 4

1 Govt of India, “Nation Urban Housing and habitat Policy”, 2007: 3

2 Govt of India, “Nation Urban Housing and habitat Policy”, 2007: 3

3 UNEP, TERI, “Sustainable Building and construction for India :Policies, Practice and performance” : 2 4UNEP, TERI, “Sustainable Building and construction for India :Policies, Practice and performance” : 2

3

(Fig -1) Requirement vs

Achievement of installed capacity

(Fig-2) Energy scenario in India, 2009

(Fig -3) Demand Growth up to 2030

4

In 2010 India’s total installed energy capacity was approximately 160,000 MW while the

projected capacity in 2030 is 800,000 MW which means additional 600 MW capacity each

week. Peak power deficit in year 2006-07 was 16.6% and the energy deficit was 9.9%.1 (Fig-1)

(Fig-2) shows the sector wise energy consumption breakup in India emphasizing the

consumption by the industry with respect to others . According to Mckinsey report on India’s

approach to sustainability, they predict the rise in residential and commercial market which will

add strain to energy consumption scenario (Fig-3) .2 India will have to accomplish twin

objectives of sustainable development and inclusive growth .Next few years will be challenging

in this respect and the outcome will be determined by the choices made by India.

Green Building rating system in India

There are currently two rating system being used which is LEED (Leadership in energy and

environmental design) and the other one is GRIHA (Green Rating for Integrated Habitat

Assessment).

LEED (Leadership in energy and environmental design)

LEED is most widely used rating system in North America and was developed and managed by

USGBC (US Green Building Council). Buildings are given rating of Platinum, Gold, and Silver or

certified based on various benchmarks set by the rating system. In 2001, CII (Confederation of

Indian Industry) and a private manufacturer Goodrej founded IGBC (Indian Green Building

council), India’s version of LEED, which was based on the similar guidelines as US based LEED

but with few changes with regard to Indian construction scenario. According to research

conducted by IGBC on the executed projects in India, green buildings can be constructed with

an incremental cost of 1-6% and there is no much cost difference between a normal buildings

and a green building.3

1 USAID INDIA,ECO III , BEE ,”International building energy efficiency and ZEB Conference” , Beijing, China (March 31st , 2010) :5 2 McKinsey & Company ,”Environmental and energy sustainability :An Approach for India” : 6 3 S Srinivas , “Green Buildings – Benefit and impact “ ,Proceedings of International Conference on Energy and Environment

(March 19-21) :1

5

LEED-INDIA promotes a whole-building approach to sustainability by recognizing performance

in the following five key areas:1

Sustainable site development

Water savings

Energy efficiency

Materials selection and

Indoor environmental quality

According to the data on their website there are around 1,640 registered buildings and 249

certified buildings that accounts to around 1.16 billion Sq ft Green Building footprint.2

GRIHA – Green Rating for Integrated Habitat Assessment

GRIHA is developed by TERI (The energy and resources Institute) for the ministry of new and

Renewable energy. This is the indigenous national rating system developed by the ministry to

cover the climatic variations, architectural practices, existing practices of construction and

attempting to revive the passive architecture. GRIHA rating system takes into account the

provisions of the National Building Codes 2005 , The energy conservation Building Code 2007

announced by BEE and other IS codes. 3 The rating system based on accepted energy and

environmental principles, seeks to strike a balance between the established practices and

emerging concepts, both national and international.4

1

Indian Green Building Council , http://www.igbc.in/site/igbc/index.jsp online accessed , May 22 ,2012 2 Indian Green Building Council , http://www.igbc.in/site/igbc/index.jsp online accessed , May 22,2012

3TERI ,UNEP , “Background paper for Sustainable Buildings and Construction for India: Policies, Practices and

Performance” , TERI Green Building scenario , Pg 7 4 TERI , GRIHA Manual Vol 1 , Ministry of New and renewable energy , Govt of India , Pg - 118

http://www.igbc.in/site/igbc/index.jsp


6

GRIHA is a Sanskrit word meaning ‘Abode’. GRIHA promotes passive techniques to reduce

energy cost while keeping the optimum thermal comfort inside the build environment. They

encourage non energy demanding air conditioning systems and the solar heating systems.

Passive cooling and heating can be replicated for the masses and can reduce the energy load of

the country.

GRIHA is also focusing on the growing residential sector by providing simple, affordable and

versatile approach to the citizens through their website, which is instrumental in creating

awareness among citizens as well as giving them an alternative viewpoint. GRIHA is also

focusing on promoting energy efficiency in existing buildings in urban areas which will in return

reduce energy demand.

Over 120 projects across India of varying scale and function are being built based on GRIHA

guidelines. The centre for environmental sciences and engineering, IIT, Kanpur (2009) and

Suzlon ‘one earth’ office complex (2010), Pune have been certified GRIHA 5 stars .1

With construction industry growing at the rate of 9.5% as compared to the global average of

5%, India will have to look at these alternative methods of construction and government as well

as private sector will have to work hand in hand to promote green sustainable building

construction techniques. Growth in construction sector is also related to the economic growth

of the country, so it will be challenging for India, to keep the pace of the growth while keeping

these sustainable issues to its core. These rating systems clearly show the concern and the

resolve of the government to take note of various issues related to sustainable development.

LEED rating and GRIHA are very recent phenomenon derived by global push towards

sustainability but the architects have always been concerned only that the terminology have

changed to adapt to the new age marketing jargons.

1 GRIHA , http://www.grihaindia.org/index.php, online , Accessed , May 20 , 2012

http://www.grihaindia.org/index.php

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Auroville experiment

Sustainability is not just limited to green buildings but also encompasses making our cities more

‘livable’, more ‘sustainable’, more ‘Greener’. Modern Indian cities are struggling with these

metaphors; they have lost the age old techniques, the wisdom while in sudden urge to catch up

with the world. Auroville a city near Pondicherry, South India is such an experiment .Auroville

an ‘international city of future’ inspired by the ideas of Sri Aurobindo and the Mother. It was set

up in 1968. Auroville’s mission is “to be a universal town where men and women of all

countries are able to live in peace and progress harmony above all creeds, all politics and all

nationalities. The purpose of Auroville is realizing human unity. 1 The residents are actively

experimenting and innovating in shaping the city. The citizens have regenerated the whole

environment from the barren land into a lush green landscape with indigenous varieties of

trees and plants. Over 2 million trees have been planted to stabilize and re fertilize the soil,

canyons have been dammed and hundreds of fields bunded to prevent runoff.2 The community

have focused on conservation, reforestation, sustainable agriculture and was instrumental in

promoting renewal energy and appropriate building technologies. Auroville got a distinct

architecture with houses built by compressed mud bricks or recyclable materials. Most of the

houses are using solar energy in conjunction with grid connection. The community kitchen

which provides food for more than 1000 people runs on steam which is generated by solar

concentrator , which focus the sun’s rays on cylinders which is monitored by computerized

tracking devices. A 37 KW solar plant consisting of 484 PV panel of 75 W each provides lighting

and can store 2 days worth of energy.3

Auroville is melting pot for various sustainable building ideas focusing on passive energies.

According to the Auroville philosophy “Our Mother earth gives us a wonderful building

material, which should be used with awareness, sensitivity and with much respect and

gratitude.” 4

1 Rakesh Kapoor , “Auroville : A Spirtual –Social experiment in Human Unity and Evolution” , Futures 39 (2007): 632



4 Auroville , http://www.auroville.org/ , online , May 20 , 2012

http://www.auroville.org/

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Auroville Earth Institue

Auroville is house to ‘Earth Architecture Institute ‘, which was previously named Auroville

Building centre/earth unit. The earth unit came into existence in 1989 and was the initiative of

HUDCO (Housing and Urban Development Program), Government of India .The earth institute is

researching, and developing, promoting and transferring earth based technologies, which are

cost and energy efficient. The Auroville Earth Institute is the representative for Asia of the

UNESCO Chair "Earthen Architecture, Constructive Cultures and Sustainable Development”. 1

According to the statistics from UNCHS 40% of the world population lives in earthen dwellings

and 25% of the world population does not have access to decent housing. 2 The main objectives

of the institute is to how to built large scale projects with earth and how to realize architecture

full of light , suppleness , simplicity, imagination and beauty with a heavy and formless mud.3

In the research being done by Auroville earth institute, raw earth is being used as the main

building material. The focus is on minimizing the use of steel, cement and reinforced cement

concrete (RCC) and to use local material like raw earth which will be energy saving, eco-friendly

and sustainable. Compressed Stabilized Earth Blocks (CSEB) is the most being developed by

most advanced technology, for which the machinery is also made in Auroville which is called

Auram press 3000 .

Most of the technologies developed are mastered and the present research is focused on

alternative stabilizers to cement and alternative waterproofing with stabilized earth, composed

of soil, sand, cement, lime, alum and tannin.4

To promote the technology and to create awareness among people, earth institute also holds

various diplomas for the architects/engineers, masons. Various week long programs are held

five to eight times in a year for working professional or anybody who is interested in the mud

architecture.

1 Wikipedia , online accessed 20 May , 2012 ,http://opensourceecology.org/wiki/Auroville_Earth_Institute 2Auroville earth Institute,online , Accessed 20 May 2012 , http://www.earth-auroville.com/ 3 Auroville earth Institute, online, Accessed 20 May 2012 http://www.earth-auroville.com/ 4 Auroville earth Institute, online, Accessed 20 May 2012 http://www.earth-auroville.com/

http://opensourceecology.org/wiki/Auroville_Earth_Institute

http://www.earth-auroville.com/



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Earth Technologies

Technologies which are being currently used are (Data from their website):1

• Stabilized rammed earth foundations with 5 % cement

• Stabilized rammed earth walls with 5 % cement, rammed manually

• Composite plinth – step plinth with CSEB, plinth beam with reinforced concrete cast in U

shaped CSEB

• Composite columns – Round hollow CSEB with reinforced cement concrete

• Composite beams and lintels – U shaped CSEB with reinforced cement concrete

• Wide variety of compressed stabilized earth blocks (17 moulds are presently available for

producing about 75 different types of blocks)

• Various vaults with compressed stabilized earth blocks

• Stabilized earth mortars and plasters

The following technologies are still under research (Data from their website) 2

• Composite blocks (earth, fibers and stabilizer)

• Alternative stabilizers to cement (“homeopathic” milk of lime and alum)

• Alternative water proofing with stabilized earth (soil, sand, cement, lime, alum and tannin

from the juice of a seed)

Compressed stabilized earth blocks (CSEB) is being used for most of the projects in Auroville.

Stabilized rammed earth is also used extensively for foundations and to a lesser extent for

walls. The initial embodied energy of CSEB is about 4 times less than country fired bricks. Of

course the carbon emission is also about 4 times less for the CSEB, compared to the country

fired bricks.3

1 “Auroville earth Institute”, online, Accessed 20 May 2012 http://www.earth-auroville.com/






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Advantages of CSEB to the local country fired Brick: 1

• Walls made of CSEB and stabilized rammed earth is always cheaper than fired bricks.

• The initial embodied energy of CSEB produced on site with 5 % cement is ~ 4 times less than

the local country fired bricks.

• The strength of these blocks is most of the time higher than the local country fired bricks.

Vaulted Structures

At Auroville earth institute they are trying to revive Arches, Vaults and Domes (AVD) by creating

awareness about the possibilities of such roofing. The Research and development seeks to

increase the span of the roof, decrease its thickness, and create new shapes. Arches, Vaults and

Domes are usually built with compressed stabilized earth blocks, which are laid in “free

spanning” mode, without using a formwork.2

The institute has inherited the ideas of the Nubian techniques and are further developing these

to develop other types of vaults, such cloister and groined domes, and has evolved towards the

Free Spanning technique. The free spanning technique is an ongoing development of the

Nubian technique that the Auroville earth Institute is working on since a few years. It allows

courses to be laid horizontally. 3

Advantages of earth as a building material:4

• The earth is a local material, contributing to sustainable development.

• The production of the building components demands a lot of semi-skilled manpower.

• The technology is easily adaptable and transferable.

• The monetary and environmental costs are much lower than that of most other materials.

• The thermal comfort and quality of space are in general better than conventional materials.




4“Auroville earth Institute”, online, Accessed 20 May 2012 http://www.earth-auroville.com/





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Project – Hamsa Moily’s House , RT Nagar , Bengaluru , India

Architects – BIOME ENVIRONMENTAL PVT LTD

Site Area – 140 Sqm

Building Area – 172 Sqm

Height of the Building – 10.37 m

Biome is one of the architectural practices that have taken the challenge of building distinctive,

environmentally and socially conscious buildings through Mud architecture. These buildings are

being built for the urban environment testing the usability for an urban citizen. They are using

building materials like compressed stabilized earth blocks (CSEB) or stabilized Mud blocks

(SMB). Architect chitra vishwananth has executed various projects – residential, institutional

and resorts guided by sustainable principles. Biome has also founded ‘Rainwater club’ which

provides services related to water management and rainwater harvesting, ecological

wastewater treatment and sanitation practices. 1Biome’s architecture speaks of honesty where

the architect is striving to create a humane space with natural environment while not

compromising on the comfort and aesthetics. The buildings done by Biome are not only

sustainable but are also economical with the sensible use of local material and also from design

solutions developed for maximum efficiency in energy, water and other natural resources.2

Masonry is done by SMB (Stabilized Mud Blocks) or walls made of Rammed earth, cob and

wattle and daub are some of the techniques used to make these buildings. Since these bricks

are manufactured manually on the site with local soil with a maximum of 6% cement content

and are not burned in order to use, they are much cheaper than the conventional bricks. Filler

slabs and arched panels decrease the dependence on steel and reduce the volume of concrete

needed for a floor slab. 3 Battling social and ideological barriers, educating client and society ,

setting an example and making these ideas observable , are all at the foundation of the Biome’s

approach and method.4

1 Varun Thautam , Priya Joseph : “ Three Houses and a Studiolo “ , Domus India , Vol 01, Issue 05 (March 2012):34 2 Thautam, Joseph ,”Three Houses and a Studiolo” : 34 3 Thautam, Joseph ,”Three Houses and a Studiolo” : 34 4Thautam, Joseph ,”Three Houses and a Studiolo” : 34

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Since lot of people are not convinced of the durability , strength and performance of the mud

buildings , Biome’s projects stand as testimonial and give a affirmation that mud architecture is

not only for standalone like ‘Auroville’ but it can also be applied in urban and sub-urban

environments.

This project is completed in 2010 in the city of Bengaluru. Hamsa’s house is located in the urban

locality in the middle of the concrete jungle. The house can be read as a mud box with

fenestrations. The walls are made of rammed earth and are exposed in the interiors as well

exterior. The walls are used in volumetric proportions which gives a contemporary language to

the age old material. The fenestrations are strategically located to avoid urban chaos around.

The elevation is the play between exposed concrete bands, mud walls and wood parapets. The

same vocabulary is transferred to the exterior boundary of the house. The fenestrations make

an interesting play in the otherwise plain elevation. The focus of the building is on simplicity

and truthfulness to the materials and design intent. Main concrete staircase runs through the

house in the side elevation, making interesting visual pattern. Interior have been left bare in

accordance to the exterior. The interior of the house has no plaster or paint and works with

mezzanines to use the volume available to the maximum. The whole house seems like a

symphony between concrete and mud.

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(Fig-1) Exterior Façade of the house

(Fig-2) Front Elevation of the house

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Case study -2

Suzlon Earth one

Architect – Christopher Charles Benniger

One Earth is the corporate headquarters office for Suzlon in pune, India. The project in keeping

with the spirit of the parent company, attempts to showcase itself as a building project with the

minimum impact on the environment.1 The total site is 45392 Sqm and the total buildup area is

70865 Sqm which consists of museum of wind energy and an advanced learning centre. An

auditorium, cafes, central kitchen and meeting halls support this facility, which has basement

parking for eight hundred vehicles.2 The project is a GRIHA registered green building certified.

There are various salient features that enable to become a certified green building, which

include passive design strategies to ensure thermal comfort in the built environment. To

achieve this minimum technological interventions are done in the built environment. The

orientations of the blocks such as to allow day lighting while controlling extra glare and thus

maintaining the inner temperatures. Most of the blocks face north, south, North West and

south east. Louvers have been used on the facades to reduce direct solar radiation which

become the strong visual element for the whole building (Fig-2). Various extrusions on the

upper floors are instrumental in shading the lower floors and thus a massing vocabulary

emerges out of these extrusions and also the whole building is partly shaded to keep out the

strong Indian sun. The buildings are low rise and clustered around the Japanese garden, giving it

serene environment (Fig-1). Interesting breakout spaces in the form of small terraces have

been interspersed all over the office block. The project has created a distinct massing

vocabulary with its shading, open terraces and clustering. The Japanese garden have a Central

Stumb ( Pole) around which whole campus revolves (Fig-4). It is also symbolic of the central axis

in Indian Philosophy. The roofing is also symbolic of architecture in that region. The complex

aimed at creating a ‘office in Garden’ concept rather than monotonous glass box office. 3

1 Griha Manual, Vol 1 , Case studies of Griha registered/Rated Projects : 49 , 50 2 Christopher Charles Benniger architects , online http://www.ccba.in/suzlon.htm# , May 19 , 2012 3 Suzlon, online, http://www.suzlon.com/careers/l3.aspx?l1=8&l2=39&l3=73 , May 19 , 2012

http://www.ccba.in/suzlon.htm

http://www.suzlon.com/careers/l3.aspx?l1=8&l2=39&l3=73

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(Fig-1) Meandering facades

(Fig-2) Terraces , Louvers and shades.

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(Fig-3) Campus plan

(Fig-4) Central stambh (Pole) around which the campus revolves

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Other than the passive techniques used in the campus design various high efficient mechanical

system are also introduced to ensure low energy consumption. Task lights in the interiors are

LED and are governed by motor sensors which turn off when people are not around their desk.

This whole system reduces the lighting load to 0.8 W/Sqft. 1 High efficiency HVAC system also

minimize the energy consumption by the buildings. The HVAC system has various components

like pre cooling of fresh air heat recovery/exchange mechanisms. 2 The complex have been able

to reduce its energy consumption by 47% and also fulfilled the GRIHA criterion for the green

building.

Renewable energy systems like Solar PV and windmills are installed around the campus which

generates around 250000 units of electricity annually. The campus has 18 windmills and 13.44

kwp of Solar PV system with power capacity of 4.75 KW each. 3 To reduce the water

consumption the whole campus has low flow fixtures. The water consumption of the buildings

is reduced by 65% than conventional office buildings for sanitary purpose. Only native plants,

shrubs and trees are used in the landscape design. Usage of high efficiency sprinkler and drip

system reduce the landscape water consumption by 50% . Overall 55% of the water in the

building is recycled and reused within the complex which is major feat for an office complex. 4

Various strategies in material usage in interior and structural system also reflect the intent of

the building. By using post tension slab the architect was able to reduce concrete requirement

in slabs and beams by 37% and the use of PT structural system has helped reduce the

requirement of structural steel by almost 50%. 5 Usage of siporex blocks which use the waste

material like fly ash and also make the building better insulated are some the sustainable

features of the project. Even the material used in the interior like paints, carpets and others has

high recyclable content.

1 Griha Manual, Vol 1 , Case studies of Griha registered/Rated Projects : 49 , 50 2 Griha Manual, Vol 1 , Case studies of Griha registered/Rated Projects : 49 , 50 3 Griha Manual, Vol 1 , Case studies of Griha registered/Rated Projects : 49 , 50 4 Griha Manual, Vol 1 , Case studies of Griha registered/Rated Projects : 49 , 50 5 Griha Manual, Vol 1 , Case studies of Griha registered/Rated Projects : 49 , 50

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Case study Druk White Lotus School

Ladakh is located in the highest plateau region in the northern India in-between the Himalayan

range. It is also called ‘Little Tibet’. It is a remote area and sparsely populated. For good 8-7

months it is covered by snow. The people of Ladakh are traditional Buddhist. This school is the

brainchild of His Holiness Gyalwang Drukpa, in service of the people of Ladakh. Arup is the

ambassador of the Drukpa trust and to support this endeavor sends an engineer or architect

from the design team every year.

The school is located in Shey (the ancient capital of Ladakh) .It is about 30 minutes drive from

the main town of leh towards Indus valley. Ladakh have extreme weather which is hot in

summers and very cold in winters and also the area is earth quake prone. The project started in

1997 and the first phase which included a nursery and a infant courtyard was opened in

September 2001. Junior school was completed in 2005. Senior secondary school, which is the

final phase of the project, will be completed by 2013. Arup have done the concept, master plan

and detail drawings of the each phase.1

Arup’s design for the school combines sustainable local materials and traditional construction

techniques with leading-edge environmental design. The school is designed as a model for

sustainable development for the region. It will cater for 750 pupils from nursery age to 18

years old.1 The material used in the construction is all locally available like Solid granite blocks

are used for the outer wall. The stone come from the areas adjacent to the site. The inner walls

are made of Mud blocks. These walls have a cavity to increase the insulation and the durability

of the building. The roof is of a traditional Ladakhi mud construction, including poplar and

willow from local monastery plantations, and provides good protection from the cold.2

1 “Arup website”, online accessed May 18, 2012 , http://www.arup.com/Projects/Druk_White_Lotus_School.aspx

2“Arup website”, online accessed May 18, 2012 , http://www.arup.com/Projects/Druk_White_Lotus_School.aspx

http://www.arup.com/Projects/Druk_White_Lotus_School.aspx


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The school is located at the high altitude of around 3,500m where the sun rays falls at the angle

of 30 degree which is ideal for using it for use in solar energy. Also the classroom with their fully

glazed facades gathers sun’s energy and store in the high thermal mass wall. 1 Classrooms are

aligned in south east orientation to gain maximum solar heat .Residences are facing south and

use trombe wall. The exterior of the walls are painted dark and heat absorbing material to

absorb maximum heat so that the dormitories can be warm in the night.1 By supporting the

heavy roof on a structure that is independent of the walls Arup’s design team made it sure that

the school was built to the Indian Seismic code.2

42 kWp photo-voltaic systems was installed in October 2008 providing reliable power to the

school .It uses an initial installation of 9 kWp of PV panels, which also act as external shading

devices for three of the school buildings.2 These PV installment was funded by Arup who used

the project to offset their carbon footprint for 2007.

Due to scarcity of water resources in Ladakh a system pump snow melt water from the depth of

about 30 m to reservoirs near the top of the site. One reservoir provides drinking water under

gravity feed to the school, while the other reservoir provides irrigation water.3

To ensure the safety of the building in the wake of earth quake, all the building structure are

timbre frame and they are independent of the walls so that the structure can be more stable.

1”Druk white lotus school”, http://www.dwls.org/sustainability.html , online accessed May 18 2 “Arup website”, http://www.arup.com/Projects/Druk_White_Lotus_School.aspx , online accessed May 18, 2012

3”Druk white lotus school”, http://www.dwls.org/sustainability.html , online accessed May 18

http://www.dwls.org/sustainability.html



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(Fig -1) Exterior view

(Fig- 2) Classroom

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(Fig-3) Classroom

(Fig-4) PV installation

22

(Fig-5) Interior courtyard view

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BIBLIOGRAPHY

Govt of India, “Nation Urban Housing and habitat Policy”, 2007: 3 Kapoor , Rakesh: “Auroville : A Spirtual –Social experiment in Human Unity and Evolution” , Futures 39 (2007): 632-635 McKinsey & Company ,”Environmental and energy sustainability :An Approach for India” : 6 Srinivas , S: “Green Buildings – Benefit and impact “ ,Proceedings of International Conference on Energy and Environment (March 19-21) :1 Thautam, Varun and Joseph ,Priya: “ Three Houses and a Studiolo “ , Domus India , Vol 01, Issue 05 (March 2012): 33-39 TERI ,UNEP , “Background paper for Sustainable Buildings and Construction for India: Policies, Practices and Performance” , TERI Green Building scenario , Pg 7 TERI, “GRIHA Manual Vol 1”, Ministry of New and renewable energy, Govt of India , 49-118 USAID INDIA, ECO III, BEE,”International building energy efficiency and ZEB Conference”, Beijing, China (March 31st , 2010) :5 “Auroville”, http://www.auroville.org/ , online , May 20 , 2012 “Auroville earth Institute”, http://www.earth-auroville.com/ online, Accessed 20 May 2012

“Arup website”, http://www.arup.com/Projects/Druk_White_Lotus_School.aspx , online accessed May 18,

2012

“Christopher Charles Benniger architects” , http://www.ccba.in/suzlon.htm# ,online , May 19 , 2012

”Druk white lotus school”, http://www.dwls.org/sustainability.html , online accessed May 18, 2012 “GRIHA “, http://www.grihaindia.org/index.php, online , Accessed , May 20 , 2012 “Indian Green Building Council”, http://www.igbc.in/site/igbc/index.jsp online accessed , May 22,2012 Suzlon, http://www.suzlon.com/careers/l3.aspx?l1=8&l2=39&l3=73 ,online, May 19 , 2012

http://www.auroville.org/





http://www.grihaindia.org/index.php


http://www.suzlon.com/careers/l3.aspx?l1=8&l2=39&l3=73

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LIST OF IMAGES

1. Requirement vs Achievement of installed capacity , USAID INDIA,ECO III , BEE ,”International building energy efficiency and ZEB Conference” , Beijing, China (March 31

st , 2010) :5

2. Energy scenario in India, 2009, , USAID INDIA,ECO III , BEE ,”International building energy efficiency and

ZEB Conference” , Beijing, China (March 31st , 2010) :6

3. Demand Growth up to 2030 , USAID INDIA,ECO III , BEE ,”International building energy efficiency and ZEB

Conference” , Beijing, China (March 31st

, 2010) :8

4. Biomesolutions.blogspot.com , Online , Accessed , May 18 , 2012

http://biomesolutions.blogspot.co.uk/2010/11/earth-house-in-concrete-jungle.html

5. Biomesolutions.blogspot.com , Online , Accessed , May 18 , 2012


6. Christopher Charles Benniger Architects , Online , Accessed , May 18 , 2012

http://www.ccba.in/suzlon.htm#



8. World Architecture.com , Online , Accessed , May 18 , 2012

http://www.worldarchitecture.org/world-buildings/world-buildings-detail.asp?no=5755



10. World Architecture .com , online , accessed May 18 , 2012

http://www.worldarchitecturenews.com/index.php?fuseaction=wanappln.projectview&upload_id=11107





13. Inhabitat.com , Online , Accessed May 18 , 2012 , http://inhabitat.com/good-design-the-perma-

karpo-library-by-arup/

14. Inhabitat.com , Online , Accessed May 18 , 2012 , http://inhabitat.com/good-design-the-perma-

karpo-library-by-arup/





http://www.worldarchitecture.org/world-buildings/world-buildings-detail.asp?no=5755





http://inhabitat.com/good-design-the-perma-karpo-library-by-arup/




25

Sustainable architecture

Design

energy sustainability

energy scenario

energy deficit

govt of india

sustainable building

green building rating

usaid india

government of india