Susan L. Holdt , Goncalo.S. Marinho, IriniAngelidaki DTU ... · Indhold og vurdering af højværdistofferi tang (specielle lipider/PUFA, mineraler, vitaminer, aminosyrer …) Susan

Indhold og vurdering af højværdistoffer i tang (specielle lipider/PUFA, mineraler, vitaminer, aminosyrer …)

Susan L. Holdt, Goncalo.S. Marinho, Irini Angelidaki

DTU Fødevareinstituttet/DTU Miljø

Konference KOMBI-opdræt 16. juni, 2015

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• Protein by season• Amino acid profile/quality• Lipids and fatty acids• Trace metals (good and bad!)• Vitamins• Pigments• Comparisons to other foods and feeds• Conclusions

• Protein content

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

18

Pro

tein

(%

DW

)

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

May July Sept Nov Jan Mar May

a

b

b

b

cd

a

b

b

REF

IMTA

REF incl. epiphytes

IMTA incl. epiphytes

Protein content varied markedly seasonally.No significant difference for the tested parameters between the two sampling sites.

The protein concentration varied markedly reaching a maximum of 10.8% DW in November and a minimum of 1.3% DW in May 2013.

Presence of epiphytes did not significantly alter the protein content in samples collected from July to November.

• Amino acid profileTable 1 Year-round variation in the amino acid composition (mg amino acid g-1 protein), total amino acid (% DW), total essential amino acid content, essential amino acid ratio (EAA/AA) and EAA score of S. latissima cultivated at both reference (REF) and IMTA site.

May Jul Sep Nov Jan Mar May Pattern3 FM4 SM4 WM4

Amino acid INITIAL REF IMTA REF IMTA REF IMTA REF IMTA REF IMTA REF IMTA

LYS1 53.1±0.9 61.8±8.2 58.7±16.1 56.7±8.3 64.6±14.9 65.1±7.3 62.8±1.4 58.4±11.1 53.5±2.4 47.4±8.1 45.9±16.3 52.3±8.9 52.7±14.9 52.0

0 113.1

5 139.5

6 21.68

ALA 155.2±17.5 121.2±31.2 95.7±27.7 141.8±6.9 135.9±8.8 112.9±30.9 120.8±12.3 109.9±31.0 105.2±28.0 197.8±56.9 138.4±17.0 107.0±58.

9 90.6±45.1

ARG2 58.6±2.4 69.4±6.1 66.3±6.1 40.9±17.1 49.9±20.8 80.6±32.3 50.3±18.5 44.0±13.0 32.5±7.2 68.2±16.9 59.5±5.6 71.1±25.9 69.1±36.9 83.45 154.2

2 31.47

CYS1 4.1±0.6 1.0±0.6 1.1±0.3 2.9±0.7 2.9±2.4 n.d n.d n.d n.d n.d n.d n.d n.d

MET1 29.8±5.1 60.4±55.9 39.6±17.5 26.3±9.0 26.7±5.5 24.3±9.2 23.2±0.7 22.9±16.2 26.2±15.7 31.4±13.2 24.3±15.0 44.2±6.1 43.0±19.6 26.0

0 41.02 30.67 13.99

LEU1 102.5±1.2 128.7±35.4 128.1±43.3 82.3±15.0 107.3±36.8 64.2±8.7 66.1±10.4 79.2±6.4 73.3±10.4 53.0±17.7 53.1±37.2 69.1±11.4 59.4±11.8 63.0

0 108.9

1 167.5

6 65.73

TYR1 28.9±1.8 23.6±1.7 22.9±0.5 19.9±1.4 22.4±4.5 20.2±0.2 17.6±2.0 19.7±4.3 21.7±9.0 15.1±3.6 17.2±8.3 25.3±5.8 21.6±2.8 46.0

0 16.97 26.22 8.39

PHE1 112.6±7.3 83.1±11.8 97.3±31.0 54.7±7.4 63.8±17.5 38.3±9.1 38.8±1.3 49.2±3.0 42.0±6.3 33.9±6.7 36.4±14.9 47.2±10.7 44.7±7.3 59.41 111.7

8 44.76

PRO 51.6±3.5 61.3±4.4 51.5±4.6 46.7±2.6 50.7±4.5 47.4±5.0 45.8±10.9 59.1±9.3 65.5±10.2 47.1±10.8 43.7±23.7 42.8±3.9 37.4±6.5

THR1 26.5±2.3 33.7±2.5 38.4±7.7 35.5±3.9 32.9±7.6 33.7±15.8 37.8±2.4 39.3±3.2 25.8±3.6 23.9±4.7 27.0±8.5 41.4±9.7 43.0±13.8 27.0

0 62.23 109.3

3 24.48

ASP 157.5±10.9 121.6±23.4 117.3±19.5 112.0±19.1 117.4±15.9 193.4±36.8 181.5±35.8 182.5±32.1 190.7±49.7 211.2±85.3 270.1±114.

4 205.3±12.

4 174.7±17.4

SER 75.2±2.3 79.5±25.6 68.4±6.3 55.5±8.1 43.6±17.7 54.3±25.6 52.9±19.4 69.7±34.2 125.1±50.6 n.d n.d 73.3±7.1 70.1±8.1

HYP 4.1±0.4 19.1±13.3 8.4±3.5 31.7±11.5 28.3±10.7 18.4±16.5 17.9±8.6 12.0±2.8 8.7±3.7 10.3±2.8 5.8±1.4 n.d n.d

GLU 160.2±36.6 146.9±0.6 190.1±62.9 266.5±33.3 204.2±40.6 233.6±17.2 260.9±93.2 236.1±72.8 213.5±32.3 281.9±64.0 304.4±142.

0 225.3±8.3 299.9±29.5

VAL 1 25.1±4.6 57.0±12.7 50.0±4.2 53.6±6.0 57.0±7.7 45.0±19.6 64.2±14.3 52.1±5.4 44.0±4.3 21.7±4.8 22.8±23.7 37.5±8.6 39.5±10.9 42.0

0 76.38 104.8

9 37.06

HIS1 10.5±0.9 9.4±1.3 6.7±2.4 3.0±1.0 8.9±2.9 8.7±5.1 12.4±6.2 8.1±1.0 12.2±7.3 n.d n.d 7.1±3.3 6.2±2.6 18.0

0 35.36 58.67 18.88

TRP1 n.d n.d n.d n.d n.d n.d n.d n.d n.d n.d n.d n.d n.d

ILE1 12.0±0.1 35.9±2.4 38.1±3.3 28.1±4.6 43.2±9.1 30.8±14.7 33.6±2.4 39.5±5.0 28.7±3.1 17.4±5.1 16.6±9.9 28.1±13.2 31.4±10.9 31.0

0 66.48 111.3

3 34.97

GLY 109.4±8.1 119.9±9.3 91.8±7.4 121.1±21.3 118.5±15.7 101.6±36.1 86.1±12.9 91.7±41.6 112.8±44.9 87.5±21.7 77.8±39.4 87.5±37.1 77.4±32.6

? AA (% DW) 1.5±0.2d 2.0±0.9 2.0±1.1

c 7.0±1.2 7.6±1.7

b 11.3±4.0 12.7±1.6

a 7.5±1.6 7.2±2.9

b 4.0±1.0 8.0±4.9

b 5.2±1.9 4.5±2.7

b

? EAA

405.0±20.4b

494.2±40.8 480.7±65.3a 368.3±13.1

428.6±76.0b 330.4±73.8

356.5±35.1bc

368.5±18.2

327.5±36.9bc

247.5±54.7

248.2±141.

6c

352.1±58.0

341.5±48.4bc

305.

0

EAA/AA 0.34±0.02b 0.42±0.03 0.41±0.06

a 0.31±0.01

0.36±0.07b 0.28±0.06

0.30±0.03bc

0.31±0.01

0.28±0.03bc

0.21±0.05 0.21±0.12c 0.30±0.05

0.29±0.04bc

EAA score (%) 38.7±0.4 52.0±7.3 37.1±13.3 16.7±5.7 49.5±16.2 48.4±28.4 68.9±34.4 45.0±5.5 67.7±40.8 n.d n.d 39.3±18.6 34.2±14.4

Aspartic and glutamic acids dominated the amino acid profile, accounting for up to 49% of the total.

Greatest seasonal differences in amino acid composition occurred in July, with leucine contributing most (22.7-26.7%) of the observed differences.

• Essential amino acid score

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Esse

nti

alam

ino

acid

sco

re (

%)

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May July Sept Nov Jan Mar May

b

a

REF

IMTA

REF incl. epiphytes

IMTA incl. epiphytes

A maximal essential amino acid (EAA) score of 68.9% (based on WHO/FAO/UNU requirements) was achieved in November 2013. Without significant difference in none of the sites compared to the other months.

The presence of epiphytes in July to November changed neither the amino acid content nor the EAA score.Histidine and isoleucine first limiting EAA’s.

EAA score %� =g of first limiting EAA in 100 g of test protein

g of limiting EAA in 100 g of WHO/FAO/UNU reference pattern × 100

Sept

• Conclusions• Application and to harvest time

May

Saccharina latissima is comparable with wheat as a protein ingredient for fish feed, and appears to be a suitable protein/amino acid source for human consumption.

This study proposes that there may be a mismatch between harvest time and nutritional value. The preferable harvest time for S. latissima is November, due to high protein content and EAA score.

However, higher yield and cleaner biomass for human consumption would be found in May.

• Lipids

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5REFIMTA

May Jul Sep Nov Jan Mar May

ab

c

aba

bc

d

abc

Lip

ids

(% D

W)

Generally there was no significant difference in the biomass composition between sites.

The lipid concentration varied from 0.62-0.88% DW in July to 3.33-3.35% DW in November (P<0.05).

The fatty acid composition in January was significantly different from all the other sampling months.

• PUFA: polyunsatuated fatty acids

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SFA REFSFA IMTAMUFA REFMUFA IMTA

PUFA REFPUFA IMTA


aab ab ab abc b

b b a bab ababa bc bcbcbcb c

PUFA

SFAMUFA

% F

AM

E

Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA’s) made up more than half of the fatty acids with a maximum in July (52.3-54.0% FAME).

This including the most appreciated health beneficial PUFA’s, eicosapentaenoic (EPA; 20:5n-3) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA; 22:6n-3), but also arachidonic (ARA) and stearidonic acid (SDA).

ARA and SDA are not found in land vegetables such as cabbage and lettuce.

FAME: Fatty Acid Methyl Esters

• Amount of lipids

0.0

0.2

0.4

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0.8

1.0


SDA REFSDA IMTA

EPA REFEPA IMTADHA REFDHA IMTA

b ab EPAb ab DHA

SDAb ab

FA (

mg

g-1

DW

)

Compared to fat (salmon) and lean fish (cod) this seaweed species contains higher proportions of ARA and SDA, but lower EPA and DHA.

Conclusively, season of harvest is important for the choice of lipid quantity and quality, but the marine vegetable provide better source of EPA, DHA and LC-PUFA’s in general compared to traditionally vegetables.

Tracemetals- Good….

• Calcium Ca

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REFIMTA

g kg

-1 D

W

Milk: 122 mg/100 gCheese: 960 mg/100 g

Source: www.foodcomp.dk

• Potassium (kalium)

K

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150


REFIMTA

g kg

-1 D

W

Milk: 153 mg/100 gCheese: 71 mg/100 g

• Sodium (natrium)

Na

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REFIMTA

g kg

-1 D

W

Crisps: 606 mg/100 gCheese: 723 mg/100 g

• Vitamin E- antioxidant

vit. E (alpha-tocopherol)

0

10

20

30REFIMTA


mg

kg-1

DW

Broccoli: 1.3 mg/100 g

Sunflowers are known to be rich in vit E

Sunflower: 55 mg/100 g

• Vitamin A –group of organic compounds• Retinol below detection limit

vit. A (beta-carotene)

0

10

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REFIMTA

mg

kg-1

DW

Carrot: 9070 µg/100 gBroccoli: 533 µg/100 g

• Tracemetals- Problematic….• Food (supplement) treshold values

Tabel: Oversigt over EU grænseværdier for kosttilskud, samt visse nationale grænseværdier for tang som fødevare.

Alle værdier er på tørstofbasis.

EU legislation only on food supplent level.Food authorities that will make an evaluation if for food.

• Iodine (jod)

Iodine

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REFIMTA

g kg

-1 D

W

EU: ---

France: 0.5 mg/kg

USA: 5000 mg/kg

As

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80


REFIMTA

mg

kg-1

DW

• Inorganic arsenic that is highly problematic– In the sugarkelp worse case ~1.5 mg/kg

EU: ---

iAs

0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5


REFIMTA

mg

kg-1

DW

USA: 3 mg/kg

France: 3 mg/kg

• Mercury (kviksølv)• Below treshold values

• Lead (bly)

EU: 3 mg/kg

France: 5 mg/kg

USA: 10 mg/kg


Pb

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REF

IMTA

mg

kg

-1D

W

• Cadmium

Cd

0.0

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0.8


REFIMTA

mg

kg-1

DW

EU: 5 mg/kg

France: 0,3 mg/kg

USA: ---

• Cupper (kobber)

Cu

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REFIMTA

mg

kg-1

DW

• Pigments

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REF Nov1

0100200300400500600700800900

1000

REF May(2)

1.845 1.788

6.179

4.345

5.193

6.246

0

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2000

3000

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5000

6000

7000

Pigmenter (total µg/g)

REF May(1) REF May(2) IMTA Nov (1) IMTA Nov(2)REF Nov(1) REF Nov (2)

Trace elements:

• Good: Cr, Fe, Mn, Co, K, Ca, P, Na, Zn, Se, Iodine

• Problematic: Cu, Cd, Hg, Pb, As, iAs, Iodine

• Data on pigments on its way

• Seasonal changes (no statistics yet!)

• Same pattern in the two locations

Food applications

• Soon evaluate the data of tracemetals, vitamins and pigments

• Full evaluation also looking at the amounts!

Feed applications

• Extraction for single compound

• Multiple compound’s effects

Feed producers evaluate by:

• Total protein content– High content for species as salmon (60%)

– Low for species such as tilapia, catfish and carps

• Lysine and methionine (histidin)

• Sugar species

• Heavy metals

• Incl. all biomass or extract of the protein

• Stability of biomass they receive

Seaweed for feed- overall effects

› Fish feed› Increased gowth1

› Better coloration2

› Less need for fish meal

› Livestock› anti-infectious (weanling pigs) 3

› Greater weight at birth (sheap) 4

› Better wool (sheap) 5

› Greater milk yield (cows) 5

› Less landbased area to produce feed

1Ergün et al, 2008. 2Soler-Vila et al, 2009. 3Gardiner et al, 2008. 4Nordic Seaweed Project, 2008. 5McHugh, 2003.

Holdt and Kraan 2011

Conclusions• Biomass available all year• Seasonal variations during a year

-Harvest time very important for different applications-seaweed growth cycle (loss of old thalli)-content-epiphytes-value (biofilter or price!)

• Large standard deviations especially on biomass with epiphytes• Feed producers may be sceptical going into details! –but all biomass!• Food and feed applications are already proven!

• More details please read the publications available and upcoming…

References

• www.foodcomp.dk

• Gonçalo S. Marinho, Susan L. Holdt, Charlotte Jacobsen and Irini Angelidaki (submitted). Lipids and composition of fatty acids of Saccharina latissima as seasonal marine vegetable.

• Marinho, G.S., Holdt, S.L., Angelidaki I (2015). Year-round variations in the amino acid profile and protein nutritional value of Saccharina

latissima cultivated in a commercial IMTA system. Journal of Applied

Phycology DOI: 10.1007/s10811-015-0546-0

22nd ISSInternational

Seaweed

Symposium

Copenhagen

Denmark

June 19 - 24, 2016

www.iss-2016.org

• Mapping all known companies in Denmark working with seaweed or seaweed related activities

• Register international seaweed companies or network • Homepage with company profiles at www.tangnet.dk• Visibility on the homepage of ISS 2016 • www.iss-2016.org

• MATCHMAKING event at the ISS 2016

• Collaboration DTU Food and Gemba Innovation

FORMÅLET

• Formålet med projektet er at understøtte danske virksomheder, og herunder især SMV’er i deres deltagelse i ISS 2016 for derved at styrke deres vidensgrundlag for innovation og eksport indenfor tang og tangprodukter.

• Derfor ønsker vi i dette ansøgte projekt at lave en målrettet strategi for at kunne identificere, informere og invitere nationale SMV’er og mulige internationale partnere og forskere til kommende ISS 2016.

FUNDING

• Karl Pedersen og Hustrus Industrifond

Thank you and thanks to:Gonҫalo S. Marinho

GUDP: Project number: 3405-11-0375

Susan L. Holdt , Goncalo.S. Marinho, IriniAngelidaki DTU ... · Indhold og vurdering af højværdistofferi tang (specielle lipider/PUFA, mineraler, vitaminer, aminosyrer …) Susan

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