sushashan3.pdf

7/26/2019 sushashan3.pdf

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lghfdtL ;]jf klqsf

CIVIL SERVICE JOURNAL

nf]s ;]jf cfof]uPUBLIC SERVICE COMMISSION


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cfof]usf] c4{jflif{s k|sfzgsf] ?kdf /x]sf] lghfdtL ;]jf klqsfsf] gof c ;dod} k|sfzgu/L kf7s ;dIf NofPsf 5f} . klqsfsf] ljutsf] c jflif{s csf] ?kdf k|sflzt ePsf]dfo; c b]lv k'gM c4{jflif{s ?kd} k|sfzg ug]{ ljut cdf ul/Psf] k|ltj4tf k"/f ePsf]dfxfdLnfO{ v'zL nfu]sf] 5 . cfufdL lbgdf o;n] lg/Gt/tf kfO{/xg] s'/f k|lt cfdkf7s ju{;dIf lgj]bg ug{ rfxG5f} .

lghfdtL ;]jfsf]nflu pko'Qm hgzlQm 5gf}6 u/L lgo'lQmsf]nflu l;kmfl/z ug]{ d'Vo ;Dj}wflgslhDd]jf/L kfPsf] o; cfof]un] pDd]bjf/ 5gf}6sf nflu ljleGg tf}/t/Lsf / pkfox? cjnDag

ub}{cfPsf] 5 . dfu ;+sng, b/vf:t Aoj:yfkg, z}lIfs of]Uotf k'g/fjnf]sg, kf7\oqmdkl/dfh{g, k/LIff k|0ffnLdf ;'wf/, k/LIf0fdf u'0f:t/Lotf / glthfnfO{ a9L ljZj;gLo jgfpg]sfddf cfof]uaf6 s|lds ?kdf ykk|of;x? x'b} cfPsf 5g\. cfof]usf] gof ;+u7gfTds ;+/rgf,sf7df08f} pkTosf b/vf:t ;+sng s]Gb|sf]:yfkgf, z}lIfs of]Uotf ;d]l6Psf]k':tssf] k|sfzg,/fhkq cglst ck|fljlwstkm{ PsLs[t k/LIff k|0ffnL nfu', k|ZgkqnfO{ ljleGg v08x?dfljefhg / k/LIf0f k|lqmofdf bIflj1x?sf]] k|efjsf/L kl/rfng h:tf s]xL b[i6fGtx?n]cfof]ujf6 kl5Nnf];dodf ePsf ;'wf/sf k|of;nfO{ O+lut ub{5g\ . o;f] x'bfx'b} klg k/fdz{

sfof{Gjog, ef}lts k"jf{wf/sf] Aoj:yf, sfo{tflnsf4f/f lgb]{lzt ;do ;Ldfsf] nf}x cg'z/0fnufotsf ljifox?df b]lvPsf ;d:ofx? ;dfwfgsf] kvf{Odf g/x]sf eg]xf]Ogg\.

cfof]usf] agf}6 / sfo{ k|s[lt x]bf{ of] s]jn k|zf;lgs k|lqmofjf6 u'lh|g] /fHo;+oGqdfq xf]OgcWoog cg';Gwfgaf6 ltvfl/Psf lj4fgx?sf]jf}l4s cEof; ug]{ kljq:yn ;d]t xf] . o;

k'gLt cEof;df cfk\mgf] uxg zf]w, cd"No ljrf/ Pj+ oyfy{ cg'ejx?df cfwfl/t n]vx?pknAw u/fpg]>4]o lj4fg n]vsx?k|lt xflb{s cfef/ Pj+ :g]xk"j{s xfd|f cx? vf]hLvf]hLk9\g ?rfpg];d:t kf7sx?k|lt wGojfb AoSt ub{}eljiodf klg oy]:6 ;xof]u kfpg] ck]Iffub{5f} .

kf}if, @)^*

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qm=;+= zLif{s n]vssf]gfd k[i7 g+=

!= a}b]lzs /f]huf/sf r'gf}tLx? Zofd k|;fb d}gfnL !

@= ;fj{hlgs gLlt ljZn]if0fsf]cjwf/0f / ;}4flGtsljsf;

o'j/fh kf08] (

#= ;DkGgtf / cj;/M ljkGgtf / jl~rlts/0f uf]kLgfy d}gfnL @!

$= g]kfndf a}b]lzs nufgL / ljKkf ;Defjgf cj;// r'gf}tL

s]bf/axfb'/ af]u6L @*

%= sfo{;Dkfbg d"Nof+sgM l;4fGt / Jojxf/ k|]dk|;fb kf}8]n $)

^= g]kfndf :yfgLo :jfoQ zf;gsf]cEof; ;jn /

b'j{n kIfx?

uf]ljGbaxfb'/ sfsL{ %%

&= nf]s ;]jf cfof]uM ;'wf/sf]lg/Gt/tf / ck]Iff /ljnfn kGy &&

*= ljsf; k|zf;g / o;sf r'gf}tLx? ufoqLk|;fb /]UdL (%

(= ul/aL dfkg / o;sf]k|efj ;fljqLb]jL clwsf/L !!)

!)= lghfdtL ;]jfsf]jt{dfg cj:yf / ;'wf/ lzj/fd Gof}kfg] !!%

!!= g]kfnsf]lghfdtL ;]jfdf sfo{;Dkfbg d"Nof+sgsf]cj:yf

ls/0f hf]zL !@&

!@= k|lt:kwf{Tds sd{rf/LtGq jiff{/]UdL !$)c+u|]hL v08

!#= Managing frustration in Organization Dr. Niranjan PrasadUpadhaya

152

!$= Managing change in organizations Hari Datt Pandey 162

!%= Global Development Approaches and TheirInternalization in Nepal

Ganesh Prasad Adhikari,

Ph.D.176

!^= Good Governance Chet Nath Dahal 188

!&= Role of Community Forestry Managementin Nepal for Tackling Climate ChangeIssues: Some Observations

Yshada Acharya Ka!e 197

!*= De"cit Financing and Its Impact on theNepalese Economy

Kumar Bhattarai 206

!(= Administration Reforms in Nepal Rhetoricor Reality

Teeka Ram Dhakal 218

ljifo ;"lr


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a}b]lzs /f]huf/sf r'gf}tLx?Zofd k|;fb d}gfnL1*

;+qmd0fsfnn]]d'n'snfO{cqmfGt kf/]sf] 5, cfly{s cj:yf pT;fxhgs 5}g, pBf]u Aofkf/ km:6fPsf]5}g, nufgLstf{n] nufgLd}qL jftfj/0f k|fKt ug{;ls/fv]sf]l:ylt b]lvb}g, zflGt;'/Iffsf]cj:yflbgk|ltlbg ljlu|b}uPsf]sf/0f b08xLgtfsf];+:s[ltsf]ljsf; b|"tultdf eO/fv]sf]5, oL ;j}

sf/0fx?n]ubf{b]zleq /f]huf/Lsf cj;/ vf;}b]lvb}gg\. cfly{s cj:yf ;'9[9 x'g g;Sg', gofFpBf]u snsf/vfgfx? vf]Ng]cj:yf gx'g' / ePsf pBf]u wGbfx?n] klg vf;} k|ult ug{ g;Sg'h:tf sf/0fx?n]g]kfnsf]/f]huf/Lsf]If]q lzlyn x'Fb}uO/fv]sf]5 . o; kl/l:yltdf xfd|f] o'jfhgzlQm lj:tf/}ljb]ztkm{knfog x'g':jefljs}xf]. g]kfndf a}b]lzs d'b|f cfh{gsf] k|d'v >f]t

* ;lrj, nf]s ;]jf cfof]u

;f/f+zNffdf] ;do ljb|f]xsf] ;fdgf ul//x]sf] g]kfn xfn zflGt k|s[ofdf k|j]z ubf{ klg b]zn] bL3{sfnLguGtAo lgwf{/0f ug{ ;ls/fv]sf] 5}g, :yfloTjsf] cefjsf ;fy} pko'Qm j}slNks cj;/sf]sdLsfsf/0f b]zleqsf] hgzlQm jflxl/b} uPsf] 5 . o;/L jflxl/Psfx?df vf;u/L lzIff cfh{g //f]huf/Lsf nflu k|:yfg ug]{u/L b]zleq u'0f:t/o'Qm lzIff k|bfg ug]{ ;+:yfx?sf] ;+Vof Go"g x'g'Pj+ /fhgLlts ult/f]wsf sf/0f w]/} ;do vlr{g'kg]{ kl/l:ylt ljBdfg x'g' lzIff cfh{gsf nfluaflxl/g'sf k|d'v sf/0fx? x'g . ;fy} ck|ToIf?kdf /f]huf/L ub}{ lzIff cfh{g ug]{ / s]xL ;doAoltt u/]kZrft ;DkGg d'n'ssf] gful/s eO{ :yfoL a;f]af; ug]{ cfsif{0f cGt/lglxt b]lvG5 .of] p2]Zo lnP/ hfg]x?sf] uGtAo o"/f]k, cd]l/sf, ci6]lnof nufotsf b]zx? ag]sf 5g .bf];|f], bIf g]kfNfLx? cfkm\gf]bIftf / s'zntf cfkm\g} b]zleq k|bz{g ug{ kfpg] ca;/ kfpbfklg pgLx?sf] k|fyldstf o"/f]k, cd]l/sf, Sofg8f, hfkfg h:tf d'n'sx? ag]sf 5g . o;sf]k5fl8 /fd|f] ;'lawf k|fKt x'g] cfsif{0f /x]sf] 5 . cljefjsx?n] k9fO{ vr{ jfkt /sd k7fpg]ub{5g . u'0f:t/, of]Uotf cg';f/sf] /f]huf/L k|fKt gePdf To; b]zsf gful/sx?n] :jLsf/gu/]sf hf]lvdo'Qm sfdx?df ;+nUg x'g]ub{5g . s'g} klg k|sf/sf] /f]huf/L k|fKt ug{ c;dy{x?,j[4j[4fx?, cfkm\gf] :jfledfgsf sf/0f nfdf];do;Dd lab]zL e"lddf /xg g;Sg]x? dfq :jb]z

kmls{g] u/]sf]b]lvG5 . t;y{ o; n]vdf a}b]lzs /f]huf/Ldf cfd;xeflutf x'b} cfPsf] lgDg /cbIf Pj+ cw{bIf >ldssf ?kdf ljb]zdf uO{ /f]huf/L k|fKt ug]{ o'jf ju{x?nfO{ ;+jf]wg ug{

vf]lhPsf] 5 h;n]k7fPsf]ljk|]if0faf6 g]kfnsf] cy{tGqdf 7"nf]d2t k'u]sf] 5 .


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log}o'jfx?n]cfh{g u/L d'n'sdf k7fPsf]ljk|]if0f /sd x'g k'u]sf] 5, o;n]d'b|f jhf/df t/ntfsf]cefjnfO{s]xL xb;Dd k"/f ul/lbPsf]5, g]kfnsf]cfly{s j[l4df /fd|f]of]ubfg ul/cfPsf]5 .a}b]lzs /f]huf/df hfg]g]kfnLx?sf]cfly{s / z}lIfs cj:yfn] /f]huf/Lsf] k|sf/ Pj+ uGtAosfd'n'sx? lgwf{l/t x'g] ub{5g\ . cToGt u/Lj ;d'bfosf o'jfx? h'g cbIf 5g, kl/>d j]Rgsf]

nflu ldq/fi6ef/tdf hfg]ub{5g\ . lgDgdWod:t/Lo kl/jf/sf AolQmx? Pl;og d'n'sx?dfhfg]ub{5g\, To;df dn]l;of k|d'v uGtJo /xFb}cfPsf]5, dWod kl/jf/sf]uGtJo hfkfg, blIf0fsf]l/of x'Fb}l;ldt ;+Vofdf o"/f]ksf ljsl;t d'n'sx?df klg k'Ug] ub{5g\ t/ pRr:t/Lo kl/jf/sfbIf g]kfnLx? k|foM o'/f]k / ;+o'Qm /fHo cd]l/sfsf] /f ]huf/ jhf/df vkt x'g] u/]sf 5g\ . oxfFpNn]vgLo kIf s]5 eg] g]kfnsf] cfly{s j[l4b/df dxTjk"0f{ of]ubfg lgDg cfly{s cj:yfaf6u'lh|Psf g]kfnLx?sf] /x]sf]5, pgLx? s8f zf/Ll/s kl/>daf6 cflh{t /sd :jb]zdf k7fpg]ub{5g\. pRr dWod ju{ / pRr ju{sf AolQmx?sf ;Gtlt o"/f]k, cd]l/sfdf cWoog ug{ k7fpFbf7"nf] /sd lab]zL d'b|fsf] ?kdf jflxl/b} uPsf] 5 . o:tf g]kfnLx? cWoog kZrft\ ljsl;td'n'sx?d} :yfoL a;f]jf; ug]{ k|j[lQ a9\b} hfFbf klg g]kfnsf];DklQ / u'0f:t/o'Qm hgzlQmljb]ztkm{knfog eO/fv]sf]cj:yf 5 .

j}b]lzs /f]huf/Laf6 ljk|]if0f k|fKt x'g] nufotsf kmfObfx? b]lvPsf 5g\, t/ of]If]q sd r'gf}tLk"0f{5}g, ;j{k|yd t d'n'sleq} /f]huf/sf cj;/x? >[hgf ug{ ;Sg' kb{Yof], h;n] ubf{ ljsf;sfcfwf/ :tDesf]?kdf /x]sf o'jfzlQm d'n'sleq};]jf/t /xGy]. g]kfnsf ufpF a:tLx? o'jfljxLg5g\, j[4fj[4 / jfnjflnsfx? dfq pNn]vgLo ?kdf e]6\g ;lsG5 . o;n] d'n'ssf] k|ultnfO{kl5lNt/ ws]ln/fv]sf]5 . g]kfnLx?sf] cfsif{s uGtJo ljz]ifu/L >ldsx?sf nflu blIf0f sf]l/of,

Oh/fon, dWok"j{Pl;og d'n'sx? / dn]l;of /x]sf 5g . oL d'n'sx? :jo+ cf gf gful/sx?nfO{/f]huf/Lsf nflu cGoq ljsl;t d'n'sx?sf k7fpg]ju{df kb{5g\. oL d'n'sx?leq ;Dkfbg ul/g'kg]{ hf]lvdk"0f{, :jf:Yosf b[li6sf]0fn]vt/fk"0f{/ sl7g sfdx? hf] tL d'n'ssf gful/x?n] ub}{gg\To:fdf ljb]zL sfdbf/x? cfoft ul/g]ul/G5 . o:tf /f]huf/sf If]qx?df sfd ug]{ >ldsx?sf]kfl/>lds b/ klg vf;}cfsif{s b]lvb}g .

>lds ju{sf g]kfnLx? cfg}d'n'ssf j}b]lzs /f]huf/ sDkgLx?, tL sDkgLsf :yfgLo k|ltlglwx?,>ldsx? lng] d'n'ssf sDkgLx? ;a}af6 7luPsf 5g\, k|tfl8t 5g\, zf]lift 5g\ . pgLx?n]

b'Mv u/L cfh{g u/]sf]! jif{b]lv @ jif{;Ddsf] cfh{g sfo{:yndf k'Ubf;Dd vlr{;s]sf x'G5g\ .sfg"g ;Ddt k|s[ofaf6 /f]huf/ sDkgLx? dfkm{t dfq g]kfnLx? ljb]z k'u]sf 5}gg\, u}/ sfg" gLlx;fjn] ldq/fi6ef/t x'Fb} g]kfn ;/sf/n]/f]huf/Lsf nflu k|ltjGw nufPsf d'n'sx?df klgk|j]z ub{5g\, / hf]lvdsf] ;fdgf ul//fv]sf 5g\ . o;n] g]kfnsf] cGt/fli6o If]qdf 5lj ljlu|Psf]5 / o;/L cj}w lx;fjn] k|ltaGw nufPsf d'n'sdf sfo{/t\ g]kfnL sfdbf/x?sf] bfloTj klg;/sf/n] lng'kg]{ x'G5 . pbfx/0fsf nflu O/fsdf cj}w?kdf sfo{/t\ !@ g]kfnLx?sf] ljeT;


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xTof x'g' / tTkZrft\ klg y'k|} cj}w g]kfnL sfdbf/x?sf] p4f/ ug'{ kg]{ lhDd]jf/L ;/sf/n]lnPsf]oyfy{af6 xfdLn]cg'ej ul//fv]sf 5f}F . >ldsx?sf jLr u/fOg] >d;Demf}tf g]kfndfPs lsl;dsf]sfo{:ynsf nflu leGbfleGb}u/fOPsf y'k|}pbfx/0fx? 5g\. ;dfg sfdsf nfluc;dfg kl/>lds k|bfg ug]{ ul/G5, >ldsx? hfoh]yf lwtf]/fv]/, crn ;DklQ ljqmL u/]/, C0f

lnP/ sfo{:yndf cfOk'u]sf x'G5g\, pgLx?nfO{k|fKt /f]huf/L u'Dnf eGg];Gqf; /xG5 . cGofosflj?4 cfjfh p7fpg ;Qm}gg\ . /fxbfgL nufotsf ;j} sfuhftx? >ldsjf6 sfof{nodf k'u]kZrft\sDkgLx?n]lng]ub{5g, >ldsx? uGtJo ;Dd k'Ubf pT;flxt b]lvG5g, sfo{/t\cjlwkL8fbfoL aGg k'Ub5 / kms{bf b'Mvsf syfx? ;fydf lnP/ lg/f; eO{ kms{g] ub{5g\ . sfdbf/x?/x]sf ;j}d'n'sdf b"tfjf; :yfkgf ePsf 5}gg\, ePsf :yfgaf6 k|fKt ;]jf ;Gtf]ifhgs b]lvb}g .dlxnf sfdbf/x?sf]kL8f 5'}5, cbIf ePs}sf/0f dlxnfx? 3/]n'sfddf nfUg]ub{5g\,\ljz]ifu/Lj[4j[4fx?sf];]jf ug]{ ub{5g\, of}g zf]if0f nufotsf kL8fx?sf] ;fdgf ug'{ kg]{ l:ylt5 . uGtJod'n'sdf k|:yfg ug'{ k"j{ lbOg]k|lzIf0f clwsf+zn]/fd|/L kfPsf x'Fb}gg\, dfq cf}krfl/stf k'/ful/Psf]x'G5 . o;n] ubf{ uGtJo;Ddsf] ofqf / sfo{:yndf sfo{/t\ cjlw cToGt} c;xh aGgk'U5 . ljb]zL >ldsx?;+u ePsf c;+Vo ;d:ofx?, ljljwtfx?, ;+:s[lts wfld{s / b}lgs ljlwJojxfl/s c1fgtfx?n]ubf{klg ;d:of pTkGg x'g]u/]sf]5 . oL ;d:ofx?sf sf/0f >ldsx?n]d}qLk"0f{jftfj/0fsf]pkef]u ug{;s]sf 5}gg\.

;d:ofsf];"qwf/sf]?kdf /f]huf/ sDkgLx?nfO{dfq lnOg' Gofof]lrt x'Fb}g . pgLx?sf cfg};d:ofx? 5g\, ;/sf/L k|s[ofsf]hl6ntf, gLlt lgodx? ;f}xfb{gx'g', ;/sf/L lgsfoaf6 o;If]qsf]k|jw{gsf nflu pNn]vgLo sfo{ug{g;Sbf lghL If]q cfkm}jl9 lqmofzLn x'g' kg]{ l:ylt 5 .

OdfGbf/ 5lj agfPsf ckjfb :j?k /x]sf sDkgLx?k|lt hg;fwf/0f / ;/sf/sf] gh/ Pp6} x'g]ub{5 . Joj;foLx?sf] ;+u7g dfkm{t kx" Fr w]/yf]/ eP klg uGtJo d'n'ssf /f]huf/bftfx?;+u xfd|fa}b]lzs /f]huf/ Joj;foLx?sf]k|ToIf kx'Fr vf;}b]lvb}g, pgLx?n];Dks{ug]{ /f]huf/bftf;+u;DaGw ePsf dWo:ystf{x?;+u xf]. o;n] ubf{ sfdbf/x? ljb]z k7fpg] k|s[of yk vlr{nf] x'Fb}uPsf]5 . ckjfb jfx]s clwsf+z /fhb"tfjf;af6 k|fKt x'g] ;]jfsf] klg cfg} syfJoyfx? 5g,ljjfbdf cfP kZrft\d'lQm kfpg klg lgSs}hl6ntfsf];fdgf ug'{kb{5 . sf]6f k|fKt ldlt /sfdbf/ k7fpg'kg]{ ;do k|foM ghLs /x]sf]x'G5, obfsbf ;/sf/L k|s[of k"/f ug{ g;Sbf k|fKt dfu

cg';f/ k"lt{ug{g;lsg]cj:yf klg 5, h;n]ubf{k|fKt sf]6f u'Dg hfg]x'G5 . g]kfnaf6 :jf:Yok/LIf0f kZrft\ k7fPsfx?nfO{ /f]huf/ bftfx?n] k'gM :jf:Yo k/LIf0f u/fpFbf c;kmn ePsfJolQmx?nfO{If]ltk"lt{ug'{ kg]{ x'G5 . /f]huf/ sDkgLx?n] ljr}lnofx?nfO{ df]6f] /sd k|ltAolQmsldzg jfkt ltg'{ kg]{ l:ylt 5 . ;/sf/n] lgwf{l/t u/]sf] Go"gtd kfl/>ldseGbf sddf klgg]kfnL sfdbf/ ljb]z uPsf 5g\, o;sf nflu /Lt k'ofpg Go"gtd kfl/>lds k|fKt x'g] sfuhfttof/ kfg]{ sfd x'g]ub{5 . d'n'sleq j]cg'zfl;t eO{ lx8]sf ;DkGg kl/jf/sf o'jfx? j}b]lzs/f]huf/df hfg]/ sfd ug{ g;sL kmls{P kZrft /f]huf/ sDkgLx?sf] jbgfd u/fpg] k|j[lQ klg


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b]lvPsf]5 . ljleGg k]zf / ;d" xsf JolQmx?nfO{ ;do;dodf cfly{s ;xof]u ug'{ kg]{ bfloTjaf6sDkgLx?n]pGd'lQm kfpg ;s]sf 5}gg\. oL ;j} kIfx?sf] cfly{s nufot cGo ;j} k|sf/sf] jf]emu/Lj >ldsdfly y'kfg]{ul/Psf]5 . 7" nf] wg/fzL vr{ u/L /f]huf/Lsf nflu ljb]z uPsfx? s/f/cjlwdf g}kms{g];+Vof sd x'G5, lsgls lgwf{l/t cjlwleq kms{bf cflh{t /sdn] C0fd'Qm x'g

dfq ;lsg]x'Fbf yk cfh{g ug]{ ;f]r >ldsx?df /xG5 . o;sf nflu cj}w?kdf ljgf k|j]zf1fa:g'kg]{ x'G5, o;/L j:bf sd Hofnfb/df sfd ug{tTk/ x'g] x'Fbf ;DalGwt sDkgLx?nfO{kmfObfk'Ug hfG5 . cj}w?kdf j;]sf >ldsx?sf] Joj:yfkg ug{ g;s]sf] cf/f]k /f]huf/ sDkgLnfO{nfUg]u/]sf]5 .

of] If]q cJojl:yt x'g'df ;j}eGbf j9L lhDd]jf/L ;/sf/n] lng'k5{ . ;/sf/sf] gLlt lgodsfof{Gjog lkmtnf]b]lvG5 . >ldsx?nfO{ ;xof]u ug]{ clek|fon] s]xL d'n'x?df >d ;xrf/Lsf]Joj:yf u/]sf]5 . o:tf >d ;xrf/Lx?nfO{ pko'Qmtf, of]Uotf / c'gejsf] cfwf/df sd}dfq

lgo'lQm ul/Psf]5 . pgLx?nfO{ kof{Kt k|lzIf0f k|bfg ul/Psf] 5}g . logLx?n] b"tfjf;df /xL sfdug'{kg]{/ g]kfnL b"tfjf;x?n] cfgf] e"ldsfdf ;+s'rg cfPsf] ;f]r jgfO{ lbFbf d}qLk"0f{ jftfj/0fsf]pkef]u ug{kfO/fv]sf]5}gg\. kfFr xhf/ sfdbf/ ePsf] d'n'sdf Ps >d ;xrf/L /fVg] gLlt ePtfklg ;/sf/n];j}7fpFdf gLlt c'g'?k kb:yfkg ug{;ls/fv]sf]5}g . d'n'sleqsf] dfu k|fKtu/]kZrft\lbOg]k"j{:jLs[lt, clGtd :jLs[tL lbg], ;DalGwt uGtJo;Dd k'ofO{s/f/ cg'?k sfdug]{cj;/ k|fKt u/fpg], sfo{/t\sDkgLaf6 d'n's lkmtf{eP;Ddsf cjlwdf ;j}lqmofsnfkx?sf];'k/Lj]If0f / lgu/fgL u/L sfdbf/x?sf] kIfdf ;/sf/ k" 0f{?kdf :yflkt x'g;s]sf] 5}g .sfdbf/x?n]cflh{t u/]sf]/sdsf]pko'Qm nufgLsf]of]hgf lbg] / k|fKt ;Lksf] e/k"/ pkof]u

u/fpg] sfo{qmd ;/sf/;+u 5}g . oxf;Dd ls k|To]s lj1fkgdf k|fKt ;L6dWo] bz k|ltzt;/sf/sf]l;kmfl/zdf k7fpg]pNn]v ePsf]x'G5 t/ cf}krfl/s ?kdf of]k|fjwfg sfof{Gjogdfcfpg ;s]sf]5}g, hgtfdf e|d dfq k}bf u/]sf] 5 . k//fi6 dGqfno / >d tyf oftfoft Joj:yfdGqfnosf jLr k|efjsf/L ;dGjo eO{/fv]sf] b]lvb}g . ;/sf/n] ljZj jhf/df cfgf sfdbf/x?j9L kmfObf x'g]:yfgdf k7fpg k|efjsf/L kxn sbdL s'6g}lts dfWodaf6 ug{;Sg'kb{Yof],tfklg of]kIf sdhf]/ g}b]lvG5 . sfdbf/x?nfO{ k|:yfg x'g' cufl8 lbOg] k|lzIf0f cf}krfl/stflgjf{x ug]{vfnsf]5 . j}b]lzs /f]huf/ Joj:yf ljefusf] jl/kl/ s]xL k|lzIf0f ;+:yfx? k|df0fkq

;lxt laqmLsf nflu pkl:yt /x]sf x'G5g\, dxflgb]{zs nufotsf sd{rf/Lx? k|lzIf0f k|df0fkqx:tfGt/0f k|s[ofsf]cjnf]sg ul//fv]sf x'G5g\t/ tL ;+:yfx?nfO{lgu/fgL /fVg]sf/jfxL ug]{x}l;ot b]vfpb}gg\. cGt/ dGqfno jLrsf] ;DaGw / ;f]r ljlrqsf] 5 . a}b]lzs /f]huf/ k|j4{gug]{p2]Zon]>d dGqfnoaf6 sfo{qmd to kfl/G5, cy{dGqfnon]o; sfo{qmddf /sd vr{ug{pT;fx b]vfpb}g, ljb]z e|d0f ug]{kbflwsf/Lx? e|d0fsf pknlAw ;fj{hlgs ug{;Qm}gg\. >dahf/sf]cj:yf cWoog u/]/ tb\g'?k bIf hgzlQm pTkfbg ug{k|efjsf/L sfo{qmd ;/sf/sftkm{af6 cl3 ;f/]sf] hfgsf/L x'g ;s]sf]5}g . oxfF;Dd ls k|fKt dfu kmf/fd nufotsf k|df0fx?


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e/kbf{ x'g\ ls xf]Ogg\ eGg]k/LIf0f ug]{ Ifdtf;Dd ljefun] /fVg ;s]sf]5}g, jhf/ cWoogkZrft\pko'Qm tl/sfn]Go"gtd Hofnf tf]Sg]/ ;do;dodf tYodf cfwfl/t /x]/ k'g/fjnf]sgug]{sfo{k|efjsf/L x'g ;s]sf]5}g . >d k|zf;gnfO{ >f]t, ;fwg / bIf agfpg] ks[ofsf] k|f/Deg}ug{;lsPsf]5}g .

;/sf/n];sf/fTds sfo{ub}{gu/]sf]eg]xf]Og . ljutsf ;dox?df ;/sf/n] o; If]qdf u/]sf/fd|f]sfd / sfd ug{ rfFxbfrfFxb} klg x'g g;s]sf k|ltlglw pbfx/0f k|:t't ug'{ ;fGble{s x'g]b]lvG5 . xfnsf uGtJox?dWo] ;j}eGbf cfsif{s blIf0f sf]l/of xf] . /f]huf/ cg'dlt k|0ffnLdf k|j]zug'{k"j{o; d'n'sdf k|lzIffyL{sfdbf/x? k7fOg]ul/GYof]. Ps JolQmaf6 sf]l/of sfd ug{ k7fpbfGo"gtd ?k}Fof rf/ nfvb]lv clwstd cf7 nfv;Dd e'QmfgL u/]sf]lttf]oyfy{To; ;do sf]l/ofhfg]sfdbf/x?af6 1ft x'g' cfPsf]5 . /f]huf/ cg'dlt k|0ffnL nfu" u/] kZrft sf]l/of sfdbf/k7fpg]k|s[of b'O b]zsf ;/sf/L dfWodaf6 ;DkGg ug]{, lghL If]qnfO{efiff k|lzIf0fsf]e"ldsf

dfq lbOg], efiffsf]k/LIff ;/sf/n]tf]s]sf];Ifd ;+:yfaf6 lng], efiff k/LIff pQL0f{u/]sfnfO{k|:yfg ug'{k"j{ lbOg]k|lzIf0f ;/sf/L lgsfoaf6} lbg], oL ;j}sfdsf]nflu k};L xhf/ ?k}ofsfdbf/x?af6 lng]ub{5 . o;af6 xjfO{ ef8f, k|lzIf0f b:t"/, le;f b:t"/ ;dfj]z x'g] Joj:yful/lbPsf]5, kmn:j?k sfdbf/x?n]7"nf]/fxt dxz'; u/]sf 5g\. lghL If]qsf] ;xeflutf k|ToIf,ck|ToIf s'g}klg ?kdf ePsf]/ unt lqmofsnfkdf ;+nUg ePsf] kfOP o;nfO{ /f]Sg], sf/jfxLug]{bfloTj ;+alGwt d'n'ssf];/sf/sf]/xg]/ bfloTjsf] lgjf{x gePdf s'g} klg ;do ;Demf}tfvf/]h ul/g]u/L l4kIfLo ;Demf}tf ul/Psf]5 . o;n] >ddGqfnosf] g]t[Tj hlt;'s} k6s km]/abneP klg of]k|s[ofdf s'g} km/s gcfpg]k4ltsf]ljsf; ul/ lbPsf]5 . sNkgf u/f}F, bz xhf/sf]

xf/fxf/Ldf sf]l/of sfdbf/x? k|j]z u/L;s]sf 5g\ . lghLIf]qn] ;fljs cg';f/ /sd p7fpFbfk|ltJolQm ;/b/ rf/nfv eGbf jl9 /sd p7fOGYof]. o;af6 c/jf}sf] rnv]n aGb ePsf] 5, oBlko;af6 k|efljt kIfx?sf]/f]huf/ cg'dlt k|0ffnL k|lt cfqmf]z eg]tLj|/x]sf]5 . sfdbf/ v';L5g\, k|s[ofdf ;+nUg JolQmx?nfO{;Gt'i6L ldn]sf]5 .

xfn;Ddsf]bf];|f]cfsif{s uGtJo xf]Oh/fon . Oh/fon j[4j[4fx?sf] :ofxf/ ug]{ k|of]hgsf nfluclwsf+z dlxnf sfdbf/ lng]d'n's xf], kfl/>lds nufotsf ;'ljwfx? klg cfsif{sg}5g\, t/ cj}wtl/sfn]k|j]z ug]{, ljgf k|lzIf0f sfdbf/ k7fpg], sfdbf/x?af6 jl9 /sdf c;'Ng]h:tf kIfx?n]

ubf{Oh/fon ;/sf/n]g]kfnL sfdbf/x?sf];DaGwdf k|Zg lrGx nufof]. g]kfnL sfdbf/x?sf]b]vefn / ;+/If0f ug{ b"tfjf; vf]Ng' kg]{ clgjfo{ zt{ /fVof] g]kfnL b'tfjf; vf]lnof], tTkZrftsfdbf/ k7fpg], k7fpg'k"j{ k|lzIf0f lng]h:tf lghL If]qaf6 ;+rfng eO cfPsf lqmofsnfkx?g]kfn / Oh/fon ;/sf/sf jLraf6 dfq ul/g], lghL If]qnfO{ k|lzIf0f;Dd k|bfg ug{ lbg] t/k|lzIf0fsf]u'0f:t/sf]k/LIf0f ;/sf/n]ug]{u/L lhDd]jf/L lng'kg]{cyjf oL k|s[ofx?df ;/sf/;+nUg gx'g]xf]eg]cfk|jf;gsf nflu cGt/fli6o ;+:yf -I.O.M_ dfkm{t ug{ ;lsg] Go" gtd zt{/fv]sf]lyof]. xfdLn] ;fljs adf]lhd sDkgLx?af6} sfd sfh cl3 j9fpg Oh/fonnfO{ ljZj:t


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jgfpg};s]gf}, d'n'sleq Oh/fon ;/sf/sf zt{cg';f/ ug]{ jftfj/0f lgdf{0f klg ug{;s]gf},kl/0ffd:j?k Oh/fon h'g dlxnfx?sf nflu cfsif{s a}b]lzs /f]huf/ uGtJo dflgG5 lgnlDjtcj:yfdf 5 . o;df ;DalGwt dGqfno sfdofjL gb]lvPs} xf] . Oh/fon ;/sf/ cfgf] k|:tfjaf6sd /sddf g]kfnL sfdbf/ lng rfxG5 . xfd|f sfdbf/nfO{ ;/n / sd vr{df k7fpg] Oh/fonL

;/sf/sf]k|:tfjnfO{:jLsfg{;s]sf]b]lvPg, ;s]sf]eP Oh/fon hfg]k|s[of w]/} ;/n aGg]lyof],of]cj;/nfO{pkof]u ug{;/sf/n];s]g .

ljb]zdf /f]huf/sf nflu k|:yfg ug]{ g]kfnLx?dWo] 7"nf] ;+Vof clgoldt t/Lsfn]hfg] u/]sf]kfOG5, o:tf sfdbf/x?dWo]clwsf+z :yndfu{x'b}ef/tsf]lbNnL / jDjO{ cGt/f{li6o ljdfg:ynk|of]u u/L jflxl/g]ul/ cfPsf]b]lvG5 . o;nfO{ lgodg u/L sfg"gsf] bfo/fdf Nofpg ;lsPsf]b]lvb}g . sfdbf/x?sf] enfOsf nflu a}b]lzs /f]huf/ k|j4{g jf]8{sf] :yfkgf ePsf] 5, o; af]8{dfPp6f sf]if v8f ul/Psf]5 . ;f] sf]ifdf k|To]s sfdbf/x?af6 ljb]z k|:yfg ug'{k"j{ Psd'i6 /sd

hDdf u/fOg]ul/Psf]5 . sf]ifn] sfdbf/x?sf] enfOsf of]hgfx? th'{df u/]sf] hfgsf/Ldf 5}g,t/ sf]ifsf]b'?kof]u ePsf];DaGwdf clVtof/ b'?kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]un]5fgjLg ul//fv]sf];dfrf/ ;~rf/ dfWodx?af6 hfgsf/L x'g cfPsf]5 . of] eGbf 7" nf] lj8Djgf s] x'g ;S5 d ;xrf/Lsf] Joj:yf x'g'k"j{ of] sfo{ ;DalGwt


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b"tfjf;af6 x'Fb} cfPsf] lyof] . dn]l;of, Oh/fon, vf8LIf]qsf d'n'sx?df / blIf0f sf]l/ofdfb"tfjf;x? k|fo sfdbf/x?sf]Joj:yfkg, a}b]lzs /f]huf/Lsf k|a4{gsf nflu s'6g}lts kxn ug]{p2]Zon]g}:yfkgf ul/Psf x'g\, oBlk b"tfjf;x?sf]a}b]lzs /f]huf/ If]q jfx]s cGo lhDd]jf/L x'g]ub{5 . ;/sf/n] >d ;xrf/L kb >[hgf ug]{ ljifodf hj sfo{qmd Nofpg nfUof] To; ;dodf g}

xfd|f dGqfnox?n]g]kfn ;/sf/sf]sfo{qmdsf] ?kdf eGbf cd's dGqfnox?sf]dxTj / sfo{If]qsf]kIfdf blnn ub}{k|:t't x'g] u/]sf]kfOof], h:t};fdfGo k|zf;g dGqfnon]ts{/fv]sf]lyof]k|zf;g;]jfsf hf]sf]xL JolQm >d ;xrf/L x'g ;S5, >ddGqfnon]j}b]lzs /f]huf/sf If]qdf cg'ej l;4JolQmdfq of]Uo x'g] wf/0ff /fVb}uof], k//fi6dGqfno of]sfd cfkm}x]g{rfxGYof]/ >ldsx? ePsfb]zsf /fhb"tfjf;sf]]cfsif{0f g}olx laifo aGb}uPsf]5 . oL tLg j6} dGqfnox? ;femf wf/0fftof/ kfg{c;kmn eP . s]xL kbx? >[hgf eP, kbk"lt{ klg eof], t/ a}b]lzs /f]huf/sf ljifodfs'g}cg'ej xfl;n ug{g;s]sf, s'6g}lts If]q;+u ckl/lrt /x]sf JolQmx?n] lhDd]jf/L kfpb}uP . >d ;xrf/Lx? b'tfjf;d} 8]:s sfod u/L sfd ug'{ kg]{, b"tfjf;sf] ;xof]u ljgf k|efjsf/Lx'g g;Sg], >d ;xrf/Lx?sf]lgikIf / jkmfbf/L >d dGqfno;+u /xg], s'6g}lts kqfrf/ ug]{,;DalGwt kIf;+u kxn ul/lbg]h:tf ljifox?df b'tfjf; lqmofzLn eOlbPg eg]>d ;xrf/Lx?k|efjsf/L x'g g;Sg]cj:yf 5 . oL b'j} jLr ckjfb jfx]s d}qLk"0f{ jftfj/0f sfod u/L cl3j9g ;s]sf]b]lvb}g . t;y{ b'O{ dGqfnosf jLr ;dembf/L / ;dGjosf] vfFrf] 5, /fli6o :jfy{sfljifodf b'O{dGqfno Ps 7fpFdf pleg]jftfj/0f zL3|aGg'kb{5 cGoyf of]If]q emg\ kl5 kb{5 .;/sf/;+u jt{dfg cj:yfdf slt g]kfnL /f]huf/Lsf nflu ljb]z uPsf 5g\eGg]PsLg ;+Vof5}g, y'k|}g]kfnLx? ;/sf/L cf}krfl/stf k"/f gu/L ef/tsf]dfu{x'b};/sf/n]k|ltaGw nufPsf

d'n'sx?df uO/fv]sf 5g\, o;nfO{ /f]Sg]OR5f zlQm b'j}dGqfno;Fu b]lvPg . ef/t ;/sf/;Fu;dembf/L u/L cj}w?kdf hfg]g]kfnLx?nfO{/f]Sg ;lsGYof], /fxbfgLdf k|ltaGw nufPsf d'n'sdfsfd ug{hfg gkfOg]u/L 5fk nufO{k|dfl0ft ug{;lsGYof], w]/} k6s of]ljifodf 5nkmn ePklg o;n]d"t{?k lng ;s]g, cfgf gful/sx?sf];'/Iffsf nflu klg of]kxn sbdL h?/L 5, >ddGqfnon]o;sf]ljifodf zL3|;s[otf b]vfpg'kb{5 . /f]huf/bftf sDkgLx?n] k|bfg u/]sf] sf]6f;DaGwL sfuhft, b"tfjf;af6 ePsf]k|dfl0fs/0f, sfdbf/;Fu ePsf s/f/gfdf h:tf k|df0fx?klg lst]{sfuhft tof/ kfl/Psf];'lgG5 . of] ;DalGwt sfdbf/ 7luP kl5 dfq ;txdf cfpg]ub{5 . o;sf nflu ;DalGwt sDkgLx?, b"tfjf;x?;+u j]j;fO6 dfkm{t / cgnfOg kqfrf/af6ljZj:t x'g ;lsG5 . oL ljifox?n] klg vf;} dxTj kfPsf] b]lvb}g zL3| b" tfjf;, >d ;xrf/L /k//fi6dGqfno o; lbzfdf kl/rflnt x'g'h?/L 5 . sfdbf/x?dfly zf]if0f ug]{, 7uL ug]{, unt;"rgf k|jfx ug]{sDkgLx?dfly sf/jfxL ug{sfg"g kof{Kt 5, t/ Jojxf/df vf;}k|ult x'g ;s]sf]5}g, o:tf unt lqmofsnfkdf ;+nUg sDkgLx?, /fi6;]js sd{rf/Lx?dfly s8f sf/jfxL u/L;f]sf]k|rf/k|;f/ tLj|kfl/g'h?/L 5 . xfd|f] ;Gbe{df 7luPsf oL kLl8tx?n] 7lu ug]{ sDkgLsflhDd]jf/ JolQmx?nfO{ g]kfn ;/sf/ ;dIf sf/jfxLsf nflu a'emfPsf] t/ k|efjsf/L sf/jfxL


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x'g g;s]sf] ;dfrf/af6 ;';"lrt x'g' k/]sf]5 . a}b]lzs /f]huf/sf nflu cfsif{s uGtJox?,To; :yfgdf cfjZos kg]{ sfdbf/sf]of]Uotf / ;Lksf] klxrfg ul/ To:tf d'n'ssf ;dsIfLk|ltlglwx?sf jLr e]63f6 / ;f}xfb{tfsf] clej[l4 u/L /fd|f uGtJodf sfdbf/ k7fpg] gLlt lng'h?/L5, o; ;Gbe{df lkmlnlkG;n]cToGt w]/}kmfObf lnO/fv]sf]b]lvG5 . o; d'n'saf6 xfdLn]

l;Sg'kg]{l:ylt 5 . Oh/fonn] g]kfnLx? 7luPsf ljifodf lrGtf JoQm u/L ;dfwfg lbFbf ;d]txfdLn];b'kof]u ug{;s]gf}, ljjflbt sfd uofF}, Oh/fonsf]k|s[ofnfO{cl3 a9fpg g;s]/ xfd|fg]kfnL 7luPsf]ljifodf lrGtf Oh/fon ;/sf/eGbf klg xfdLnfO{x'g'kg]{ xf], o; lbzfdf >d tyfoftfoft Aoa:yf dGqfnon]pknlAwd"ns kxn sbdL u/L oyfy{jflx/ Nofpg'kb{5 .

;du|df, a}b]lzs /f]huf/Lsf]ljifodf w]/} ;'wf/sf]vfFrf]5 . ;/sf/n] jt{dfg cj:yfdf a}b]lzs/f]huf/sf]ljsNk d'n'sleq}lbg;Sg]kl/l:ylt lgdf{0f ug{g;Sbf o; If]qsf];'b[9Ls/0f / ;'wf/sfnflu pRr k|fyldstfsf ;fy cl3 a9g'kb{5 . g]kfnsf ul/jLsf] /]vfd'lg /x]sf o'jfx? a}b]lzs

/f]huf/Ldf hfg /sdsf]cefjn];St}gg\, o;df ;/sf/ hdfgL j;L C0f pknAw u/fpg]/ cflh{t/sdaf6 ls:tfjGbLdf e'QmfgL u/fpg]Joj:yf ldnfpg dfq ;lsof]eg]7"nf];+Vofdf ul/jx?sf]cfly{s :t/ j[l4 x'\G5 . pNn]lvt ljifox?df Wofg k'ofpg ;lsof] eg] a}b]lzs /f]huf/sf] If]qJojl:yt / dof{lbt x'g hfg] 5 . o; ;Gbe{df h?/L 5 lqmofzLntf / OR5fzlQmsf] h;sf]cefjdf a}b]lzs /f]huf/k|lt cgf:yf j[l4 x'b]} hfG5 . ctPj, o; ljifodf zL3| ;/sf/ nufot;j}kIfx? ulDe/ x'g'cfjZos 5 . -AolQmut cg'ejdf cfwfl/t n]v_


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;fj{hlgs gLlt ljZn]if0fsf]cjwf/0f /;}4flGts ljsf;

o'j/fh kf08]*

!= ;fj{hlgs gLlt lgdf{0f(Public Policy Making)/ ljZn]if0f (Analysis);fj{hlgs gLltsf]lgdf{0f ug]{ k|lqmofnfO{;fj{hlgs gLlt lgdf{0f (Public Policy making) elgG5eGg]s'/fsf];xh cg'dfg ug{;lsG5 . ;fj{hlgs gLlt lgdf{0fnfO{ cWoogsf] Pp6f k[ys ljwfsf]?kdf ;d]t kl/eflift ug{;lsG5 . ;fj{hlgs gLlt ljwf (Public Policy Discipline) ;Fu ;DjlGwt

k':tsx? jf ;"rgfx?nfO{sltko /rgfsf/x?n];fj{hlgs gLlt lgdf{0f (Public Policy Making)eGg]gfd lbPsf]kfOG5 eg]sltko /rgfsf/x?n];fj{hlgs gLlt (Public Policy Analysis )gLltlj1fg (Policy Science)sf] ;+1f ;d]t lbPsf] kfOG5 . o;/L gLltsf] cWoog ;DaGwL ljifoutljwfnfO{hgfpgsf]lglDt gLlt lgdf{0f (Public Policy Making), gLlt ljZn]if0f (Policy analysis)/ gLlt lj1fg (Policy Science)h:tf zAbfjnLx?sf];dfg cy{df k|of]u x'g] u/]sf]kfOG5 .

xf]Uj'8\/ u'gn] klg gLlt ljZn]if0f, gLlt lj1fg / gLlt cWoog h:tf zJbfjnLx?nfO{ sltkon]vsx?n]kof{ojfrL zAbsf]?kdf / sltko n]vsx?n] km/s km/s cy{ lbg] zJbsf] ?kdf k|of]u

u/]sf]s'/f pNn]v u/]sf 5g\. pgLx?n]eg]sf 5g\Terms such as 'policy analysis', 'policy sciences', and 'policy studies' are used by various

authors in different ways, at times interchangeably, at times in an attempt to impose a particular

meaning on a specific term ( Hogwood & Gunn, P984, P.26)

;f/f+z;fj{hlgs gLlt ljZn]if0fn] gLlt lgdf{0fsf] k|lqmof, gLlt sfof{Gjogsf] t/Lsf / gLltn] kfg]{k|efjsf];DjGwdf j}1flgs t/Lsfsf] cfwf/df hfrj'em ub{5 . ;fj{hlgs gLlt ljZn]if0fsf] nfluljleGg lj2fgx?af6 xfn;;Dd k|ltkflbt l;4fGtn] gLlt lgdf{0f / ljZn]if0fsf] ;DjGwdf s'g} Pp6fdfq ;j{dfGo l;4fGt 7x/ ug{ ;s]sf] b]lvb}g . To;}n] gLlt ljZn]if0fsf] ;DjGwdf k|ltkflbtl;2fGtx?nfO{ k|lt:klw{ ge} k"/ssf] ?kdf lng kg]{ cjwf/0ffsf] ljsf; x'b} uPsf] b]lvG5 . k|:t't

n]vdf ;fj{hlgs gLlt ljZn]if0fsf ;}4flGts kIfx? / o;sf] pkfb]otf jf/] rrf{ ug]{ k|oTgul/Psf] 5 .

* k"j{ ;lrj, g]kfn ;/sf/


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xf]Uj'8\/ u'gn] gLlt cWoog (Policy Studies)eGg] zJbn] j0f{g / AofVof ug]{ s'/fdf / gLltljZn]if0fn]gLlt k|lqmofsf]s'/fdf eGbf ;"emfj k/s s'/fdf j9L rf;f]/fVg]s'/f jtfPsf 5g\.gLlt lj1fg eGg]zAbnfO{sltko n]vsn] gLlt ljZn]if0fsf]cy{df / sltko n]vsx?n] gLltcWoog / gLlt ljZn]if0f b'j}sf] ;di6LnfO{ hgfpgsf] lglDt k|of]u u5{g eGg]s'/f ;d]t pgLx?n]

jtfPsf 5g\ . pgLx? :jo+n] rfFlx cfkm'x?n] gLlt lj1fgnfO{ gLlt ljZn]if0f / gLlt cWoogsf];di6Lsf]?kdf x]/]sf]s'/f klg pNn]v u/]sf 5g\. pgLx?n]eg]sf 5g\The term 'policy studies' is normally used to indicate unessentiality descriptive or explanatory

set of concerns... The term 'policy analysis is often, but by no means always, reserved for

prescriptive, activates (Knowledge in rather than of the policy process,...) The term 'policy

sciences is used by some writers as a synonym for (prescriptive ) policy analysis and by other

to encompass both policy studies and policy analysis. We have a mild preference for using

'policy studies ' for descriptive accounts and 'policy analysis' for prescriptive exercises, with

'policy sciences' as an umbrella phrase to cover both types of undertaking ( Hgwood & Gunn,

1984, p.29)

pgLx?n]gLltsf]ljZn]if0fsf pkfud jf k4lt (approach)x?nfO{ lgDg ljleGg ju{df ljefhgu/]sf 5g != gLltsf]cGt/j:t'sf] cWoog (Sudies of Policy Content)@= gLlt k|lqmofsf]cWoog (Studies of Policy Process)

#= gLltsf pTkfbgx?sf]cWoog (Studies of Policy Outputs)$= d"Nofg cWoog (Evaluation Studies)%= gLlt lgdf{0fsf]lglDt cfjZos ;"rgf (Information for Policy making)^= k|lqmofut kIfkf]if0f (Process Advocacy)&= gLltut kIfkf]if0f (Policy Advocacy)*= ljZn]if0fsf]ljZn]if0f (The Analysis of Analysis)

pgLx?n]gLltsf]cGt/j:t'sf]cWoog, gLlt k|lqmofsf]cWoog, gLltsf]pTkfbgsf]cWoog, /

d"Nofg cWoognfO{gLlt / gLlt k|lqmosf] 1fg (Knowledge of Policy and the policy process)eg]sf 5g\/ oL $ j6f s'/fsf] cWoog gLlt cWoog (Policy Studies)sf]If]qdf k5{eGg]s'/fjtfPsf 5g\.

csf{lt/ d"Nofg cWoog, gLlt lgdf{0fsf]lglDt cfjZos ;"rgfsf]cWoog -;+sng / ljZn]if0f_,k|lqmofut kIfkf]if0f, gLltut kIfkf]if0f / ljZn]if0fsf] ljZn]if0f ;d]tsf kfFrj6f kIfsf] cWoognfO{pgn] gLlt klqmofdf /x]sf] 1fg (Knowledge in The Policy Process)eg]sf 5g\ / o:tf] 1fgnfO{


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gLlt ljZn]if0fsf]If]qsf]?kdf lnPsf 5g\ . o;/L pgLx?n] d" Nof+sg cWoog gLlt cWoog /gLlt ljZn]if0f x'g]sf]If]qdf k5{g eGg]s'/f jtfPsf 5g\. pgLx?n] ljZn]if0fsf plNnlvt ljleGgcfofdnfO{ljZn]if0fsf ljleGg k|sf/ (Different Types of Analysis)/ ;fj{hlgs gLlt lgdf{0fsfk|sf/x? (Types of Public Policy making )eg]/ lrgfPsf x'gfn] pgLx?n] gLlt ljZn]if0f / gLlt

lgdf{0fnfO{;d]t ;dfg cy{df k|of]u u/]sf]b]lvg cfp5 (Hogwood and Dunn, 1984, pp.28-29) .

o;/L zflAbs lx;fjn]gLlt ljZn]if0f (Policy Analysis)eGg] zAbn] gLltsf] ljZn]if0fnfO{ gLltsf]ljZn]if0f ug]{ sfo{sf] ?kdf dfq gx]/]/ gLltsf] ljZn]if0f ug]{ lawf (discipline)sf] ?kdf x]g'{pko'Qm x'G5 . o; k[i7e"lddf gLltut ;d:ofx?sf] ;dfwfgsf nflu gLlt ;DjGwL ;"rgfsf];+sng / k|zf]wg ug{sf lglDt 5fgjLg / jx;sf ljleGg tl/sfx?sf] k|of]u ug]{ Jofjxfl/sljwfnfO{gLlt ljZn]if0f elgG5 eGg]ljlnod 8'gsf]sygnfO{gLlt ljZn]if0fnfO{jf:tljs 9n]kl/eflift ug]{k|oTgsf]?kdf lng ;lsG5 . pgn]eg]sf 5g\

Policy analysis is an applied discipline which used multiple methods of inquiry and argument

to produce and transform policy relevant information that may be utilized in political settings

to resolve policy problems ( William Dunn, Quoted by Supru, 2010, p 44 ).

/f08n l/kn]n] vf; gLltut d'2fdflysf] hf]8 / cg';Gwfgsf] s'g xb;Dd tTsfn k|of]u ug{;lsG5 eGg]s'/fsf]Pp6f >[nf (a continuum based on "specific policy issue focus" and the

degree to which the research can be applied immediately)sf]cfwf/df gLlt cWoog / gLltljZn]if0fsf] jLrdf /x]sf] ldqtf b]vfpg] k|of; u/]sf 5g\ . pgn] jx'ljwfut gLlt cWoog(multi-disciplinary policy studies)nfO{ >[nfsf] Go"gtd hf]8 jf pkof]lutf b]vfpg] 5]p (Lowend of focus, utility)df /fv]sf 5g\ gLlt cWoog / gLlt ljZn]if0fsf] of] >[nf (Continuum orspectrum) nfO{tnsf]lrqjf6 b]vfpg ;lsG5


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lrqM gLl t cWoog / gLl t ljZn]if0fs]f >[nf

gLlt cWoog

-w]/} ljwfx?_

/fhgLlts lj1fgdfx'g] gLlt cWoog

/fhgLlt lj1fgdful/g] gLlt ljZn]if0f

k[ys ljwfsf] ?kdf gLlt

ljZn]if0f -gLlt lj1fg_

vf; gLl tut d'2f dfl ysf] Go"g hf]8

(low specific policy issue focus) /cg';Gwfgsf] Go"g pkof]lutf

ljz]if gLl tut d'4fdflysf] pRr hf]8 /

cg';Gwfgsf] pRr pkof]lutf

o; >[nfn]/fhgLlt lj1fgdf ul/g]gLlt ljZn]if0f / k[ys ljwfsf] ?kdf /x]sf] gLlt ljZn]if0fsf]jLrdf /x]sf]km/snfO{;d]t :ki6 kfg]{ k|of; u/]sf]5 . o;jf6 l/Kn]n] k[ys ljwfsf] ?kdf /x]sf]gLlt ljZn]if0f / gLlt lj1fgnfO{ Pp6} ljwfsf] ?kdf lnPsf 5g\ eGg]s'/f klg :ki6 x'G5 . o;/Lxf]Uj'8\/ u'gn] gLlt ljZn]if0f / gLlt lj1fgnfO{ k[ys cjwf/0ffsf] ?kdf lnPsf 5g\ . xf]j'8 /u'g Pj+l/Kn];j}gLlt ljZn]if0fnfO{gLlt ;DaGwL cg';Gwfg / ljj]rgf ug]{ Pp6f k[ys ljwfsf]?kdf x]g'{k5{eGg s'/df ;xdt 5g eGg]s'/f ;d]t o;jf6 :ki6 x'G5 .

gLltsf]cWoog d"Nof+sg / ljZn]if0f ug]{ sfddf j}1flgs ljlwsf] k|of]u ug]{ k|of;sf] kl/0ffd

:j?k g}k[ys ljwfsf]?kdf gLlt ljZn]if0fs]f pbo / ljsf; ePsf] b]lvG5 . k'6 / l:k|/ (Puttand Sprinjer)n] !(#) sf] bzsb]lv !(^) sf] bzs ;Ddsf] cjlwdf gLltut cg';Gwfg /ljj]rgf ug]{ sfddf tYof+ssf]pkof]u ug]]{ ljifodf sltko k|of]ux? ePsf]/ !(^) sf] bzsb]lvTo:tf]k|of]udf cem j[l4 ePsf]s'/f jtfPsf 5g\eg]/ Xo'U;n] jtfPsf 5g\. !(*) b]lv gLltljZn]if0fsf]t];|f]r/0f z'? ePsf] s'/f ;d]t k'6\ / l:k|/n] jtfPsf 5g\ . gLlt ljZn]if0fsf] !(*)eGbf cufl8sf]cjlwdf gLltut ;d:ofsf];dfwfg tYof+s jf k4ltsf]k|of]ujf6 dfq ug{;lsG5eGg]dfGotfsf]ljsf; ePsf]b]lvG5 eg]!(*) b]lv gLlt ljZn]if0fn]gLlt lg0f{os]f lj:yfkgug]{sfd gu/]/ gLlt lg0f{onfO{ ;xh jgfOlbg]sfd u5{eGg]dfGotfsf]ljsf; ePsf]s'/f ;d]tXo'U;n]jtfPsf 5g\. pgn]eg]sf 5g\

The early period of policy analysis is generally regarded as a failure by being oversold, that

is, by assuming that numbers alone or techniques alone can solve public policy problems. It is

only from 1980 that Putt and Sprinjer see what they term a 'third stape' in which policy analysis


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is perceived as facilitating policy decisions, not displacing them ( Hugher, 1998, p 133).

o;/L gLltut ;d:ofsf];dfwfg j}1flgs ljlwsf]k|of]u u/]/ dfu ug{;lsG5 eGg]dfGotfsf]ljsf; ePsf]!(^) b]lv !(*) ;Ddsf]cjlwnfO{gLlt ljZn]if0fsf]bf];|f]sfn jf r/0f (Second

Stage or period)/ To; eGbf cl3sf] cjlwnfO{ gLlt ljZn]if0fsf] klxnf] r/0f (First Stage)sf]?kdf x]g{ldN5 eGg]lg:sif{df k'Ug Xo'U;sf] egfOn];xof]u k'ofp5 . gLlt lg0f{odf /fhgLltsk|lqmofsf]dxTjk"0f{e"ldsf /xG5 eGg]s'/fsf]:jLs[ltnfO{gLlt ljZn]if0fsf]t];|f]jf kl5Nnf]o'usf]ljziftfsf]?kdf lng'k5{. k'6\ / l:k|/n] klxnf] / bf];|f] r/0fsf] ;+1f lbPsf] cjlwdf ljj]szLngLlt lgdf{0fsf] l;4fGtsf] k"0f{?kn] kfngf ug]{ k|of; ul/GYof] eg]] t];|f] r/0fdf ljj]szLn9frfdfly j9L lge{/ x'g'x'b}g eGg]dfGotfsf]ljsf; ePsf]5 eGgs'/f Xo'U;n] jtfPsf 5g .pgn]eg]sf 5g In what Putt and Spriinger termed the first and second stages of policy research, The rational

model was expressly followed, but this was then changed in the third stage of policy research...

Policy analysis in the third stage always warns against placing too much reliance on the rational

model ( Hugher, 1998, p.141)

oxfFXo'U;n]gLlt cg';Gwfg (Policy research)/ gLlt ljZn]if0f (Policy analysis )nfO{ Pp6}cy{df k|of]u u/]sf]b]lvG5 . o;jf6 gLlt ljZn]if0fn] gLltut ;d:ofsf] ;dfwfg ug]{ pkfosf]klxrfg ug{sf nflu cg';Gwfg k4ltsf]k|of]u ug]{s'/fdf hf]8 lbPsf]5 eGg]s'/f klg :ki6 x'G5 .

t/ gLlt ljZn]if0fsf]t];|f]r/0fdf k|of]ufTds jf j}1flgs ljlw(Empirical Methods)nfO{ lg0f {ok|lqmofdf ;xof]u k'ofpgsf] lglDt dfq}k|of]u ug'{k5{eGg]dfGotfsf] ljsf; ePsf]s'/f klgdflysf]p4/0fjf6 :ki6 x'G5 . o; r/0fdf gLlt ljZn]if0fsf] cjwf/0fn] tYof / j}1flgs ljlwsf]k|of]udf hf]8 lbP klg o;n] /fhgLlts k|lqmofnfO{ ;d]t 7fp lbg'k5{ eGg] dfGotfnfO{ ;d]tcfn]sf]b]lvG5 . o;/L gLltut ;d:ofsf] ;dfwfg ;fwf/0f lj1fgsf lgodsf cfwf/df dfq ug{;lsFb}g eGg]dfGotfsf]hudf gLlt ljZn]if0fsf]pQ/j:t'jfbL o'u (Postpositive era) sf]k|f/DeePsf] dfq ;lsG5 . o;/L pQ/j:t'jfbL o'udf gLlt ljZn]if0fsf] j}1flgs l;4fGt dflysf]lge{/tfd}k|Zg p7]sf]kfOG5 . Dofss'nn]eg]sf 5g\

In recent years policy science has gone through an era of soul-searching and self-doubt. The

very foundations of its existence are being called into question, especially the reliance on the

traditional positivist paradigm ( McCool, 1995, p. 398)

o; o'udf n]vsx?n]k/Dk/fut j:t'jfb (traditional positivism)sf] ljsNk k|:t't ug]{ k|of;;d]t ug{yfn]sf 5g\. o; qmddf l8 lncf]gn] OG6gn] clw ;f/]sf] /fhgLlts lg0f{o k|lqmofsf]


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sfnf]jfs;nfO{lg0f{onfO{v'nf ?kn] x]g{/ j'g ;lsg] j9L kf/bzL{ l;dfsf] jfs;df kl/0ftug]{pQ/ j:t'jfbL gLlt lj1fgsf]k|:tfj u/]sf]s'/f Dofss'nn]jtfPsf 5g\. pgn] eg]sf 5g

A number of authors have proposed alternatives to traditional positivism, some of which

are specific to policy theory. De Leon proposes a "post-positivist policy science that" wouldtransform the Eastoniar 'black-box' of periodical decision -making into a more transparent

'glass-box' in which decision could be openly viewed and understood, if not always influenced

" (McCool, 1995, p.399)

k/Dk/fut j:t'jfbsf] ljsNk vf]Hg] qmddf n]vsx?n] cGt/lqmofTds ;fdflhs cg';Gwfg(Interpretive social inquiry)/ ;fdflhs ;+/rgfjfb (Social Constructionism)Pj+ d"No pGd'v1fgsf] lj1fkg (a value oriented epistomology)h:tf gjLg cjwf/0ffx? cl3 ;f/]sf 5g\ .

xfp; (House)n] cg'ej (experience), ljrf/ ljdz{ (brainstroming)k:o'{P;g (persucsion) /;fdfGo r]tgf (common sense)nfO{ cf}krfl/s, gLlt 9frf lgdf{0fsf ljsNksf] (as alternativefromal policy modeling)cl3 ;f/]sf 5g\.

o; cjlwdf gLlt 9frfg (policy design)sf] cjwf/0ffsf] ljsf; ePsf] s'/f klg Dofss"nn]pNn]v u/]sf 5g\. Dofss"nn] gLlt 9frfg (policy design)nfO{ ljZn]ifs / ljifosf] jLrdfcGt/lqmof x'g]jftfj/0fk|lt ;+j]bgzLn cGt/lqmofTds ljZn]if0f k|lqmofsf]?kdf kl/eflift u/]sf

5g\. o;df cg';Gwfgn] ljifoj:t'sf ljifodf k|fKt hfgfsf/Lsf cfwf/df cg';Gwfgdf km]/jbnNofpg]k|of; u5{. Dofss"nn]eg]sf 5g\

Another area of promising conceptual development consists of a growing literature on design

is a contextually sensitive, creative analytical process in which analyst and subject interact.

This may mean that the researches alters the research in response to changing inputs from the

subject, or it may mean that the researches attempt to create or control the subject to be studies

(McCool, 1995, p.399)

lk6;{n]gLlt 9frfgnfO{;d:ofsf k'gMJoj:yfkg ug{;lsg]ljz]iftfx?sf]lglZrt p4]Zo jfnIo /fv]/ u/Lg] k'g Aoj:yfkg jf k|jGw (purposeful or goal-directed rearrangement of aproblem's manipulable features)eg]sf 5g\ .

jf]j|f]/ 8fOh]s (Bobrow and Dryzek) n] gLlt 9frfgnfO{cg';Gwfg jf 5fgjLgsf]bz{gjf69frfgsf]bz{glt/sf]df]8 (Move from the philoshophy of inquiry to the philosophy of design)


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eg]sf 5g\. pgn] 9frfglt/sf] df]8nfO{ cfwf/e"t k[ystflt/sf] df]8sf] ?kdf glnP/ hf]8dfcfPsf]kl/jt{gsf]?kdf j9L x]g'{k5{(it is "more a shift in emphasis than a radical local) eg]sf5g\.

ldnf/ (Miller) n] cl3 ;f/]sf] 9frf lj1fgsf] cjwf/0ff (Concept of Design Science) n]cGt/lqmofTds k4lt, kl/jt{gzLn 9frf / k[i7kf]if0fdf Wofg s]lGb|t u/]sf] 5 . (interactive techni,dynamic models, and feedback)s'/f Dofss"nn] atfPsf 5g\ . 9frfg ;DjGwL cjwf/0ffsf]ljsf;jf6 l;4fGtnfO{jf:tljs ;d:ofdf k|of]u ug]{ xfd|f]Ifdtfsf]ljsf;df pT;fxhgs ;xof]uk'u]sf]s'/f ljZn]ifsx?n]jtfPsf 5g\. j:t'jfbsf] ljsNk cl3 ;fg]{ k|of;sf] kmn:j?k xfd|f]Ifdtf j9]sf]eP klg To:tf k|of;x?n]j:t'jfbsf]lj:yfkg gu/]/ kl/k"/ssf]sfd dfq}u/]sf]s'/f Dofss"nn]jtfPsf 5g\. j:t'jfbL lj1fg clxn]klg ;fdflhs lj1fgdf ;jf{lws k|efjsf/L/x]sf]s'/f ;d]t pgn]pNn]v u/]sf 5g\. pgn]eg]sf 5g\

Alternatives to positivism, along with traditional positivist approaches, provide an

epistemological diversity that increases our ability to match theory to application. Thus

I think the significance if alternative approaches is not as a replacement for positicism, but

as a complement to positivism.... Despite the enduring criticism positivist science is still the

dominant force in social science as a whole - and probably still the dominent force in policy

science (McCool, 1995,p.400)

@= gLlt ljZn]if0fsf l;4fGt jf pkfudx?(Approaches of Policy Analysis)gLlt ljZn]if0fsf 9frf jf pkfudx?n] ljZn]if0fsf lglDt lglZrt k4ltsf] k|of; x'G5 /x'g'k5{eGg]s'/fdf hf]8 lbPsf]kfOG5 . ljleGg lj4fgx?n] ljleGg gLlt pkfudx?sf] k|:tfjcl3 ;f/]sf 5g\. To:tf s]xL dxTjk"0f{gLlt pkfudx? lgDg k|sf/ /x]sf 5g\

!= /fhgLlt k|0ffnL l;4fGt (Political System Therory)8]lj8\O:6g (David Easton)n] cl3 ;f/]sf] /fhgLlts k|0ffnL l;4fGtn] ;fj{hlgs gLltnfO{

jftfj/0fsf dfu ;dy{g / ;fwgx?sf] k|ltlqmof :j?k /fhgLlts k|0ffnLn] ug]{ pTkfbgsf](Output) ?kdf x]/]sf] kfOG5 . o;/L o; l;4fGtn] gLlt lgdf{0f k|lqmofnfO{ ;dfhsf dfunfO{gLltdf kl/0ft ug]{ sfnf]jfs; ( a black box which converts the demands of the societyinto policies)sf ?kdf x]/]sf]kfOG5 .

@= clej[l4jfbL 9frf (incremental Model)jf c;r]t k|oTgd'vL clej[l4jfbL 9frf(The 'Muddling Through' incremental Model)


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clej[l4jfbL 9frfn];fj{hlgs gLltnfO{eO/x]sf gLltdf ul/g];fdfGo kl/jt{gsf kl/0ffdsf]?kdf x]/]sf]kfOG5 . rfN;{ ln08a|f]d (Charles Lindblom)n] o; l;4fGtsf] k|ltkfbg u/]sf x'g\ .

#= ljj]szLn 9frf (Rational Model)

ljj]szLn 9frfn];d:of ;dfwfg ug]{ ljleGg ljsNkx?sf]klxrfg / d"Nof+sg u/]/ ;jf{lwsnfebfoL ljsNksf] 5gf}6 ug]{ k|lqmofsf] ?kdf gLlt lgdf{0f k|lqmofnfO{ x]/sf] 5 . o;l;4fGtsf]ljsf;df xj{6{;fOdg sf]7"nf]of]ubfg 5 .

$= gLltr/0f jf k|lqmof l;4fGt(Policy Stages or Process Models)xf/f]N8 nf;j]n (Horold Lasswell)n] ;fj{hlgs gLlt lgdf{0fsf ljleGg ;ftr/0fsf] k|:tfjgfcufl8 ;f/]kl5 gLlt k|lqmofnfO{lglZrt k|lqmofsf]cfwf/df kl/eflift ug]{ k|j[lQsf]ljsf;dfof]ubfg k'u]sf] b]lvG5 . pgn] vf]hljg (Intelligence), k|j{4g (Promotion), l;kmfl/;(Prescription), :jLs[lt (Invocation), k|of]u (application), ;dfKQL (Termination)/ d"Nofs+g(Apprarsal);d]tsf & r/0fsf] klxrfg u/]sf 5g\ . P08/;gn] cl3 ;f/]sf] sfof{Tds k|lqmofsf]l;4fGt (Functional Process Theroy)n ] ;d:ofsf] lgdf{0f, (Problem Formation), th'{df(Formulation),:jLs[lt (Adoption), sfof{Gjog (Implementation)/ d"Nof+sg (Evaluation);d]tsf % r/0fsf]k|:tfj u/]sf] 5 .

%= ;+:yf l;4fGt;+:yfjfb (Institutional output)

;+:yf l;4fGtn];fj{hlgs gLltnfO{;fj{hlgs ;+:yfsf pTkfbg (Institutional output) sf]?kdf x]5{.

^= ;d"x l;4fGt (Group Model);d"x l;4fGtn];fj{hlgs gLltnfO{;d"xx?sf]jLrsf];+3if{sf] ;Gt'ng (The equilibriumreached in the group struggle)sf]?kdf x]5{.

&= s'nLg ju{jfbL l;4fGt(Elite Theory)s'nLg ju{jfbL l;4fGtn];fj{hlgs gLltnfO{s'nLg ju{sf d"Nox? / k|fyldstfx? (elite andvalues preferences)sf]?kdf x]5{.

*= ;fj{hlgs 5gf}6sf]l;4fGt (Public Choice Theory);fj{hlgs gLlt lgdf{0fsf]ljZn]if0f ug{sf lglDt cfly{s l;4fGtsf]k|of]u ug]{ sfd ;fj{hlgs5gf}6sf]l;4fGtn]u/]sf]5 . o; l;4fGtn] ;fj{hlgs gLltnfO{ gLlt :jfy{jf6 k|]l/t JolQmx?n]


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ug]{ ;fd'lxs lg0f{o k|lqmof (Collective Decision making by self-interacted individuals) sf]?kdf x]/]sf]5 . o;/L ;fj{hlgs 5gf}6sf] l;4fGtn] JolQmn] /fhgLltdf jhf/df eGbf leGgtl/sfn]Jojxf/ u5{eGg]s'/fnfO{c:jLsf/ u5{. ;fj{hlgs 5gf}6sf] l;4fGtn] jhf/ ;+oGqn];Dkfbg ug{g;Sg]sfd ;/sf/n]ug'{k5{eGg]dfGotf /fv]sf]5 . ;fj{hlgs j:t' / ;]jfsf]

pkef]u ug]{sfdjf6 To; j:t'sf] pkef]u ug{sf lglDt nufgL gug]{ JolQmnfO{klg jlGrtu/fpg g;lsg]x'gfn]o:tf j:t'/ ;]jfsf] ljt/0f jhf/ ;+oGqn] ug{ ;Sb}g . JolQm , ;+:yfjf pBf]usf sltko sfdjf6 cGo JolQm / ;+:yfx?nfO{ klg xfgL k'Ug] lsl;dsf] jfXo k|efj(externality)pTkGg x'G5 . o:tf jfXo k|efjsf] l;h{gf ug]{ sfo{sf] lgodg / lgoGq0f ug]{sddf ;/sf/sf]e"ldsf cfjZos k5{. ljZja}s+n] cl3 ;f/]sf] jhf/ jhf/d}qL pkfud(Market friendly approach)sf] ljsf;df klg ;fj{hlgs 5gf}6sf] l;4fGtsf] k|efj k/]sf]dfGg ;lsG5 .

(= v]n l;4fGt (Game Theory)v]n l;4fGtn] ;fj{hlgsnfO{ k|lt:kwf{Tds jftfj/0fdf ul/g] ljj]szLn 5gf}6 (rationalchoice in competitive situations)sf] ?kdf x]5{ . b'O{ jf b'O{ eGbf j9L ;xefuLx?n] ug]{ 5gf}6jf lg0f{odf c? JolQmn]ug]{5gf}6 jf lg0f{osf] k|efj k/]sf] x'G5 eGg] dfGotf v]n l;4fGtn]/fv]sf]5 .

!)=cfsl:dstfjfbL pkfud (Contingent Approach)

cfsl:dstfjfbL l;4fGtn]kl/j]z cg'?k pko'Qm tl/sfsf]5gf}6 ug]{ s'/fdf hf]8 lbG5 .

s'g}Pp6f vf; l;4fGtsf]cfwf/df gLlt k|lqmofsf];Dk"0f{ ?kn]JofVof ug{;lsb}g eGg]dfGotfsf]kl5Nnf]cfwf/df cfsfl:dstfjfbL l;4fGtsf]cfjZostfsf]cg'ej x'g yfn]sf]kfOG5 . o; l;4fGtn] xfd|f] cWoogsf] p2]Zo / rfxgf cg'?k pko'SQ tf}/ tl/sf / l;4fGtsf]k|of]u ug'{k5{eGg]dfGotf /fV5 . Dofss"nn]eg]sf 5g\

The contigent approach advocated here is simply a beginning a first step- designed to

emphasize choices of therory. Additionally it could be argued that contingent approach

could be developed seperately for theory, methods and formal knowledge acquisition. The

point is that we must tailor our research tools to fit the task at hand; we must select the

appropriate theories, concepts and approaches depending upon the purpose of our research

and what we hope to accomplish (McCool, 1995, p.406)

xf]Uo' / u'gn] klg ;j} d'2f jf ljifox?sf] ;"Id ljZn]if0f (in-depth analysis)ug{ ;fwg/ ;|f]t ckof{Kt x'g] s'/f / sltko cj:yfdf ;Lldt ;" rgfsf] cfwf/df l56f] lg0f{odfk'Ug'kg]{ /fhgLltscfjZostf /xg]s'/f jtfPsf 5g\. o;af6 kl/l:ylt cg'?k km/s km/s


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9sf]gLlt lgdf{0f k|lqmofsf]cjnDjg ug{cfjZos x'G5 eGg]ljZn]ifsx?sf]b[li6sf]0fn]cfsl:dstfjfbL l;4fGtsf]ljsf;sf]cfjZostf cf}NofPsf]kfOG5 .

#= gLlt ljZn]if0fsf l;4fGt jf 9frfx?sf]pkfb]otfgLlt lgdf{0f / gLlt ljZn]if0fsf] s'g} klg Pp6f l;4fGtn] gLltlgdf{0f k|lqmofsf] ;Dk"0f{ ?kn]AofVof ug{;s]sf]5}g . To;}n] xfdLx?n] xfd|f] cufl8 /x]sf l;4fGtx?sf] d"Nof+sg u/]/ kl/l:ylt;'xfpbf]l;4fGt / 9frfsf] pkof]u u/]/ gLltsf] ljZn]if0f ug'{k5{ eGg] dfGotfn] g} kl5Nnf] ;dodfkl/l:yltd'vL l;4fGt jf cfsl:dstfjfbL l;4fGtk|ltsf]cfsif{0f j9]sf]dfGg'k5{ .

nf;j]nn] lj1fgsf];xof]uaf6 gLlt lgdf{tfn]c;n, gLltsf] lgdf{0f ug{;S5 eg]dfGotfsf]cfwf/df gLlt lj1fgsf]cjwf/0ff cufl8 ;f/]sf eP klg gLlt lj1fgn]clxn];Dd klg gLlt;DaGwL l;2fGtx?n]7f]; gLltut dfu{bz{g ug{;s]sf]kfOb}g . Dofss" nn]eg]sf 5g

Lasswells's seminal call for a policy science was based on the assumption that science could

help policy makers produce good policy. This was supposed to be the instrumental end of

policy scienceBut in the ensuing forty years that goal has proven illusive as policy science

continues to suffer from an inability to translate existing theories into concrete policy guidance

(Mc cool, 1998, P. 396).

o;sf]cy{clxn];Dd k|ltkfbg ePsf l;4fGtx? sfd nfUb}gg\ eGg]lg:sif{df klg k'Ug'x'b}g eGg]klg Dofss"n nufotsf n]vsx?n]cWo]tfx?nfO{;r]t u/fPsf 5g . xfdLx?n] pRrtd nfe

k|fKt x'g]lx;fjn]l;4fGtx?sf]pkof]u ug'{k5{eGg]pgsf b[li6sf]0f /x]sf]b]lvG5 . pgn] eg]sf5g\

Rather than abound on positivism or immediately dismiss the many new epistemological

contributions, it is much more constructive to utilize all approaches, but to do so in manner that

maximizes their utility rather than exposes their limitations. This call for a careful application

of multiple techniques and theories contingent upon the task at hand (McCool,1995, P. 401)

;fj{hlgs gLltsf l;4fGtx?sf cWo]tfx?n]s'g rflx bfrf jf l;2fGtnfO{;jeGbf pko'Qmx?l;4fGtsf]?kdf lng'k5{of s'g rflx l;4fGtsf]gLlt lgdf{0f / ljZn]if0f k|lqmofsf] ;jeGbfj9L ;6Ls a0f{g ug]{ ;kmntf k|fKt u/]sf]5 eGg] h:tf k|Zgx? klg p7fpg] u/]sf] b]lvG5 /o; k|sf/sf]lh1f;fnfO{s]xL xb;Dd hfoh klg dfGg ;lsG5 . t/ ;fj{hlgs gLlt ljZn]if0fsfclxn];Dd k|ltkflbt l;4fGtn]gLlt lgdf{0f / ljZn]if0fsf leGgleGg cjojx?df hf]8 lbPsf]kfOG5 . To;}n] ;fj{hlgs gLltsf l;4fGtx?nfO{ Ps csf{sf k|lt:kwL l;4fGtsf] ?kdf lngldNb}g eGg]s'/f ljZn]ifsx?n]jtfPsf 5g . lele l;4fGtsf] ;xof]usf] gLlt k|ls|ofsf lele cjojx?sf ljifodf yfxf kfpg d2t k'U5 .


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yf]d; cf/ 8fOn] /fhgLlt lj1fgsf l;4fGtsf ljifodf k|s6 u/]sf] ljrf/ gLlt lgdf{0fsfl;4fGts]f ljifodf ;fGble{s b]lvG5 . pgn]eg]sf 5g

Political science, like other scientific disciplines, has developed a number of concepts and

models to help describe and explain political life. Those models are not really competitive

in the sense that anyone could be judged as the "best". Each focuses on separate elements of

politics and each helps us understand different things political life( Dye,2002, p.xc)

pgn]w]/}h;f]gLltsf ljj]szLn of]hgf, clej[l4jf6 ;d"xut k|lt:kwf{, s'nLgju{sf]k|fyldstfx?,;fj{hlgs 5gf}6, /fhgLlts k|ls|of / ;+:yfut k|dvsf] ;lDd>0f x'G5 eGg]s'/f ;d]t pgn]jtfPsf 5g . pgn]eg]sf 5g

Most public policies are a combination of rational planning, incrementalism, competition

among groups, elite preferences, public choice, political processes, and institutionalinfluences(Dye,2002, P.XI)

o;af6 ;fj{hlgs gLltsf gofFl;4fGtx?n]k'/fgf l;4fGtsf]k|lt:yfkg gu/]/ k'/fgf l;4fGtn]Wofg s]lGb|t gu/]sf kIfdf Wofg s]lGb|t u/L tL kIfnfO{ :ki6 kfg]{ ;kmntf kfPsf] b]lvG5 .To;}n]kl5Nnf];dodf ;fj{hlgs 5gf}6sf]l;4fGt jf jhf/ d}qL l;4fGt h:tf gof l;4fGtx?cufl8 cfPsf eP klg tL l;4fGtx?n]klg gLlt k|lqmofsf]k"0f{?kn]AofVof ug{;kmntf kfPsf]b]lvb}g . o; cy{df gLlt ljZn]if0fsf] lglDt kl/l:ylt / cfjZostf Pj+ k|fyldstf cg'?k lelel;4fGtnfO{dfu{bz{s l;4fGtsf]?kdf k|of]u ug{;lsG5 . To;}n] kl5Nnf] ;dodf kl/l:yltd"nscjwf/0ff jf 9frfsf]lgdf{0f ug]{ k|of;nfO{ljZn]ifsx?n]yk ult k|bfg u/]sf]b]lvG5 . o;af6gLlt ljZn]if0fn]gofFlbzf / cfsf/ u|x0f ug{ yfn]sf] cg'ej ug{ ;lsG5 . o;nfO{ cf/s] ;k|'n]gLlt k|lqmofn]u}/ ljZn]if0fTds k2ltlt/sf]]df]8sf];1f+lbPsf 5g . pgn]eg]sf 5g

However, at present there in a marked shift towards a more anti- analytical approach to public

policy (supon,2010, P.43)

t/ ;k'|n]klg 1fg, ts{/ j}1flgs ljZn]if0f 1fgsf] cdfjsf] cj:yf eGbf ;w} /fd|f x'G5g eGg]

s'/f :jLsf/ u/]sf 5g . pgn] ;"rgfsf] cefjsf] cj:yf eGbf ;"rgf /fd|f] x'G5 / pQ/ lglZrtgeP klg k|Zgsf]cefj eGbf 7Ls k|Zg g}/fd|f x'G5g eGg]lng]j]/Lsf]egfO sf]klg ;dy{gu/]sf 5g . pgn]eg]sf 5g .Reason, knowledge and scientific analysis are always better than the absence of any knowledge

Robert Lineberry notes that policy analysis rests on the assumption that information is better

than no information, and the right questions are better than no questions asked, even when the

answers may not be definitive (sapm, 2010, p.55)


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$= gLlt ljZn]if0fsf ljz]iftfx?(Characteristics of policy Analysis)xf]Uj' / u'gn]gLlt ljZn]if0fsf lgDg ljz]iftf x'G5g\eGg]s'/f pNn]v u/]sf 5g\

s_ j0f{gfTds Pj+l;kmf/L;d"ns ;d:of lg/k]If eGbf j9L ;d:of pGd'v (Descriptiveas well as prescriptive, problem oriented rather than problem blind and applied

rather than pure)v_ cGt/ljwfut Pj+jx'ljwfut (Inter-disciplinary as well as multi-disciplinary)

gLlt ljZn]if0fn] ljleGg ljwfsf cjojx?sf] pko'Qm ;+of]unfO{ k|ltljlDjt ug]{,PsLs[t jf cGt/ljwfut k4lt (Integrated or inter-disciplinary approach)sf]pkof]u u5{.

u_ /fhgLlts?kn];+j]bgzLn of]hgf (Politically Sensitive Planning) gLlt ljZn]if0fn] gLlt lgdf{0fsf] j9L ljj]szLn k4ltsf] cjnDjg ug'{kg]{

s'/fsf hf]8 lbP klg o;n]/fhgLlts k|0ffnLsf cj/f]wx? / hl6ntfx?nfO{

;d]t cfjZos dxTj lbG5 .3_ u|fXspGd'vtf (Client-Orient) s'g} ;+:yf jf AolQmsf] lglDt gLlt ljZn]if0f ubf{ klg gLlt ljZn]ifsn] ;do

;dodf kg]{ k|efj / To;sf] cfjZostfnfO{ Wofgdf /fV5 / /fVg'k5{ eGg]dflgG5 tfklg gLlt ljZn]ifsn];DalGwt ;+Vof jf JolQmsf]cfjZstfnfO{klgpk]Iff ug{g;Sg]b]lvG5 .

%= pk;+xf/

gLlt ljZn]if0fsf] k4lt :j?k / If]qdf kl/jt{g cfO/x]sf] eP klg Pp6f k[ysljwfsf]?kdf o;sf]ljsf; ePsf]5 . gLlt ljZn]if0fn] gLlt lgdf{0f k|lqmofsfljleGg kIfx?;+u kl/lrt u/fp5 .

;Gbe{;fdu|Lx?M R.K. sapru, 2010, public policy, PHI learning private limited, New Delhi.

Daniel C. McCool, 1995, Public Policy Theories, Models and Concepts, An anthology, Practice Hall,

Upper saddle River, New Jersey.

Thomas R dye, 2002, understand public policy, person Education.

James E. Anderson, 2000, Public Policy making, Boston.

Owen E. Hughes, 1998, Public Management and Administration, Mac millon prem Ltd.

David L. Weimer and Aidan R. Vining, 1989, policy analysis, pearons/prentice hall

Brian w. Hogwood and Lewis A. Gunn 1984, Policy Analysis For The Real world, Oxford University

press

o'j/fh kf08],@)^), ;fj{hlgs gLlt ljZn]if0f, ljBfyL{k':ts e08f/ sf7df8f}+ .


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;DkGgtf / cj;/ M ljkGgtf / jl~rtLs/0f

uf]kLgfy d}gfnL1*

ljsf;, ;fdflhs Gofo / /fHo k|0ffnL

ljZjsf ;j} d'n'sx? dfgj sNof0fsf nflu nfluk/]sf 5g\ . ;j} vfn] ;/sf/ / zf;sx?cfkm"x? hgtfsf nflu g}sfd ul//x]sf] eGg yfSb}gg\. t/ ljsf;sf] ;\ul7t ofqf z'?ePkl5;fdflhs c;dfgtf klg lj:tf/ x'Fb}uPsf]5 . k|To]s b]zsf] lugL ;"rs -c;dfgtfsf] cj:yfhgfpg];"rs_ n]oxL s'/f k|dfl0ft ul//x]sf]5 . ljZjsf dfgjtfjfbL ;+:yfx? dfgj ljsf;/ hgsNof0fsf cfjfh p7fO{/x]sf 5g\ . ljsf;nfO{ x]g]{ cfofd klg abNb}5g\ . dxj'j pn xsn]

ljsf;nfO{cfo, cfo'/ r]tgfsf] Plss[t ?k -h;nfO{ dfgj ljsf; ;"rs gfd lbOPsf] 5_ af6x]g{'kg]{ wf/0ff em08}aL; jif{cl3 k|sfzdf NofPsf lyP, h;nfO{ /fi6;+3Lo ljsf; sfo{qmdn]clxn] klg b]zx?sf] dfgj ljsf; :t/ ljj]rgf ug{ pkof]u ul//x]sf] 5 . c;Lsf] bzsdfljsf;nfO{ dfgj s]Gb|Lt agfpg] cleofgdf ;Ndfg, 8]le8 sf]6]{g, xfO8]g / /a6{ RofDj/n]j}rfl/s cleofg g}rnfPsf lyP . /fi6;+3Lo ljsf; sfo{qmdn] klg dfgj cfs[lt;lxtsf] ljsf;/0fgLltnfO{ljZjJofkL cleofg s}?kdf lnPsf]lyof]. t/ ljsf;df u/Ljsf] cfs[lt e]l6Pg .

* ;x;lrj, g]kfn ;/sf/

;f/f+zhf];u cj;/ 5 pxL of]Uo x'G5 / hf];u ;DkGgtf 5 p;n] g} cj;/ k|fKt ub{5 . of] s'g}

:yflkt l;4fGt xf]Og, t/ Jofjxfl/s / ;dfhzf:qLo cfwf/df ljZn]if0f u/L lgsflnPsf]lgisif{ xf] . ljZjdf cfh;Dd s'g} klg o:tf] d'n's / ;dfh 5}g hxf lgw{g / cfjfhljxLgx?;fdflhs cj;/nfO{ ;xh ?kdf bf]xg ug{ ;Ifd xf]pg . :jtGqtf klg ;DkGgtfsf] lj:tf/ xf] .;DkGg JolQmx? g} ljkGgsf t'ngfdf :jtGqtfsf] a9L pkof]u ug{ ;S5g\, j}olQms ljsf; /;DkGgtfaLr klg ;/n/]vLo ;DaGw /xb} cfPsf]5 . u/Ljsf cy{zf:qL eg]/ lrlgPsf cdTo{;]gn] eg]sf lyPljsf; :jtGqtfsf] lj:tf/ xf] . csf]{ sf]0faf6 eGg ;lsG5, :jtGqtf rflx;DkGgtfsf] sdfO{ xf] .


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u/Ljx? lgs}kl5 k5{g\, kl/0ffdtM ;fdflhs ;+:yf / lqmofsnfkaf6 pgLx? lsgf/f nfUb} hfG5g\ .;DklQsf c? ?kx? -ef}lts, cfly{s / dfgjLo_ df klg pgLx?sf] kx" Fr Go" g /xG5 . To;}n]ljkGgx? cfkm\gf ljifodf klg jf]Ng ;Qm}gg\. pgLx?sf] cfjZostf, rfxgf / k|fyldstf klgpgLx?sf];Dj]bgf gj'em]sf ;DkGgx?n]g}jf]lnlbg'k5{. p;sf ljifodf c?n] n]lvlbg], elglbg]

/ ul/lbg] nfhnfUbf] cj:yf :jt lgdf{0f e}/x]sf] 5 . hf] t'ngfTds ?kdf ;r]t, :j:Yj / ;DkGg5, p g} lgwf{ / ljkGgx?sf] cfjfh / cfjZostfsf] jf/]; aG5 . oyfy{df u/Lj ljkGgx?sf nfluhLjg g}Pp6f kL8f xf], ljgf ck/fwsf];hfosf]cj:yf . Kn]; lk|ldod kfpg]x? o; ;x;|fJbLn]NofPsf cgGt cj;/ pkef]u ul//xFbf / v';Lx? dgfO/xFbf ljkGgx? cgGt kL8fjf]w ul//x]sf5g\. lsgsL u/LjL Pp6f kL8f xf], ef}lts, efjgfTds / g}lts kL8fsf];dli6 .

Kn]; lk|ldod ljZjJofkL ;To xf] . ;dfh, ;d'bfo, ;\u7g, b]z / ljZj txdf l;4 ePsf];To . xfd|f ;Gbe{df lrtjg, lj/f6gu/, emfkf / sf7df8f}}+ Kn]; lk|ldod sf k|ltlglw pbfx/0f

x'g\. oxfsf afnjflnsf 8f]Nkf, bfr'{nf, d'u' / x'Dnfsf jfnjflnsfsf t'ngfdf /fd|f] efiff, /fd|f]lzIff / /fd|} jf]nL l;S5g\ . Tolt dfq xf]Og, pgLx?sf] cfFvfdf klg /fd|f b[Zox? 6fFl;G5g\ . dL7f:j/x?df pgLx?sf sfg cEo:t x'G5g\ . o;sf nflu pgLx?;Fu ;fdYo{ / ljsNk b'j} 5 . o;n]oLgLx?sf]dfgl;s / h}ljs ljsf;sf] k|lqmofnfO{ To;} cg'?k 8f]ofpF5 . t/ ptf ss{; :j/,:t/xLg lzIff, phf8 b[Zo / ;Lldt ljsNk clg ;fdYo{sf afnjflnsfx?sf] h}ljs tyf dfgl;sljsf; c;xh / ?U0f ?kdf cl3 a9\5 . Gb, ck/fw / e|i6frf/sf] df/ klg ToxL s]Gb|Lt x'gk'U5 .;DkGgtfn]JolQmsf]dg / r]x/fnfO{ x/x/fpbf] kf5{ eg] dfgl;s lIflth klg ;lj:tf/ pl3|G5 .;dfhdf p;sf]:j/ km/fFl;nf]x'G5, ofqf ;fxl;nf]x'G5, p lge{o;fy k|:t't x'G5 . To;}n] p

j}1flgs, zf;s, lrGts, ;flxTosf/, ;fws h]klg aGg];fdYo{df 5 . o;y{ ljZj g} p;sf nfluxf]. t/ PlS;6d lrqsf] csf]{ kf6f] lgs} bf?l0fs clg sxfnLnfUbf] 5 . klxnf] kms|bf] u'nfkm xf],bf];|f]d'emf{Psf]knfF; . Pp6f ;Fw} zf;s aGg] / csf]{ ;Fw} zfl;t x'g] ofqfdf 5g\ . ef]s, kL8f,lg/fzf, ;fdflhs PSNofO{, c;'/Iff, zlQmxLgtf, cfjfhxLgtf, cfTd;DdfgxLgtf ;j}g}zfl;tx'g]of]Uotf x'g\. o; vfn]k|j[lQ x/]s ;dfhdf df}g ;\6snfO{:jfefljs cfdGq0f ug{k'U5 .

;DkGgtf w]/}xbdf u}/cfrf/sf]kl/0ffd klg xf] . t];|f] ljZjdf of] cln a9L g} b]lvG5 . sf]xL;DkGg aGg'kl5 p;n]cj;/ lsGg]qmozlQm :jtM kfPsf]5 eGg] x'G5 . ;fdflhs d" No;+:s[lt

gjl;;s]sf];dfhdf rf]/L, 5nL, ei6frf/, ckx/0f / cGo cfk/flws sfo{af6 cj;/x? ;xh?kdf lsGg]ul/G5 . o;/L cj;/ lsGg ;Sg]x? g} cfkm\gf efjL k':tfnfO{ ;d]t lzlIft, ;DkGg,zlQmzfnL / zf;s agfpg] k|lqmofdf x'G5g\ . ;lhnf] cfh{g ug]{sf ;Gtfgx? g} x/]s cfofdsfcj;/sf ;Rrf efu]bf/ x'g\ . cj;/sf] ahf/df ;fdYo{sf] g}ltstf / cfwf/ x]l/b}g . s'g}klg;dfh o;sf]ckjfb xf]Og .xfdL ;a}nfO{yfxf 5 clkm; lk|ldod kfpg]x? cfkm\gfsf nflulgD;/f sfof{nodf a:g]sf eGbf ;of}F u'0ff cj;/sf]lj:tf/ ul//x]sf 5g\. x'DnLsf nflu sf7df8f}+hlt 6f9f 5, sf7df8f}sf];De|fGtsf nflu Go"of]s{Tolts}glhs . of] kmf;nf cj;/ / ;fdfYo{sf]klg kmf;nf xf].


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cl3Nnf]jif{ ljsl;t /fi6x?sf];d"x* j}7sdf dfnf]k a|fpgn]eg]em}F wgL /fi6 ljkGgnfO{;xfg'e"lt b]vfpg dfq ;xof]usf] /fu cnfkL/x]sf 5g\, of]klg Pp6f /fd|f]clego xf]. /fli6o/fhgLlt1x? hgtfs}gfddf bof / eLIff lbO/x]sf 5g\, of] csf]{ ;zQm clego . ;'lsnf ;DkGgn]ljkGg ?U0fsf]cfjfh af]Ng]clego eO~h]n ;dfhdf Gofo / ;dfgtf h;n] eg] klg :yflkt

ug{eg];lsb}g, g ;du| cy{sf] ljsf; g} ;Dej 5 . ljsf; eg]sf] s'g} Ps ju{ / tKsfnfO{dfq cj;/ ;'/lIft ug'{ / csf]{ ju{nfO{ kl5lNt/ ws]Ng' lsdfy{ xf]Og . jf:tljs ljsf; th;sf]cfjfh 5}g, pgLx?nfO{cfjfh lbg]/ zlQm gePsfnfO{ zlQm lbg] k|lqmof xf] . of] dfgjcfjZostf k"/f ug{dfgj ;+efjgf lj:tf/ ug}{ cgGt k|lqmof xf]. ljsf;n] g}ltstf, ;dGofo,c;dfg cj;/, ;zlQms/0f / ;dfj]zLkgnfO{ lj:tf/ ug'{k5{ . o;nfO{ l;wf / b]Vo ?kdf dfqx]/]/ k'Ub}g, ljsf;sf]nfIfl0fs cy{klg 5, ;j}n]cfkm"nfO{d"Nojfg dxz'; ug]{ cj:yf g} ljsf;xf], hxfF;'/Iff, clwsf/, cj;/ ;j};j}sf nflu p;;Fu pknJw x'G5g\ . To;}n] /fHo / /fHok|lqmofnfO{g}lts / Gofok"0f{ agfpg] xf] eg] /fHosf Jojxf/ klg ;a}nfO{ ;dfg ?kdf ;d]6\g

;fy{s k|of; x'g'k5{. gofF /fhg]tfx?, gofF ljsf;ljbx?, gofF bfz{lgsx?sf] gofF k|of; dg}b]lvx'g'kb{5 . s;}sf] sf]vdf hGdg' g} a/bfg / csf]{sf] sf]vaf6 hGdg' cleiffk aGg] jt{dfg cj:yfeTsfpg ;j}n];j}k|lt lhDd]jf/L / g}ltstfaf]w ug'{ cfjZos 5 . lhDd]jf/x?sf] ;f]rfO{, z}nL,Jojxf/ / ;+:yf clg k|lqmofx?sf]cfd"n kl/jt{gljgf of];Dej 5}g .

;fdflhs ;dflxtLs/0f t/ s;/L f]t, ko{6g, s[lif, pBf]u k"jf{wf/ ljsf;, lzIff / :jf:Yo If]qdf ljb]zLnufgL leqofO{d'n'snfO{;d[4 / ;DkGg agfpg].

ljb]zL k"FhL, gjLg k|ljlw / Joj:yfksLo tyf k|fljlws ;Lk :jb]zdf leqofO{ cfGtl/s;|f]t / ;fwgnfO{pTkfbgzLn If]qdf kl/rfng ug]{.

cf}Bf]lusLs/0fsf]k|ls|ofdf lghL If]qsf];xeflutf / ;ls|otf a9fpg].

cGt/f/f{li6o ahf/df g]kfnsf]cf}Bf]lus, Jofkfl/s Pj+;]jf If]qsf]k|lt:kwf{Tds Ifdtfa[l4 ub}{ Joj;flos ;+:sf/ (Corporate Culture)sf]ljsf; ug]{.

g]kfnsf]k|fs[lts ;|f]t ;fwgsf]clwstd pkof]u ug]{.

ljb]zL k"FhL / To;af6 cflh{t gfkmfsf]pkof]u / ;'/Iff ug]{.

lgof{tof]Uo j:t'x?sf]pTkfbg a[l4 u/L lgof{t Jofkf/ k|j4{g ug]{.

Trade not Aid eGg] ljZjJofkL dfGotf cg'?k d'n'snfO{j}b]lzs C0fsf]vf8naf6 d'Qmug]{ .

cf}Bf]lus / Jofkfl/s If]qdf gofF gofF ;"q (Formula)k]6]G6, 6]8dfs{/ u'8ljn leqofpg] .


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$= g]kfndf j}b]lzs nufgLsf]cfjZostf / dxTjM ljb]zL / :jb]zL k" FhLnfO{ pTkfbgzLn If]qdf cfslif{t ub}{ d'n'ssf] ;fdflhs / cfly{s

If]qdf Jofks ?kn]/f]huf/L l;h{gf u/L b'O{c+ssf]cfly{s a[l4 b/ xfl;n ug{.

g]kfnsf]jt{dfg cy{tGq j:t'cfoft ug]{ / >d lgof{t ug]{ k|s[ltsf] ePsf]n] To:tf]

cy{tGqsf]:yfloTj gx'g]x'Fbf j}b]lzs k"FhL / gjLg k|ljlw cfoft ug]{ lbuf] cy{tGqsf]ljsf; ug{.

g]kfnsf]ckf/ hn>f]t ko{6g, s[lif k" jf{wf/ ljsf;, lzIff / :jf:Yo If]qdf :jb]zL tyfljb]zL k" FhLnfO{Jofks ?kdf nufgL u/fO{d'n'snfO{;DkGg / wgL agfpFg .

g]kfndf lgof{thGo pBf]u Joj;fosf]ljsf;, lj:tf/ u/L lgof{t a[l4 u/L / To;af6g]kfnsf]a9\bf]a}b]lzs Jofkf/ 3f6f sd ug{.

d'n'sdf /fh:j a[l4 u/L jflif{s jh]6 3f6f k"lt{ug{. g]kfnnfO{eljiodf a}b]lzs C0fsf]vf8naf6 d'Qm ug{.

g]kfnsf] lk5l8Psf] If]q / ;d'bfosf] cfly{s / ;fdflhs ljsf;sf nflu sNof0fsf/Lsfo{qmdx? ;+rfng u/L d'n'sdf ;fdflhs Gofo sfod ug{.

ljsf; of]hgfx?sf]sfof{Gjogsf nflu cfjZos k"FhL / k|ljlwsf] Joj:yfkg ub}{ g]kfnsf];Gt'lnt If]qLo ljsf; u/L ul/aL lgjf/0f ug{.

%= a}b]lzs nufgLsf]ljZjJofkL kl/b[Zoj}b]lzs ;xfotf cGtu{t C0fsf]dfqf a9\b}hfFbf ljZjsf sltko d'n'sx? a}b]lzs C0fdf r'n'{Dd8'a]sf 5g\. d]lS;sf], lu|;, hflDaof, g]kfn, gfOh]l/of cflb d'n'sx?n] o:tf] ;d:of a]xfb}{ cfPsf5g\ . ;+;f/sf clwsf+z cNk ljsl;t tyf ljsf;f]Gd'v d'n'sx?n] cfgf] j}b]lzs C0f a9\b}uPsf]n]C0f df]rgsf nflu wgL /fi6x? ;dIf dfu ug]{u/]sf]5g\. kl/jlt{t ;Gbe{df cfly{spbf/Ls/0f / ljZjJofkLs/0fsf] k|ls|ofdf ;+;f/e/ a}b]lzs ;xfotfnfO{ eGbf k|ToIf a}b]lzsnufgLnfO{a9L dxTj;fy x]g{yflnof].

Jofkf/ / ljsf; ;DaGwL ;+o'Qm /fi6;+3Lo ;Dd]ng [UNCTAD]n]ljZjsf ljsf;f]Gd'v d'n'sx?dfljb]zL nufgL leqofpFg / nufgLsf] jftfj/0f l;h{gf ug{ ;xof]u ub{5 . To;}u/L cGt/f{li6o ljQlgud [IFC]/ ax'kIfLo nufgL k|Tofe"lt ;+:yf [MIGA] n]klg ljsf;f]Gd'v b]zdf nufgL k|j4{gug{;xof]u k'ofpFb}cfPsf]b]lvG5 .


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cfhef]ln a}b]lzs nufgLsf cfsif{s uGtJo /fi6x?df rLg cu|k+lQmdf /x]sf]5 . rLgn] cfgf;d'b|L lsgf/sf zx/x?df ljb]zL nufgL leqofpFg z'? ub}{uP/ clxn]rLgdf kfFr ;o eGbfa9L ax'/fli6o sDkgLx? :yfkgf eO{;+rfngdf /x]sf 5g\. ;+;f/sf b]zx? dWo] rLgn] ;aeGbfa9L k|ToIf a}b]lzs nufgL leqofpFg ;kmn eO/x]sf]5 . ;g\ !(() sf] bzsdf rLgdf a}b]lzs

nufgL leqofpFg] s|ddf rLgsf tTsfnLg /fi6klt b l;cfcf] lksf] a9L cfnf]rgf ePsf]lyof] t/ clxn] rLg sxfFaf6 sxfF k'Uof] ljb]zL nufgL leq\ofPsf] sf/0fn] . rLgkl5 ;+o'Qm /fHocd]l/sf, ef/t, a|flhn, b= sf]l/of, hd{gL, ci6]lnof, Sofgf8f, d]lS;sf], kf]Nof08 a]nfot cflbb]zx? kb{5g\.

l5d]sL /fi6ef/tn]klg ljb]zL nufgL leq\ofpFg /fli6o :t/d}ljleGg k|of; ul//x]sf]b]lvG5 .s]xL jif{b]lv ef/tdf o'/f]k]nL, hfkfgL, sf]l/ofnL / cd]l/sg k|ltli7t sDkgLx?n] df]6/ uf8LpTkfbg ug]{sDkgLx? vf]n]/ c6f]df]jfOn If]qdf /fd|f]pknlAw xfl;n ul//x]sf]b]lvG5 . ;g\ !(^)

sf]bzsdf g]kfn / blIf0f sf]l/of Pp6} cfly{s :t/df lyP . t/ cfh g]kfn blIf0f sf]l/ofdfsfd ug]{ >lds k7fpg]d'n'sdf kb{5 . To:t} s]xL jif{ cl3;Dd g]kfns} :t/df /x]sf leotgfd,k]?, so"af, Olyof]lkof, d+uf]lnof cflb d'n'sx?n]klg j}b]lzs nufgL cfsif{0f u/L ljb]zL k"FhL /k|ljlw leqofpFg ;s]sf]n]Ps bzss}cjlwd}k|lt JolQm cfo a[l4 ug{;kmn x'Fb} uPsf 5g\.dfly k|:t't cj:yfaf6 xfdLn]lzIff lnP/ o; If]qdf cl3 a9\g'kg]{ b]lvG5 .

^_ g]kfndf nufgL d}qL jftfj/0f l;h{gf ug{ xfn;Dd ul/Psf k|of;x?

^=! gLltut txdfg]kfnsf]cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# sf]wf/f #%-!@_ adf]lhd b]zdf /fli6o ljsf;sf]nflu :jb]zLnufgLnfO{k|fyldstf ug]{ gLlt /fHon]cjnDag u/]sf]5 . g]kfnsf] cfjlws of]hgfx?df klga}b]lzs leqofpFg ljleGg gLltut Joj:yf ul/Psf]kfOG5 . g]kfnsf] cf7f}+ of]hgfb]lv d'n'sdfljb]zL nufgL k|jw{g ug{hf]8 lbPsf]b]lvG5 . To;kl5sf gjf}+, bzf}+ / tLgjifL{o cGtl/d of]hgfdfklg o;nfO{ k|fyldstf lbOPs} b]lvG5 . xfn sfof{Gjogdf /x]sf] lqjifL{o of]hgfdf g]kfndfa}b]lzs nufgL cfsif{0f ug{nufgL d}qL jftfj/0f l;h{gf ug]{cf}Bf]lus If]qdf ;'/Iff a9fpg],g]kfnsf]hnljB't, ko{6g ljsf;, s[lif cf}Bf]lus pTkfbg, xjfO{d}bfg tyf ;8s lgdf{0f 7" nf

xf]6]n, jfo';]jf ;+rfng dgf]/~hg, lzIff / :jf:Yo If]qdf ljb]zL nufgL leqofpFg k|fyldstflbOPsf]b]lvG5 . To;}u/L ;/sf/sf] jflif {s gLlt / sfo{qmd / ah]6 jQmJodf klg o; If]qnfO{k|fyldstf lbOPsf] kfOG5 . xfd|f /fli6o gLltx?df a}b]lzs nufgLnfO{ cfsif{0f ug{ ljleGggLltut Joj:yf ul/Psf 5g\. jfl0fHo gLlt, @)^%, ko{6g gLlt, @)^%, cf}Bf]lus gLlt, @)^&,hnljB't gLlt, @)%*, b"/ ;+rf/ gLlt, @)^) ljb]zL nufgL gLlt, @)^# / /fli6o xjfO{ gLlt,@)^#, df :jb]zL tyf ljb]zL nufgL cfslif{t ug{hf]8 lbOPsf] kfOG5 .


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^=@ sfg"gL Joj:yfg]kfndf ljb]zL nufgL cfslif{t ug{lgDgfg';f/sf sfg"gL Joj:yf ul/Psf b]lvG5g\Mljb]zL nufgL tyf k|ljlw x:tfGt/0f P]g, @)$(, /fli6o >d P]g, @)$*, k"jf{wf/ ;+/rgfsf]lgdf{0f tyf ;+rfngdf lghL nufgL ;DaGwL P]g, @)^#, cf}Bf]lus Joj;fo P]g, @)$(, lgdf{0f

Joj;fo P]g, @)%%, u}/ cfjf;Lo g]kfnL P]g, @)^$ g]kfn /fh:j / s/ ;DaGwL ljleGg P]gsfg"gx? / laKkf ;+emf}tfx? / ef/t;Fu xfn} ;DkGg ePsf] bf]xf]/f] s/ gnfUg] ;+emf}tf (DTAA)n]g]kfndf j}b]lzs nufgL leqofpFg w]/};3fp k'ofpF5 .

^=# ;+:yfut Joj:yfg]kfn ;/sf/sf pBf]u, cy{, k//fi6 >d tyf oftfoft / ko{6g dGqfno / dftxtsf ljefutyf sfof{nox? pRr :t/Lo nufgL af]8{, g]kfn ko{6g af]8{/ gful/s p8\8og k|flws/0f cflblgsfox? a}b]lzs nufgL;Fu ;DalGwt 5g\ . To;}u/L g]kfnsf] lghL If]q, ljz]if cfly{s If]q

(EPZ)/ u}/ cfjf;Lo g]kfnL (NRN) sf] e"ldsf /x]sf] 5 . ;g\ @)!@ nfO{ nufgL jif{sf] ?kdfdgfpg]3f]if0ff g]kfn ;/sf/n]u/]sf]5 .

^=$ nufgL cfsif{0f ug{ ;/sf/af6 pknAw ;'ljwfx? nufgLsf] :jLs[lt lbg]%) s/f]8 ?k}Fof ;Dd l:y/ h]yf ePsf]pBf]usf]xsdf pBf]u

ljefun]cfkm}/ ;f]eGbf a9L l:y/ h]yf ePsf] xsdf cf}Bf]lus k|jw{g af]8{n] tL; lbgleq ljb]zL nufgL tyf k|ljlw x:tfGt/0f ug{:jLs[lt lbg]sfg"gL Joj:yf 5 .

ljb]zL nufgLstf{n] cfgf]nufgLsf]z]o/ ljs|Laf6 k|fKt /sd nfd jf nfef+zsf]?kdfk|fKt /sd ljb]zL C0fsf];fjfFJofhsf]e'QmfgLsf]?kdf k|fKt /sd g]kfn /fHo aflx/n}hfg kfpg]sfg"gL k|fjwfg 5 .

nufgLstf{/ lghsf cfl>t kl/jf/nfO{ cfjf;Lo le;f ;'ljwf lbg] . ljb]zL nufgLstf{dfkm{t g]kfndf cWoog tyf cg';Gwfg ug{ cfpg]ljb]zL gful/snfO{^ dlxgf;Ddsf]u}/ ko{6s eL;f lbOg]5 .

ljjfb ;dfwfg ug{dWo:ytfsf]Joj:yf x'g].

s'g} klg pBf]u Joj;fosf]/fli6os/0f gul/g].

Psf/ ;ldltsf]Joj:yf u/L Pp6}ynf]af6 ;a};'ljwfx? pknAw u/fOg].

pBf]un]cfgf]pTkfbg lgsf;L u/]df lgsf;Laf6 cflh{t /sddf @) k|ltztsf b/n]dfq s/ nufOg].

pBf]un]cfg}pTkfbg lgsf;L u/]df j:t'df d"No clea[l4 s/ / cGtz'Ns lkmtf{lbg].


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lgof{t k|j4{g ug]{ pBf]un] k|of]u ug]{d]lzg cf}hf/, pks/0f oGq Pj+sRrf kbfy{df /pTkfbgdf s/ cGtz'Ns / b:t"/ nfUg]5}g .

/fh:j tyf s/ ;DaGwL sfg"gn]5'6 u/]sf s/b:t"/ ;DaGwL ;'ljwfx? lgDgfg';f/ k|bfgul/g].

h:t} cfos/ P]g, @)%* cg';f/ lgsf;Laf6 cflh{t cfodf aL; k|ltztsf b/n]dfq s/ nufOg]Joj:yf 5 . d"No clea[l4 s/ P]g, @)%@ cg';f/ lgsf;L ul/g] a:t' pTkfbg ubf{ lt/]sf] d" Noclea[l4 s/ lgj]bg lbPsf]^) lbg leq lkmtf{ul/g]5 . ;f] /sd lkmtf{ gePdf ;f] sf] Jofh;d]t lbOg]5 . e+;f/ P]g lgoddf pBf]un] k}7f/L ug]{ d]lzg/L cf}hf/df e+;f/ ;x'lnotsf] ;'ljwflbOg]Joj:yf 5 . To;}u/L pBf]un] g]kfn aflx/ lgsf;L u/]df cGtz'Ns gnfUg] Joj:yf cNtz'NsP]g, @)%* df ul/Psf]5 .

&_ g]kfndf a}b]lzs nufgLsf ljBdfg cj;/x?g]kfndf a}b]lzs nufgL cfsif{0f ug{pRr :t/Lo nufgL af]8{u7g ul/Psf]5 . ;g\ @)!@ nfO{nufgL jif{sf]?kdf dgfpg]g]kfn ;/sf/n]3f]if0ff u/]sf]5 . g]kfndf nufgL cfsif{0f ug{ xfn};/sf/n], hnljB't, ko{6g, s[lif, pBf]u / k" jf{wf/ ljsf; u/L % j6f d'Vo If]q / lzIff tyf:jf:Yo @ j6f ;xfos If]qnfO{ k|fyldstf lbOPsf] 5 . g]kfnsf] ckf/ hn;|f]tsf] If]qdf nufgL u/L7'nf7'nf hnljB't cfof]hgf lgdf{0f u/L bzf}F xhf/ d]3fjf6 ljB't pTkfbg ug{;lsg];+efjgf/x]sf]5 . g]kfndf bf];|f] hg cfGbf]ngaf6 /fhg}lts kl/jt{g eO{ nf]stflGqs ;+3Lo u0ftflGqs

k|0ffnLsf]:yfkgf ePsf]cj:yf 5 . dfgj clwsf/ / gful/ssf] df}lns xssf] Joj:yf ;+j}wflgs?kdf ul/Psf]5 . g]kfnsf b'O{ 7"nf l5d]sL d'n'sx? rLg / ef/tdf a}b]lzs nufgLstf{x? k|z:t/x]sf 5g\. ljut kf+r bzssf] cjlwdf g]kfndf ef}lts / ;fdflhs k"jf{wf/ v8f ePsf 5g\ .g]kfndf ;:tf]Hofnfb/df pBf]u Joj;fosf nflu cfjZos >ldsx?sf]pknAwtf 5 . g]kfnsf]lghL If]q / gful/s ;dfhsf]e"ldsf a}b]lzs nufgL leqofpFg cg's"n b]lvG5 .

*= ljBdfg sdL sdhf]/Lx?/fhg}lts cl:y/tf / gLltut c:ki6tf

g]kfndf /fhg}lts cl:y/tfn]d'n'ssf] zflGt ;'/Iff l:ylt emg emg lkmtnf]aGb}uO/x]sf]5 .Psflt/ d'n'sdf b08xLgtfn]k|>o kfO/x]sf]cj:yf 5 eg] csf]{lt/ d'n'ssf clwsf+z If]qx?dfcfjZos eGbf a9L /fhgLlts/0f eO/x]sf]b]lvG5 . xfn} ef/t;Fu ul/Psf] laKkf cfjZos lyof],Tof]/fd|f] 5 eg]/ Pp6f k|d'v /fhg}lts bnn] eGb5 eg] csf]{ k|d'v /fhg}lts bnn] To;sf]cfnf]rgf ul//x]sf] l:ylt 5 . b]zsf 7" nf7"nf cfof]hgfx? dWo d:of{\bL hnljB't cfof]hgf


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/ d]nDrL vfg]kfgL cfof]hgfx?df :yfgLo cj/f]w / k|lt/f]wn] ubf{ tL cfof]hgfsf] sfof{Gjogr/0fdf w]/};d:ofx? b]lvP . g]kfnsf] ljb]zL nufgL tyf Psf/ gLlt / o; ;Fu ;DjGwL sfg"gLJoj:yfx? jf6 g]kfndf nufgLd}qL jftfj/0f l;h{gf x'g ;s]g .

bL3{sfnLg ;f]rsf] sdLg]kfndf ljb]zL nufgL cfsif{0f ug]{ ;DaGwdf bL3{sfnLg ;f]r (Longterm Vision) sf] sdLb]lvPsf]5 . o; ;Gbe{df g]kfnn] s] s] ug]{ < slt jif{df sxfF k'Ug] < eGg] bL3{sfnLg of]hgf /uGtJosf]cefj b]lvG5 .

nufgL d}qL jftfj/0f l;h{gf ug{g;Sg'g]kfndf ljB't nf]8;]l8 ubf{pBf]u Joj;fosf nflu lgoldt ?kn]ljB't cfk"lt{ug{;d:ofv8f ePsf]5 . pBf]u Joj;fosf nflu hUuf clwu|x0f ug{, ;8s oftfoft lgdf{0f ug{ / kof{KtkfgLsf]Joj:yf ug{ljleGg sl7gfO{/ cj/f]w /x]sf]cj:yf b]lvG5 .

cf}Bf]lus /f]huf/bftf / >lds aLrsf];DaGw ;f}xfb{k"0f{aGg ;s]sf]5}gg]kfnsf] cf}Bf]lus tyf Jofkfl/s k|lti7fgx?df k|rlnt >d P]g cg';f/ dhb"/ egf{ ePsf]Ps jif{kl5 :jtM :yfoL ug'{kg]{Joj:yf 5 . >ldsx?sf] kfl/>lds b/ klg Psbd lgDg:t/sf]b]lvG5 . o;n] ubf{ ;]jf ;'ljwf a[l4 ug{sf nflu dhb'/x?sf dfux? /f]huf/bftfn] k"/f ug{cg]s k|sf/sf ljjfbx? pTkGg x'g]u/]sf / To;jf6 pBf]u Joj;fox? aGb x'g] l:yltdf k'u]sf]

cj:yf b]lvG5 . >d P]gdf /f]huf/bftfn] >ldsnfO{ cfgf] cfjZostfg';f/ Hire & fire ug{ ;Sg]:jfoQtf / clwsf/ lbPsf]5}g .

cfly{s s'6gLlts Ifdtf sdhf]/ b]lvg'g]kfnsf]k//fi6dGqfno / ljb]z l:yt s'6gLlts lgof]ux? cfgf k/Dk/fut s'6gLlts (EIA)ultljlwd}clNemg]u/]sf]n]g]kfndf a}b]lzs nufgL cfsif{0f ug{sf nflu cfly{s s'6gLlt ;ls|o/ ;Ifd x'g ;ls/fv]sf]5}g .

jftfj/0f ;+/If0f gLlt / sfg"g nufgL d}qL x'g g;Sg'g]kfndf s'g} pBf]u Joj;fo / ljsf; cfof]hgfsf nflu To;sf] jftfj/0f k|efj d" Nof+sgj:t'k/s / l56f] 5l/tf] x'g ;s]sf] 5}g . ljb]zL nufgLnfO{ cfsif{0f ug{ xfd|f jftfj/0f ;+/If0fgLlt / sfg"g ;do ;fk]If b]lvPsf 5}gg\.


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3/hUuf(Real estate)If]qdf ljb]zL nufgL v'nf gx'g'ljb]zL nufgL tyf k|ljlw x:tfGt/0f P]g, @)$( n]g]kfnsf]3/hUuf (Real Estate) If]qdf ljb]zLnufgLnfO{lgif]w u/]sf]cj:yf 5 . t/ l5d]sL /fi6 ef/tdf o; If]qdf nufgL v'nf u/]sf] 5 .g]kfnsf a}+s tyf ljQLo If]qdf 3/hUuf sf/f]af/df nufgL u/]sf]sf/0fn]sltko a}+s / ljQLo

;+:yfx?sf]C0f c;"nL x'g g;s]sf]sf/0fn]yk ;d:of pTkGg eO{/x]sf] l:ylt 5 .

g]kfndf ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfgx?sf]lghLs/0f k|of; ;kmn x'g g;Sg'g]kfndf sl/a !% jif{sf]cjlwdf #) j6f ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfgx? lghLs/0f eP . To;/L lghLs/0ful/Psf ;+:yfgx? p2]Zo cg'?k ;+rfng x'g ;s]gg\. lghLs/0f ul/Psf ;+:yfgx?df ;dfof]hgsf]lx;fa ldnfg x'g g;s]sf], pgLx?sf]hUuf cltqmd0f ePsf], ;DklQ Joj:yfkg ug{g;s]sf]/cg'udg / d"Nof+sg x'g g;s]sf]sf/0fn]lghLs/0f k|ls|of ;kmn ePsf]b]lvPg .

;fj{hlgs oftfoft If]qdf l;lG8s]6 k|0ffnL /xg'g]kfn ;fj{hlgs oftfoft If]qdf cem}klg sf6]{ln / l;lG8s]6 k|0ffnL /x]sf]n] To;n] cf}Bf]lus /Jofkfl/s ultljlwdf sl7gfO{a9fPsf]5 . g]kfn pBf]u jfl0fHo dxf;+3n] ;d]t o;sf] cfnf]rgful//xbf klg l;lG8s]6 k|0ffnL cGTo x'g ;s]sf]b]lvb}g .

g]kfnsf]ef}uf]lns cj:yfsf]sl7gfO{/xg'g]kfn Pp6f e"kl/j]li7t /fi6x'gfn];fd'lb|s aGb/ufxaf6 nfdf]b"/Ldf cjl:yt 5 . g]kfnsf]

kxf8L / lxdfnL e"efu a9L x'Fbf le/fnf] hdLgdf pBf]u Joj;fo ;+rfng ug{ sl7gfO{ pTkGgx'G5 . g]kfnsf] ahf/ klg ;fgf] / ;fF3'/f] 5 . g]kfnsf] ;Ldfgf tLg lt/ ef/t hf]l8Psf] / v'nf;Ldfgf ePsf]sf/0fn]ljb]zL nufgLsf nflu t:s/L / sfnf] ahf/Lsf] ;d:of gsf/fTds x'guPsf]5 .

;g\ @)!@ nufgL jif{3f]if0ff ubf{kof{Kt u[xsfo{gx'g'g]kfn ;/sf/n];g\@)!@ nfO{nufgL jif{3f]if0ff ug'{ :jfut of]Uo sfo{ePtf klg o; If]qdfkof{Kt u[xsfo{gu/Lsg nufgL jif{3f]if0ff ubf{st}ko{6g jif{3f]if0ff h:t}x'g]t xf]Og eGg]cfz+sf a9fPsf]b]lvG5 .

(= ;'wf/sf If]qx?/fhg}lts l:y/tf sfod ug{hf]8 lbg]d'n'sdf ljb]zL nufgL leqofpg]afx]s csf]{e/kbf]{ljsNk b]lvb}g . l5d]sL /fi6 ef/t / rLgsf]cfly{s a[l4sf]cWoog u/L cfufdL lbgdf a}b]lzs nufgL Jofks ?kdf leqofpFgsf nflu xfd|f


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ug{d'n'sdf ;:tf cfjf;x? k|z:t lgdf{0f ug'{ kg]{ cfjZos b]lvG5 . o;sf nflu :jb]zL nufgLk|jfx ub}{df dfq of]If]qsf];d:of ;dfwfg x'g ;Qm}g . To;sf nflu a}b]lzs nufgL leqofpg'h?/L b]lvG5 .

g]kfnsf]cfly{s s'6gLlts ;+oGqnfO{;Ifd / ;ls|o agfpg]g]kfndf a}b]lzs nufgL cfsif{0f ug{sf nflu gLltut, sfg"gL ;+:yfut / k|ls|ofut Joj:yfx?ul/Psf / o; If]qdf ;/sf/sf] k|ltj4tf ;d]t JoQm ePsf] l:ylt /x]sf]n] ljb]zL nufgLstf{x?n]g]kfndf nufgL ug{cfPdf oxfFljb]zL nufgLsf nflu nfebfoL cj;/x? k|z:t 5g\eGg]k|rf/k|;f/ ljb]zL d'n'sx?df ug{g]kfnsf]ljb]z l:ylt s'6gLlts lgof]ux? ;ls|o eO{cfgf]If]dtfljsf; ug{uDeL/ x'g'h?/L 5 . jt{dfg ;Gbe{df g]kfnsf] k//fi6 gLltsf] d'Vo cfwf/ g} cfly{ss'6gLlt (Economic Diplomacy)ePsf]5 . jt{dfg ;Gbe{df g]kfnsf] nflu a}b]lzs ;xfotf(Trade not Aid)eGg] ljZjJofkL dfGotfnfO{ k|fyldstf lbO{ cl3 a9\g' cfjZos 5 . eGbf k|ToIf

a}b]lzs nufgL a9L dxTjk"0f{ b]lvG5 .

pRr:t/Lo nufgL af]8{nfO{;zQm kfg]{g]kfndf xfn}u7g ePsf]pRr :t/Lo nufgL af]8{nfO{cfjZos kg]{ sfg"gL, k|zf;lgs / ljQLo;|f]t ;fwgx? pknAw u/fO{;zQm agfpg'kb{5 .

lgisif{

a}b]lzs nufgLsf]p2]Zo, dxTj r'gf}tL, cj;/, ;+efjgf / ljZj kl/j]znfO{ b[li6ut ub}{ g]kfndfljb]zL nufgL leqofpFg xfn;Dd ul/Psf ljleGg k|of;x?sf] cWoog / ;dLIff ubf{ g]kfnn]ljb]zL nufgL leqofpg /fli6o:t/d};+efJo pkfox? ckgfO{cl3 a9\g' kg]{ l:ylt b]lvG5 .g]kfnn]pRr :t/Lo nufgL af]8{u7g u/L sfo{;+rfng ug{z'? u/]sf], ;Gbe{df ;g\ @)!@ nfO{nufgL jif{3f]if0ff u/L ;/sf/n]cfgf]k|lta4tf JoQm u/]sf]ePtf klg o; ljifodf g]kfnsf]cfly{s s'6gLlts kIf Psbd sdhf]/ / oyfl:yltjfbL x'gfn] g]kfndf ljb]zL nufgLsf nfebfoLcj;/x?sf af/]df ljb]zL d'n'sx?df kof{Kt dfqfdf k|rf/k|;f/ x'g ;ls /fv]sf] b]lvb}g .

g]kfndf a}b]lzs nufgL cfsif{0f u/L nufgL d}qL jftfj/0f l;h{gf ug{xfd|f k|d'v /fhgLltsbnx?sf g]t[Tj ju{ / clwsf+z pRr k|zf;sx?df k|ltj4tfsf] sdL blvPsf] 5 . g]kfndfb08xLgtf / e|i6frf/sf] sf/0fn] ubf{ /fHosf clwsf+z If]qdf gsf/fTds k|efj k/]sf] 5 . g]kfnsf]lghL If]q klg d'n'sdf Jofkfl/s ;+:s[lt (Corporate Culture):yflkt ug{ lhDd]jf/ / ;ls|ogePsf]]b]lvPsf]5 .


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xfn}ef/t;Fu ;DkGg ePsf]laKkf ;+emf}tfsf]af/]df g]kfnL /fhgLlts If]qdf cfnf]rgf a9L eof].t/ Tof];+emf}tfsf]k|fjwfgx? cWoog ubf{g]kfndf ef/tLo nufgLstf{x?sf]nufgL leqofpFgof];+emf}tf w]/}xb;Dd dxTjk"0f{cfwf/sf]?kdf /x]sf]b]lvG5 . laKkf ;+emf}tfn] g]kfnnfO{ a9LkmfObf k'Ug]b]lvG5 . lsgeg] g]kfnsf] k|rlnt P]g sfg"g adf]lhd g]kfn ;/sf/n] :jLs[lt lbPsf]

cj:yfdf dfq ef/tLo nufgL g]kfn lelqg] xf] . of] ;+emf}tf cGtu{t x'g] nufgLaf6 ;+rfngul/g]pBf]u Joj;fodf g]kfnsf]>d sfg"g nfu" eO{g]kfnL dhb"/x?n]g}/f]huf/L kfpg]xs:yflkt x'G5 . g]kfn ;/sf/sf] :jLs[lt geO{ s'g} klg ef/tLo >ldsx? To:tf pBf]u Joj;fodfsfd ug{;Qm}gg\ . ef/tsf 7" nf 7" nf sDkgLx?n] g]kfndf nufgL ug]{ ;+efjgf a9\5 . To;n]g]kfndf /f]huf/Lsf cj;/x? k|z:t a9fpg d2t ug{;Qm5 . g]kfndf ef/tLo nufgLdf w]/}pBf]u Joj;fo v'Ng yfn]kl5 g]kfnL s[lif pkh cf}Bf]lus sRrf kbfy{sf]?kdf pkof]u eO{g]kfnLo'jfo'jltx?n]:jb]zd} /f]huf/L kfpg yfNg]5g\. t;y{ g]kfnn] cfufdL lbgdf l56} g} rLg, stf/,;+o'Qm c/a Old/]6\;, Sofg8f / kfls:tfg;+u klg laKkf ;+emf}tf ug'{ h?/L 5 . laKkf ;+emf}tf

ub}{df tL b]zx?af6 g]kfndf nufgLsf]cf]O/f ] g} nfU5 eGg]xf]Og . laKkf t ljb]zL nufgLsf nfluPp6f ljZjf;sf]cfwf/ dfq xf] . o; ;DaGwdf ljb]zL nufgL leqofpg g]kfndf nufgL d}qLjftfj/0f / nfebfoL cj;/ 5 ls 5}g Tof] dxTjk"0f{ x'G5 . g]kfnsf] hnljB't, 7'nf7'nf cfof]hgflgdf{0f ug{ljleGg nf]s dfu{ lgdf{0f ug{, cGt/fli6o / If]qLo :t/sf ljdfg:ynx? lgdf{0f ug]{7"nf7"nf ;Ld]G6 pBf]u ;+rfng ug{, /;folgs dnsf]pTkfbg sf/vfgf ;+rfng h:tf 7"nf 7"nfcfof]hgfx?df jflif{s ?kdf slDtdf % ca{ o"=P;= 8n/ /sd j}b]lzs nufgLsf] ?kdf g]kfndfleqofpg'clt cfjZos eO;s]sf]5 .

;Gbe{;fdfu|L M!= g]kfnsf]cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^#

@= g]kfnsf]cfjlws of]hgfx?

#= cfly{s ;j]{If0f, @)^&^*

$= ljb]zL nufgL tyf k|ljlw x:tfGt/0f P]g, @)$(

%= j}b]lzs nufgL gLlt, @)$(

^= jfl0fHo gLlt @)^%, ko{6g gLlt @)^%, cf}Bf]lus gLlt @)^&&= g]kfnsf /fli6o gLltx?, ;'j]bL lji0f'sf]ljZn]if0fTds ;+lxtfs/0f,k}/jL k|sfzg,@)^%

*= g]kfn / ef/t jLr ;DkGg ePsf] nufgL ;+/If0f tyf ;Da4{g ;Demf}tf ;DaGwL k'l:tsf,@)^* -pBf]u dGqfnojf6 k|sflzt_

(= cf=j= @)^*^( sf]gLlt tyf sfo{qmd / jh]6 jStJo

!)= uf]/vfkq / sflGtk'/af6 k|sflzt nufgL k|j4{g;DaGwL ljleGg n]vx? .


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ljefuLo k|d'v tyf c8\8fsf xflsdn]dftxtsf sd{rf/Lsf]sfdsf]l/kf]6{uf]Ko u/L /fVg]Joj:yfu/]sf]lyof]. 2 t/ Toltj]nf o;sf] k|efjsfl/tf klg gePsf] / k|of]hg klg vf;} ePsf] b]lvb}g .

sfo{;Dkfbg d"Nofg s]xf]]0fLs/0f ljlw (Straight Ranking Method)M sfo{ ;Dkfbg d"Nofgdf of]

k'/fgf]/ ;/n tl/sf xf] . JolQmn] ;Dkfbg u/]sf] sfo{nfO{ csf]{ p:t} k|lt:kwL{JolQm;Fu t'ngf u/L !,@,#==== c+s k|bfg u/L d"Nofg ul/G5 . JolQm JolQmaLrt'ngf u/L Ranking ug{ of];lhnf]/ pko'Qm x'G5 . t/ JolQm slt bIf / pko'Qm5 eg]/ of]k4ltdf dfkg ug{;lsb}g .

-@_ JolQm JolQmsf] t'ngf ljlw (Man to Man Comparison) M bf];|f] ljZjo'4tfsfcd]l/sL ;}lgs k|zf;gdf z'? ul/Psf] of] ljlw g]t[Tj, c?df e/ kg]{ gkg]{tyf cu|;/tf h:tf cfwf/x? to u/L k|To]s sd{rf/LnfO{Ps csf{l;t t'ngful/G5 . of] cln hl6n k|sf/sf] d"Nofg k4lt ePsf]n] Jojxf/df Tolt k|of]uePsf]kfOb}g .

-#_ juL{s/0f ljlw (Grading Method)M o;df clt pQd, pQd, ;fwf/0f, g/fd|f] jfclt g/fd|f]h:tf dfks (Scale)/fvL sd{rf/Lsf]d"Nofg ul/G5 .


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-$_ /]vflrq ljlw (Graphics or Linear Rating Scale)M Jojxf/df a9L g} rNtLsf] of]ljlwdf sd{rf/Lsf ljz]iftf -hfu?stf, g]t[Tj, ;xof]uLkgf, c?df e/kg]{ dfqf,k|j[lQ, phf{zLntf, cf1fsfl/tf, l;h{gzLntf, lg0f{o Ifdtf, ljZn]if0f Ifdtf,;+j]ufTds Ifdtf tyf ;dGjo_ / sd{rf/Lsf] of]ubfg -;Dkflbt sfo{sf] kl/df0f

/ u'0f:t/, ck]lIft lhDd]jf/L k"/f u/] gu/]sf], ljlzi6 nIo xfl;n u/] gu/]sf]cj:yf, g]t[Tj axg u/]gu/]sf], dflyNnf / tnsf ;Fu u/]sf] Jojxf/ cflb_ sfcfwf/df pgLx?sf]d"Nofg ul/G5 .

-%_ hj/h:t 5gf}6 j0f{g ljlw (Forced Choice Description Method) M of] ljlwbf];|f] ljZjo'4sf] bf}/fgdf ;}lgs ;]jfdf nfdf] cg';Gwfgkl5 ljsf; ul/Psf]ljlw xf] . o;n] ljifout eGbf j:t'ut d" NofgnfO{ dxTj lbG5 . o;n]sd{rf/Lsf]d"Nofgsf ;Gbe{df d"Nofgstf{sf]k|j[lQ (Tendency)nfO{ l:y/tf(Consistency)k|bfg ug{d2t ub{5 .

-^_ hj/h:t ljefhg ljlw (Forced Distribution Method)M of] ljlwsf] ljsf; ug]{lj4fg hf];]km l6lkmg (Joseph Tiffin)x'g\ . o;df sd{rf/LnfO{ ljleGg ;d"xdfljefhg ul/G5 . clt/fd|f, /fd|f / g/fd|f u/L ljefhg ul/G5 . o;sf] ljefhghlt 6'qmfdf klg ug{;lsG5 .

-&_ kl/If0f ;"rL ljlw (Check List)M o; ljlw cGtu{t sd{rf/LnfO{ ljleGg k|Zgtof/ u/L ;f]wgL ul/G5 . To;df p;sf] hfgsf/L, ;sf/fTdstf / gs/fTdstfsfcfwf/df p;sf]d"Nofg ul/G5 .

-*_ :jtGq lgjGw ljlw (Free Form Essay Method)M o;df sfd;Fu ;DalGwt v'Nnfk|Zg ;f]lwG5 . To;}sf cfwf/df sd{rf/Lsf]d"Nofg ul/G5 .-(_ ljZn]if0ffTds 36gf ljlw (Critical Incidents Method) M of] ljlw l4tLo

ljZjo'4tfsf cd]l/sL ;}Go kmf];{n]cg';Gwfg u/L k|of]udf NofPsf]xf]. d"Nofgcjlwdf 36]sf ljlzi6 36gf tyf sfo{nfO{clen]vLs/0f u/L To;sf cfwf/dfsd{rf/Lsf]d"Nofg ul/G5 .

-!)_ ;fd"lxs d"Nofg ljlw (Group Appraisal Method)M o; ljlw cGtu{t sd{rf/Lsf]d"Nofg ;d"xaf6 ul/G5 h'g d"Nofg ;d"xdf sd{rf/Lsf ;'kl/j]Ifs / lghsf]

sfdsf af/]df yfxf ePsf cGo ;'kl/j]Ifs ;d]t /xG5g\.-!!_ sfo{If]q l;+xfjnf]sg ljlw (Field Review Method)M of] ljlw cGtu{t sd{rf/L

k|zf;g ljefusf sd{rf/L ;DalGwt ljefusf ;'kl/j]Ifs;Fu sd{rf/Lsf af/]dfcGtjf{tf{lnP/ sd{rf/Lx?sf]d"Nofg ub{5g\.

-v_ cfw'lgs tl/sf(Modern Methods)o; tl/sf cGtu{t lgDg $ j6f tl/sfx? kb{5g\M


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-!_ d"Nofg s]Gb k4lt (Assessment Centre)M of] ljlw ;g\ !(#) lt/ hd{gLdf ;}lgsLo kl/l:ylt (Military Situations)df k|of]udf NofOPsf] b]lvG5 . o; ljlwdf w]/} d" Nofgstf{;Fu}a;L ljleGg kl/l:yltdf ljljw qmfO6]l/ofsf]k|of]u u/L sd{rf/Lsf]d"Nofg ub{5g\ .o;df ;fdfGotof sfuh l;;fsnd kl/If0f (Paper and Pencil Test), cGtjf{tf{ tyf

kl/l:yltsLo cEof;x? k|of]udf NofOG5 . sfd;Fu ;DalGwt e"ldsf cg's/0f Job relatedrole play simulation), g]t[TjlaxLg ;fd"lxs 5nkmn, In basket exercise, business gameh:tf tl/sfx?sf]k|of]u ul/Psf]kfOG5 . klZrdL d'n''sx?df o;sf] cEof; ePsf] ePklg g]kfndf eg]o;sf]k|of]u ul/Psf]5}g . txut k4lt nfu" ug]{ ;DaGwdf tof/ ePsf]ltjf/L k|ltj]bgdf of]cjwf/0ffnfO{cufl8 ;fl/Psf]eP klg o;sf]k|of]u cBlk ePsf]5}g .

-@_ p4]Zod"ns Joj:yfkg ljlw (Appraisal by results or Management by Objectives)M of]ljlwsf]ljsf; jf k|ltkfbg k|lz4 Joj:yfkgljb\ lk6/ 8s/ (Peter Drucker) d"Nofg

k4ltdf of]a9L k|rlnt / j}1flgs ;d]t dflgG5 . o; ljlwdf afXo lgoGq0f sd eGbfsd / cfGtl/s pTk|]/0ffsf] a9fjf ug]{ s'/fdf hf]8 lbOg5 . ;+u7gsf] nIo;Fu sd{rf/Lsf]sfo{;DkfbgnfO{bfFh]/ x]l/G5 . o;df sd{rf/Lsf] Jofks ;xeflutf4f/f nIo lgwf{/0f,lhDd]jf/L tyf lqmofsnfksf]ls6fgL ;d]t ul/Psf]x'G5 . sd{rf/Lsf] Ifdtf clea[l4df;d]t Jofks hf]8 lbOPsf]x'G5 . o;af6 of]glthfd"ns x'g]s'/f :ki6 g}5 .

-#_ dfgj ;DklQ clen]v k4lt (Human Asset Accounting Method) M s'g} ;+u7gdfsd{rf/L slQsf];Gt'i6 5g\, ;]jfu|fxL slt ;Gt'i6 5g\, ;+u7g 5f8]/ lx8\g] k|j[lQ s:tf]5, o:tf kIfsf]clen]vLs/0f u/L ;+u7g slt kfgLdf 5, cfkm\gf]p4]Zodf s]slt ;kmn

5 eg]/ cfsng ug{ ;lsG5 . o;sf] cnfjf ;+u7gsf] gLlt, sfo{ jftfj/0f, g]t[Tj cflb;a}kIfdf Wofg lbOG5 .-$_ cfr/0fut ;xf/f dfkg ljlw (Behaviourly Anchored Rating Scales)M d"Nofg k4ltdf

of]gofFxf]. o;sf kfFr j6f r/0f x'G5g\h'g lgDg cg';f/ 5g\M-s_ l;lh{t3l6t 36gfx?sf] ljZn]if0f (Generate Critical Incidents) M o;df

sd{rf/Lsf]sfdsf]af/]df 1fg, ljlzi6 sfo{jf 36gfdf p;sf]sfo{;Dkfbgsf]cj:yf h:tf kIf x]l/G5 .

-v_ sfo{ ;Dkfbg cfofdsf] ljsf; (Develop Performance Dimentions) M o;df

sfo{;Dkfbg cfofdnfO{;fgf ;fgf Clustersdf ljefhg u/L k|To]s ClustersnfO{kl/eflift ul/G5 .-u_ 36gfx?sf] k'gMljt/0f (Reallocate Incidents) M sfo{df hfgsf/ s'g} klg

;d"xnfO{k"j{;Dkflbt ljlzi6 sfo{x? (Critical Incidents)k'glj{t/0f ul/G5 .tL 36gfx?sf]k'gM l8hfOg ug{elgG5 .

-3_ 36gfsf]:t/ lgwf{/0f (Scale of Incidents)M bf];|f] ;d'xnfO{ ;fdfGotof ljlzi636gfdf b]lvPsf k|j[lQnfO{& b]lv ( a" Fbfdf c+sg ug{ elgG5 . tf ls pko'Qmcfofddf -k|efjsf/L jf ck|efjsf/L 9+un]_ sfo{;Dkfbgsf]k|ltlglwTj u/f];\.

-_ clGtd dfkg ljsf; ug'{(Develop Final Instrument)


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sd{rf/Lsf]sfo{;Dkfbg d"Nofg s;n]ub{5 f]t;fwgsf]k|efjsf/L pkof]u h:tf u'0fx?nfO{:yfg lbOPsf]5 . bhf{d"ns k4ltnfO{oyfjt cFufNb}sfo{d"ns k4ltdf xfDkmfn]s}sf/0fn]sf=;=d"= kmf/fddf ePsf ;"rssf]

cfwf/df d"Nofg gu/L sd{rf/Lsf j}olQms u'0f / rl/qsf cfwf/df d" Nofg ul/g]kl/kf6L oyfjt\/xg uPsf]5 .

-!!_ d"Nofgstf{ / d"Nofg ul/g] sd{rf/Lsf] rfF8f] rfF8f] x'g] ;?jfn] j:t'lgi6 d"Nofgug{df afwf kfb{5 . cfly{s jif{sf] cGTolt/ ;?jf eP/ cfPsf sd{rf/Lsf] d"Nofgp;sf ;'kl/j]Ifsn]j:t'lgi6 9+un]g}ub{5 eg]/ eGg ;lsb}g . To;} u/L cfly{s jif{sf]cGTolt/ cGqo ;?Jff eP/ hfg]d"Nofgstf{n]sd{rf/L lrlg;s]sf]x'b}g, sfdsf]af/]dfa'lem;s]s}x'b}g . o:tf]kl/l:yltdf j:t'lgi6 d"Nofg x'g ;Sb}g .

;dfwfgsf pkfox?-!_ j:t'lgi6 9+un] dfkg ug{;lsg]sfo{;Dkfbg d"Nofg ;"rsf+ssf]ljsf; ug]{ M sfo{

;DkfbgnfO{j:t'ut 9+un] d"Nofg ug{j:t'lgi6 sf=;=d"= ;"rsf+s ckl/xfo{5 . o;sf]ljsf; u/L sfo{;Dkfbg ug]{k4ltsf]yfngL ug{cj l9nf]e};s]sf]5 .

-@_ lj:t[t sfo{ljj/0fsf]Joj:yf M s'g sd{rf/Ln] s] s] sfo{ ;Dkfbg ug'{kg]{ xf], To;sf]olsg geP;Dd sfo{;Dkfbg d"Nofg ubf{To:tf]d"Nofg j:t'k/s x'g ;Sb}g . To;}n]k|To]s kbn];Dkfbg ug]{sfo{x?sf]ljj/0f ckl/xfo{5 .

-#_ sfo{;Dkfbg d"Nofgdf ;]jfu|fxLsf]k[i7kf]if0f lng]M sf=;=d"= df ;]jfu|fxLsf] k[i7kf]if0flng]s'/f eGg hlt ;lhnf]5, Jojxf/df ptfg{ TolQs} sl7g 5 . hlt sl7g ePklg o;nfO{ Jojxf/df ptfg'{ cfjZos b]lvG5 . ;fj{hlgs ;]jfk|jfxdf ;]jfu|fxLsf];]jfk|bfospk/ k|ltlqmofsf] ;'g'jfO ePdf ;fj{hlgs ;]jfk|jfxsf] k|efjsfl/tf a9\g],/fHo;+oGqk|lt hgtfsf]ljZjf; a9\g]/ ;'zf;g sfod ug{ d4t k'Ug] b]lvG5 . To;}n]s'g If]q / k|s[ltsf] sfo{df s] s;/L ;]jfu|fxLsf] k[i7kf]if0f lng] eGg] s'/f eg] to ug'{h?/L 5 .


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-$_ k'g/fjnf]sg ;ldltsf]d"Nofg Joj:yf x6fpg] M sf=;=d"= df xfn;Ddsf] cg'ejnfO{b[li6ut ubf{;ldltsf]d"Nofg pko'Qm eGg ;lsg]cj:yf b]lvPsf]5}g . To;}n] o;nfO{x6fpg g}pko'Qm x'G5 .

-%_ sfo{;Dkfbg d"NofgnfO{kf/bzL{agfpb}n}hfg] M g]kfndf sfo{;Dkfbg d"NofgnfO{

kf/bzL{agfpg];Gbe{df k|f/lDes kfOnf rflnPsf]5 . d" Nofg e};s]kl5 sd{rf/Lsf]lgj]bgsf]cfwf/df c+s x]g{lbg]Joj:yf ;Dd ePsf]5 . k|lqmofdf kf/bzL{tf eg] cem}ckgfpg ;lsPsf]5}g . cfkm\gf] sfo{ ;Dkfbgsf] c+s cfkm} yfxf kfpg] u/L kf/bzL{agfpg h?/L 5 . o;sf]nflu sfo{;Dkfbg ;"rs ckl/xfo{x'G5 .

-^_ sd{rf/LnfO{Ps cfly{s jif{sf]z'?df ;?jf ug]{ sfo{tflnsf agfpg]xf]eg]sd{rf/L/ ;'kl/j]Ifs Pscfk;df kl/lrt x'g], ;'kl/j]IfsnfO{ sd{rf/Ln] ;Dkfbg ul/g] sfo{sf]k"/fk"/ hfgsf/L x'g], sd{rf/Lsf]sfo{;Dkfbg:t/ / p;sf j}olQms u'0fx?sf af/]dfhfgsf/L x'g]e}d"Nofg j:t'lgi6 x'g];Defjgf /xG5 .

-&_ sfo{;Dkfbg d"Nofg ubf{;Dkflbt sfdsf]kl/df0f, nfut, ;do / u'0f olsg ug]{sfo{sl7g sfo{xf]. emg\ sfo{ ljj/0f gePsf] / ePsf]df klg gfddfqsf] ePsf] cj:yf,lhDd]jf/Lsf] :ki6 ls6fgL gePsf]tyf j:t'lgi6 d"Nofgsf ;"rsf+ssf]cefj ePsf]cj:yfdf o:tf]d"Nofg sfo{sl7g x'g':jefljs}xf]. To;}n] sfo{ ;Dkfbg d"NofgdfrfdTsfl/s km8\sf]xfGg]sfNklgs s'/f ug]{t/ d"Nofg k/Dk/fut 9+un]g}ug'{eGbfsd{rf/Lsf JolQmut u'0f / rl/q / p;sf] sfo{ ;Dkfbg kIfaLr pko'Qm ;Gt'ngsfod ug]{/ lghfdtL k|zf;g leqsf d"ne"t rl/q, dfGotf / k|rngnfO{ kl/jt{g ub}{

sfo{;Dkfbg d"NofgnfO{e/kbf]{, j:t'lgi6, lgZkIf, kf/bzL{agfpb}sd{rf/LnfO{sfo{;Dkfbgd'vL agfpg]tkm{pGd'v x'g'pko'Qm x'G5 .

lgisif{;+;f/df sFxL klg sfo{;Dkfbg d"Nofgdf k"0f{tf (Perfection)k|fKt ug{ ;lsPsf] b]lvb}g . t/s] ;/sf/L s]lghLIf]q, ;a}n]cfkm\gf sd{rf/Lsf]sfo{;Dkfbg d"NofgnfO{a:t'lgi6, e/kbf]{,lgZkIf, / kf/bzL{ agfpb} ;+u7gsf] nIo xfl;n ug{df sd{rf/Lsf] of]ubfgnfO{ a9fpg rfxG5g\ .ljZjsf w]/}b]zsf]j:t'l:yltnfO{dWogh/ /fVg]xf]eg];/sf/L eGbf lghLIf]qdf sfo{;Dkfbg

d"Nofg a9L dfqfdf j:t'lgi6, lgZkIf, e/kbf]{ / kf/bzL{ ePsf] cg'ej ug{ ;lsG5 . ;/sf/LIf]qdf eg]sltko dfkg ug{sl7g x'g]sfo{x? / hl6n k|sf/sf sfo{x?n] ubf{ sltko cj:yfdfj:t'lgi6 d"Nofg ug{df tFuf/f]ag]sf]cj:yf klg 5 .

j:t'lgi6 9+un] dfkg ug{;lsg]sfo{;Dkfbg d"Nofg ;"rsf+ssf cfwf/df ul/g]d"Nofgn];+u7gsf]pGglt / k|ult tyf sd{rf/Lsf] JolQmut sfo{ Ifdtf ;'wf/ ;Dej x'G5 . j:t'lgi6 sfo{;Dkfbg d"Nofg ;"rsf+sn] sfo{ ;Dkfbg d"NofgnfO{ kf/bzL{ agfpg / sd{rf/LnfO{ lgZkIf


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!= k[i7e"ld

ljs]Gb|Ls/0f / :yfgLo :jfoQ zf;g Pp6} cjwf/0ff xf]O{g . t/ oL cjwf/0ffsf jLrdf w]/} ;dfgtfeg]kSs}b]lvG5 . oL cjwf/0ffx?n] hgtfsf glhsdf /x]sf :yfgLo lgsfo jf kbflwsf/Lx?nfO{

clwsf/, >f]t ;fwg ;DkGg jgfO{ lhDd]jf/ / hjfkmb]xL 9+ujf6 sfd u/fpg] s'/fsf] jsfntub{5g\. s]Gb| jf pRr kbflwsf/Ldf /x]sf] clwsf/, >f]t ;fwg, lhDd]jf/L tNnf] txsf lgsfojf kbflwsf/LnfO{x:tfGt/0f ug]{k|lqmof g}ljs]Gb|Ls/0f xf]. ljs]Gb|Ls/0f cGt/t/ut dflyNnf]lgsfo jf kbflwsf/Ljf6 cfkm\gf]sfo{jf]em sd ug]{tyf ;]jf k|jfxnfO{k|efjsf/L jgfpg]p4]Zon]tNnf]lgsfo jf kbflwsf/LnfO{clwsf/ :yfgfGt/0f (Deconcentration)tyf clwsf/ k|Tofof]hg(Delegation of Authority) sf] tl/sfjf6 ljs]Gb|Ls/0f ug]{ ul/G5 . s]Gb|n] /fhg}lts, cfly{styf k|zf;lgs clwsf/x? sfg'g agfP/ tNnf] lgsfo jf hgtfsf glhs /x]sf ;/sf/nfO{k|bfg ug]{ k|lqmofnfO{clwsf/sf]lgIf]k0f (Devolution)sf] ?kdf x]g]{ ul/G5 . lgIf]lkt lgsfox?

;fdfGotof M hglgjf{lrt :yfgLo ;/sf/ jf lgsfo x'g] ub{5g\ . ljs]Gb|Ls/0f cGt/ut tNnftxsf lgsfox?nfO{ ljleGg /fhgLlts, ljQLo, k|zf;lgs, Goflos clwsf/ tyf lhDd]jf/Lx?k|bfg ug]{ ul/G5 .

:yfgLo :jfoQ zf;g eGgfn] :yfgLo hgtf4f/f :yfgLo :t/df cfkm\gf] zf;g cfkm}+ ug]{Joj:yfnfO{hgfp+b5 . :yfgLo :jfoQ zf;g cGt/u{t :yfgLo :jfoQ ;/sf/ jf lgsfox?n]:yfgLo hgtfsf]lxt / ;'v ;'ljwf clej[l4sf] nflu ljleGg /fhgLlts, cfly{s tyf k|zf;lgs

clwsf/x?sf]cEof; ug]{ub{5g\. :yfgLo :jfoQ zf;g Pp6f j[xt cjwf/0ff xf] hxf+ :yfgLo;/sf/ jf lgsfon]:yfgLo lghL If]q / gful/s ;dfh ;d]tsf] ;xsfo{jf6 :yfgLo ljsf; lgdf{0f/ ;]jf k|jfxsf]sfd ldQJooL, s'zn, k|efjsf/L, pQ/bfoL 9+ujf6 ;Dkfbg ug]{ul/G5 .

@= :yfgLo :jfoQ ;/sf/sf];}4flGts cjwf/0ff

s]lGb|s[t zf;g k4tL, ;f]r / s]Gb|Lo of]hgf k|0ffnLn] :yfgLo hgtfsf dfu / cfjZostfnfO{plrt 9+un];+jf]wg ug{g:sg', :yfgLo >f]t ;fwgsf]plrt kl/rfng gx'g'/ s]Gb|Lo ;/sf/jf6

;Dkflbt sfo{n] :yfgLo ljsf; / ;]jf k|jfx k|efjsf/L gx'g' h:tf sf/0fn] :yfgLo :jfoQzf;gsf] cEof; x'+b} cfPsf] kfO{G5 . o:tf ;d:ofx?sf] kl/0ffd :j?k ljZjJofkL ?kdf g}hg;xeflutf, :yfgLo :jfoQ zf;g, ;dfj]zLs/0f, :yfgLo rfxgf / cfjZostfk|lt lhDd]jf/;/sf/ h:tf dfGotfsf]ljsf; x'+b}cfPsf]5 .

:yfgLo :jfoQ ;/sf/ Pp6f o:tf];fj{hlgs k|zf;g xf], hxfFlglZrt If]qsf jfl;Gbf4f/f ;d'bfou7g ub{5g / o;nfO{ s]Gb|Lo ;/sf/n] dfGotf lbPsf] x'G5 ;fy} o;sf]] vf; sfg"gL x}l;ot x'G5


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(Local self-government is a form of public administration, such that the inhabitants of a certain

territory form a community that is recognized by the central government and has a specific

legal status) .

:yfgLo hgtfsf w]/}:yfgLo sfo{x? ;Dkfbg ug{sf nflu :yfgLo txdf /x]sf];/sf/ g}:yfgLo;/sf/ xf]. o;n] :yfgLo hgtfsf] cfjZostf k'/f ug]{ sfo{ ub{5 . of] :yfgLo hgtfsf] ;/sf/

xf] . o;n] :yfgLo >f]tsf] ;xof]ujf6 :yfgLo hgtfsf] cfjZostf k'/f ub{5 (Local self-government means government at the local level for performing several local functions for

the local people of the local area. It works for securing the civic needs of the local people. It is

a government of the local people which works for meeting local needs with the help of local

resources) .

hgtfsf glhsdf /x]sf ;+:yfx?df hgtfsf]jlnof] kxF'r /xg ;Sg], hgtfsf]cfjfh ;lhn}k'Ug ;Sg], hgtfsf]lgu/fgL j9\g ;Sg]x'gfn]To:tf ;+:yf :yfgLo hgtfk|lt jl9 lhDd]jf/ jGg;Sb5g\eGg]dfGotf g}:yfgLo ;/sf/sf];}4flGts cfwf/ xf].

:yfgLo dfldnfx?df ;/f]sf/ /fVg] / :yfgLo hgtff/f r'lgPsf clwsf/L4f/f k|zfl;t /xg]sfg'g4f/f :yflkt ;+oGq g} :yfgLo ;/sf/ xf] . o;sf] :yfkgf sfg'g cg';f/ x'g], cfkm\gf]ef}uf]lns ;Ldf /xg]/ :yfgLo ;d'bfosf] k|ToIf ;xeflutf /xg] h:tf kIfx? o;sf ;}4flGts

cfwf/ x'g\ . :yfgLo :jfoQ ;/sf/x?n] Joj:yfksLo, sfo{sf/L / Goflos clwsf/x? zlQmk[ysLs/0f / ;Gt'ngsf cfwf/df cEof; ug]{ub{5g\.

#= :yfgLo :jfoQ zf;gsf]cjwf/0ff

:yfgLo :jfoQ zf;g :yfgLo ;/sf/ eGbf j[xt cjwf/0ff xf]. ;fdfGotof :YffgLo :jfoQ zf;geGgfn]sfg'g cg';f/ u7g x'g]clwsf/ k|fKt lgsfon]cfkm\gf]If]qsf]zf;gsf]k|jGw / ;+rfngcfkm}+ug]{ k|0ffnL xf]. :yfgLo:t/sf] zf;g To;} If]qsf hgtf4f/f rnfpg] :jtGqtf g} :yfgLo

:jfoQ zf;g xf] . :yfgLo :jfoQ zf;g cGt/u/ :yfgLo ;/sf/, ;/sf/L sfof{nox? tyfcgf}krfl/s ;+oq, ;fd'bflos ;+:yf, :yfgLo:t/sf ;+3 ;+:yf, u}/;/sf/L ;+:yf, gful/s ;dfhtyf lghLIf]qsf]e"dLsf / ;fd"lxs lqmofsnfkx?nfO{;d]6\b5 .

/fHof/f ;Dkfbg ul/g]/fhgLlts, cfly{s, k|zf;lgs clwsf/nfO{:yfgLo :t/df cEof; ul/g]k4tL g}:yfgLo :jfoQ zf;g xf]. (Local Self Governance is defined as the exercise of political,economic and adminstrative authorities to manage the country's affairs at local level).


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:yfgLo :jfoQ zf;g cGt/ut :yfgLo:t/df ;+rfng ug{;lsg]sfo{x?, sfo{;Dkfbg ug{rflxg]>f]t kl/rfngsf]clwsf/, s]Gb|/ :yfgLo lgsfojLr cfk;L ;DjGw / e'dLsfsf] :ki6 af+8kmf+8ul/Psf]x'G5 .

:yfgLo :jfoQ zf;g :yfgLo hgtf4f/f lgjf{lrt :yfgLo ;/sf/ jf lgsfojf6 ;+rflnt zf;g

ePsfn]hgtfk|lt ;Dj]bglzn, lhDd]jf/ / pQ/bfoL x'G5 . :yfgLo ;/sf/ ;+j}wflgs jf sfg'gL?kdf u7g x'g]ePsfn]cfkm\gf] If]qleq zlQm k[ysLs/0f tyf ;Gt'ngsf cfwf/df Joj:yfksLo,sfo{sfl/0fL tyf Goflos clwsf/sf]jfF8kmfF8 ul/Psf]x'G5 . :yfgLo :jfoQ zf;g hgtfk|ltk|ToIf pQ/bfoL x'g] ePsfn]ljsf; lgdf{0f sfo{/ ;]jf k|jfxdf ;j{;fwf/0fsf] ;/n / ;xh kx'Fr;'lglZrt ug{;lsG5 . :yfgLo :jfoQ zf;gjf6 zf;g k|0ffnLnfO{ ;dfj]zL jgfO{ ;dfhsf ;j}ju{, If]q, ln+u / ;d'bfosf] ;dfg'kflts ljsf; ug{ ;lsG5 . o; zf;gn] lghL tyf u}/ ;/sf/LIf]qsf];fem]bf/Ljf6 zf;gdf hgtfsf]:jfldTj / ckgTj j[l4 x'G5 .

$=:yfgLo :jfoQ zf;g;/sf/sf l;4fGtx?

:yfgLo :jfoQ zf;g;/sf/sf ;}4flGts kIfx?sf] jf/]df lgDg cg';f/ ;+lIfKt ?kdf rrf{ul/Psf]5 .

!= ;lGgs6tfsf]l;4fGt(Principle of Subsidiarity)

;/sf/L ;]jfnfO{s'zntfk'j{s k|jfx ug{;Sg];jeGbf tNnf]lgsfo jf ;/sf/jf6 sfo{;Dkfbgu/fpg'kb{5 / ;f] lgsfon] ug{ g;Sg] sfo{ dfq ;f] eGbf dflyNnf] lgsfojf6 u/fpg' kb{5 eGg]

l;4fGt .

@= ljlQo clwsf/ lgIf]k0fsf

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