Survey Report-Post-disaster needs-2016s

Report MULTI-SECTORAL EARLY RECOVERY NEEDS ASSESSMENT IN AREAS SEVERELY AFFECTED BY THE 2015 FLOODS AND THE OCTOBER 2015 EARTHQUAKE

2016

MULTI-SECTORAL EARLY RECOVERY NEEDS ASSESSMENT UN FAO

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

Executive Summary .................................................................................................................. 5

1 Background ...................................................................................................................... 14

2 Methodology .................................................................................................................... 16

Areas Surveyed ........................................................................................................ 18

3 Household Socio-Demographic Profile ........................................................................... 19

Household Composition ........................................................................................... 20

Household Heads...................................................................................................... 22

4 Shocks, Hazards and Displacement ................................................................................. 26

Shocks and Hazards Experienced, their Impact ....................................................... 27

Displacement ............................................................................................................ 28

5 Shelter .............................................................................................................................. 32

6 Food Security ................................................................................................................... 40

Meals ........................................................................................................................ 41

Food Stock................................................................................................................ 44

Levels of Food Security ........................................................................................... 46

Coping Strategies ..................................................................................................... 48

7 Livelihoods ...................................................................................................................... 53

Household Income and Expenditure ........................................................................ 54

Women Earning Income ........................................................................................... 60

Household Assets ..................................................................................................... 65

Access to Markets .................................................................................................... 70

8 Agriculture ....................................................................................................................... 73

Land .......................................................................................................................... 74

Irrigation Infrastructure ............................................................................................ 80

Crops ........................................................................................................................ 83

9 Livestock ......................................................................................................................... 92

Livestock Ownership ................................................................................................ 93

Sales of Livestock and Poultry Products .................................................................. 98

Livestock Problems, Support Needed .................................................................... 100

10 Water, Sanitation and Hygiene .................................................................................. 104

Water .................................................................................................................. 105

Sanitation ............................................................................................................ 107

Hygiene ............................................................................................................... 111

11 Resilience ................................................................................................................... 114

Loans .................................................................................................................. 117


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Recovery Needs .................................................................................................. 120

12 Assistance Received ................................................................................................... 122

Assistance by Type ............................................................................................. 123

Unconditional Cash Support ............................................................................... 125

Recovery Measures............................................................................................. 128

13 Annexes...................................................................................................................... 131

Annex 1: List of Union Councils Included in the Survey ................................................. 132

Annex 2: Questionnaire .................................................................................................... 135

Annex 3: Sources of Assistance ........................................................................................ 145

List of Tables and Figures..................................................................................................... 151


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ACRONYMS

ACTED Agence d'Aide a la Cooperation Technique et au Developpement (French: Aid

Agency for Technical Cooperation and Development)

BISP Benazir Income Support Programme

CSI Coping Strategy Index

FAO Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations

IOM International Organization for Migration

KG Kilogram

NDMA National Disaster Management Authority

NGO Non-Governmental Organization

PDMA Provincial Disaster Management Authority

PKR Pakistan Rupees

rCSI Reduced Coping Strategy Index

UN United Nations

UNICEF United Nations International Children's Emergency Fund

WASH Water, Sanitation and Hygiene


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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

In November-December of 2015, the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United

Nations (FAO) conducted a multi-sectoral early recovery needs assessment in eight districts

of Pakistan which were severely affected by the 2015 floods and the October 2015

earthquake. The assessment collected information on losses incurred due to these disasters in

order to generate evidence for design of early recovery programmes in the affected

communities.

The survey covered a total of 3,400 households in 99 union councils of eight districts: Chitral

District in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KP) Province, Layyah and Rajanpur in Punjab, as well as

Badin, Thatta, Ghotki, Kashmore, and Shikarpur districts in Sindh. District selection was

based on the following criteria:

Districts worst affected by the 2015 floods and the October 2015 earthquake;

Districts where the consortium has the access and ability to respond with emergency

assistance so recovery can build on earlier support;

Non-kachha1 areas where it would be possible for the consortium to implement

recovery activities in line with government policy.

The survey focused on three broad areas:

Shelter;

Food Security and Livelihoods; and

Water, Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH).

The full questionnaire is included in Annex 2.

OVERVIEW OF FINDINGS

Household Socio-Demographic Profile: A household across the surveyed areas consists of

7.9 people on average: 1.4 children under the age of 5, 1.5 children from 5 to 9 years of age,

1.5 children from 10 to 17 years of age, 3.1 adults and 0.3 elderly. The largest number of

children of all ages is in Shikarpur. Chitral has the largest number of adults – 4.1 and elderly

– 0.5 per average household. 63% of households have children under the age of 5 years.

More than 84% of households are headed by men and 16% – by women 60% of whom are

widows. 69% of household heads and 85% of their spouses are illiterate.

Shocks, Hazards and Displacement: The surveyed communities experienced a variety of

shocks and hazards since 2010. Among them, floods affected from 48% to 99% of all

households; cyclones – 38% of households in Badin, an earthquake – 31% of households in

Chitral. The 2015 floods (and, in Chitral’s case, the earthquake) either severely or moderately

affected from 77% to 100% of households in the surveyed areas.

Displacement: 27% of all households remained in their homes during the 2015 disasters,

while 36% were displaced for under one month and 38% – for more than one month. The

highest percentage of households displaced for up to one month was in Layyah – 75%, while

for more than one month – in Thatta (86%). Overall, 39% of households moved away from

their homes because the house was destroyed, 34% fled from the floods and 14% – to rescue

1 Non-temporary


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livestock. The largest share of displaced households stayed with host families (34%), in

spontaneous sites near their villages (22%) and in spontaneous sites far away from their

villages (16%).

Shelter: Before the 2015 disasters, 75% of all surveyed households lived in “kachha2”

houses. Only 14% of all houses were left undamaged by the 2015 disasters. The largest share

of destroyed houses was reported in Thatta – 76%. Those whose houses were destroyed, said

they have no shelter at all (24%) or are mostly staying in shelter built of tarpaulins and

bamboos (24%), in makeshift shelter (18%), with host families or relatives (14 %) or in tents

(11%). The worst situation is in Badin where 44% of households said that they have no

shelter at all. More than half households feel that their current shelter does not meet their

family needs. The main reasons named were the lack of purda wall and insufficient size. The

respondents said that the repair of their house would cost more than PKR 108,000 on

average; 25% of households reported that they have soil or mud for the repair of their houses,

20% – bamboo and 13% – timber poles and doors each.

Food Security: Adults and children across the surveyed areas eat approximately 2.5 meals a

day on average. People in Thatta and Badin have the fewest meals: 2 (both children and

adults). Some households noted that the number of meals they had had the day before the

survey was lower than usual.

Overall, during the course of a week, members of a household typically eat cereals on all

seven days; sugar or sugar products, oil or ghee or butter and spices or tea or coffee or salt –

on five days; milk or dairy products – on four days, lentils or beans or nuts and vegetables or

leaves – on tree days, while fruits and meat or poultry or fish or eggs – one day a week.

Households in Chitral eat many of these food items the fewest days a week.

Except for milk or dairy products and wheat, from 65% to 89% of various food items are

purchased from a market or shop. 47% of all households spend less than 40% of their total

expenditure on food, 28% – from 40% to 60% and 25% – more than 60% of their

expenditure for food. Badin and Thatta have the largest share of households, 44% and 39%,

respectively, which use more than 60% of their expenditure for food.

Overall, an average household lost 31 Maunds3 of cereals stored for domestic use during the

floods. The largest amount of loss was reported in Badin – 61 Maunds per household. 34% of

all households have no food stock left, while 39% do not have enough food stock to last a

week. The worst situation is in Thatta, where 66% of households have no food stocks left at

all. Overall, half of the households have no means to buy basic food items for two weeks.

The worst situation is in Ghotki with 73% of such households. Approximately 40% of all

households reported reduced food consumption due to the floods.

In response to the 2015 disasters, most households across all districts have employed

livelihood-based crisis coping strategies (39%), followed by stress coping strategies (23%)

and emergency coping strategies (14%). Layyah was the only district where the majority of

households (57%) used emergency coping strategies. The largest share of households which

used stress coping strategies was in Badin – 46% and Kashmore – 44%, while crisis coping

strategies – in Ghotki (68%).

2 The word “kachha” generally refers to temporary or makeshift buildings 3 1 Maund=37.3242 kilograms


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Livelihoods: Overall, an average household earns less than PKR 14,000 a month and had 1.8

times higher expenditure the month before the survey; the gap was the widest in Ghotki (2.5).

The highest household expenditure the month before the survey was in Chitral (PKR 48,203).

Households spend most of their money on food – 44% and agricultural inputs – 14%. 77% of

households reported decrease in their income since the floods; the highest percentage of such

households is in Badin – 98%.

Before the floods, from 66% to 88% of households in the surveyed districts of Punjab and

Sindh earned living from sale of food or agricultural products (cash crops, vegetables and

fruits); agricultural wage labour and non-agricultural wage labour. Meanwhile, in Chitral, the

most significant source of livelihoods was small business, self-employment, petty trade,

government, NGO or private employment – 33%. In all eight districts the split of sources of

earning has remained largely the same both before and after the floods.

Overall, each household has 1.5 income earners on average; both before and after floods, the

number has remained largely the same. Two households in every five have a woman earning

income. Currently, the largest number of women earning income is in Rajanpur – 0.5 per

average household, while the smallest share is in Chitral – 0.2. The share of households with

no women earning income has declined from 68% to 65% since the floods, the share of

households with one woman earning income has increased from 29% to 32% and the share of

households with 2 or more women earning income has increased from 3% to 4%.

The largest share of women reported handicrafts as their main source of income before the

floods – 32%, agricultural wage labour – 18% and charity or Zakat4 or gifts or BISP5 – 16%.

Since the floods, the share of women engaged in handicrafts has declined to 29%, while the

shares of the other two main sources of living have increased to 20% and 19%, respectively.

Prior to the floods and the earthquake, 49% of all households had a fan, 44% – a telephone,

34% -an iron, 23% – a television (TV), 21% – a refrigerator, 21% – a motorbike, 16% – a

washing machine, 15% – a radio, 10% – a bicycle and 2% – a vehicle. Thatta, Rajanpur and

Badin have the smallest share of households with these items. During the 2015 disasters, the

largest share of households lost fans (24%) and refrigerators (23%). The largest numbers of

households which lost various items are in Chitral, Shikarpur and Kashmore.

Before the 2015 disasters, households owned the following productive assets: animal shelters

(49% of all households), sewing machines (36%), grain mills (9%), ploughs (7%),

handlooms (5%) and tractors (3%). Chitral had the highest share of households which owned

many of these items, while Thatta and Layyah – the smallest share. During the floods, 37%

of all households lost animal shelter, 16% – sewing machines, 4% – ploughs, 3% – grain

mills, 2% – handlooms and 1% – tractors. The largest share of households which lost animal

shelter is in Ghotki (61%), while the highest shares of households which lost ploughs,

handlooms and grain mills are in Chitral – 25%, 9% and 8%, respectively.

Before the floods, most households had easier access to markets and fewer households had

no access at all. Currently, 14% of all households have no access to markets at all and 66%

have difficult access. Destruction of access roads and a very high cost of transportation are

4 Zakat is a form of alms-giving and religious tax in Islam 5 BISP – PKR 1,000 monthly cash transfer by the government Benazir Income Support Programme (BISP) in order to alleviate the impact of food crisis and inflation on the poor, particularly women.


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the main reasons for no access or poor access to markets. Other reasons, in diminishing

order, are security situation, non-functioning markets and markets destroyed by floods.

Agriculture: Overall, 56% of households across the surveyed areas do not own any land;

21% of households own 1-2 acres, 14% own 3-5 acres, 5% own 6-10 acres and 4% own 11

acres or more. This situation is the most reflective of the surveyed districts in Sindh and

Punjab; in Chitral, only 1% of households do not own any land and 41% own 3-5 acres.

From 65% to 100% of households in each surveyed district cultivate land. 48% of land is

cultivated by owners, while 41% – by tenants or sharecroppers. While in Chitral, most land is

cultivated by owners, while in Kashmore, Thatta, Shikarpur and Badin, most land – from

57% to 76% – is cultivated by tenants or sharecroppers. An average household cultivates 4.7

acres during Rabi6 season and 4 acres during Kharif7 season, but owns only 2.6 acres of that

land. Layyah communities cultivate the smallest amount of land per household: on average,

3.1 acres during Rabi and 2.4 acres during Kharif.

The surveyed households reported the following problems related to the recent floods on

their ability to use land: washed away demarcation of land boundaries (31%); cancelled

tenancy arrangement (21%) – the latter problem was named by 88% of households in Badin;

– absence of formal or legal entitlement to land (21%) and changed riverbed (10%).

From 58% to 100% of all land in the surveyed districts is irrigated. Overall, the most

common source of irrigation is canals. The floods have damaged or destroyed more than half

of all canals and half of the ponds and damaged 40% tubewells and 19% streams in the

surveyed districts of Punjab and Sindh. In Chitral, the 2015 disasters destroyed or damaged

all of the canals and more than 60% of streams.

During Rabi season, most households grow wheat (80%); while during Kharif season – rice

(41%). The highest percentage of households which grow wheat during Rabi season is in

Ghotki, Shikarpur, Rajanpur, Kashmore – from 90% to 94%. The largest share of households

which grow rice during Kharif is in Kashmore – 98%.

Destruction of standing crops was named as the key impact of the floods by most of the

households (20%-33%) across the surveyed areas. 90% of all households said that the floods

had damaged their production of Kharif crops. The floods affected from 80% to 100% of the

fields planted with crops or orchards and from 82% to 98% of harvests were lost. Thatta and

Rajanpur were affected the worst and lost the highest share of the harvest.

The largest share of all households reported the following flood damage to their agricultural

assets: standing crops destroyed (20%-33%), land flooded or washed away (10%-27%) and

standing crops abandoned when fleeing the area (11%-23%). Overall, 73% of households

reported lack of farm machinery, 55% – tools, 52% – fertilizer and 37% – seeds for the 2015-

2016 Rabi season. Most households in all districts said their most needed support is fertilizer

(26%) and seeds (22%).

Livestock: From 75% to 98% of households across the surveyed districts keep livestock.

Before the 2015 disasters, a household kept 2-5 buffaloes, 1-4 sheep or goats and up to 3

6 Rabi season refers to the dry agricultural season; it starts in November and ends in May. 7 Kharif season refers to the rainy (monsoon) agricultural season; it starts in June and ends in October.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabi_crops


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heads of poultry on average; some households had other livestock. From 14% to 32% of all

livestock was lost during the 2015 disasters. Poultry losses were the highest. Ghotki lost the

largest share of poultry (53%), while Shikarpur the largest share of other types of livestock

(33%-44% per type). Some livestock was sold since the floods, mostly to purchase food.

Across the surveyed areas, only 24% of households sell any dairy products; the largest share

is in Layyah – 44%, while the lowest – in Chitral – 3% of households. Only 4% of

households sell eggs and only 1% of households sell chicken or meat.

Lack of veterinary medicines and vaccination, fodder and animal shelter were the least

available items for livestock care named by the surveyed households. Most households said

they primarily need veterinary medication, followed, in diminishing order, by straw or green

fodder, concentrated feed and animal shelter.

Water, Sanitation and Hygiene: Both before and after the 2015 disasters, most of the

surveyed households in Punjab and Sindh have used protected hand-pumps for water, while

most households in Chitral have used unprotected sources of water. Overall, only 17% of

households use any measures to improve the quality of drinking water.

A large percentage of households in the surveyed districts of Punjab and Sindh have no toilet

at all: from to 23% in Badin to 66% in Rajanpur; in Chitral only 7% of households do not

have toilet. The remaining households use flush system connected to sewerage, septic tanks

or open drains, dug ditches or pit latrines. Only 23% of households have separate toilet for

females. Majority of households use open drain to dispose of waste water (30%). The

percentage is particularly high in Badin (97%) and Rajanpur (95%). Other ways to dispose of

waste water are septic tank, tranche and use in kitchen gardens. 44% of all households

discard their solid waste anywhere; the share of such households is the highest in Rajanpur

(62%) and Kashmore (60%). The second most popular method is burning it (30%), followed

by throwing it into communal garbage (20%) or into sewerage. Chitral and Ghotki display a

different pattern from other districts: 64% of households in Chitral and 52% in Ghotki burn

their solid waste.

From 67% to 98% of households wash their hands after defecation or after cleaning child’s

bottom, before preparing food or eating; the percentage of households which wash their

hands before feeding a child varies from 16% to 83% in different districts. Overall, 68% of

households use only water to wash their hands; the situation is the worst in Thatta, where

94% of households use only water and the best in Chitral with 44%.

Resilience: To improve their situation, 31% of households across all the surveyed areas

worked to repair their house; followed (in diminishing order) by land cleaning or levelling,

cleaning and repairing irrigation canals, getting agricultural inputs and participating in

community self-help activities. Repair of their house was named by the highest percentage of

households in Shikarpur – 50% and 35% in Rajanpur. Land cleaning or levelling was the

most frequently reported in Badin – 27% of households and Chitral – 20%. Most respondents

think their situation will not improve over the coming six months.

From 61% to 82% of households in the surveyed areas have taken out loans since the 2015

disasters. The percentage was the highest in Shikarpur (82%), Badin (80%) and Chitral

(76%). An average loan exceeds PKR 63,000. The highest amount of debt per household is in

Ghotki – PKR 97,705 on average. Most of the loans were received from local shopkeepers


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(25% to 51% of households) and used most to purchase food (by 33% to 50% of

households), for health expenses and for agricultural inputs or tools.

Cash grants, building materials and food aid were named by most households across all eight

districts as the most needed short-term support. The top medium-term support named by

most households (except for those in Badin) were agricultural inputs, cash grants, building

materials and food aid. In Badin, the key medium-term support items requested by most

households were building materials, cash grants, food aid and credits.

Assistance Received by November-December 2015: Most of the surveyed communities

have received a wide variety of relief assistance. The districts of Chitral and Thatta have the

highest percentage of households which received various assistance. The lowest percentage is

in Badin, Shikarpur and Rajanpur. The largest percentage of households received food

assistance (34%), followed by tents or shelter material (24%) and government compensation

(23%). Most of the assistance was provided by the government, followed by NGOs.

26% of households in the surveyed areas received unconditional cash support after the 2015

disasters. The highest percentage of such households is in Chitral – 44%, while the lowest –

in Rajanpur – 11%. Overall, 33% of households received less than PKR 3,000, 24% – from

PKR 3,000 to PKR 6,000, 13% – from PKR 6,000 to PKR 10,000, 16% – from PKR 10,000

to PKR 20,000, while others PKR 20,000 or more. 39% of households used unconditional

cash support to purchase food.

Additionally, households received a variety of external recovery assistance. The largest

share, 18% of all households, received support to repair their houses, followed by agricultural

inputs (14%). Support for the repair of their house was reported by the largest share of

households in Badin – 28% and Shikarpur – 27%. Support for cleaning of irrigation canals

was also reported by the largest share of households in Badin – 26%, followed by 16% of

households in Chitral.

OVERVIEW OF RECOMMENDATIONS

Recommendations below are based strictly on the assessment findings and are merely an

effort to offer some possible ways to address the problems that the surveyed areas face.

These suggestions do not represent, nor seek to represent, a comprehensive list of possible

approaches to the design of assistance programs but rather attempt to discuss some of the

options stemming from the data collected. Depending on their objectives and methodologies

employed, different assistance programs will select any number of the approaches that may

or may not follow the suggested path.

Findings of the assessment suggest that future assistance programs should include a wide

variety of activities to improve incomes, shelter, food security and resilience of these

communities, building on the assistance provided to date. Additionally, design of future

assistance programs might want to take into consideration that some of these severely

affected areas have received very little recovery support to date.

The survey suggests that, as requested by the communities, cash grants, building materials

and food aid should be provided to address the short-term needs. Meanwhile, agricultural

inputs, cash grants, building materials and food aid should be provided to address their

medium-term needs. Interviewees in Badin have requested that assistance include credits.


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Shelter: The assessment findings suggest that

Reconstruction of shelter is one of the several short-term needs to be addressed. With

as many as 86% of all houses damaged or destroyed across the surveyed communities

and as many as 24% of all surveyed households living without any shelter at the time

of the survey, this should be considered one of the most immediate priorities.

As a minimum, assistance should consider focusing on Badin, where 44% of the

surveyed households reported living without any shelter.

Activities should include construction of new shelter, repair of damaged shelter,

construction of purda walls and increase in the size of the shelter.

The repair of a house would cost approximately PKR 108,000.

The communities could provide labour and some of the materials – mostly soil or

mud, bamboo, timber poles and doors.

Construction of new houses should be focused on Thatta, Chitral and Ghotki, while

rebuilding of the existing houses should focus on Badin, Layyah and Rajanpur.

Food Security: The assessment findings suggest that:

Support efforts should include activities to improve the number of meals have each

day, their nutritional quality and the overall food security.

Thatta and Badin, where families have the fewest number of meals, as well as Chitral,

where people eat most of the types of food the fewest times a week, should be

considered as the potential areas of support.

Activities should aim to increase the share of foods families grow themselves in order

to reduce the share of expenditure used by households on food. Such assistance

should particularly focus on Badin and Thatta.

Assistance to Badin, Thatta and Ghotki should include activities to restore or increase

the food stock households have.

Livelihoods: The assessment findings suggest that

Assistance should include activities that increase the level of incomes across all

surveyed areas and ultimately, reduce the gap between the average income and

average expenditure.

Ghotki should be the first district to be provided such assistance, followed by Chitral

and Thatta.

Badin and Thatta should receive assistance to reduce the share of expenditure used to

purchase food.

Another area for assistance is the diversification of the sources of income sources,

particularly in Rajanpur.

Assistance should focus on the increase in the number of income earners, particularly

in Layyah and Chitral.

Women should receive support to restore and further increase the share of handicrafts

as a source of income and reduce the reliance on charity or Zakat or gifts or BISP,

especially in the districts of Ghotki and Badin.

Chitral, Shikarpur and Kashmore should receive support for restoration of the

household possessions.

Chitral should receive assistance to restore productive assets: animal shelter, ploughs

and handlooms.


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To restore the ability of the communities to earn living, assistance should include

reconstruction of access roads, particularly in Badin and Layyah, to improve access to

markets and work on reduction in transportation costs.

Agriculture: The assessment findings suggest that:

Land-related assistance should include support related to tenancy arrangements in

Badin and restoration of the demarcation of the land borders in Shikarpur and

Kashmore.

Any agricultural assistance should include reconstruction of irrigation systems:

canals, ponds, tubewells and streams, particularly in Chitral. In Punjab and Sindh,

work should focus on reconstruction of canals, which sustained the most damage.

Activities should include rebuilding of wells, canal inlets and canal gates of bypasses

as well as removal of silt.

To improve production of crops, assistance should address needs expressed by the

surveyed communities: provision of fertilizer, seeds and credits, and repair of

irrigation structures. Support programs should be primarily directed to the districts of

Rajapur and Thatta, however, if resources permit, all the surveyed communities

should receive some support.

In Chitral and Rajanpur, assistance should focus on restoration of irrigation canals

and tubewells, provision of fertilizer and seeds. In the remaining districts, assistance

should focus on the provision of fertilizer, seeds and credits. In order to reduce the

extent of loss during future floods, assistance programs should promote the use of

flood-resistant varieties of crops.

Livestock: The assessment findings suggest that

Livestock should be an integral part of agricultural assistance programs in the

surveyed areas.

As requested by the communities, assistance programs should provide (in diminishing

order of priority) veterinary medication, fodder, concentrated feed and support for the

construction of animal shelter.

Activities should work to increase the number of livestock heads per household;

particularly, poultry, sheep and goats, in Shikarpur and Rajanpur.

Activities should also promote sales of livestock products: dairy, eggs, meat or

poultry; currently, only a very small share of households sell any produce.

Water, Sanitation and Hygiene: The assessment findings suggest that:

To increase access to clean water, assistance programs should support installation of

safe drinking water infrastructure, particularly in Chitral. Activities should work to

increase awareness of the communities on the ways they can improve the quality of

water. The most extensive awareness efforts should be conducted in Badin, Shikarpur

and Rajanpur where the fewest households practice any of these measures.

Assistance programs should consider working on installation of latrines in all the

surveyed districts of Punjab and Sindh, especially in Rajanpur and Ghotki,

Assistance efforts should seek to increase awareness of the proper treatment of the

faeces disposed in pit latrines and dug ditches.

Efforts to increase the awareness and use of proper ways to dispose of solid waste

(particularly in Rajanpur and Kashmore) and waste water (particularly in Badin,

Rajanpur and Thatta).


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Hygiene programs should work to increase the use of correct hand-washing practices,

particularly in Rajanpur and Shikarpur, and promote the use of hand-washing

products. The latter effort should first focus on Thatta, where the situation is the

worst.

Resilience: The assessment findings suggest that:

Assistance programs should build upon and complement efforts undertaken by the

communities: reconstruction of the houses, cleaning or levelling the land, repairing

irrigation canals, etc.

Support should include measures to improve the resilience of the communities against

future disasters.


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1 BACKGROUND

Pakistan has experienced a series of

natural disasters from 2010 to 2015. The

flood that took place in 2010 was one of

the most devastating natural disasters

Pakistan has ever had. More than 21

million people were affected, nearly

2,000 lost their lives and almost 3,000

sustained injuries. The country was hit by

floods again in 2011, 2013 and 2014.8

Heavy monsoon rains in the middle of

July 2015, coupled with the rapid melting

of snow and outbursts from glacial lakes,

led to yet another series of flash floods

and the flooding of the Indus River in

various locations across Pakistan. Some

3,306 villages in 43 districts were

affected. More than 179 people lost their lives, 123 were injured, 12,022 houses got damaged

and 1,268,307 people were displaced. A more detailed overview is provided in the table

below9:

TABLE 1: Impact of the 2015 Natural Disasters in Pakistan

Houses

Province Deaths Injured Houses Damaged

Villages Affected

Population Affected

Sindh - - - 2436 677,581

Balochistan 13 33 798 - -

Punjab 48 8 6163 548 453,826

Khyber Pakhtunkhwa 82 68 3544 - -

Gilgit Baltistan 7 6 812 286 136,000

AJ&K 23 5 323 17 -

FATA 6 3 382 19 900

Total 179 123 12022 3306 1,268,307

In the province of Sindh, Larkana, Shikarpur, Kashmore, Ghotki, Khairpur and Sukkar

districts were affected by the floods, with Ghotki and Kashmore sustaining the most

damages. A total of 2,436 villages in 38 Union Councils of six districts were affected and

677,581 people were left homeless and 58,243 livestock were evacuated from the area. The

government of Sindh established 73 relief camps which provided shelter for 21,009 people.10

In Punjab, the 2015 floods affected nine districts: Dera Ghazi Khan, Kasur, Layyah,

Mianwali, Muzaffargarh, Narowal, Rahim Yar Khan, Rajanpur and Sialkot. A total of

8 NDMA website 9NDMA, Daily updates, August 9, 2015; http: or or www.ndma.gov.pk or new or Documents or

NDMA_Monsoon_Daily_Sitrep_No_27_9th_august_2015.pdf 10 PDMA Sindh

FIGURE 1: Districts Affected by the 2015 Floods


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483,826 people in 548 villages were affected. Forty-eight people lost their lives, 8 people

were injured, more than 6,000 houses got damaged and 79,891 people were evacuated from

their homes. The Government of Punjab established 154 relief camps which provided shelter

for 7,284 persons11.

2015 brought a series of natural disasters to Khyber Pakhtunkhwa: a mini-cyclone on April

26, Glacial Lake Outburst Floods and flash floods in July and August, a massive earthquake

on October 26 and two more earthquakes in November and December, causing loss of 232

lives, injuring 1,490 people, and damaging 97,995 houses. The districts of Lower Dir,

Malakand, Shangla, Swat, Upper Dir and, particularly, Chitral were affected the most12.

To collect information for design of early recovery programmes in the communities affected

by these disasters, the Consortium for Natural Disaster Preparedness and Response

Programme designed a multi-sectoral early recovery needs assessment. The assessment was

carried out in November-December of 2015 by FAO.

11 PDMA Punjab 12 NDMA, http: or or www.ndma.gov.pk or dynamic or ?page_id=4000


16

2 METHODOLOGY The assessment questionnaire and methodology was developed by the members of the

Consortium for Natural Disaster Preparedness and Response Programme: UNFAO, ACTED,

International Organization for Migration (IOM), HANDS and UNICEF. FAO took the lead

in coordinating the effort and in the implementation of the assessment.

The assessment was conducted in November and December of 2015. It included interviews

of approximately 3,400 households in 99 sample Union Councils (UCs) of 23 Tehsils or

Talukas in the districts of Badin, Thatta, Ghotki, Kashmore, Shikarpur of Sindh Province,

Rajanpur and Layyah of Punjab Province and Chitral of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Province.

For the purposes of this survey, a household is defined as a unit where all persons live under

one roof and use one kitchen to prepare food.

A three-stage sampling was used:

UCs affected by 2015 floods and the October 2015 earthquake; selection of UCs was

made in cooperation with the local government entities and consortium partners,

based on information from provincial Disaster Management Authorities, other

secondary sources and local knowledge of partner organizations (local non-

governmental organizations).

Affected villages in affected UCs; selection was made in cooperation with the local

government entities and non-governmental organizations working in these UCs;

Household selection was based on standard interviewing methods to ensure

production of a representative sample in each surveyed village.

Around 400 households surveyed in each district, with at least 15 households interviewed in

each target village to identify medium and longer-term needs resulting from the 2015 floods

and, in Chitral’s case, the earthquake.

The following criteria was used to select assessment areas:

Districts worst affected by floods in 2015 and the October 2015 earthquake;

Districts where the consortium plans to respond with emergency assistance so

recovery can build on earlier support;

Non-kachha areas where it would be possible for the consortium to implement

recovery activities in line with government policy.

In each district, data was collected by three teams, each of which comprised of two male and

one female enumerators. The enumerators were staff of non-governmental organizations such

as AKRSP, Pakistan Red Crescent Society, FOCUS, Save the Children, Plan Pakistan, Sindh

Bureau of Statistics, HANDS, ACTED, MDF, Khairpur Women Association, and Care

Development Organization. All enumerators were local to the areas of data collection to

reduce the distortions inherent in the collection of information from the households: the over-

Table 2: Number of Households Interviewed in Each District

District Badin Thatta Ghotki Kashmore Shikarpur Layyah Chitral Total

No. households 388 452 397 425 442 455 397 3,404

http://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/person.html


17

reporting of the impact of the disasters as well as under-reporting of the household resources.

Collected data was entered by experienced data entry operators.

To ensure quality data collection, each enumerator received an intensive three-day training

on interviewing techniques; day-to-day quality assurance efforts were conducted by the

leaders of each of the enumerator team. Additionally, FAO worked with other consortium

members to conduct spot-checking. A team of 3 subject matter specialists visited various

union councils and randomly interviewed 2-3 households which had participated in the

survey to ensure that the data collection took place and verify the data recorded in the

questionnaire.


18

AREAS SURVEYED

In Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Province, the

survey focused on Chitral District

(Chitral and Mastuj tehsils).

In Punjab Province, two districts were

included in the survey:

Layyah District: tehsils of Karor

and Layyah; and

Rajanpur District: tehsils of Jam

Pur, Rajan Pur and Rojhan.

In Sindh Province, the following

districts and tehsils were included in the

survey:

Badin District: tehsils of Badin,

Golaarchi or Shaheed Fazil

Rahu, Talhar and Tando Bado,

Ghotki District: tehsils of

Ghotki and Obouaro,

Kashmore District: tehsils of

Kandhkot, Kashmore and

Tangwani,

Shikarpur District: tehsils of

Ghari Yaseen, Khanpur and

Lakhi, and

Thatta District: tehsils of

Ghora Bhari, Kharo Chan, Keti

Bandar and Thatta.

FIGURE 2: Surveyed Areas in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa

FIGURE 3: Surveyed Areas in Punjab

FIGURE 4: Surveyed Areas in Sindh


19

3 HOUSEHOLD SOCIO-DEMOGRAPHIC PROFILE


20

HOUSEHOLD COMPOSITION

In the surveyed districts, an average household consists of 7.9 people. The lowest number of

people per household was recorded in Layyah District – 6.3 on average; the highest – in

Shikarpur District, with 9.8 people on average.

Overall, a household has 1.4 children under the age of 5 years, 1.5 children from 5 to 9 years

of age, 1.5 children from 10 to 17 years of age, 3.1 adults (people from 18 to 59 years of age)

and 0.3 elderly (people 60 years and older) on average.

The largest number of children under the age of 5 as well as children from 5 to 9 years of age

per average household is in Shikarpur – 1.9 and 2.1, respectively. Meanwhile the largest

number of children from 10 to 17 years of age is in Shikarpur and Ghotki – 1.8.

Chitral has the largest number of adults – 4.1 and elderly – 0.5 per average household.

The lowest number of children under the age of 5 years is in Layyah – 0.7, children from 5 to

9 years of age – in Chitral – 0.9, while children from 10 to 17 years of age – in Thatta – 1.2.

The lowest number of adults, 2.7, is in the districts of Ghotki and Layyah, while the lowest

number of elderly, 0.2 per average household, is in the districts of Layyah and Rajanpur.

7.9 7.7 7.28.0 8.5

9.8

6.37.6

8.4

Overall Badin Thatta Ghotki Kashmore Shikarpur Layyah Rajanpur Chitral

FIGURE 5: Average Household Size

1.4

1.4 1.4 1.4 1

.7 1.9

0.7

1.6

1.01

.5

1.5

1.2

1.8

1.8 2

.1

1.2 1

.5

0.9

1.5

1.4

1.2

1.8

1.7 1.8

1.5

1.3 1

.6

3.1 3.1

3.0

2.7 3

.0

3.7

2.7 3.0

4.1

0.3 0.3 0.4

0.3

0.3 0.4

0.2 0.2 0

.5


FIGURE 6: Number of Household Members

Under 5 Children 5-9 Children 10-17 Children Adults Elderly Members


21

Overall, 63% of households have self-reported children under the age of 5 years; 21% – an

elderly member (a person 60 years of age or older), 18% – pregnant and lactating women;

3% – disabled children and 3% – disabled elderly.

The highest share of households with children under the age of 5 is in Rajanpur (72%),

followed by Kashmore (71%) and Shikarpur (70%). The lowest number of such households

is in Layyah (40%) and Chitral (57%).

Rajanpur has also reported the highest share of households with pregnant or lactating women

(41%), followed by Kashmore (22%), Ghotki (21%), Badin (20%), Chitral (15%), Shikarpur

(13%), and Thatta (12%). Layyah district stands out among the surveyed areas with a

particularly low percentage of pregnant or lactating women – 2%. Such low number would

need to be further confirmed by on-site testing. It is possible that a large share of households

misreported the presence of pregnant or lactating women due to some strong local prejudices

or superstitions.

Chitral has by far the highest share of households with elderly people (32%), followed by

Thatta (24%), Ghotki (23%) and Kashmore (22%). Layyah and Rajanpur has the lowest

share of households with elderly (11% and 13%, respectively).

The highest percentage of households with disabled children is in Kashmore (7%), while the

highest percentage of households with disabled elderly is in Chitral (7%).

63

% 67

%

59

% 65

% 71

%

70

%

40

%

72

%

57

%

21

%

17

% 24

%

23

%

24

%

22

%

11

%

13

%

32

%

3%

3%

2% 3% 7

%

4%

1% 2% 4%

3%

2%

1%

1% 5

%

2%

2% 2% 7

%

18

%

20

%

12

%

21

%

22

%

13

%

2%

41

%

15

%


Figure 7: Household Composition

Household has Under 5 Children Household has Elderly MemberHousehold has Disabled Children Household has Disabled Elderly MemberHousehold has Pregnant & Lactating Women


22

HOUSEHOLD HEADS

More than 84% of all households are headed by men and 16% – by women. The highest

number of female-headed households is in Kashmore (21%), Thatta (20%) and Shikarpur

(19%). The lowest number of female-headed households is in Ghotki – 11%.

Notably, 19% of households across all districts are headed by the elderly (people age 60

years and above) and 4% – by people under 18 years of age.

Across all eight districts, the largest share of female household heads are widows (60%),

followed by married women (34%). Divorced or separated female household heads constitute

4%, while unmarried – 2%.

Typically, the marital status of a woman household head indicates the level of income and

socioeconomic support available to that woman. Women household heads who are married

most likely have their husbands working away their home and sending income back to the

household; whereas women household heads who are widows, divorced, separated or

unmarried do not have such source of income to rely on. Furthermore, divorced, separated or

16%

15%

19%

11%

20%

19%

15%

14%

13%

84%

85%

81%

89%

80%

81%

85%

86%

87%

Overall

Badin

Thatta

Ghotki

Kashmore

Shikarpur

Layyah

Rajanpur

Chitral

FIGURE 8: Head of Household

Female

Male

2%

4%

1%

1%

5%

2%

2%

34%

36%

20%

21%

32%

36%

41%

28%

69%

4%

2%

6%

5%

13%

2%

2%

2%

60%

59%

73%

74%

54%

59%

56%

70%

27%

Overall

Badin

Thatta

Ghotki

Kashmore

Shikarpur

Layyah

Rajanpur

Chitral

FIGURE 9: Marital Status of Female Heads of Households

Unmarried Married Divorced/Separated Widow/Widower


23

unmarried women household heads are more likely to experience social prejudice and have

less socioeconomic support available to them from the community and family.

Ghotki, Thatta and Rajanpur districts have the highest share of female household heads who

are widows – 74%, 73% and 70%, respectively. Other districts have 54%-59% of female

household heads who are widows. Chitral has by far the lowest share of female household

heads who are widows – 27%.

Conversely, Chitral also has the highest percentage of female household heads who are

married – 69%. In other districts, married female household heads constituted from 20% (in

Thatta) to 41% (in Layyah). A potential reason why these very traditional communities have

such a high number of married female household heads could be the employment of men far

away from home. However, such assumption would need to be tested.

Kashmore has a particularly high percentage of divorced or separated female household

heads – 13%; the second highest percentage being only 6% (in Thatta). Two districts –

Shikarpur and Badin – have a comparatively much higher percentage of female household

heads who are unmarried: 5% and 4%, respectively, against 0%-2% in other districts.

Majority of household heads in the surveyed districts are illiterate – 69%. 13% of household

heads have primary education, 6% of household heads have middle education, 9% -

secondary or higher secondary education and 3% have graduate or post-graduate education.

Chitral district has the lowest percentage of illiterate household heads – 44% and the highest

percentage of those with middle, secondary or highest secondary education, as well as

graduate or post-graduate education (15%, 22% and 9%, respectively). The remaining 10%

of household heads have primary education.

Shikarpur has the second lowest percentage of illiterate household heads – 59%. Another

21% of household heads have primary education, 6% – middle education, 10% – secondary

or post-secondary and the remaining 4% – graduate or post-graduate level education.

69%

72%

80%

68%

78%

59%

67%

84%

44%

13%

15%

11%

20%

7%

21%

15%

9%

10%

6%

3%

2%

4%

3%

6%

11%

4%

15%

9%

10%

5%

3%

10%

10%

5%

4%

22%

3%

1%

1%

4%

3%

4%

2%

9%

Overall

Badin

Thatta

Ghotki

Kashmore

Shikarpur

Layyah

Rajanpur

Chitral

FIGURE 10: Education Level of Household Head

No education Primary Middle Secondary/Higher secondary Graduation/Post Graduation


24

Conversely, Rajanpur has the highest percentage of illiterate household heads – 84%. The

district has no graduate or post-graduate household heads, and only 4% of household heads

have middle or secondary or higher secondary education each.

Thatta district has the second highest share of illiterate household heads – 80%, followed by

Kashmore (78%), Badin (72%), Ghotki (68%) and Layyah (67%). The share of illiterate

heads of households in each district is loosely inversely correlated with the shares of

educated household heads – the higher the illiteracy level, the lower the shares of household

heads with various levels of education.

Education level among the spouses of household heads is even lower across all districts, with

a total of 85% all spouses being illiterate (compared to 69% illiteracy among household

heads), 6% holding primary education, 3% – middle, 3% – secondary, 1% – graduate or post-

graduate education. Another 2% named “other” as their highest level of education.

Similarly to the education levels among household heads, Chitral has the lowest share of

illiterate spouses of household heads – 66% and the highest share of spouses with graduate or

post-graduate education – 5%. Another 11% spouses have secondary or higher secondary

education, 10% – middle and 4% – primary education.

The highest percentage of illiterate spouses is in Rajanpur (which also has the highest

percentage of illiterate household heads) – 96%, followed by Kashmore – 92%, Shikarpur –

90%, Ghotki – 87%, Thatta – 86%, Layyah – 81% and Badin – 81%.

CONCLUSIONS An average household across the surveyed areas consists of 7.9 people: 1.4 children under

the age of 5 years, 1.5 children from 5 to 9 years of age, 1.5 children from 10 to 17 years of

age, 3.1 adults and 0.3 elderly. The largest number of children under the age of 5, children

from 5 to 9 years of age and children from 10-17 years per average household is in Shikarpur

– 1.9 2.1 and 1.8, respectively. Chitral has the largest number of adults – 4.1 and elderly –

0.5 per average household.

85%

81%

86%

87%

91%

90%

81%

96%

66%

6%

10%

7%

9%

4%

6%

9%

2%

4%

3%

3%

1%

2%

0%

1%

5%

0%

10%

3%

6%

1%

1%

3%

2%

3%

0%

11%

1%

0%

0%

0%

1%

0%

1%

0%

5%

2%

0%

5%

0%

0%

0%

2%

4%

Overall

Badin

Thatta

Ghotki

Kashmore

Shikarpur

Layyah

Rajanpur

Chitral

FIGURE 11: Education Level of Spouse of Household Head

No education Primary MiddleSecondary/Higher secondary Graduation/Post Graduation Other


25

63% of households have children under the age of 5 years, 21% – elderly, 18% – pregnant or

lactating women, 3% – disabled children or disabled elderly, each.

More than 84% of households are headed by men and 16% – by women; the largest share of

female household heads are widows (60%), followed by married women (34%). Divorced or

separated female household heads constitute 4%, while unmarried – 2%.

19% of households across all districts are headed by the elderly (people age 60 years and

above) and 4% – by people under 18 years of age.

Majority of household heads in the surveyed districts are illiterate – 69%. 13% of household

heads have primary education, 6% of household heads have middle education, 9% -

secondary or higher secondary education and 3% have graduate or post-graduate education.

Education level among the spouses of household heads is even lower across all districts, with

a total of 85% all spouses being illiterate (compared to 69% illiteracy among household

heads), 6% holding primary education, 3% – middle, 3% – secondary, 1% – graduate or post-

graduate education. Another 2% named “other” as their highest level of education.

RECOMMENDATIONS The collected data suggests that assistance programs should include activities that target

vulnerable households: those that have a particularly large number of children, such as

Shikarpur and Ghotki, pregnant or lactating women (Rajanpur), disabled elderly (Chitral) or

disabled children (Kashmore).

The assessment findings suggest that, in order to support the most vulnerable members of the

community, support efforts should be directed to households headed by the elderly (19% of

all households), people under 18 years of age (4% of all households), female who are widows

(Ghotki, Thatta and Rajanpur), separated or unmarried (Kashmore).

All assistance activities should be mindful of the fact that 69% of all household heads and

85% of the spouses of household heads are illiterate across the surveyed areas.


26

4 SHOCKS, HAZARDS AND DISPLACEMENT


27

SHOCKS AND HAZARDS EXPERIENCED, THEIR IMPACT

The surveyed communities in the eight districts experienced a variety of shocks and hazards

since 2010: floods, cyclones, earthquakes, chronic illnesses and price hikes.

The vast majority of the households were affected by floods in 2010-2015. The percentage

was particularly high in Rajanpur (99%), Thatta (99%) and Layyah (97%).

The lowest percentage of households hit by floods was in Badin (48%). In this district, 38%

of households were affected by cyclones, while 13% – by chronic illnesses.

Meanwhile, in Ghotki, 63% of households were impacted by floods, 23% – by price hikes

and 2% – by chronic illnesses. A similar situation was recorded in Kashmore: 72% of

households in this district were affected by floods, 7% – by price hikes and 4% – by chronic

illnesses.

In Chitral, 63% of households were affected by floods, while 31% – by the earthquake that

took place in October 2015.

27% of households in Shikarpur, 16% in Kashmore, 10% in Ghotki, 7% in Thatta and less

than 3% of households in each of the remaining districts named “other” shocks and hazards

that affected them.

48%

99%

63%

72%

73%

97%

99%

63%

38% 13%

2%

4%

23%

7%

31%

0%

1%

10%

16%

27%

3%

1%

7%

Badin

Thatta

Ghotki

Kashmore

Shikarpur

Layyah

Rajanpur

Chitral

FIGURE 12: Shocks/Hazards Experienced Since 2010

Floods Cyclone Chronic illness Price hike Earthquake Others

58%

54%

94%

56%

19%

39%

45%

81%

77%

35%

46%

6%

31%

58%

42%

52%

19%

22%

7%

13%

23%

20%

3%

1%

Overall

Badin

Thatta

Ghotki

Kashmore

Shikarpur

Layyah

Rajanpur

Chitral

FIGURE 13: Level of Impact of the 2015 Disasters

Severely Affected Moderately Affected Little/not affected


28

93% of households across all the surveyed districts were either severely or moderately

affected by the 2015 floods or, in Chitral’s case, by the October 2015 earthquake. Only 23%

of households in Kashmore, 20% in Shikarpur, 13% in Ghotki and 3% in Layyah were only

little or not at all affected by the floods. Similarly, only 19% of households in Chitral were

either little or not at all affected by the earthquake.

Thatta, Rajanpur and Chitral are the three districts where most of the households reported

being severely affected by floods (94%, 81% and 77%, respectively).

The lowest percentage of severely affected households was in Kashmore (19%) and Chitral

(by the earthquake, 24%). At the same time, these two districts had the highest percentage of

households affected moderately: 58% and 57% (by the earthquake), respectively.

DISPLACEMENT

Across the eight surveyed districts, 27% of households remained in their homes, 36% were

displaced for less than one month, and the remaining 38% stayed away from their homes for

more than one month.

The highest percentage of households which stayed at home during the 2015 disasters was in

Badin – 79% followed by Chitral (earthquake) – 63%. In all other areas, from 2% to 34% of

households remained at their homes.

The highest percentage of households which were displaced for more than one month was in

Thatta – 86%, followed by Ghotki and Chitral (floods) – 50% each. In other districts, from

8% (in Badin) to 35% (in Rajanpur). None of households in Chitral remained away from

homes for more one month after the earthquake.

Layyah has the highest share of households who were displaced for up to one month: 75%,

followed by Shikarpur – 42%, Kashmore – 40% and Ghotki – 39%. Thatta and Badin had the

lowest share of households which were displaced for less than one month of time: 11% and

13%, respectively. In other districts, from 31% to 37% of households were displaced for less

than one month.

27%

79%

2% 11%32% 26%

12%34%

17%

63%36%

13%

11%

39%

40% 42% 75% 31%

33%

37%38%

8%

86%

50%28% 32%

13%35%

50%

FIGURE 14: Duration of Displacement

Not Left < 1 Month > 1 Month


29

From here on throughout this report, “the floods” will be used interchangeably to mean both

the 2015 floods and the October 2015 earthquake that affected the surveyed communities.

Across all the surveyed areas, 39% of households moved away from their homes because

their house was destroyed and 34% fled away from the floods. 14% of households moved

away to rescue livestock, and small percentages of households moved due to insecurity and

fear, to receive assistance or other reasons.

The largest share of households which moved away due to the destruction of their house was

in Ghotki – 59%, followed by Layyah – 52%, Rajanpur – 48% and Chitral (after the floods) –

47%. In other districts, from 20% (in Badin) to 33% of households (in Thatta) moved away

due to this reason.

Fleeing flooding was the reason for displacement named by the largest share of households in

Thatta – 66%, followed by Kashmore – 49% and Rajanpur – 43%. The lowest share of

households which fled the floods was in Shikarpur – 10% and Chitral – 14%. In the other

districts, from 26% to 39% of households fled floods.

The largest share of households which named livestock rescue as the reason for displacement

was in Shikarpur – 49% and Badin – 37%. In Ghotki, Kashmore and Layyah the number of

such households was 8%, 6% and 6%, respectively.

Badin was the only district where part households reported that they had moved away from

homes to receive assistance (12%).

Other reasons were named by the largest share of households in Chitral after the earthquake.

Insecurity or fear was named by 59% of households in Chitral after the earthquake, 35% in

Chitral after the floods and 11% and 9% of households in Kashmore and Shikarpur. No

households named this reason for displacement in the remaining districts.

14%

37%

8%

6%

49%

6%

2%

34%

27%

66%

26%

49%

10%

39%

43%

14%

39%

20%

33%

59%

29%

28%

52%

48%

47%

22%

7%

11%

9%

35%

59%

2%

12%

0%

5%

4%

2%

7%

6%

3%

3%

9%

2%

20%

Overall

Badin

Thatta

Ghotki

Kashmore

Shikarpur

Layyah

Rajanpur

Chitral-Floods

Chitral-Earthquake

FIGURE 15: Reasons for Displacement

To rescue livestock Fled flooding House destroyed


30

Overall, the largest share of displaced households stayed with host families (34%), followed

by spontaneous sites near their villages (22%) or spontaneous sites far away from their

villages (16%). Some households stayed in camps run by the government or camps run by

humanitarian organizations.

The largest share of households which stayed with host families was recorded in Chitral after

the earthquake – 70%, followed by Layyah – 54% and Chitral after the floods – 52%. In the

remaining areas, from 6% (in Thatta) to 48% of households (in Rajanpur) stayed with host

families.

Spontaneous sites near their village was reported by the largest share of households in Badin

-42%, followed by Thatta – 36% and Kashmore – 34%. In the remaining districts, from 8%

to 22% of households stayed near their villages.

Spontaneous sites far away from their village were chosen by the largest share of households

in Rajanpur – 26%, followed by Layyah – 20% and Ghotki 17%. In the remaining districts,

from 7% to 16% of households lived in such sites.

Camps run by the government were named by the largest share of households in Thatta –

29%, followed by Shikarpur – 17% and Kashmore – 15%. In all other districts, from 2% to

10% of households stayed in camps set up by the government. Notably, no people stayed in

such camps in Layyah and in Chitral after the earthquake.

The largest share of households which stayed in camps run by humanitarian organizations

was recorded in Chitral after the floods – 13%. Thatta and Layyah had no households which

stay in camps run by humanitarian organizations, while in other regions, from 2% to 8% of

households stayed in these camps.

Part households stayed in other types of arrangements during their displacement – from 23%

in Kashmore to 3% in Chitral (after the earthquake).

5%

6%

8%

3%

6%

2%

13%

7%

10%

5%

29%

7%

15%

17%

2%

3%

22%

42%

36%

11%

34%

19%

10%

8%

14%

14%

16%

10%

13%

17%

12%

16%

20%

26%

12%

7%

34%

28%

6%

43%

13%

23%

54%

48%

52%

70%

14%

8%

17%

13%

23%

19%

16%

14%

6%

3%

Overall

Badin

Thatta

Ghotki

Kashmore

Shikarpur

Layyah

Rajanpur

Chitral-Floods

Chitral-Earthquake

FIGURE 16: Type of Shelter During Displacement

Camp run by humanitarian organizations Camp run by governmentSpontaneous site near the village Spontaneous site far from the villageHost families Others


31

CONCLUSIONS

The surveyed communities experienced a variety of shocks and hazards since 2010: floods,

cyclones, earthquakes, chronic illnesses and price hikes. Vast majority of the households

were affected by floods in 2010-2015. The percentage was particularly high in Rajanpur

(99%), Thatta (99%) and Layyah (97%).

The 2015 floods and the October 2015 earthquake either severely or moderately affected

93% of all households. Thatta, Rajanpur and Chitral had the highest shares of households

reported being severely affected by the floods (94%, 81% and 77%, respectively). Similarly,

only 19% of households in Chitral were either little or not at all affected by the earthquake.

During the 2015 disasters, 27% of households across the eight surveyed districts remained in

their homes, 36% were displaced for less than one month, and 38% were displaced for more

than one month. The highest share of households displaced for more than one month was in

Thatta – 86%, followed by Ghotki and Chitral (floods) – 50% each. 39% of households

moved away from their homes because their houses were destroyed and 34% fled away from

the floods. 14% of households moved away to rescue livestock, and small percentages of

households moved due to insecurity and fear, to receive assistance or other reasons. The

largest share of households which moved away due to the destruction of their house was in

Ghotki – 59%, followed by Layyah – 52%, Rajanpur – 48% and Chitral (after the floods) –

47%. In other districts, from 20% (in Badin) to 33% of households (in Thatta) moved away

due to this reason.

The largest share of all displaced households stayed with host families (34%), in spontaneous

sites near their villages (22%) or in spontaneous sites far away from their villages (16%). The

largest share of households which stayed with host families was recorded in Chitral after the

earthquake – 70%, Layyah – 54% and Chitral after the floods – 52%. Spontaneous sites near

their village was reported by the largest share of households in Badin - 42%, Thatta – 36%

and Kashmore – 34%. Spontaneous sites far away from their village were chosen by the

largest share of households in Rajanpur – 26%, Layyah – 20% and Ghotki 17%.

RECOMMENDATIONS

The assessment findings suggest that all the surveyed areas should receive assistance to

recover from the 2015 floods and the October 2015 earthquake. Based on the collected data,

Thatta, Rajanpur and Chitral should be considered as the first priority areas for support to

offset the extensive damage caused to their communities. Additionally, Ghotki should be

considered for support due to the large share of households displaced for more than one

month.


32

5 SHELTER


33

Before the floods, 75% of households across the surveyed areas lived in “kachha a” houses –

ranging from 64% of households in Kashmore to 92% of households in Badin. A much

smaller percentage of households lived in “pakka” houses (ranging from 3% of households in

Badin to 24% of households in Kashmore). An even smaller percentage of households lived

in mixed houses, from 4% of households in Badin to 22% in Chitral.

The word “kachha” generally refers to temporary or makeshift buildings, while “pakka” – to

permanent, durable constructions.

Only 14% houses remained undamaged during the floods: from 3% in Thatta to 21% in

Kashmore and Rajanpur each.

The remaining houses were either partially damaged (44%) or completely destroyed (42%).

The largest share of destroyed houses was reported in Thatta – 76%, followed by Chitral –

61%, Ghotki – 60% and Shikarpur – 42%. Layyah has the least percentage of destroyed

houses – 16%. In the remaining districts of Badin, Rajanpur and Kashmore, the share of

destroyed houses was 25%, 29% and 32%, respectively.

75%

92%

85%

70%

64%

73%

70%

72%

71%

12%

3%

8%

19%

24%

13%

11%

13%

7%

13%

4%

7%

11%

12%

15%

19%

15%

22%

Overall

Badin

Thatta

Ghotki

Kashmore

Shikarpur

Layyah

Rajanpur

Chitral

FIGURE 17: Type of House Before Floods

Kachha house Pakka house Mixed

14%

12%

3%

11%

21%

14%

18%

21%

10%

44%

63%

22%

29%

48%

44%

66%

51%

30%

42%

25%

76%

60%

32%

42%

16%

29%

61%

Overall

Badin

Thatta

Ghotki

Kashmo…

Shikarpur

Layyah

Rajanpur

Chitral

FIGURE 18: Condition of House After Floods

Not damaged Partially damaged Fully damaged


34

The highest percentage of partially damaged houses was reported in Layyah – 66%, followed

by Badin – 63% and Rajanpur – 51%. Thatta and Ghotki had the lowest percentage of

partially damaged houses – 22% and 29%, respectively.

Overall, across the surveyed areas, only 11% of kachha houses survived the 2015 disasters

undamaged, compared to 14% of mixed houses and 28% pakka houses. Similarly, the largest

share of kachha houses were completely destroyed – 46%, compared to 36% mixed houses

and 25% pakka houses. Therefore, the overall data suggests an inverse correlation between

the level of destruction and the type of housing construction – the weaker the construction,

the greater the level of destruction. However, the district-specific data does not confirm such

correlation.

The largest share of destroyed kachha houses is in Thatta – 82%; an additional 17% of

kachha houses was damaged here, leaving only 1% of kachha houses undamaged – the

lowest percentage across the eight surveyed districts. At the same time, 38% damaged mixed

houses were destroyed and 59% – damaged. Among pakka houses, 24% were destroyed and

62% – damaged.

The second highest percentage of destroyed kachha houses is in Ghotki: 67%; additionally,

27% of kachha houses were damaged, leaving only 6% of kachha houses undamaged.

Similarly, only 5% of Ghotki’s mixed houses remained undamaged; 46% of the mixed

houses were destroyed completely and 49% – damaged. At the same time, the percentage of

damaged or destroyed Ghotki’s pakka houses is much lower: 27% and 34%, respectively.

The third highest percentage of destroyed kachha houses is in Chitral (during floods): 57%;

floods also damaged 32% of kachha houses, leaving only 11% undamaged. Floods in Chitral

have destroyed the largest share of both pakka and mixed houses in all districts: 65% and

75%, respectively; additional 22% and 21% houses, respectively, were damaged and only

13% pakka houses as well as 4% mixed houses remained undamaged.

11%

10%

1%

6%

12%

11%

20%

17%

11%

13%

43%

63%

17%

27%

52%

46%

62%

48%

32%

64%

46%

27%

82%

67%

37%

42%

19%

35%

57%

23%

28%

17%

15%

39%

56%

20%

26%

39%

13%

18%

47%

75%

62%

27%

35%

42%

59%

53%

22%

55%

25%

8%

24%

34%

9%

38%

15%

9%

65%

27%

14%

50%

3%

5%

8%

17%

7%

18%

4%

10%

50%

50%

59%

49%

49%

38%

77%

58%

21%

76%

36%

38%

46%

43%

45%

16%

24%

75%

14%

Overall

Badin

Thatta

Ghotki

Kashmore

Shikarpur

Layyah

Rajanpur

Chitral-Fl

Chitral-E/q

FIGURE 19: Damages to House by Type of Construction

Kachha H Not damaged Kachha H Damaged Kachha H DestroyedPakka H Not damaged Pakka H Damaged Pakka H DestroyedMixed H Not damaged Mixed H Damaged Mixed H Destroyed


35

The lowest share of destroyed kachha houses is in Layyah: 19%; the district also has the

highest share of kachha houses that have remained undamaged: 20%. The district also has

one of the lowest shares of mixed houses that were destroyed: 16%, but a large part of its

mixed houses were damaged: 77%. Of Layyah’s pakka houses, 15% were destroyed and 59%

– damaged.

Those whose houses were destroyed, have no shelter at all (24%) or stay in shelter built of

tarpaulins and bamboos (24%), in makeshift shelter (18%), with host families or relatives (14

%) or in tents (11%). A few families live in schools or colleges, hospitals or other

government buildings.

The worst situation was recorded in Badin where 44% of households reported that they have

no shelter at all, followed by 35% in Ghotki and 32% in Layyah. The lowest percentage of

households which have no shelter was reported in Chitral – 2%.

The largest share of households which live in shelter constructed using tarpaulin and

bamboos is in Kashmore – 46% and Ghotki – 36%; in other districts, the share ranges from

7% (in Chitral) to 28% (in Shikarpur).

The largest share of households which stay in makeshift shelters is in Shikarpur – 36% and

Badin – 34%; Thatta and Chitral have the smallest share of households which use this type of

shelter – 6% and 9%, respectively.

The largest share of households living with host families or relatives was recorded in Chitral

– 33%, followed by Rajanpur – 27% and Layyah – 24%. In the remaining districts, such type

of accommodation was reported by up to 9% of households.

The largest share of households living in tents was reported in Chitral – 32%, followed by

20% in Thatta; in the other districts, such share was below 10%.

24%

44%

26%

35%

18%

13%

32%

21%

2%

18%

34%

6%

15%

16%

36%

14%

15%

9%

24%

10%

26%

36%

46%

28%

12%

23%

7%

11%

5%

20%

6%

1%

7%

6%

10%

32%

14%

5%

3%

5%

9%

9%

24%

27%

33%

2%

2%

1%

1%

2%

1%

12%

0%

1%

7%

0%

18%

2%

10%

7%

1%

4%

16%

Overall

Badin

Thatta

Ghotki

Kashmore

Shikarpur

Layyah

Rajanpur

Chitral

FIGURE 20: Current Living Arrangement if House Was Destroyed

Without shelter Makeshift sheltersShelter using Tarpaulins/ Bamboos TentsHost Families / relatives School/college/hospitalOthers


36

The highest percentage of respondents which felt that their house or shelter does not meet

their family needs was recorded in Rajanpur (78%), followed by Chitral (77%), Thatta

(74%), Ghotki (73%) and Layyah (57%). Districts of Badin, Kashmore and Shikarpur had a

much lower percentage of respondents who felt their houses do not meet family needs: 31%,

33% and 38%, respectively.

Overall, most of the interviewees who reported that their house does not meet family needs,

indicated lack of purda wall as the main reason (28%). This concern was the highest in

Kashmore (46%), followed by Shikarpur (41%) and Thatta (31%). The lowest percentage of

households with this concern are in Chitral (14%) and Layyah (18%).

The second topmost concern across all districts was that the house was too small. From 23%

of households (in Layyah) to 29% of households (in Ghotki and Chitral each) named this

concern.

42%

69%

26% 27%

67% 62%43%

22% 23%

58%

31%

74% 73%

33% 38%57%

78% 77%


FIGURE 21: Current House or Shelter Meets Family Needs

No Yes

28%

28%

31%

25%

46%

41%

18%

22%

14%

27%

25%

28%

29%

28%

27%

23%

28%

29%

9%

24%

11%

21%

1%

3%

3%

7%

12%

12%

9%

12%

7%

4%

21%

28%

6%

3%

0%

5%

3%

1%

3%

5%

1%

8%

10%

9%

10%

4%

11%

12%

15%

9%

10%

2%

0%

1%

1%

2%

6%

4%

0%

6%

1%

5%

4%

4%

4%

12%

4%

15%

3%

1%

1%

0%

19%

Overall

Badin

Thatta

Ghotki

Kashmore

Shikarpur

Layyah

Rajanpur

Chitral

FIGURE 22: Reasons for Current House or Shelter Not Meeting Family Needs

No purda wall Too small for the householdWalls were not high enough Materials used to build it were not sufficientNot enough ventilation Roof leaksToo hot There is already damage to the shelterOther


37

In the districts of Badin and Ghotki, a significant number of households (24% and 21%,

respectively) named insufficiently high walls as a key reason why their house does not meet

their family needs. In other districts (in ascending order, Kashmore, Layyah, Shikarpur,

Rajanpur and Thatta), only 1% to 11% of households named this concern.

A sizeable percentage of households in Rajanpur (28%) and Layyah (21%) named lack of

materials to build the house as one of the reasons why their house does not meet family

needs.

Damage to the shelter was named by 15% of households in Chitral and 12% of households in

Layyah, while in the remaining districts, less than 6% of households expressed this conceren.

From 4% of households (in Ghotki) to 15% (in Layyah) named leaking roof. Up to 8% of

households in each district named lack of ventilation and up to 5% of households in each

district named excessive heat as a reason why the house does not meet family needs.

On average, respondents have estimated that on average, it would cost more than PKR

108,000 per household to repair damage that was caused to their house by the floods. The

average cost per household was the lowest in Badin – PKR 31,526, Kashmore – PKR 42,797

and Ghotki – PKR 44,538. By far the highest average repair cost per household was reported

in Chitral – PKR 439,472. In the remaining districts, the average cost of repair per household

ranged from PKR 57,737 to PKR 95,343.

108,259

31,52679,172

44,538 42,79795,343

57,737 75,484

439,472


FIGURE 23: Estimated Cost of Repair of Damaged Houses (PKR)

20%

28%

25%

28%

21%

28%

14%

18%

13%

24%

6%

14%

6%

20%

11%

10%

12%

25%

31%

29%

29%

24%

11%

17%

29%

27%

10%

4%

4%

9%

8%

10%

26%

8%

11%

7%

1%

1%

3%

10%

5%

1%

33%

7%

8%

8%

4%

10%

11%

7%

12%

13%

4%

17%

11%

19%

13%

16%

22%

5%

0%

11%

2%

1%

3%

7%

1%

16%

Overall

Badin

Thatta

Ghotki

Kashmore

Shikarpur

Layyah

Rajanpur

Chitral

FIGURE 28: Salvageable Material for Rebuilding After Floods

Bamboo Timber Poles Earth/Mud Bricks Stones Windows Doors Others


38

Across the surveyed areas, 25% of households reported that they have soil or mud for the

repair of their houses, 20% – bamboo, 13% – timber poles and doors each. Other items

available include, in diminishing order, bricks, stones, windows and other items, named by

10% or fewer households each.

The largest share of households which reported the availability of soil or mud is in Badin –

31%, followed by Ghotki, Rajanpur and Thatta with 29% each as well as Chitral with 27%.

The lowest share of such households is in Shikarpur – 11%.

The largest share of households which reported availability of bamboo is in Ghotki,

Shikarpur and Badin – 28% each, while the smallest – in Layyah – 14%.

The largest share of households which have timber poles is in Badin -24%, while the smallest

– in Thatta and Kashmore – 6% each. Similarly, the largest share of households which have

doors is in Rajanpur – 22%, while the smallest – in Chitral – 0%.

At the same time, 33% of households in Chitral said they have stones; in other districts, only

up to 10% of households reported availability of this material.

CONCLUSIONS

Before floods, 75% of households across the surveyed areas lived in “kachha” houses –

ranging from 64% of households in Kashmore to 92% of households in Badin.

Only 14% houses remained undamaged during the floods. The largest share of destroyed

houses was reported in Thatta – 76%, followed by Chitral – 61% and Ghotki – 60%. The

highest percentage of partially damaged houses was reported in Layyah – 66%, followed by

Badin – 63% and Rajanpur – 51%.

Those whose houses were destroyed, have no shelter at all (24%) or stay in shelter built of

tarpaulins and bamboos (24%), in makeshift shelter (18%), with host families or relatives (14

%) or in tents (11%). Few families live in schools or colleges, hospitals or other government

buildings.

The worst situation was recorded in Badin where 44% of households reported that they have

no shelter at all, followed by 35% in Ghotki and 32% in Layyah. Shelter constructed using

tarpaulin and bamboos was reported by the largest share of households in Kashmore – 46%,

while Shikarpur had the largest share of households which stay in makeshift shelters– 36%

and Badin – 34%. Meanwhile, the largest share of households living in tents was reported in

Chitral – 32%.

More than half households across the surveyed areas feel that their current shelter does not

meet their family needs. The highest percentage of such households is in Rajanpur (78%),

followed by Chitral (77%). Main reasons named are the lack of purda wall and insufficient

size for their family.

The respondents have estimated that on average, it would cost more than PKR 108,000 to

repair damage caused to a house. The cost named was the lowest in Badin – PKR 31,526 and

the highest in Chitral – PKR 439,472.


39

Across the surveyed areas, most households reported that they have soil or mud for the repair

of their houses (25% of households), bamboo (20%) and timber poles and doors (13% each).

In Badin, 31% of households reported they have soil or mud; 28% of households in Ghotki,

Shikarpur and Badin said they have bamboo; 24% of households in Badin said they have

timber poles, 22% of households Rajanpur have doors, while 33% of households in Chitral

said they have stones.

RECOMMENDATIONS

The assessment findings suggest that assistance should focus on rebuilding or repairing

houses damaged during the 2015 disasters, as a large share of the households live without a

shelter or in very poor temporary shelter. According to the data compiled, assistance should

be firstly provided to Badin district, where as many as 44% of all households in the surveyed

areas live without any shelter.

The assessment findings suggest that Thatta, Chitral and Ghotki should be the focus of the

construction of new houses (these where the districts where most of the houses were

destroyed), while rebuilding of the existing houses should focus on Layyah, Badin and

Rajanpur.

The assessment findings suggest that assistance should also include improvements of the

existing shelter, as for a large number of households, current shelter does not meet family

needs. The assessment data suggests that support should focus on erecting purda walls and

increasing the size of the shelter, as these are the topmost needs named by most of the

surveyed households.


40

6 FOOD SECURITY


41

MEALS

On average, adults across all districts eat just under 2.4 meals a day, while children – 2.6

meals a day. While adult males eat slightly more meals a day than adult females, the

difference constitutes just less than 7% of a meal.

Households in Thatta and Badin eat the fewest meals a day on average: 2 (both children and

adults). Households in Chitral have the highest number of meals on average: 2.9 for adults

and 3.2 for children, followed by Layyah, where adults eat 2.7 meals, while children eat 2.9

meals a day on average. Notably, Kashmore has the widest gap between the number of meals

eaten by adults and children: while adults eat just over 2.2 meals, children receive almost 3

meals a day on average.

Some households noted that the number of meals they had the day before the interview

(discussed in the previous chapter as an average number of daily meals) was lower than

usual: approximately 13% for adults and 9% for children on average.

0

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

3

3.5


FIGURE 25: Meals Eaten Per Day

Adult Male Adult Female Children

13

%

17

%

28

%

9%

2%

5%

17

%

9%

13

%

13

%

22

%

28

%

8%

4% 4%

17

%

13

%

12

%

9%

13

%

26

%

9%

1% 4

%

2%

6%

11

%


FIGURE 26: Fewer Than Usual Meals Eaten the Day Before

Adult Male Adult Female Children


42

The percentage of households which had fewer meals the day before the interview was the

highest in Thatta: 28% for adults and 26% for children. Such percentage was the lowest in

Kashmore, with 2% for adult males, 4% for adult females and 1% for children.

TABLE 3: Food Items Eaten in the House in Past Seven Days


Cereals 6.8 7.0 6.7 7.0 6.5 7.0 6.8 6.8 7.0

Lentils or Beans or Nuts

3.0 2.2 3.5 2.9 2.6 2.9 4.1 2.6 1.9

Vegetables or Leaves

3.2 3.0 3.3 3.3 2.9 3.8 2.8 3.4 1.7

Fruits 0.6 0.2 0.5 0.2 0.5 0.8 1.5 0.4 1.1

Meat or Poultry or Fish or Eggs

0.8 0.6 0.5 0.7 1.0 1.1 1.1 0.6 1.0

Milk or dairy Products

4.4 5.6 2.7 5.9 4.6 5.5 3.8 3.2 2.1

Sugar or Sugar Products

5.0 6.5 4.3 6.0 4.6 5.0 3.8 5.6 1.6

Oil or Ghee or Butter

5.0 6.7 5.3 6.5 4.8 5.9 4.8 6.2 2.4

Spices or Tea or Coffee or Salt

5.0 6.6 5.5 6.6 4.6 5.4 4.2 6.2 3.1

The lowest or second-lowest percentage The highest or second-highest percentage

Overall, in a course of a week, a household has cereals on all seven days; sugar or sugar

products, oil or ghee or butter and spices or tea or coffee or salt on five days; milk or dairy

products – on four days, lentils or beans or nuts and vegetables or leaves – on tree days,

while fruits and meat or poultry or fish or eggs – one day a week on average.

7 77

77

7 7 7 7

3

2

43 3 3

4

3

2

3 33 3

3

4

33

2

10

0 01

1

2

0

11 1 1 1 1 1 1

11

4

6

3

6

5

5

43

2

5

6

4

6

55

4

6

2

5

7

5

7

5

6

5

6

2

5

7

6

7

5

5

4

6

3


FIGURE 27: Food Items Eaten in the House in Past Seven Days

Cereals Lentils/Beans/Nuts Vegetables/LeavesFruits Meat/Poultry/Fish/Eggs Milk/dairy ProductsSugar/Sugar Products Oil/Ghee/Butter Spices/Tea/Coffee/Salt


43

Households in Chitral eat most foods items the fewest days a week on average: lentils or

beans or nuts – 1.9, vegetables or leaves – 1.7, milk or dairy products – 2.1, sugar or sugar

products – 1.6, oil or ghee or butter – 2.4 and spices or tea or coffee or salt – 3.1 days a week.

Households in Kashmore have cereals the fewest days a week – 6.5, households in Badin and

Ghotki – fruits – 0.2 days a week, while households in Thatta – meat or poultry or fish or

eggs – 0.5 days a week on average.

Households in Badin have sugar or sugar products, oil or ghee or butter, spices or tea or

coffee or salt and cereals (the latter – alongside Ghotki, Shikarpur and Chitral) – the largest

number of days each week on average: 6.5, 6.7, 6.6 and 7 days a week, respectively.

Shikarpur and Layyah households have meat or poultry or fish or eggs the largest number of

days a week – 1.1 on average, households in Layyah have lentils or beans or nuts and fruits

the largest number of days a week – 4.1 and 1.5 days, respectively, a week on average, while

Ghotki households – eat milk or dairy products the largest number of days a week – 5.9.

Across all surveyed areas, except for milk or dairy products and wheat, all food items eaten

at home are mostly purchased from a market or shop – from 65% of rice to 89% of fruits.

Meanwhile, 59% milk or dairy products and 50% of wheat are produced by the household

itself.

From 1% to 3% of all food items are received through work for food programs, up to 9% of

food items are received by borrowing money and up to 2% of food items are received as gifts

or Zakat or Food Aid or Other means.

Households across the surveyed areas produce only 2% of spices or tea or coffee or salt, 3%

lentils or beans or nuts, 4% oil or ghee or butter, 5% sugar or sugar products, 7% vegetables

or leaves, 8% fruits, 12% meat or poultry or fish or eggs, 21% eggs, 22% maize, 26% rice,

50% wheat and 59% milk or dairy products.

50%

26%

22%

3%

7%

8%

12%

21%

59%

5%

4%

2%

43%

65%

69%

87%

87%

89%

84%

74%

36%

83%

84%

88%

1%

3%

3%

2%

1%

1%

1%

1%

1%

1%

1%

1%

4%

3%

2%

6%

3%

2%

2%

2%

3%

9%

9%

8%

2%

3%

4%

3%

2%

0%

2%

2%

1%

2%

2%

2%

Wheat

Rice

Maize

Lentils/Beans/Nuts

Vegetables/Leaves

Fruits

Meat/Poultry/Fish

Eggs

Milk/dairy Products

Sugar/Sugar Products

Oil/Ghee/Butter

Spices/Tea/Coffee/Salt

FIGURE 28: Sources of Food Items Eaten In House in Past Seven Days

Own production Market/shop purcahse Work for foodBorrowings/debts Gifts/Zakat/Food Aid/Others


44

FOOD STOCK

Overall, each household has lost 31 Maunds13 of cereals stored for domestic use during the

floods on average. The largest loss was reported in Badin – 61 Maunds per household,

followed by Rajanpur with 39 Maunds and Shikarpur with 35 Maunds. The smallest amount

of loss was reported in Chitral – 10 Maunds, Layyah – 19 Maunds and Kashmore – 23

Maunds per average household. Meanwhile in Thatta and Ghotki, an average household lost

32 Maunds and 31 Maunds, respectively.

Across all surveyed districts, 34% of all households have no food stock left. Another 39% do

not have food stock to last a week. Only 10% have enough food for 1-2 weeks, 7% – 3 weeks

to 3 months and only 4% of households have enough food for more than 3 months.

Chitral has the highest percentage of households with enough food sock to last more than one

week; 16% have enough food for 1-2 weeks, 21% – for 3-4 weeks, 19% – for 1-3 months and

16% – for more than 3 months. At the same time, 15% of households have no food stock left

at all and 13% of households do not have enough food to last for more than one week.

In all other districts, the vast majority of households do not have food at all or do not have

enough food to last for one week.

13 1 Maund=37.3242 kilograms

31

61

32 3123

35

19

39

10


FIGURE 29: Stock of Cereals Stored for Domestic Use Lost in Floods (Maunds)

34%

19%

66%

25%

28%

22%

45%

44%

15%

39%

57%

26%

58%

47%

52%

19%

40%

13%

10%

11%

2%

6%

6%

12%

17%

7%

16%

7%

7%

1%

2%

6%

6%

12%

4%

21%

7%

8%

2%

2%

12%

8%

5%

2%

19%

4%

3%

7%

2%

2%16%

Overall

Badin

Thatta

Ghotki

Kashmore

Shikarpur

Layyah

Rajanpur

Chitral

FIGURE 30: Current Stock of Cereals

No stocks left < 1 week 1-2 weeks 3-4 weeks 1-3 months > 3 months


45

The worst situation is in Thatta, where 66% of households have no food stocks left at all and

26% do not have enough food to last one week. Only 2% have enough food for 1-2 weeks,

1% – for 3-4 weeks, 2% – for 1-3 months and 3% – for more than 3 months.

The second worst situation is in Rajanpur and Layyah, where 44% and 45% of households,

respectively, have no food left. However, the two districts differ in the percentage of people

who do not have enough food for one week: in Rajanpur, this percentage was 40%, while in

Layyah – 19%. In Rajanpur, only 7% of households have enough food for 1-2 weeks, 4% –

for 3-4 weeks, 2% – for 1-3 months and 2% – for more than 3 months. In Layyah, the

situation is slightly better: 17% of households have enough food for 1-2 weeks, 12% – for 3-

4 weeks, 5% – for 1-3 months and 2% – for more than 3 months.

While the remaining districts reported slightly higher numbers, the overall level of food

insecurity is very high.

Across all the surveyed districts, half of the households have no means to buy basic food

items that would last for two weeks. The worst situation is in Ghotki, where 73% of

households reported lack of resources to purchase enough food to last two weeks. Rajanpur,

Thatta and Layyah have, respectively, 69%, 65% and 60% of such households, while

Shikarpur – 44%. Kashmore, Badin and Chitral have the lowest percentage of such

household: 25%, 24% and 24%, respectively.

50%

24%

65%73%

25%

44%

60%69%

24%


FIGURE 31: Households With No Means to Buy Basic Food For Two Weeks

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%


FIGURE 32: Households That Reduced Food Consumption Due to Floods

Cereals Pulses Animal products Sugar/sweet Oil/ghee/fats/nuts Vegetables Fruits


46

Overall, approximately 40% of households across the eight surveyed districts reported that

they have reduced their food consumption due to the floods. The largest reduction took place

in Rajanpur and Layyah, the smallest – in Ghotki and Shikarpur.

In most of the districts, consumption of all types of food has declined by a similar amount.

The most notable divergence in the percentage of households which reduced consumption of

various foods was recorded in the districts of Rajanpur, Ghotki and Shikarpur.

In Rajanpur district, 89% of households reduced consumption of fruits, 58% – vegetables and

oil or ghee or fats or nuts, 54% – animal products, 71% – sugar or sweets, 64% – pulses and

only 26% – cereals.

In Ghotki, 53% of households reduced consumption of fruits, but only 34% – animal

products, 22% – pulses, 18% -cereals, 16% oil or ghee or fats or nuts, 13% – vegetables and

sugar or sweets.

In Shikarpur, 25%-29% of households reduced consumption of animal products, sugar or

sweets, oil or fats or ghee or nuts and fruits, and 11%-14% reduced consumption of

vegetables, pulses and cereals.

The highest percentage of households which have reduced consumption of foods across all

categories was in Layyah: 57%-64%.

In Thatta, 50%-61% of households reduced consumption of various foods, in Badin – 32%-

36% of households, in Kashmore – 42%-57% of households.

In Chitral, 53%-62% of households reduced consumption of all foods except cereals;

reduction in the consumption of cereals was reported by 37%.

LEVELS OF FOOD SECURITY

Overall, 11% of all households in the surveyed areas have poor food consumption, 24% –

borderline and 66% – acceptable.

11%

4%

9%

1%

6%

4%

2%

8%

51%

24%

11%

46%

11%

24%

13%

25%

40%

18%

66%

85%

46%

88%

70%

82%

73%

52%

31%

Overall

Badin

Thatta

Ghotki

Kashmore

Shikarpur

Layyah

Rajanpur

Chitral

FIGURE 33: Food Consumption Groups

Poor Borderline Acceptable


47

The largest share of households with poor food consumption is in Chitral – 50%; Thatta is a

distant second with 9% of households in this group. At the same time, Thatta has the largest

share of households with borderline food consumption – 46%, while Chitral has a

significantly smaller share of such households – 18%. At the same time, the two districts

have the lowest shares of households with acceptable levels of food consumption: 31% in

Chitral and 46% in Thatta.

Rajanpur has the third lowest share of households with acceptable food consumption – 52%;

8% of its households have poor food consumption and 40% – borderline.

Ghotki, Badin and Shikarpur have the largest shares of households with acceptable food

consumption: 88%, 85% and 82%, respectively.

Across the surveyed areas, 47% of all households spend less than 40% expenditure on food,

28% – from 40% to 60% and 25% of households spend more than 60% of their expenditure

on food.

Badin and Thatta have the largest share of households, 44% and 39%, respectively, which

spend more than 60% of their expenditure on food. Only 28% of households in each of these

two districts (by far the lowest share across the surveyed districts) spend less than 40% of

their expenditure on food.

After Badin and Thatta, the district of Rajanpur has the highest share of households which

spend more than 60% of their expenditure on food – 28% and the lowest share of households

which spend less than 40% – 39%.

Ghotki and Chitral have the largest share of households which spend less than 40% of their

expenditure on food –73% and 63%, respectively. Conversely, these two districts have the

lowest share of households which spend more than 60% of their expenditure on food – 10%

and 14%, respectively.

47%

28%

28%

73%

50%

46%

53%

39%

63%

28%

28%

33%

17%

32%

32%

24%

33%

24%

25%

44%

39%

10%

18%

22%

24%

28%

14%

Overall

Badin

Thatta

Ghotki

Kashmore

Shikarpur

Layyah

Rajanpur

Chitral

FIGURE 34: Food Expenditure Groups

< 40% food expenditure 40% to 60% food expenditure > 60% food expenditure


48

Overall, only 60% of the households in the surveyed areas are food secure, 31% are

borderline and 9% – food insecure.

Chitral, Thatta and Rajanpur have the lowest shares of food secure households: 43%, 47%

and 52%, respectively. Thatta has by far the largest share of households which are food

insecure – 24%, followed by Rajanpur – 12% and Chitral – 10%.

At the same time, Chitral has the largest share of households which are borderline food

insecure – 47%, followed by Badin – 41% and Rajanpur – 37%.

The largest shares of food secure households are in Ghotki – 81%, Kashmore – 73% and

Shikarpur – 70%.

The smallest shares of food insecure households are in Ghotki – 2% and Shikarpur – 4%,

while borderline households – in Ghotki – 17% and Kashmore – 19%.

COPING STRATEGIES

In response to the floods and the earthquake, most households across all districts have

employed livelihood-based crisis coping strategies (39%), followed by stress coping

9%

7%

24%

2%

8%

4%

8%

12%

10%

31%

41%

30%

17%

19%

25%

30%

37%

47%

60%

53%

47%

81%

73%

70%

63%

52%

43%

Overall

Badin

Thatta

Ghotki

Kashmore

Shikarpur

Layyah

Rajanpur

Chitral

FIGURE 35: Food Security Groups

Food Insecure Borderline Food Secure

24%

2%

40%

1%

13%

82%

9%

40%

17%

23%

46%

9%

24%

44%

13%

25%

34%

11%

39%

52%

41%

68%

39%

6%

9%

25%

57%

14%

1%

11%

7%

5%

57%

1%

15%

Overall

Badin

Thatta

Ghotki

Kashmore

Shikarpur

Layyah

Rajanpur

Chitral

FIGURE 36: Livelihood-Based Coping Strategies

No coping strategy Stress coping strategy Crisis coping strategy Emergency coping strategy


49

strategies (23%) and emergency coping strategies (14%). Almost one quarter of households

(24%) used no coping strategies.

The following list represents activities typically attributed to a particular strategy:

1. Stress Coping Strategies:

Sold household assets or goods (radio, furniture, refrigerator, television,

jewellery, etc.)

Spent savings;

Borrowed money from a formal lender or bank; and

Sold more animals (non-productive) than usual.

2. Crisis Coping Strategies:

Reduced non-food expenses, i.e. health and education, clothing or shoes, etc.;

Withdrew children from school;

Rented out a room of the house;

Consumed seed stock held for the next season; and

Sold productive assets or means of transport such as sewing machine,

wheelbarrow, bicycle, car, productive livestock, etc.

3. Emergency Coping Strategies:

Sold house or land;

Engaged in begging; and

Migrated to look for livelihood opportunities.

Layyah District was the only one where the majority of households (57%) used emergency

coping strategies. Chitral was the distant second with 15% of households, followed by Thatta

with 11%, Ghotki with 7% and Kashmore with 5%. In Badin and Rajanpur, barely 1% of

households used emergency coping strategies, while in Shikarpur – none.

Crisis coping strategies were employed by the largest percentage of households in Ghotki

(68%), followed by Chitral (57%), Badin (52%), Thatta (41%) and Kashmore (39%). In

Rajanpur, Layyah and Shikarpur, such strategies were used by 25%, 9% and 6% of

households, respectively.

Stress coping strategies were used by 46% of households in Badin, 44% of households in

Kashmore, 34% in Rajanpur, 25% in Layyah and 24% in Ghotki. Only 13% of households

used stress coping strategies in Shikarpur, 11% – in Chitral and 9% – in Thatta.

A large part of households used no livelihood-based coping strategies at all: 82% in

Shikarpur, 40% in Rajanpur and Thatta, each. In Chitral, Kashmore, Layyah, Badin and

Ghotki, 17%, 13%, 9%, 2% and 1%, respectively, used no livelihood-based coping strategies.


50

Coping Strategies Index (CSI) measures frequency and severity of a household’s coping

strategies for dealing with shortfalls in food supply. The reduced CSI (rCSI) is a variant of

the coping strategy index calculated based on the seven standard consumption coping

strategies: eating less preferred food, borrowing food or money from friends and relatives,

limiting portions at meal time, limiting adult intake, and reducing the number of meals per

day, with their universal severity weighting. This index facilitates the comparison of food

insecurity across various strata by normalizing the behaviours and severity scores that are

used to create the index. The higher the value of the rCSI score is, the higher the level of

food insecurity, and vice versa.

Overall, rCSI in the surveyed areas is 14.9. Badin has the highest rCSI – 24.7, followed by

Kashmore – 20.4, while Shikarpur – the lowest – 8.4.

Overall, 22% of households use no coping strategies and 26% – low coping, medium coping

and high coping, each.

Badin, Thatta and Chitral have the highest shares of households which employ high coping

strategies: 40%, 39% and 33%, respectively.

Ghotki, Rajanpur and Chitral have the largest shares of households which employ medium

coping strategy: 48%, 38% and 32%, respectively.

14.9

24.7

12.9 13.1

20.4

8.4

12.010.6

16.8


FIGURE 37: Reduced Coping Strategy Index

22%

26%

18%

10%

3%

61%

22%

24%

12%

26%

11%

29%

26%

52%

8%

35%

24%

23%

26%

23%

15%

45%

18%

15%

22%

38%

32%

26%

40%

39%

19%

27%

16%

22%

14%

33%

Overall

Badin

Thatta

Ghotki

Kashmore

Shikarpur

Layyah

Rajanpur

Chitral

Figure 38: Reduced Coping Strategies

No coping employed Low coping Medium coping High coping


51

Kashmore, Layyah and Thatta have the highest shares of households which use low coping

strategy: 52%, 35% and 29%, respectively.

Meanwhile, Shikarpur has by far the largest share of households which use no coping

strategies at all: 61%; the distant second share of such households is in Badin with 26%.

CONCLUSIONS

The surveyed districts are experiencing food shortages: On average, adults across all districts

eat just under 2.4 meals, while children – 2.6 meals a day. Households in Thatta and Badin

eat the fewest meals a day on average: 2 (both children and adults). Some households noted

that the number of meals they had the day before the survey was lower than usual. The

percentage of such households was the highest in Thatta: 28% for adults and 26% for

children.

Overall, during a week, a household has cereals on all seven days; sugar or sugar products,

oil or ghee or butter and spices or tea or coffee or salt on five days; milk or dairy products –

on four days, lentils or beans or nuts and vegetables or leaves – on tree days, while fruits and

meat or poultry or fish or eggs – one day a week on average. Households in Chitral eat most

of these food items the fewest days a week: lentils or beans or nuts – 1.9, vegetables or leaves

– 1.7, milk or dairy products – 2.1, sugar or sugar products – 1.6, oil or ghee or butter – 2.4

and spices or tea or coffee or salt – 3.1 days a week.

Except for milk or dairy products and wheat, all food items eaten at home are mostly

purchased from a market or shop – from 65% of rice to 89% of fruits. Households across the

surveyed areas produce 59% milk or dairy products and 50% of wheat, but only 2% of spices

or tea or coffee or salt, 3% lentils or beans or nuts, 4% oil or ghee or butter, 5% sugar or

sugar products, 7% vegetables or leaves, 8% fruits, 12% meat or poultry or fish, 21% eggs,

22% maize, 26% rice, 50% wheat and 59% milk or dairy products.

Overall, each household lost 31 Maunds of cereals stored for domestic use during the floods

on average. The largest loss was reported in Badin – 61 Maunds per household.

Across all surveyed districts, 34% of all households have no food stock left, while 39% do

not have food stock to last a week. The worst situation is in Thatta, where 66% of households

have no food stocks left at all and 26% do not have enough food to last one week. The

second worst situation is in Rajanpur and Layyah, where 44% and 45% of households,

respectively, have no food left.

Half of the households have no means to buy basic food items that would last for two weeks.

The worst situation is in Ghotki, where 73% of households reported lack of resources to

purchase enough food to last two weeks. Rajanpur, Thatta and Layyah have, respectively,

69%, 65% and 60% of such household.

Approximately 40% of households across the eight surveyed districts reported that they have

reduced their food consumption due to the floods. The largest number of households which

reduced their food consumption is in Rajanpur and Layyah.

Across the surveyed areas, 47% of all households spend less than 40% expenditure on food,

28% – from 40% to 60% and 25% of households spend more than 60% of their expenditure


52

on food. Badin and Thatta have the largest share of households, 44% and 39%, respectively,

which spend more than 60% of their expenditure on food.

Overall, 11% of all households in the surveyed areas have poor food consumption, 24% –

borderline and 66% – acceptable.

The largest share of households with poor food consumption is in Chitral – 50%; Thatta is a

distant second with 9% of households in this group; the two districts have the lowest shares

of households with acceptable levels of food consumption: 31% and 46%, respectively.

Additionally, Thatta has the largest share of households with borderline food consumption –

46. Rajanpur has the third lowest share of households with acceptable food consumption –

52%; 8% of its households have poor food consumption and 40% – borderline.

Overall, only 60% of the households in the surveyed areas are food secure, 31% are

borderline and 9% – food insecure. Chitral, Thatta and Rajanpur have the lowest shares of

food secure households: 43%, 47% and 52%, respectively. Thatta has by far the largest share

of households which are food insecure – 24%, followed by Rajanpur – 12% and Chitral –

10%.

To address food shortages, most households across all districts have employed livelihood-

based crisis coping strategies (39%), followed by stress coping strategies (23%) and

emergency coping strategy (14%). Almost one quarter of households (24%) used no coping

strategies.

Layyah was the only district where the majority of households (57%) used emergency coping

strategies. The largest share of households which used stress coping strategies was in Badin –

46% and Kashmore – 44%, while the largest share of households which used crisis coping

strategies were in Ghotki (68%), followed by Chitral (57%) and Badin (52%).

RECOMMENDATIONS The assessment findings suggest that food assistance should focus on increasing the number

of meals households have each day and the quality of meals. Based on the data collected,

Thatta, Badin and Chitral should be the focus of such assistance; activities should work to

increase the times each household has various food groups each day, particularly lentils or

beans or nuts, vegetables or leaves, milk or dairy products.

The assessment findings suggest that all districts should receive support to increase the share

of food items that are produced by the household, to include lentils or beans or nuts, oil or

ghee or butter, sugar or sugar products, vegetables or leaves, fruits, meat or poultry or fish or

eggs and maize. Such assistance should particularly focus on Badin and Thatta, where the

level of production is the lowest. Along the improved availability of food items, such support

would reduce the households’ expenditure on food.

Additionally, the survey suggests that assistance activities should work to increase the

amount of food stock households have, particularly in Badin and Thatta, Ghotki, Rajanpur

and Layyah. Based on the data collected, Badin, Kashmore and Chitral should receive

assistance to increase food security of their households.


53

7 LIVELIHOODS


54

HOUSEHOLD INCOME AND EXPENDITURE

Across the surveyed areas, an average household earns under PKR 14,000 a month. The

highest average household incomes are in Chitral (PKR 22,939), Shikarpur (PKR 17,528),

Ghotki (15,760) and Thatta (PKR 12,778), while the lowest – in Badin (PKR 8,998), Layyah

(9,621), Rajanpur (PKR 10,671) and Kashmore (PKR 12,075).

To collect information on the average household expenditure, the survey asked the

respondents to name “last month’s expenditure”. Since the survey was conducted in the

months of November and December 2015, the “last month’s expenditure” could arguably

have included agricultural inputs for the Rabi planting season and as a result, could have

been higher than an average monthly expenditure (As shown in the figure below, the share of

agricultural inputs in a household’s expenditure is 14% on average). By contrast, to obtain

information on the household’s income, the respondents were requested to name their

average income over the previous six months. The discussion of household expenditure and

its comparison to the household’s income should be read with this context in mind.

The reported average household expenditure for the month prior to the survey significantly

exceeds household’s average income across all surveyed districts. Even though an average

household brings PKR 13,796 of income a month, the expenditure reported by the

respondents is PKR 24,904 – 1.8 times higher.

The gap is the widest in Ghotki, where average expenditure for the month prior to the survey

exceeded income by 2.5 times, and in Chitral, where the average expenditure was 2.1 times

higher than income. The lowest gap is in Thatta, where an average household expenditure for

the month prior to the survey was 1.4 times higher than average income. In the remaining

districts, average household expenditure for the month prior to the survey was 1.6 to 1.8

higher than the average household income.

The highest household expenditure for the month before the survey was reported in Chitral –

PKR 48,203 (more than twice the level of income by household), Ghotki – PKR 33,812

(against PKR 15,760 income) and Shikarpur – PKR 28,722 (against PKR 17,528 income).

The lowest household expenditure for the month prior to the survey was reported in Badin –

PKR 16, 209 (against PKR 8,998 income) and Layyah – PKR 16,751 (against PKR 9,621

income).

24,904

16,209 18,283

33,812

19,465

28,722

16,751 17,789

48,203

13,7968,998

12,77815,760

12,07517,528

9,621 10,671

22,939


FIGURE 39: Current Monthly Household Income and Last Month's Expenditure (PKR)

Expenditure Income


55

Across the surveyed areas, households spend most money on food – 44% on average, –

followed by agricultural inputs – 14%. Other groups of expenditure, in diminishing order, are

health, livestock inputs, transport, housing and education. Another 13% is spent on other

items or services.

The largest share spent on food was recorded in Badin – 55%, followed by Thatta – 52% and

Rajanpur – 48%. The smallest share of expenditure used for food was recorded in Ghotki –

32%. The remaining districts use on average 37% to 44% of total expenditure on food per

household.

The largest share of expenditure spent per household on agricultural inputs is in Ghotki –

28%, followed by 19% in Kashmore and 18% in Layyah. The lowest – 4% in Chitral. In the

remaining districts a household spends from 6% to 14% on average on agricultural inputs.

The largest share spent per household on health was recorded in Rajanpur – 14%, while the

smallest – in Chitral and Ghotki – 7% each. In the other districts, health spending ranges

from 8% to 13%.

Livestock inputs include from 4% (in Badin) to 11% (in Kashmore) expenditure across all

regions, while transport – from 4% to 7%. Similarly, housing takes from 1% to 5% of

household expenditure across all districts except for Chitral, where an average household

spends 15% of their expenditure on housing. Finally, education takes 4% to 7% of household

expenditure on average across all districts.

44%

55%

52%

32%

41%

44%

41%

48%

37%

10%

12%

13%

7%

9%

13%

8%

14%

7%

14%

6%

10%

28%

19%

13%

18%

14%

4%

7%

4%

5%

6%

11%

9%

9%

5%

6%

4%

5%

2%

1%

1%

1%

5%

2%

15%

3%

1%

2%

1%

2%

3%

3%

2%

8%

5%

5%

6%

5%

7%

7%

4%

4%

4%

13%

12%

9%

19%

11%

12%

12%

10%

19%

Overall

Badin

Thatta

Ghotki

Kashmore

Shikarpur

Layyah

Rajanpur

Chitral

FIGURE 40: Types of Household's Expenditure

Food Health Agricultural Inputs Livestock Inputs Housing Education Transport Others


56

Both before and after the floods the overall split of the sources of living has remained largely

the same: before the floods 28% of all households earned living from the sale of food, cash

crops, vegetables or fruits, 25% - from agricultural wage labour and 22% - from non-

agricultural wage labour. Other sources of livelihoods were reported by less than 8% of

households each. Since the floods, the share of households earning living from the three main

sources of livelihoods has been 27%, 27% and 21%, respectively. This split of sources of

livelihood is most reflective of the districts surveyed in Punjab and Sindh; Chitral represents

a different pattern for its sources of livelihood.

Before the floods, the largest percentage of households relying on the sale of food and

agricultural products was in Rajanpur – 45%, followed by Ghotki – 41% and Badin – 40%.

The lowest percentage of households relying on this source of livelihoods is in Thatta – 14%

and Kashmore – 16%. Currently, the largest share of such households is in Badin – 46%,

followed by 41% in Rajanpur and 37% in Ghotki.

Both before and after the floods, the largest share of households earning living from

agricultural wage labour has been in Layyah (31% before and 38% currently), followed by

Shikarpur (30% before and 31% currently).

The largest share of households earning living from non-agricultural labour before the floods

was and currently is in Kashmore (37% before and 35% currently).

28%

40%

14%

41%

16%

24%

31%

45%

7%

25%

21%

29%

26%

26%

30%

31%

25%

14%

22%

19%

25%

17%

37%

25%

17%

21%

13%

8%

3%

5%

6%

6%

10%

4%

3%

33%

3%

4%

8%

2%

6%

1%

4%

0%

3%

6%

4%

7%

6%

6%

8%

10%

2%2%

8%

9%

12%

2%

2%

2%

4%

4%

28%

Overall

Badin

Thatta

Ghotki

Kashmore

Shikarpur

Layyah

Rajanpur

Chitral

FIGURE 41: Sources of Livelihood Before Floods

Sale of food/cash crops/vegetables/fruitsAgricultural wage labourNon-agricultural wage labourSmall business/self employed/petty trade/Government/NGO/Private employmentHandicraftsSale of livestock/livestock productsOthers

27%

46%

13%

37%

21%

25%

24%

41%

5%

27%

19%

29%

28%

25%

31%

38%

26%

12%

21%

16%

24%

18%

35%

21%

18%

21%

15%

8%

2%

4%

5%

7%

9%

4%

4%

37%

4%

3%

8%

3%

6%

4%

6%

1%

2%

5%

4%

6%

6%

5%

6%

8%

2%2%

8%

9%

15%

3%

3%

4%

3%

5%

28%

Overall

Badin

Thatta

Ghotki

Kashmore

Shikarpur

Layyah

Rajanpur

Chitral

FIGURE 42: Current Sources of Livelihood


57

Both before and after the floods, the split of livelihood sources in Chitral has been much

different from the remaining seven districts: The most significant source of livelihoods in

Chitral is small business, self-employment, petty trade, government, NGO or private

employment (33% before the floods and 37% currently), followed by other sources of living

– 28% (both before the floods and currently). Before the floods, only 7% of households in

Chitral earned living from the sale of food and various agricultural products, 14% – from

agricultural wage labour and 13% – from non-agricultural wage labour, while the remaining

households earned living from handicrafts (3%) or the sale of livestock and livestock

products (2%). Currently, the respective shares for these types of livelihood sources are 5%

for the sale of foods and agricultural products, 12% for agricultural wage labour and 15% for

non-agricultural wage labour. Handicrafts provide living for 2% households and sale of

livestock and livestock products – another 2%.

Both before and after the floods, the split of sources of livelihood has remained largely the

same and in most cases, the change did not exceed 1-2 percentage points.

While in the districts of Rajanpur, Layyah, Ghotki, Thatta and Chitral, the share of

households engaged in the sale of food and agricultural products declined by up to seven

percentage points, in the remaining districts, the share of this type of livelihoods increased by

up to six percentage points. A similar change was observed in agricultural and non-

agricultural wage labour, small business type of livelihoods and handicrafts. The share of

sale of livestock and livestock products either remained the same of declined slightly across

all districts.

For example, after the 2015 floods, the share of households in Rajanpur living from the sale

of food and agricultural products declined from the previous 45% to 41%, the share of

agricultural wage labour increased from 25% to 26%, while the share of non-agricultural

wage labour remained the same. Similarly, the share of households earning living from small

businesses, etc. increased by from 3% to 4%, and the share of livestock-based livelihoods

remained the same at 2%.

In Kashmore, the share of the sale of food and agricultural products increased from 16% to

21%, the share of agricultural wage labour declined from 26% to 25% and the share of non-

agricultural wage labour declined from 37% to 35%. The shares for small business type of

livelihoods, handicrafts and sale of livestock or its products went from 6%, 6% and 6% to

7%, 6% and 5%, respectively.

In Shikarpur, the floods resulted in a slight increase of both the sales of food and agricultural

products and the share of agricultural wage labour – from 24% to 25% and from 30% to

31%, respectively. The share of non-agricultural wage labour declined from 25% to 21% and

the share of small business type of livelihoods decreased from 10% to 9%. On the other hand,

the share of handicrafts increased from 1% to 4% and the share of livestock-related sources

of livelihood declined from8% to 6%.

The floods in Layyah resulted in a decrease of households living off the sale of food and

agricultural goods, from 31% to 25%; the share of agricultural wage labour increased from

25% to 38%, while the share of non-agricultural wage labour increased from 17% to 18%.

The small business type of livelihoods remained their share of 4%, while the share of

handicrafts increased from 4% to 6% and the sale of livestock and livestock products

decreased from 10% to 8%.


58

77% of households across all eight surveyed districts reported that their income has

decreased since the floods; 20% reported no change, while 3% said that their income has

increased.

The highest percentage of households whose incomes have declined since the floods is in

Badin – 98%, followed by Rajanpur – 88% and Thatta – 87%.

The lowest percentage of households whose incomes have declined since the floods is in

Shikarpur – 52% and Kashmore – 56%. These two districts reported the highest percentage

of households with no change in income (43% and 32%, respectively) as well as the highest

percentage of households whose incomes have increased (5% and 11%, respectively).

Both before and after floods, the number of income earners per household has remained

largely the same: 1.5 persons per average household across the surveyed areas.

The highest number of income earners was recorded in Shikarpur – 2 persons before the

floods and 2.1 persons currently. The lowest number of income earners per household is in

Layyah – 1 person before and 1.2 currently. In all other districts, the number of income

earners ranged from 1.3 to 1.6 persons before the floods to 1.4-1.6 persons currently.

Except for the districts of Rajanpur and Chitral, the number of income earners has increased

after the floods by up to 0.2 points per average household.

20%

1%

12%

25%

32%

43%

13%

12%

23%

77%

98%

87%

71%

56%

52%

84%

88%

76%

3%

1%

1%

4%

11%

5%

3%

0%

1%

Overall

Badin

Thatta

Ghotki

Kashmore

Shikarpur

Layyah

Rajanpur

Chitral

FIGURE 43: Change in Income Since Floods

No change Decreased Increased

1.5 1.5 1.5 1.4 1.3

2.0

1.0

1.5 1.61.5 1.6 1.5 1.5 1.4

2.1

1.2 1.41.6


FIGURE 44: Income Earners Per Household

Before Flood Currently


59

CONCLUSIONS

Across the surveyed areas, an average household earns less than PKR 14,000 a month. The

highest income is in Chitral (PKR 22,939), while the lowest – in Badin (PKR 8,998) and

Layyah (9,621). An average household expenditure is 1.8 higher than an average household

income across all surveyed districts. The gap is the widest in Ghotki, where average

expenditure exceeds income 2.5 times, and in Chitral (2.1). The lowest gap is in Thatta,

where average household expenditure is 1.4 times higher than average household income.

The highest household expenditure was reported in Chitral – PKR 48,203, followed by

Ghotki with PKR 33,812. The lowest household expenditure was reported in Badin – PKR

16, 209 and Layyah – PKR 16,751.

Overall, households spend most money on food – 44% and agricultural inputs – 14%. Other

groups of expenditure, in diminishing order, are health, livestock inputs, transport, housing

and education. The largest share spent on food was recorded in Badin – 55%, followed by

Thatta – 52%. The smallest share of expenditure used for food was recorded in Ghotki –

32%.

Majority of households reported that their incomes have decreased since the floods; 20%

reported no change, while 3% said that their income have increased. The highest percentage

of households whose incomes have declined since floods is in Badin – 98%, followed by

Rajanpur – 88% and Thatta – 87%. The lowest percentage of households whose incomes

have declined since floods is in Shikarpur – 52% and Kashmore – 56%.

Both before and after the floods, the split of sources of livelihood has remained largely the

same and in most cases, the change did not exceed 1-2 percentage points across all districts.

In the surveyed districts of Punjab and Sindh, before the floods, from 68% to 91% of

households earned living from three sources: sale of food or agricultural products (cash

crops, vegetables and fruits); agricultural wage labour and non-agricultural wage labour.

Since the floods, the range has been from 66% to 88%. The largest percentage of households

relying on the sale of food and agricultural products was in Rajanpur – 45%, while the lowest

– in Thatta – 14% and Kashmore – 16%. From 21% of households (in Badin) to 31% of

households (in Layyah) relied on agricultural wage labour, and from 17% of households (in

Layyah and Ghotki) to 37% (in Kashmore) relied on non-agricultural wage labour for living

in the surveyed districts of Punjab and Sindh.

The split of livelihood sources in Chitral was much different from the remaining seven

districts: The most significant source of livelihoods in Chitral has been small business, self-

employment, petty trade, government, NGO or private employment – 37% currently and

33% before the floods. Only 5% of households in Chitral currently earn living from the sale

of food and various agricultural products, 12% – from agricultural wage labour and 15% –

from non-agricultural wage labour.

Both before and after floods, the number of income earners per household has remained

largely the same: 1.5 persons per average household across the surveyed areas. The highest

number of income earners was recorded in Shikarpur – 2 persons before the floods and 2.1

persons currently. The lowest number of income earners per household is in Layyah – 1

person before and 1.2 currently.


60

RECOMMENDATIONS

The assessment findings suggest that assistance should focus on increasing the level of

incomes across all surveyed areas, in order to reduce the gap between the average income

and average expenditure. Ghotki should be the first choice for this type of assistance,

followed by Chitral and Thatta.

Based on the data collected, Badin and Thatta should receive assistance to reduce the share of

expenditure used to purchase food. Along with Rajanpur, these two districts should be

receiving the most assistance to restore the decline in incomes suffered due to the floods.

Another area where assistance efforts should be expended is the diversification of the sources

of income: The assessment findings show that except for Chitral, all of the surveyed areas

currently earn most of their income from the sale of agricultural products and wage labour.

Arguably, support should be provided to increase the number of households earning living

from various entrepreneurial activities. Such support should be first directed to the district of

Rajanpur, which has the least diversified sources of income.

The assessment findings suggest that assistance should focus on the increase in the number of

income earners. Layyah should be one of the focus areas for such assistance, because, despite

the relatively large number of household members, this district has the lowest number of

income earners per household.

WOMEN EARNING INCOME

Across the surveyed areas, on average 2 households of every 5 have one woman earning

living (0.4 women per household). Both before and after the floods this number has remained

the same.

The largest average number of working women was recorded before the floods in Rajanpur –

0.7; even though this number has declined to 0.5 since the floods, it remains the highest

number across the area. Rajanpur is the only district among the surveyed where the share of

women working per household has declined since the floods. In all other districts, the number

has increased or remained the same.

The lowest number of women working per household was recorded in Layyah before the

floods – 0.1 (meaning that only one in ten households had a woman working); since the

0.4 0.3 0.40.3 0.4

0.5

0.1

0.7

0.2

0.4 0.4 0.40.5

0.4

0.5

0.4

0.5

0.2


FIGURE 47: Women Working Per Household

Before Flood Currently


61

floods, this number has increased to 0.4. Currently, the lowest number of working women is

in Chitral – 0.2 (this number was 0.2 before the floods as well).

In other districts, the number of working women per household ranged from 0.3 to 0.5 before

the floods and from 0.4 to 0.5 currently.

Across the surveyed areas, 68% of households had no women earning income before the

floods, 29% of households had one woman earning income and only 3% of households had 2

or more. Since the floods, the share of households with no women earning income has

declined to 65%, while the share of households with one woman earning income increased to

32% and the share of households with 2 or more women earning income increased to 4%.

The largest share of households with no working women before the floods was recorded in

Layyah – 87%, followed by Chitral – 83%. Rajanpur had the smallest share of such

households – 40%, while in the remaining districts, the share of such households ranged from

64% to 68%.

Conversely, Rajanpur had the largest share of households with one income-earning woman

(54%) and 2 or more (6%) before the floods. Meanwhile, Layyah and Chitral had the lowest

share of households with one woman earning income (12% and 16%, respectively) as well as

2 women or more earning income (1% in each district) before floods.

68%

68%

68%

69%

67%

64%

87%

40%

83%

29%

31%

30%

29%

30%

27%

12%

54%

16%

3%

1%

3%

2%

3%

9%

1%

6%

1%

Overall

Badin

Thatta

Ghotki

Kashmore

Shikarpur

Layyah

Rajanpur

Chitral

FIGURE 46: Number of Women Working Per Household-Before Floods

65%

63%

66%

55%

65%

63%

67%

55%

83%

32%

34%

32%

43%

32%

28%

30%

41%

16%

4%

2%

3%

2%

3%

9%

4%

4%

1%

Overall

Badin

Thatta

Ghotki

Kashmore

Shikarpur

Layyah

Rajanpur

Chitral

FIGURE 47: Number of Women Working Per Household-Currently

None 1 2+


62

Currently, the largest share of households with no women earning income is in Chitral –

83%, while the smallest – in Rajanpur and Ghotki with 55% each. In all other districts, the

share of such households ranges from 63% to 66%.

Currently, the highest share of households with one working woman is in Ghotki – 43% and

Rajanpur – 41%, while the lowest – in Chitral – 16%. In these districts, 2%, 4% and 1% of

households, respectively, have 2 or more women earning income. In the remaining districts,

from 28% to 34% of households have one woman earning income.

The highest share of households with 2 or more women earning income is in Shikarpur – 9%;

in all the other surveyed districts, this number does not exceed 4%.

Across the surveyed areas, most of the women reported handicrafts as their main source of

income before the floods – 32%, followed by agricultural wage labour – 18%, charity or

Zakat or gifts or BISP – 16% and non-agricultural wage labour – 10%. Sale of food or

agricultural products, small business or petty trade or self-employment, government or NGO

8%

5%

2%

7%

7%

7%

17%

17%

18%

3%

14%

9%

14%

12%

36%

57%

10%

1%

45%

2%

1%

12%

12%

4%

1%

7%

1%

1%

4%

6%

2%

7%

0%

32%

32%

37%

28%

28%

56%

47%

14%

11%

38%

5%

3%

1%

7%

7%

2%

14%

0%

3%

16%

49%

5%

28%

1%

13%

10%

20%

5%

3%

15%

9%

6%

1%

6%

Overall

Badin

Thatta

Ghotki

Kashmore

Shikarpur

Layyah

Rajanpur

Chitral

FIGURE 48: Women's Sources of Livelihood - Before Floods

13%

8%

20%

5%

7%

5%

21%

32%

5%

20%

6%

15%

5%

16%

11%

56%

49%

6%

2%

24%

3%

13%

4%

2%

3%

6%

2%

1%

3%

5%

2%

2%

1%

33%

29%

36%

28%

20%

53%

50%

12%

2%

30%

3%

4%

2%

5%

7%

2%

3%

3%

19%

44%

6%

52%

12%

13%

21%

4%

3%

10%

9%

5%

2%

2%

5%

Overall

Badin

Thatta

Ghotki

Kashmore

Shikarpur

Layyah

Rajanpur

Chitral

FIGURE 49: Women's Sources of Livelihood - Currently

Sale of food/cash crops/vegetables/fruitsAgricultural wage labourNon-agricultural wage labourSmall business/petty trade/self employed/Government/NGO/Private employmentHandicraftsSale of livestock/productscharity/zakat/gifts, BISPOthers


63

and private employment, sale of livestock or its products and others were named by 5% to

8% of households each.

Since the floods, the share of women engaged in handicrafts has declined to 29% (from the

previous 32%), while the share of women earning income from agricultural wage labour has

increased from the previous 18% to 20% and the share of women receiving income from

charity or zakat or gifts or BISP has increased from 16% to 19%. Similarly, share of sale of

food or agricultural products has increased from 8% to 13%. On the other hand, percentage

of women engaged in non-agricultural wage labour or small business and similar sources,

sale of livestock or its products and other income-earning activities has declined.

In Badin, fluctuation in the shares of women engaged in various income-earning activities

has changed only slightly, with the greatest change reported in the number of women

receiving charity or etc. – from the previous 49% to 44%.

A similarly small fluctuation was reported in Kashmore, Shikarpur and Chitral. The largest

share of women in these districts both before and after the floods has been engaged in

handicrafts, with the current percentages being 53% (56% before), 50% (47% before) and

30% (38% before), respectively.

Meanwhile, in Thatta, there has been a large decline in the share of women engaged in non-

agricultural wage labour – from the previous 45% to 24%. The share of women engaged in

handicrafts has remained the same at 28%, agricultural wage labour increased from 14% to

15%. but the sale of food or agricultural produce has increased from the previous 2% to 20%.

The other groups have remained at largely the same percentages.

In Ghotki, there has been a large increase in the share of women receiving charity or Zakat or

gifts or BISP – from the previous 28% to 52%. The share of all other activities has declined.

In Layyah, there has been a large increase in the share of women engaged in agricultural

wage labour -from the previous 38% to 56%. Sale of food or agricultural produce increased

from the previous 17% to 21%, while all other categories of income-earning activities have

declined. The largest decline was reported in non-agricultural wage labour – from the

previous 12% to 4% and in the sales of livestock or its products – from the previous 14% to

3%.

At the same time, in Rajanpur, there has been a large increase in the share of women relying

on the sale of food or agricultural products: from the previous 17% to 32%; another increase

was observed in the share of women relying on charity, zakat, gifts or BISP – from the

previous 10% to 13%. Other categories saw a decline, with the largest being in the

agricultural labour – from the previous 57% to 49%.

CONCLUSIONS

Across the surveyed areas, 2 households of every 5 have one woman earning living. Both

before and after the floods this number has remained the same. The largest average number

of working women was recorded before the floods in Rajanpur – 0.7; even though this

number has declined to 0.5 since the floods, it remains the highest number across the area.


64

The lowest number of women working per household was recorded in Layyah before the

floods – 0.1; since the floods, this number has increased to 0.4. Currently, the lowest number

of working women is in Chitral – 0.2 (this number was 0.2 before the floods as well).

Overall, 68% of households had no women earning income before the floods, 29% of

households had one woman earning income and only 3% of households had 2 or more. Since

the floods, the share of households with no women earning income has declined to 65%,

while the share of households with one woman earning income increased to 32% and the

share of households with 2 or more women earning income increased to 4%.

Rajanpur had the largest share of households with one income-earning woman (54%) and 2

or more (6%) before the floods. Meanwhile, Layyah and Chitral had the lowest share of

households with one woman earning income (12% and 16%, respectively) as well as 2

women or more earning income (1% in each district) before floods.

Currently, the highest share of households with one working woman is in Ghotki – 43% and

Rajanpur – 41%, while the lowest is in Chitral – 16%; in these districts, 2%, 4% and 1% of

households, respectively, have 2 or more women earning income. The highest share of

households with 2 or more women earning income is in Shikarpur – 9%; in all the other

surveyed districts, this number does not exceed 4%.

Across the surveyed areas, most of the women reported handicrafts as their main source of

income before floods – 32%, followed by agricultural wage labour – 18%, charity or zakat or

gifts or BISP – 16% and non-agricultural wage labour – 10%.

Since the floods, the share of women engaged in handicrafts has declined to 29%, while the

share of women earning income from agricultural wage labour has increased to 20% and the

share of women receiving income from charity or zakat or gifts or BISP has increased from

16% to 19%.

RECOMMENDATIONS

The assessment findings suggest that to raise the level of incomes in the surveyed areas,

support should be provided to increase the number of women earning income.

Based on the data collected, such assistance should be provided to Layyah and Chitral, where

the number of women earning income is particularly low. Other assistance activities focused

on women should work to restore and further increase the share of handicrafts as a source of

income and reduce the reliance on charity or Zakat or gifts or BISP, especially in the districts

of Ghotki and Badin, where the largest share of women rely on this source of income

currently, and Rajanpur, where the share of handicrafts as a source of income has declined

significantly since the floods.


65

HOUSEHOLD ASSETS

TABLE 4: Ownership of Household Assets Before Flood

Washing Machine

Refrig-erator

Fan Iron TV Radio Tele-phone

Bicycle Motor-bike

Vehicle

Overall 16% 21% 49% 34% 23% 15% 44% 10% 21% 2%

Badin 4% 6% 47% 19% 24% 21% 36% 2% 11% 1%

Thatta 1% 12% 14% 7% 8% 11% 19% 8% 10% 0%

Ghotki 16% 20% 58% 40% 14% 15% 61% 7% 45% 0%

Kashmore 13% 21% 72% 44% 33% 14% 46% 14% 17% 1%

Shikarpur 21% 30% 75% 49% 28% 9% 39% 16% 26% 1%

Layyah 30% 24% 68% 35% 17% 13% 25% 20% 18% 1%

Rajanpur 4% 22% 22% 8% 5% 2% 69% 10% 27% 2%

Chitral 37% 33% 38% 68% 53% 38% 56% 3% 11% 8%


Prior to floods or earthquake, 49% of all households had a fan, 44% – a telephone, 34% -an

iron, 23% – a television, 21% – a refrigerator, 21% – a motorbike, 16% – a washing machine,

15% – a radio, 10% – a bicycle and 2% – a vehicle.

Chitral had the largest share of households which own most of these items – except for the

fans, telephones, bicycles and motorbikes before the floods.

Thatta, Rajanpur and Badin had the lowest percentage of households which owned many of

these items before the floods. For example, Thatta had the lowest share of households for

owning a vehicle (0%), a washing machine (1%), an iron (7%), a motorbike (10%), a

refrigerator (12%), a fan (14%) or a telephone (19%).

Meanwhile, Rajanpur had the lowest percentage of households which owned a radio (2%) or

a television (5%) and the second lowest percentage of households which owned a washing

machine (4%), a fan (22%) or an iron (8%).

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%


FIGURE 50: Ownership of Household Assets Before Flood

Washing Machine Refrigerator Fan Iron TelevisionRadio Telephone Bicycle Motorbike Vehicle


66

Badin had the lowest percentage of households which owned a bicycle (2%) and the second

lowest percentage for owning a washing machine (4%), a refrigerator (6%), a motorbike

(11%).

TABLE 5: Households That Lost or Damaged Household Assets in Floods

Washing Machine

Refrig-erator

Fan Iron TV Radio Tele-phone

Bicycle Motor-bike

Vehicle

Overall 6% 23% 24% 13% 9% 7% 9% 5% 5% 0%

Badin 3% 6% 16% 3% 8% 11% 14% 1% 2% 0%

Thatta 1% 5% 8% 4% 2% 6% 1% 6% 4% Ghotki 9% 28% 35% 14% 5% 7% 14% 4% 6% Kashmore 9% 21% 41% 20% 15% 10% 9% 9% 5% 0%

Shikarpur 11% 33% 50% 23% 14% 5% 8% 9% 9% 0%

Layyah 2% 30% 24% 4% 1% 1% 4% 5% 5% 0%

Rajanpur 0% 29% 6% 1% 0% 0% 6% 3% 6% 0%

Chitral 16% 31% 15% 34% 23% 17% 18% 1% 2% 1%


Overall, the largest share of households lost fans (24%) and refrigerators (23%), followed, in

diminishing order, by irons (13%), TVs (9%), telephones (9%), radios (7%), washing

machines (6%), bicycles (5%) and motorbikes (5%).

Chitral has the highest percentage of households which lost irons (34%), refrigerators (31%),

TVs (23%), telephones (18%), radio sets (17%), washing machines (16%), fans (15%) and

vehicles. After Chitral, Shikarpur and Kashmore have the largest numbers of households

which lost various items.

Rajanpur has the lowest percentage of households which lost many of these items.

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%


FIGURE 51: Households That Lost or Damaged Household Assets in Floods

Washing Machine Refrigerator Fan Iron Television

Radio Telephone Bicycle Motorbike Vehicle


67

Before the floods, the largest share of all households in the surveyed areas owned animal

shelters (49%) and sewing machines (36%). Only 9% owned a grain mill, 7% – a plough, 5%

– a handloom and 3% – a tractor. Chitral had the highest share of households which owned

animal shelters (74%), sewing machines (56%), ploughs (41%) and handlooms (16%), as

well as second-highest share of households which owned a grain mill (15%).

Meanwhile, Ghotki had the highest share of households which owned a tractor (9%), and

Badin had the highest share of households which owned a grain mill (16%).

Thatta and Layyah had the lowest shares of households which owned animal shelter (23%

and 31%, respectively), handlooms (0% and 1%), tractors (1% and 2%), grain mills (3% and

2%) and ploughs (2% and 1%). Rajanpur had the lowest share of households which owned

sewing machines (12%).

During the floods, 37% of all households lost animal shelter, 16% – sewing machines, 4% –

ploughs, 3% – grain mills, 2% – handlooms and 1% – tractors.

Ghotki has the largest share of households which lost animals shelter – 61%, followed by

48% in Rajanpur and 43% in Chitral. The lowest share of households which lost animal

shelter is in Thatta – 21% and Badin – 22%.

Chitral has the highest share of households which lost sewing machines – 28%, ploughs –

25%, handlooms – 9% and grain mills – 8%. Aside from Chitral, the share of households

which lost sewing machines in the remaining districts ranges from 4% in Rajanpur to 24% in

9% 1

6%

3% 4%

14

%

3%

2%

15

%

15

%

5% 9

%

0% 4

% 5%

1%

1% 4%

16

%

49

%

40

%

23

%

68

%

45

%

48

%

31

%

64

% 74

%

7%

2%

2% 3%

1% 2%

1%

1%

41

%

3%

1%

1% 9

%

2% 3%

2% 3%

2%

36

%

36

%

17

%

41

%

38

%

38

% 49

%

12

%

56

%


FIGURE 52: Ownership of Productive Assets Before Floods3

%

2%

1% 2% 4%

2%

1%

0%

8%

2%

2% 3%

1%

0% 1%

0%

9%

37

%

22

%

21

%

61

%

36

%

39

%

28

%

48

%

43

%

4%

1% 2%

1%

1%

1%

0%

0%

25

%

16

%

16

%

12

% 18

% 24

%

18

%

7%

4%

28

%


FIGURE 53: Households That Lost or Damaged Productive Assets During Floods

Grain Mill Handloom Animal Shelter Plough Tractor Sewing Machine


68

Kashmore. In the remaining districts, only up to 4% of households lost any of the remaining

assets.

CONCLUSIONS

Prior to floods or earthquake, 49% of all households had a fan, 44% – a telephone, 34% -an

iron, 23% – a television, 21% – a refrigerator, 21% – a motorbike, 16% – a washing machine,

15% – a radio, 10% – a bicycle and 2% – a vehicle.

Chitral had the largest share of households which own most of these items – except for the

fans, telephones, bicycles and motorbikes. Thatta, Rajanpur and Badin had the lowest share

of households which owned these items in most categories before the floods. For example,

Thatta had the lowest share of households for owning a vehicle (0%), a washing machine

(1%), an iron (7%), a motorbike (10%), a refrigerator (12%), a fan (14%) or a telephone

(19%).

Overall, the largest share of households lost fans (24%) and refrigerators (23%) followed, in

diminishing order, by irons (13%), TVs (9%), telephones (9%), radios (&5), washing

machines (6%), bicycles (5%) and motorbikes (5%). Chitral has the highest percentage of

households which lost irons (34%), refrigerators (31%), TVs (23%), telephones (18%), radio

sets (17%), washing machines (16%), fans (15%) and vehicles. After Chitral, Shikarpur and

Kashmore have the largest numbers of households which lost various items. In most

categories, Rajanpur has the lowest percentage of households which lost various items.

Before the floods, the largest share of all households in the surveyed areas owned the

following productive assets: animal shelters (49%) and sewing machines (36%). Only 9%

owned a grain mill, 7% – a plough, 5% – a handloom and 3% – a tractor. Chitral had the

highest share of households which owned animal shelters (74%), sewing machines (56%),

ploughs (41%) and handlooms (16%). Thatta and Layyah had the lowest shares of

households which owned animal shelter (23% and 31%, respectively), handlooms (0% and

1%), tractors (1% and 2%), grain mills (3% and 2%) and ploughs (2% and 1%). Rajanpur

had the lowest share of households which owned sewing machines (12%).

During the floods, 37% of all households lost animal shelter, 16%- sewing machines, 4% –

ploughs, 3% – grain mills, 2% – handlooms and 1% – tractors. Ghotki has the largest share of

households which lost animals shelter – 61%, while Chitral has the highest share of

households which lost sewing machines – 28%, ploughs – 25%, handlooms – 9% and grain

mills – 8%.

The largest share of households across all districts reported the following flood damage to

their agricultural assets: standing crops destroyed (20%-33%), flooded or washed away land

(10%-27%) and standing crops abandoned when fleeing the area (11%-23%). From 7% to

17% of households named crop diseases and 6%-14% – loss of agricultural tools or

machinery or draught animals. Two districts named destruction of irrigation canals (Chitral

and Rajanpur). From 10% to 19% of households in each district named other losses.

In Chitral, 27% of households reported that their livelihoods were affected by the fact that

their standing crops were washed away by floods; similarly, 27% of households named

washed away or flooded land. Other major impacts named were destruction of irrigation

systems (15%) and abandoned standing crops when families fled the area (11%). Chitral was


69

the only district where respondents did not name crop diseases among the most significant

impacts, and one of only two districts (the other being Rajanpur) where destruction of

irrigation canals was named among the top five or six impacts.

In Rajanpur and Layyah districts of Punjab, main impacts of recent disasters were washed

away standing crops (32% and 20%, respectively), standing crops abandoned when fleeing

(13% and 23%), washed away or flooded land (23% and 10%), and crop diseases (8% and

17%).

Similarly, in the five districts of Sindh, at least one-quarter of all households named standing

crops destroyed by floods (with Shikarpur and Thatta households naming the highest share,

33% and 31%, respectively). From 13% to 21% of households named standing crops

abandoned when fleeing, and 13% to 25% named flooded or washed away land. Crop

diseases and loss of agricultural tools or machinery or draught animals and other impacts

were named by less than 14% of households, each, in these five districts.

RECOMMENDATIONS The assessment findings suggest that in order to restore household possessions, support

should include provision of various items or cash grants for the purchase of these items. The

collected data suggests that fans, refrigerators and sewing machines should be the top items

to be provided. If the assistance program is to include the district which had lost the highest

share of various items (Chitral, Shikarpur and Kashmore), items to be provided may include

irons, refrigerators and sewing machines.

The assessment findings suggest that, in order to restore productive assets, support should

predominantly include animal shelter, followed by ploughs and handlooms. According to the

data collected, Chitral should be the focus area for assistance, as this district lost the largest

share of these items during the 2015 disasters.


70

ACCESS TO MARKETS

Before the floods, most households across the surveyed districts had easier access to markets

and fewer households had no access at all.

Currently, the highest percentage of households with no access to markets is in Badin – 19%

(prior to floods, only 5% of households here had no access to markets), Layyah – 18% (3%

prior to floods) and Ghotki – 15% (3% prior to floods). Districts of Chitral and Shikarpur

each have 14% of households with no access to markets (compared to 9% and 11%,

respectively, before the floods). In the remaining districts, from 9% to 14% of households

currently have no access to markets. Prior to the floods, only 11% or lower percentage of

households had no access to markets across all districts.

The largest percentage of households with an easy access to markets before the floods was in

Chitral (54%), Rajanpur (52%) and Layyah (49%). After the floods, the percentage of

households with easy access to markets in these three districts has declined to 29%, 35% and

19%, respectively. Furthermore, the share of households with no access to markets increased

from 9% to 14% in Chitral, from 9% to 13% in Rajanpur and from 3% to 18% in Layyah.

The lowest percentage of households with an easy access to markets, both before and after

floods, was in Ghokti: only 10% and 7%, respectively, followed by Shikarpur (23% and

12%, respectively) and Kashmore (22% and 15%, respectively).

36%

41%

29%

10%

22%

23%

49%

52%

54%

58%

54%

68%

86%

67%

65%

47%

38%

36%

7%

5%

3%

3%

10%

11%

3%

9%

9%

Overall

Badin

Thatta

Ghotki

Kashmore

Shikarpur

Layyah

Rajanpur

Chitral

FIGURE 54: Access to Markets Before Flood

21%

25%

24%

7%

15%

12%

19%

35%

29%

66%

56%

67%

79%

74%

75%

63%

53%

58%

14%

19%

9%

15%

10%

14%

18%

13%

14%

Overall

Badin

Thatta

Ghotki

Kashmore

Shikarpur

Layyah

Rajanpur

Chitral

FIGURE 55: Access to Markets After Flood

Easily accessible Accessible but face problems to reach Inaccessible/unavailable


71

Destruction of access roads and a very high cost of transportation are named as the main

reasons for poor access to markets. Other reasons, in diminishing order, are security

situation, non-functioning markets and markets destroyed by floods.

Destruction of access roads is named by 59% of households in Badin, 56% of households in

Rajanpur, 55% in Kashmore, 54% in Thatta and 51% in Chitral.

A very high cost of transportation is named by 41% of households in Shikarpur, 39% in

Rajanpur, 29% in Chitral, 24% in Badin and 22% in Layyah. In the remaining districts, much

lower share of households named this reason: only 17% in Kashmore and Thatta, each and

14% in Ghotki.

Security is named as a reason by 24% of households in Shikarpur, 21% in Ghotki and 14% in

Kashmore. In the remaining districts, this issue is named by 7% of households (in Layyah) to

0% of households (in Chitral).

Non-functioning markets are named as a reason by 19% in Layyah, 12% in Thatta and 11%

in Badin, while in other districts, only 9% to 2% of households named this reason.

Finally, some households in various districts named non-functioning markets as the reason

for poor access to markets. The highest share of households who named this reason was in

Chitral – 9%, followed by Kashmore – 8% and Layyah – 7%. In the remaining districts, this

reason was named by 6% or fewer household.

6%

4%

6%

3%

8%

5%

7%

1%

9%

9%

11%

12%

8%

6%

4%

19%

2%

6%

47%

59%

54%

48%

55%

24%

33%

56%

51%

10%

1%

5%

21%

14%

24%

7%

1%

0%

25%

24%

17%

14%

17%

41%

22%

39%

29%

4%

0%

6%

5%

0%

1%

12%

0%

5%

Overall

Badin

Thatta

Ghotki

Kashmore

Shikarpur

Layyah

Rajanpur

Chitral

FIGURE 56: Problems in Accessing Markets

Market is destroyed due to flood Market is not functioning

Access roads are destroyed Security issues

Cost of transportation is very high Others


72

CONCLUSIONS

Before the floods, most households across the surveyed districts had easier access to markets

and fewer households had no access at all. Currently, 14% of households across the surveyed

areas have no access to markets at all and 66% of households have difficult access.

Destruction of access roads and a very high cost of transportation are named as the main

reasons for no access or poor access to markets. Other reasons, in diminishing order, are

security situation, non-functioning markets and markets destroyed by floods.

RECOMMENDATIONS

The assessment findings suggest that reconstruction of access roads is key in restoring and

expanding the ability of the surveyed communities earn their living. Not only would it open

venues for the households to sell their produce, but also enable them to explore new income-

earning opportunities.

Based on the data collected, assistance should focus on the districts of Badin and Layyah,

where currently 19% and 18% of households, respectively, have no access to markets at all.

Following the repair of access roads, reduction in transportation costs should be the main

areas of intervention.


73

8 AGRICULTURE


74

LAND

Across the surveyed areas, the vast majority of households normally cultivates land. The

share of households that cultivate land ranges from 65% in Thatta and 74% in Shikarpur to

98% in Rajanpur and 100% in Chitral.

Overall, 56% of households across the surveyed areas do not own any land; one-fifth

households own 1-2 acres, 14% own 3-5 acres, 5% own 6-10 acres, and only 4% own 11

acres or more land.

In the two districts of Punjab – Layyah and Rajanpur, – 31% and 36% of households,

respectively own no land; 42% and 28%, respectively own 1-2 acres; 19% and 23%,

respectively, own 3-5 acres and the remaining households own 6 acres or more.

In the surveyed districts of Sindh, land ownership is spread widely from the vast majority of

households owning no land to a significant share of households owning 1-5 acres.

In Thatta, Badin, Shikarpur, and Kashmore, majority of households (84%, 77%, 69% and

60%, respectively) own no land. Households with 1-2 acres of land constitute 7%, 4%, 12%

and 22%, respectively. Households with 3-5 acres of land constitute 4%, 5%, 11% and 12%,

while households with 6-10 acres constitute 3%, 6%, 5% and 3%. Households with 10 acres

or more constitute, respectively, 2%, 9%, 4% and 2% of all household.

Ghotki has the lowest share of households with no land in Sindh: 33%; 26% own 1-2 acres,

25% own 3-5 acres, 9% own 6-10 acres and 6% 10 acres or more.

86% 94%

65%

91% 84%74% 80%

98% 100%


FIGURE 57: Households That Normally Cultivate Land

56%

77%

84%

33%

60%

69%

31%

36%

1%

21%

3%

7%

26%

22%

12%

42%

28%

26%

14%

5%

4%

25%

12%

11%

19%

23%

41%

5%

6%

3%

9%

3%

5%

6%

8%

24%

4%

9%

2%

6%

2%

4%

1%

4%

9%

Overall

Badin

Thatta

Ghotki

Kashmore

Shikarpur

Layyah

Rajanpur

Chitral

FIGURE 58: Ownership of Cultivatable Land

0 Acres 1-2 Acres 3-5 Acres 6-10 Acres 11+ Acres


75

The distribution of land ownership in Chitral District is very different from that in the

surveyed districts of Punjab and Sindh: in Chitral, only 1% of households own no land, while

26% own 1-2 acres, 41% – 3-5 acres, 24% – 6-10 acres and 9% – 11 acres or more.

Almost half of the cultivated land across all the surveyed districts is cultivated by owners –

48%. The remaining land is cultivated by tenants or sharecroppers (42%), owners and tenants

(5%) or leased (5%).

The highest share of owner-cultivated land is in Chitral – 90%. The remaining land is

cultivated by tenant or sharecropper (4%), owner and tenant (6%) or leased (2%).

In the two districts of Punjab, Layyah and Rajanpur, 60% and 57% of land, respectively, are

cultivated by owners; 26% and 29% of land, respectively, is cultivated tenants or

sharecroppers, 11% and 6%, respectively – by the owner and tenants, and the remaining 3%

and 8% of land, respectively is leased.

In four of the five surveyed districts of Sindh (Badin, Thatta, Shikarpur and Kashmore), most

of the land is cultivated by tenants or sharecroppers: 76%, 60%, 60% and 57%, respectively.

Owners cultivate 22%, 20%, 32% and 41% of land, respectively, in these districts. In Thatta,

a large share of land is leased: 18%.

The fifth surveyed district of Sindh, Ghotki, stands apart from the other districts of Sindh in

that only 20% of land here is cultivated by tenants or sharecroppers and 66% is cultivated by

owners. The remaining land is leased (9%) or cultivated by the owner and tenants.

48%

22%

20%

66%

41%

32%

60%

57%

90%

42%

76%

60%

20%

57%

60%

26%

29%

4%

5%

2%

2%

6%

1%

7%

11%

6%

6%

5%

1%

18%

9%

1%

1%

3%

8%

1%

Overall

Badin

Thatta

Ghotki

Kashmore

Shikarpur

Layyah

Rajanpur

Chitral

FIGURE 59: Type of Ownership of Cultivated Land

Owner Tenant/Sharecropper Owner and Tenant Leased land/other

2.6 2.5

0.8

3.3

1.9 1.8 1.92.7

5.64.7

7.7

3.64.6

3.7

5.3

3.1

5.24.6

4.0

8.2

2.8 3.2 3.03.7

2.4

5.0

3.4


FIGURE 60: Land Ownership and Cultivation During Rabi and Kharif Seasons (Acres)

Cultivatabale Land Ownership Land Cultivation-Rabi Land Cultivation-Kharif


76

In the surveyed districts, an average household typically cultivates 4.7 acres during Rabi

season and 4 acres during Kharif season; 2.6 acres of that land is owned by the household.

By far the largest amount of land cultivated per household during both Rabi and Kharif

seasons is in Badin: 7.7 acres and 8.2 acres, respectively, but only 2.5 acres of that land is

owned by the household. Badin is also the only district where more land is cultivated during

Kharif season than during Rabi season.

Shikarpur households cultivate the second largest amount of land per household: on average,

5.3 acres during Rabi season and 3.7 acres during Kharif. Only 1.8 acres of this land are

owned by the household.

Layyah households cultivate the smallest amount of land per household: on average, 3.1

acres during Rabi season and 2.4 acres during Kharif. 1.9 acres of this land is owned by the

household.

Chitral presents a departure from this pattern in terms of land ownership: while each

household in Chitral cultivates 4.6 acres of land during Rabi season and 3.6 acres during

Kharif season, each household owns 5.6 acres of land – more than the amount of land

cultivated.

Across the surveyed areas, 41% of households cultivate 1-2 acres of land during Rabi season,

34% – 3-5 acres, 18% – 6-10 acres and 8% – 11 acres or more of land.

The percentage of households that cultivate 1-2 acres of land is the highest in Layyah – 59%,

followed by Kashmore – 55% and Thatta – 52%. In Badin, only 10% of households cultivate

1-2 acres of land during Rabi season.

The percentage of households that cultivate 3-5 acres of land is the highest in Chitral – 45%,

followed by Shikarpur – 37% and Thatta and Kashmore – 34% each. The lowest percentage

is in Layyah – 27%.

The percentage of households that cultivate 6-10 acres of land is the highest in Badin – 41%,

followed by Chitral and Rajanpur – 19% each and Shikarpur – 18%. Kashmore, Thatta and

41%

10%

52%

43%

55%

36%

59%

38%

31%

34%

30%

34%

32%

34%

37%

27%

32%

45%

18%

41%

11%

15%

9%

18%

12%

19%

19%

8%

19%

3%

9%

2%

9%

2%

11%

5%

Overall

Badin

Thatta

Ghotki

Kashmore

Shikarpur

Layyah

Rajanpur

Chitral

FIGURE 61: Land Cultivation During Rabi Season

1-2 Acres 3-5 Acres 6-10 Acres 11+ Acres


77

Layyah have the smallest percentage of households that cultivate this amount of land – 9%,


The highest percentage of households that cultivate 11 acres or more land during Rabi season

is in Badin – 19%. All other districts have only 2% to 11% of households that cultivate 11

acres or more land during Rabi season.

The pattern of land cultivation during Kharif season is similar to Rabi season: across the

surveyed areas, 42% of households cultivate 1-2 acres of land, 33% – 3-5 acres, 17% – 6-10

acres and the remaining 7% – 11 acres or more land during Kharif season.

The percentage of households that cultivate 1-2 acres of land during Kharif is the highest in

Layyah – 59%, followed by Kashmore – 55% and Chitral – 51%. In Badin, only 9% of

households cultivate 1-2 acres of land during Kharif season.

The percentage of households that cultivate 3-5 acres of land during Kharif is the highest in

Thatta– 38%, followed by Ghotki – 37% and Chitral and Shikarpur – 35% each. The lowest

percentage is in Layyah – 25%.

The percentage of households that cultivate 6-10 acres of land during Kharif is by far the

highest in Badin – 40%. In all other districts, only 10% to 18% of households cultivate 6-10

acres of land during Kharif.

Badin also has the highest percentage of households that cultivate 11 acres or more land

during Kharif season– 23%. All other districts have only 2% to 11% of households that

cultivate 11 acres or more land during Kharif season.

42%

9%

43%

40%

55%

41%

59%

38%

51%

33%

28%

38%

37%

33%

35%

25%

33%

35%

17%

40%

15%

15%

10%

16%

13%

18%

12%

7%

23%

5%

8%

2%

8%

3%

11%

2%

Overall

Badin

Thatta

Ghotki

Kashmore

Shikarpur

Layyah

Rajanpur

Chitral

FIGURE 62: Land Cultivation During Kharif Season

1-2 Acres 3-5 Acres 6-10 Acres 11+ Acres


78

The communities reported a variety of problems related to the recent floods on their ability to

use land: 31% of households complained that the demarcation of land boundaries were

washed away; 21% – that their tenancy arrangement was cancelled. Another 21% of

households reported absence of formal or legal entitlement to land and 10% – changed

riverbed. 16% of households named other issues.

In Chitral, more than half of all complaints (52%) fell into the “other” category; 32% of

households noted the washed away land demarcation lines and 15% of households noted that

the riverbed changed.

In Rajanpur and Layyah districts of Punjab, problems mentioned included lack of legal

entitlement for land (36% of households and 44% of households, respectively), washed away

land demarcation lines (42% of households and 8%, respectively) and cancelled tenancy

agreements (19% and 13%, respectively). A significant share of households in Layyah also

noted changed riverbed (8%) and other issues (23%).

Shikarpur, Kashmore and Ghotki districts of Sindh named washed away land demarkation

lines their key issue; the numbers ranged from 67% of households in Shikarpur to 63% in

Kashmore and 49% in Ghotki. Other issues were named by one-fourth or fewer household.

The situation was slightly different in Thatta, where most of the households (34%) named

absence of legal entitlement, 27% of households named washed away land demarcation, and

30% named “other” issues.

Badin was the only district where the vast majority of interviewed households (88%) pointed

out cancelled tenancy agreements, followed by 9% of households that named washed away

land demarcation lines.

CONCLUSIONS

Overall, 56% of households across the surveyed areas do not own any land; one-fifth

Households own 1-2 acres, 14% own 3-5 acres, 5% own 6-10 acres, and only 4% own 11

acres or more land. This situation is the most reflective of the surveyed districts in Sindh and

21%

88%

7%

5%

4%

10%

13%

19%

37%

9%

27%

49%

63%

67%

8%

42%

32%

10%

0%

1%

25%

11%

13%

12%

2%

15%

21%

1%

34%

9%

22%

3%

44%

36%

16%

2%

30%

11%

0%

6%

23%

2%

52%

Overall

Badin

Thatta

Ghotki

Kashmore

Shikarpur

Layyah

Rajanpur

Chitral

FIGURE 63: Problems with Land Use and Property Rights Because of Floods

Tenancy arrangement cancelled Land demarcations washed away

Riverbed changed No formal/legal entitlement

Other


79

Punjab; the distribution of land ownership in Chitral District is very different. In Chitral, only

1% of households own no land; the largest share of households (41%) own 3-5 acres.

From 65% to 100% of households across the surveyed districts cultivate land. 48% land is

cultivated by owners, while the remaining land is cultivated by tenants or sharecroppers

(42%), owners and tenants (5%) or leased (5%).

The highest share of owner-cultivated land is in Chitral – 90%. In the two districts of Punjab,

Layyah and Rajanpur, 60% and 57% of land, respectively, is cultivated by owners. In Sindh

districts of Kashmore, Thatta, Shikarpur and Badin, from 57% to 76% land is cultivated by

tenants or sharecroppers. Meanwhile in Ghotki, only 20% of land here is cultivated by

tenants or sharecroppers, while 66% is cultivated by owners.

Overall, an average household typically cultivates 4.7 acres during Rabi season and 4 acres

during Kharif season; 2.6 acres of that land is owned by the household. The largest amount of

land cultivated per household during both Rabi and Kharif seasons is in Badin: 7.7 acres and

8.2 acres, respectively, but only 2.5 acres of that land is owned by the household. Badin is

also the only district where more land is cultivated during Kharif season than during Rabi

season. Layyah households cultivate the smallest amount of land per household: on average,

3.1 acres during Rabi season and 2.4 acres during Kharif; 1.9 acres of this land is owned by

the household.

Chitral presents a departure from this pattern in terms of land ownership: while each

household in Chitral cultivates 4.6 acres of land during Rabi season and 3.6 acres during

Kharif season, each household owns 5.6 acres of land – more than the amount of land

cultivated.

Across the surveyed areas, 41% of households cultivate 1-2 acres of land during Rabi season,

34% – 3-5 acres, 18% – 6-10 acres and 8% – 11 acres or more of land. The percentage of

households that cultivate 1-2 acres of land during Rabi season is the highest in Layyah –

59%, and the lowest in Badin – 10%. The percentage of households that cultivate 3-5 acres of

land is the highest in Chitral – 45% and the lowest in Layyah – 27%. The percentage of

households that cultivate 6-10 acres of land is the highest in Badin – 41% and the lowest in

Kashmore – 9%.

The highest percentage of households that cultivate 11 acres or more land during Rabi season

is in Badin – 19%. All other districts have only 2% to 11% of households that cultivate 11

acres or more land during Rabi season.

The communities reported a variety of problems related to the recent floods on their ability to

use land: 31% of households said the demarcation of land boundaries were washed away;

21% – cancelled tenancy arrangement (the problem was the most acute in Badin, where 88%

of households reported it). Additionally, 21% of households reported absence of formal or

legal entitlement to land and 10% – changed riverbed. 16% of households named other

issues.

RECOMMENDATIONS

The assessment findings suggest that land-related assistance should focus on restoration of

the demarcation of the land borders; the latter assistance should focus on the districts of


80

Shikarpur and Kashmore. Based on the data collected, in Badin, where 88% of households

have had their tenancy arrangements cancelled, households should receive assistance in

addressing this challenge.

IRRIGATION INFRASTRUCTURE

The vast majority of the land in the surveyed districts is irrigated, from 58% of the land in

Thatta to 100% in Shikarpur. The largest share of rainfed lands are in Thatta – 25%,

Kashmore – 16%, Ghotki – 15% and Layyah – 11%, while in Rajanpur, rainfed lands

constitute 5%, in Badin – 4% and in Chitral – 1%. In Thatta, Kashmore and Chitral, 17%, 8%

and 3% of land, respectively, is the so-called rain-fed kachha – rain-fed floodplains.

The surveyed districts use canals, tubewells, streams, as well as ponds and wells for

irrigation.

The most common source of irrigation across all districts is canals. Canals are used by 81%

of households in Badin, 68% in Ghotki, 58% in Chitral, 49% in Rajanpur, 42% in Kashmore,

36% in Shikarpur, 30% in Thatta and 25% in Layyah.

96%

85%

76%

89%

95%

100%

58%

96%

4%

15%

16%

11%

5%

0%

25%

1%

0%

0%

8%

0%

0%

0%

17%

3%

Badin

Ghotki

Kashmore

Layyah

Rajan Pur

Shikarpur

Thatta

Chitral

FIGURE 64: Access to Irrigation

Irrigated Rainfed Rainfed Kacha

81%

68%

42%

25%

49%

36%

30%

58%

6%

19%

0%

1%

0%

0%

60%

42%

13%

13%

58%

74%

51%

63%

0%

0%

0%

0%

0%

0%

0%

1%

10%

0%

Badin

Ghotki

Kashmore

Layyah

Rajan Pur

Shikarpur

Thatta

Chitral

FIGURE 65: Types of Irrigation Systems

Canals Streams Tube wells Ponds/Wells


81

Districts of Layyah, Shikarpur, Kashmore and Rajanpur predominantly use tubewells: 74%,

63%, 58% and 51% of households, respectively. In Badin and Ghotki, only 13% of

households use this type of irrigation.

Thatta has a large share of households which rely on streams – 60%. The other three districts

in which some households rely on streams are Chitral (42%), Ghotki (19%) and Badin (6%).

Additionally, 10% of households in Thatta and 1% of households in Shikarpur use ponds and

wells for irrigation.

Overall, 91% of cultivable land is irrigated; the highest share of irrigated cultivable land is in

Shikarpur – 98%; Thatta and Layyah have the smallest share of irrigated cultivable land:


A large part of irrigation systems has been damaged or destroyed during the floods.

In the surveyed districts of Punjab and Sindh, canals sustained the most damage: 12% of

them were completely destroyed, while 44% – partially damaged. Similarly, 25% of all

ponds and wells were destroyed and another 25% – damaged. Additionally, 40% tubewells

and 19% streams were partially damaged, but none of them were fully destroyed.

In Chitral, half of the canals have been destroyed, while the remaining half – damaged. A

slightly better situation was recorded with regard to streams: 38% of them are still fully

operational, 38% – damaged and 24% – destroyed.

91% 94%78%

91% 96% 98%81%

93% 93%


FIGURE 66: Share of Irrigated Land in Total Cultivatable Land

44%

81%

60%

50%

44%

19%

40%

25%

12%

0%

0%

25%

Canals

Streams

Tube Wells

Pounds/Wells

FIGURE 67: Current State of Irrigation Systems in Punjab and Sindh

Fully OperationalPartially DestroyedFully Destroyed

0%

38%

50%

38%

50%

24%

Canals

Streams

FIGURE 68: Current State of Irrigation Systems in Chitral

Fully OperationalPartially DestroyedFully Destroyed


82

Damage included destruction of wells (42%), siltation (40%), destruction of inlets (18%) and

destruction of gates or bypasses (18%).

CONCLUSIONS

The vast majority of land in the surveyed districts is irrigated, from 58% in Thatta to 100% in

Shikarpur. The largest share of rain-fed lands is in Thatta – 25%, Kashmore – 16%, Ghotki –

15% and Layyah – 11%, while in Rajanpur, rain-fed lands constitute 5%, in Badin – 4% and

in Chitral – 1%. In Thatta, Kashmore and Chitral, 17%, 8% and 3% of land, respectively, is

the so-called rain-fed kachha – rain-fed floodplains.

The share of irrigated cultivable land is even higher – 91%. Thatta and Layyah have the

smallest share of irrigated cultivable land: 78% and 81%, respectively, while Shikarpur – the

highest: 98%.

The surveyed districts use canals, tubewells, streams, as well as ponds and wells for

irrigation. The most common source of irrigation across all districts is canals. Canals are used

by 81% of households in Badin, 68% in Ghotki, 58% in Chitral, 49% in Rajanpur, 42% in

Kashmore, 36% in Shikarpur, 30% in Thatta and 25% in Layyah.

Districts of Layyah, Shikarpur, Kashmore and Rajanpur predominantly use tubewells: 74%,

63%, 58% and 51% of households, respectively. In Badin and Ghotki, only 13% of

households use this type of irrigation.

Thatta has a large share of households which rely on streams – 60%. The other three districts

in which some households rely on streams are Chitral (42%), Ghotki (19%) and Badin (6%).

Additionally, 10% of households in Thatta and 1% of households in Shikarpur use ponds and

wells for irrigation. A large part of irrigation systems has been damaged or destroyed during

the floods.

In the surveyed districts of Punjab and Sindh, canals sustained the most damage: 12% of

them were destroyed, while 44% – partially damaged. Similarly, 25% of all ponds and wells

were destroyed and another 25% – damaged. Additionally, 40% tubewells and 19% streams

were partially damaged, but none of them were fully destroyed.

In Chitral, half of the canals have been destroyed, while the remaining half – damaged. A

slightly better situation was recorded with regard to streams: 38% of them are still fully

operational, 38% – damaged and 24% – destroyed.

47%

29%26%

35%

8%

Siltation Destruction of inlets Destruction of gatesor bypasses

wells destroyed Others

FIGURE 69: Types of Damages


83

Damage included destruction of wells (42%), siltation (40%), destruction of inlets (18%) and

destruction of gates or bypasses (18%).

RECOMMENDATIONS

The assessment findings suggest that any agricultural assistance should include

reconstruction of irrigation systems: canals, ponds, tubewells and streams. Based on the data

collected, Chitral should be the focus such assistance programs, as it has sustained the most

extensive damage to its canals and streams. In Punjab and Sindh, support for the

reconstruction of irrigation systems should focus on canals, which sustained the most

damage, followed by ponds and tubewells.

Activities should include rebuilding of wells, canal inlets and canal gates of bypasses as well

as removal of silt.

CROPS

Across the surveyed areas, 80% of households grow wheat, 3% – barley, 2% – pulses, 6% –

sunflower and 12% – other crops during Rabi season.

The highest percentage of households which grow wheat is in Kashmore – 98%, Rajanpur -

94%, Shikarpur – 93% and Ghotki – 90%. The lowest is in Badin – 53%.

Barley is grown by the highest share of households in Chitral – 15%, followed by Thatta –

6%, Rajanpur – 3% and Ghotki and Shikarpur – 1% each.

Pulses are grown mostly in Layyah – 7% of households, followed by Thatta – 3%, Chitral –

2% and Rajanpur and Shikarpur – 1% each.

Badin has the highest percentage of households which grow sunflower – 24%. Only few

other districts grow sunflower: Layyah – 3% of households, Thatta – 2% of households and

Rajanpur – 1%.

80%

53%

69%

90%

98%

93%

82%

94%

58%

3%

1%

6%

1%

1%

2%

3%

15%

2%

3%

1%

7%

1%

2%

6%

24%

2%

3%

12%

23%

20%

9%

1%

5%

7%

2%25%

Overall

Badin

Thatta

Ghotki

Kashmore

Shikarpur

Layyah

Rajanpur

Chitral

FIGURE 70: Crop Cultivation During Rabi Season

Wheat Barley Pulses Sunflower Others


84

Other Rabi crops are grown by 25% of households in Chitral, 23% in Badin, 20% in Thatta,

9% in Ghotki and 7% in Layyah. Rajanpur and Kashmore have 1% of households each that

grow other Rabi crops.

Across the surveyed areas, most households (41%) grow rice during Kharif season, followed

by cotton – 19%, sugar cane – 13%, maize – 11% and pulses – 9%. 15% of households grow

other Kharif crops.

Rice is grown by the largest share of households in Kashmore – 98%, followed by Badin and

Shikarpur – 77% each. The fewest Households grow rice in Chitral – 5% of households. In

the remaining districts, rice is grown by 10% to 28% of households.

Maize is grown by the highest share of households in Chitral – 59%, followed by Thatta –

12%. In the remaining districts, only 1% to 4% of households grow maize.

Pulses are grown predominantly in Ghotki during Kharif – 27% of households grow pulses

here. In Kashmore, households do not grow pulses at all, in Badin pulses are grown by barely

1% of households. In the remaining districts, from 7% to 12% of households grow pulses.

Sugar cane is grown by 40% of households in Ghotki, 18% in Layyah, 8% in Thatta, 4% in

Rajanpur and Badin each, and 1% in Shikarpur.

Cotton is grown by 69% of households in Rajanpur, but only 21% in Layyah, 13% in Badin,

11% in Thatta, 10% in Ghotki and 4% in Shikarpur.

Other Kharif crops are grown by 34% of households in Thatta, 29% of households in Chitral

and 26% in Layyah, 6% in Ghotki and Shikarpur each, as well as 4% in Badin and Rajanpur

each.

41%

77%

28%

13%

98%

77%

20%

10%

5%

11%

1%

12%

4%

1%

4%

2%

2%

59%

9%

1%

7%

27%

0%

9%

12%

11%

8%

13%

4…8%

40%

1%

18%

4%

19%

13%

11%

10%

1%

4%

21%

69%

15%

4%

34%

6%

6%

26%

4%

29%

Overall

Badin

Thatta

Ghotki

Kashmore

Shikarpur

Layyah

Rajanpur

Chitral

FIGURE 71: Crop Cultivation During Kharif Season

Rice Maize Pulses Sugar Cane Cotton Others


85

90% of households in all districts reported that floods had affected their production of Kharif

crops: 80% of households in Chitral, more than 94% of households in Punjab and 79%-99%

of households in Sindh.

Across the surveyed areas, the floods affected at least 80% of all area planted with sugar cane

and from 92% to 100% area planted with other crops or orchards.

The highest percentage of fields affected is in Thatta and Rajanpur – from 97% to 100% for

various crops and orchards, each, Ghotki – from 96% to 100% fields and Layyah – from 93%

to 100% fields.

In Kashmore, floods affected 100% cotton and maize fields and 90% of rice fields, but only

33% sugar cane fields.

In Shikarpur, floods affected 100% orchards, cotton and pulses fields, 96% vegetable fields,

95% rice fields and 86% maize fields, but only 60% sugar cane fields.

In Chitral, floods affected from 92% to 100% of fields planted with fodder, rice, maize,

orchards, pulses and vegetables.

The lowest percentage of the crop fields was affected in Badin – from 71% of rice fields and

75% of fodder and pulses fields to 84% of sunflower and vegetable fields.

90%99%

79% 85%95% 94% 94% 96%

80%


FIGURE 72: Kharif Production Affected Due to Floods

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%


FIGURE 73: Affected Area with Crops

Maize Rice Sugarcane Cotton Pulses Sunflower Fodder Vegetables Orchards


86

Across the surveyed area, from 82% to 98% harvest of maize, rice, sugar cane, cotton,

pulses, sunflower, fodder, vegetables and orchards was lost due to the floods.

The highest amount of harvest lost was in Rajanpur and Thatta. Rajanpur lost 96% rice and

100% of all other crops and orchard fruits, while Thatta lost 100% of maize, cotton, pulses,

fodder and orchard fruits, as well as 96% rice, 97% sugar cane and 98% both sunflower and

vegetables. Similarly, Chitral lost 100% vegetables, 98% orchard fruits, 97% pulses, 95%

fodder and 93% rice and maize.

Ghotki lost 100% pulses, fodder, vegetables and orchard fruits, 98% maize and sugar cane

and 97% cotton, as well as 71% rice.

Shikarpur lost 100% pulses, cotton and orchard fruits, 93% vegetables, 88% sugarcane, 77%

rice and 67% maize.

Kashmore lost 100% sugar cane and 62%-69% of rice, cotton and maize.

Layyah lost 91%-97% of cotton, fodder, sunflower, pulses, vegetables and rice, but only 83%

orchard fruits, 65% maize and 71% sugar cane.

Badin lost the lowest share of its harvests, compared to other surveyed areas: 100% fodder,

83% vegetables, 79% cotton, 75% pulses and 57%-69% maize, rice, sugar cane and

sunflowers.

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%


FIGURE 74: Share of Harvest Lost

Maize Rice Sugarcane Cotton Pulses Sunflower Fodder Vegetables Orchards


87

25%

31%

23%

24%

33%

20%

32%

27%

21%

12%

20%

23%

15%

23%

13%

11%

11%

7%

8%

13%

10%

17%

8%

11%

10%

14%

6%

6%

12%

7%

6%

13%

22%

16%

15%

25%

10%

23%

27%

3%

15%

19%

18%

18%

18%

10%

19%

13%

15%

Badin

Thatta

Ghotki

Kashmore

Shikarpur

Layyah

Rajanpur

Chitral

FIGURE 75: Flood's Impact on Agriculture

Standing crops destroyed by floodsStanding crops abandoned when fledCrop diseaseLoss of agricultural tools /machinery/draught animalsLand flooded/ washed awayDestruction of irrigation systemOthers

The largest share of households across all districts reported the following flood damage to

their agricultural assets: standing crops destroyed (20%-33%), flooded or washed away land

(10%-27%) and standing crops abandoned when fleeing the area (11%-23%). From 7% to

17% of households named crop diseases and 6%-14% – loss of agricultural tools or

machinery or draught animals. Two districts named destruction of irrigation canals (Chitral

and Rajanpur). From 10% to 19% of households in each district named other losses.

In Chitral, 27% of households reported that their livelihoods were affected by the fact that

their standing crops were washed away by floods; similarly, 27% of households named

washed away or flooded land. Other major impacts named were destruction of irrigation

systems (15%) and abandoned standing crops when families fled the area (11%). A

significant share (15%) named various other impacts. Chitral was the only district where

people did not name crop diseases among the most significant impacts, and one of only two

districts (the other being Rajanpur) where destruction of irrigation canals was named among

the top five or six impacts.

In Rajanpur and Layyah districts of Punjab, main impacts of recent disasters were washed

away standing crops (32% and 20%, respectively), standing crops abandoned when fleeing

(13% and 23%), washed away or flooded land (23% and 10%), and crop diseases (8% and

17%).

Similarly, in the five districts of Sindh, at least one-quarter of all households named standing

crops destroyed by floods (with Shikarpur and Thatta household naming the highest share,

33% and 31%, respectively). From 13% to 21% of households named standing crops

abandoned when fleeing, and 13% to 25% named flooded or washed away land. Crop

diseases and loss of agricultural tools or machinery or draught animals and other impacts

were named by less than 14% of households, each, in these five districts.


88

Overall, 73% of households reported absence of farm machinery, 55% – tools, 52% –

fertilizer and 37% – seeds for 2015 or 2016 Rabi season.

The largest share of households which reported lack of all these items is in Badin – 91%,

85%, 76% and 67%, respectively.

After Badin, Shikarpur, Kashmore, Thatta and Chitral has the largest share of households

which reported lack of farm machinery – 86%, 83%, 82% and 81%, respectively. The lowest

share of households which reported lack of farm machinery is in Layyah (33%).

The largest share of households, after Badin, which lack tools was in Thatta – 77%, followed

by Chitral with 69% and Kashmore with 67%. The lowest share was recorded in Layyah –

22%.

Meanwhile, the largest share of households, after Badin, which lack fertilizer was in Thatta –

74%, followed by Chitral with 71% and Shikarpur with 62%. The lowest share of such

households is in Ghotki – 12% and Layyah – 20%.

Similarly, after Badin, the largest share of households which lack seeds is in Thatta (60%),

Chitral (58%) and Shikarpur (46%), while the lowest – in Ghotki (2%) and Rajanpur (6%).

37

%

67

%

60

%

2%

41

% 46

%

14

%

6%

58

%

52

%

76

%

74

%

12

%

44

%

62

%

20

%

58

%

71

%

55

%

85

%

77

%

50

%

67

%

34

%

22

% 32

%

69

%

73

%

91

%

82

%

65

%

83

%

86

%

33

%

65

%

81

%


FIGURE 76: Absence of Agricultural Inputs for 2015/16 Rabi Season

Seeds Fertilizer Tools Farm machinery


89

When asked what agricultural support they needed, households in all districts mostly named

fertilizer (26%) and seeds (22%). All districts also requested support in the repair of

secondary or tertiary irrigation canals and tubewells, even though number of households

which voiced this request varies significantly from district to district.

In Chitral, most households named support to restore irrigation channels and tubewells as

their top need (26%), followed by provision of seeds and fertilizer (24% and 23%,

respectively). Provision of tools and agricultural services were named by a significantly

lower numbers of households (8% and 6%, respectively) as their top need.

In the two districts of Punjab, Rajanpur and Layyah, most households named provision of

fertilizer as their topmost need for support (29% and 23%, respectively). Almost 22% of

households in Rajanpur felt that they need support in the repair of irrigation systems and

tubewels, while only 9% felt so in Layyah. Other priority needs for support in both districts

included seeds (15% and 18%, respectively) and credit (12% and 16%). Eleven percent or

fewer households named tools and agricultural services in each district.

In Sindh, all districts named fertilizer (between 25% and 29%) as their topmost need for

support, followed, in a diminishing order, by seed (between 20% and 26%), credit (7%-20%),

tools (8%-12%), agricultural services (5%-16%), and repair of irrigation systems (4%-10%).

CONCLUSIONS

During Rabi season, 80% of households grow wheat; 3% – barley, 2% – pulses, 6% –

sunflower and 12% – other crops across the surveyed areas. Wheat is grown by the highest

percentage of households in Kashmore – 98%, Rajanpur -94%, Shikarpur – 93% and Ghotki

– 90%. The lowest is in Badin – 53%. Barley is grown by the highest share of households in

Chitral – 15%, pulses – in Layyah – 7% of households, sunflower – in Badin – 24%. Other

22%

25%

24%

20%

26%

26%

18%

15%

24%

26%

25%

27%

25%

26%

29%

23%

29%

23%

10%

9%

12%

9%

12%

8%

9%

9%

8%

9%

9%

8%

16%

5%

13%

11%

7%

6%

13%

20%

18%

10%

19%

7%

16%

12%

0%

11%

4%

5%

10%

6%

5%

9%

22%

26%

9%

8%

6%

10%

5%

11%

14%

6%

13%

Overall

Badin

Thatta

Ghotki

Kashmore

Shikarpur

Layyah

Rajanpur

Chitral

FIGURE 77: Agricultural Support Needed to Recover from Floods

SeedsFertilizerToolsAgricultural servicesCreditRepair of secondary/tertiary irrigation canals/tube wellsother


90

Rabi crops are grown by 25% of households in Chitral, 23% in Badin, and 20% in Thatta,

while in the remaining districts – other crops are grown by 9% or fewer households.

During Kharif season, most households – 41% – grow rice, followed by cotton – 19%, sugar

cane – 13%, maize – 11% and pulses – 9%. 15% of households grow other Kharif crops

across the surveyed areas. Rice is grown by the largest share of households in Kashmore –

98%, followed by Badin and Shikarpur – 77% each. The fewest Households grow rice in

Chitral – 5% of households. Maize is grown by the highest share of households in Chitral –

59%, pulses – in Ghotki – 27%, sugar cane – in Ghotki – 40% and cotton – in Rajanpur –

69%. Other Kharif crops are grown by 34% of households in Thatta, 29% of households in

Chitral and 26% in Layyah, 6% in Ghotki and Shikarpur each, as well as 4% in Badin and

Rajanpur each.

Overall, most of the households reported the following damage to their agricultural assets

were affected by the floods: destruction of standing crops (20%-33%), flooded or washed

away land (10%-27%) and standing crops abandoned when fleeing the area (11%-23%).

Chitral and Rajanpur where the only districts named destruction of irrigation canals. From

10% to 19% of households in each district named other losses.

90% of households in all districts reported that floods had affected their production of Kharif

crops; the lowest share of households which reported any impact was in Thatta (79%) and

Chitral (80%), while the highest – in Badin (99%). From 80% to 100% of the entire area

planted with various crops and or orchards was affected, with the largest share being in

in Thatta and Rajanpur – from 97% to 100% for various crops and orchards, each. The lowest

percentage of the crop fields was affected in Badin – from 71% of rice fields and 75% of

fodder and pulses fields to 84% of sunflower and vegetable fields.

Across the surveyed area, from 82% to 98% harvest of maize, rice, sugar cane, cotton,

pulses, sunflower, fodder, vegetables and orchards was lost due to the floods. The highest

amount of harvest lost was in Rajanpur and Thatta. Rajanpur lost 96% rice and 100% of all

other crops and orchard fruits, while Thatta lost 100% of maize, cotton, pulses, fodder and

orchard fruits, as well as 96% rice, 97% sugar cane and 98% both sunflower and vegetables.

Badin lost the lowest share of its harvests, compared to other surveyed areas: 100% fodder,

83% vegetables, 79% cotton, 75% pulses and 57%-69% maize, rice, sugar cane and

sunflowers.

Overall, 73% of households reported absence of farm machinery, 55% – tools, 52% –

fertilizer and 37% – seeds for 2015 or 2016 Rabi season. The largest share of households

which reported lack of all these items is in Badin – 91%, 85%, 76% and 67%, respectively.

When asked what agricultural support they needed, households in all districts mostly named

fertilizer (26%) and seeds (22%). All districts also requested support in the repair of

secondary or tertiary irrigation canals and tubewells, even though number of households

which voiced this request varies significantly from district to district.

RECOMMENDATIONS

The assessment findings suggest that assistance should address the needs expressed by the

surveyed communities: provision of fertilizer, seeds and credits, and repair of irrigation

structures. Based on the data collected, support programs should be primarily directed to the


91

districts of Rajapur and Thatta which lost the largest share of all crops during the 2015 Kharif

season, however, if resources permit, all the surveyed communities should receive some

support, as all of them lost at least 57% of harvest of various Kharif crops.

Building on the assessment findings, in Chitral and Rajanpur, assistance should focus on

restoration of irrigation canals and tubewells, provision of fertilizer and seeds. In the

remaining districts, assistance should focus on the provision of fertilizer, seeds and credits.

In order to reduce the extent of loss during future floods, assistance programs should promote

the use of flood-resistant varieties of crops.


92

9 LIVESTOCK


93

LIVESTOCK OWNERSHIP

From 75% to 98% of households across all districts keep livestock. The highest percentage of

households with livestock was reported in Chitral -98%, followed by Ghotki – 95%,

Rajanpur – 94% and Layyah – 92%. The lowest share of households which keep livestock

was reported in Shikarpur – 75%.

Before the 2015 floods and earthquake, an average household kept 3 cows or buffaloes, 3

sheep or goats and 2 heads of poultry. Some households had other livestock (0.2 heads per

81% 82%

95%89%

75%

92% 94% 98%

Badin Thatta Ghotki Kashmore Shikarpur Layyah Rajanpur Chitral

FIGURE 78: Households That Normally Keep Livestock

3.02.2 2.0

5.1

2.13.6

2.8 2.63.4

2.21.3 1.5

4.1

2.0 2.2 2.2 1.82.6


FIGURE 79: Ownership of Cows or Buffalows Per Household Before Flood Currently

3.03.9

1.93.1

1.42.8

1.93.1

5.6

2.3 2.11.1

2.11.4 1.2 1.7

2.6

6.2


FIGURE 80: Ownership of Goats or Sheep Per Household

2.31.5

0.42.1

1.12.8 2.3 1.6

6.6

1.4 0.8 0.31.3 1.1 1.2 1.5 1.2

4.2


FIGURE 81: Ownership of Poultry Per Household

0.2 0.1 0.00.5 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.20.4 0.1 0.0 0.4 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.1

2.2


FIGURE 82: Ownership of Other Livestock Per Household


94

average household). Except for “other” livestock, the numbers have declined since the recent

disasters to 2, 2 and 1, respectively, on average.

Currently, a household in Chitral owns 2-3 cows or buffaloes (against 3-4 previously), 6

goats or sheep (against 5-6 previously) and 4 head of poultry (against the previous 6-7) on

average.

In Punjab, a household keeps 2 cows or buffaloes, 2-3 sheep or goats and 1 head of poultry

on average; before floods the ownership stood at 2-3 cows or buffaloes, 2-3 goats or sheep,

and 1-2 heads of poultry on average.

A similar situation was observed in the five districts of Sindh. Notably, Ghotki households

reported the highest number of cows or buffalos on average, both prior and post disasters (5

and 4, respectively). This district also had the largest number of households keeping

livestock other than cows, buffalos, goats, sheep or poultry. Meanwhile, households in Badin

had the highest average numbers of sheep and goats (4) prior to disasters; after disasters, the

number declined to 2. Additionally, Shikarpur had the highest average number of poultry (3);

the number declined to 1 after the floods. Thatta has the lowest average numbers of all

discussed livestock and poultry per household after the floods among the surveyed districts.

Across all districts, poultry losses were the highest – 32%, followed by 23% loss of goats or

sheep, 17% – other animals and 14% – cows or buffalos. The overall losses of livestock and

poultry were the highest in Shikarpur; Rajanpur reported the lowest losses.

The largest share of poultry was lost in Ghotki – 53%, followed by 44% in Shikarpur and

42% in Thatta. The lowest poultry losses were in Rajanpur – 9%. Losses of goats or sheep

ranged from 37% in Shikarpur to 9% in Rajanpur; losses of cows and buffaloes – from 31%

in Shikarpur to 5% in Rajanpur, while losses of other animals – from 44% in Shikarpur to 1%

in Rajanpur.

14

%

21

%

10

% 13

%

8%

31

%

9%

5%

15

%

23

%

33

%

23

%

24

%

19

%

37

%

11

%

9%

25

%

17

%

24

%

18

%

14

%

10

%

44

%

13

%

1%

10

%

32

%

17

%

42

%

53

%

21

%

44

%

32

%

9%

37

%


FIGURE 83: Share of Livestock and Poultry Lost During Floods

Cow/Buffalos Goat/sheep Other Poultry


95

Overall, during the flood, 37% of households lost poultry, 34% – goats or sheep, 26% – cows

or buffalos and 19% – other livestock. Shikarpur has the largest share of households which

livestock and poultry – 61%, 57%, 52% and 44%, respectively. The smallest share of

households which lost livestock and poultry was reported in Rajanpur – 12% households lost

poultry, 14% – goats or sheep,11% – cows or buffalos and 3% – other livestock.

After Shikarpur, Badin has the largest share of households which lost goats or sheep – 52%,

cows or buffalos – 34% and other livestock – 32%, while Thatta has the largest share of

households which lost poultry -51%.

Since the floods, 22% of households sold cows or buffalos, 18% – goats or sheep, 3% –

poultry and 1% – other livestock. The largest share of households which sold any livestock

was recorded in Badin: 38%, 37%, 8% and 7%, respectively. The smallest – in Kashmore

with 3%, 5%, 0% and 0%, respectively.

26%

34%

17%

32%

15%

52%

18%11%

27%

34%

52%

31%

42%

25%

57%

15% 14%

35%

19%

32%

18% 17%11%

44%

13%

3%

16%

37%

24%

51%

32% 34%

61%

39%

12%

43%


FIGURE 84: Share of Households That Lost Livestock and Poultry During Floods

Cow/Buffalos Goat/Sheep Other Livestock Poultry

22

%

38

%

29

%

23

%

3%

18

%

19

%

18

%

26

%

18

%

37

%

30

%

15

%

5%

16

%

13

%

15

%

13

%

1%

7%

0%

0%

0%

0%

0%

0% 3

%

3%

8%

2%

1%

0%

6%

3%

2%

1%


FIGURE 85: Share of Households That Sold Livestock and Poultry Since Floods

Cow/Buffalos Goat/Sheep Other Livestock Poultry


96

Overall, 53% of all households sold livestock or poultry to purchase food, 9% – to pay

educational or healthcare expenses, 8% – to buy seeds or fertilizer, 5% – due to the lack of

fodder or pastureland or animal feed, 4% – due to the lack of shelter, 4% – due to the old age

of sickness of the animal, 3% – to buy other goods, 2% – to pay for labour and building

materials for shelter. Another 12% of households named other reasons.

The largest share of households which sold livestock or poultry to buy food is in Badin –

81%, Rajanpur – 68% and Thatta – 63%, while the smallest is in Kashmore – 25% and

Chitral – 32%.

The largest share of households which sold livestock or poultry to pay for seed or fertilizer is

in Ghotki -19%, Kashmore – 13%, Layyah – 12% and Rajanpur – 11%.

By far the largest share of households which sold livestock or poultry due to the lack of

fodder or pasture or animal feed is in Chitral – 22%, in all other districts, less than 7% of

households sold their livestock or poultry for this reason.

By far the largest share of households which sold livestock or poultry due to the old age or

sickness of the animal is in Kashmore – 25%; in all other districts, this number was below

5%.

The largest share of households which sold livestock or poultry due to the lack of shelter is in

Chitral – 20% and Layyah – 13%; in all other districts, this number was below 2%.

Shikarpur, Thatta and Ghotki have the largest share of households which sold livestock or

poultry to pay for education or healthcare: 20%, 15% and 13%, respectively.

53%

81%

63%

49%

25%

55%

48%

68%

32%

3%

2%

9%

12%

9%

8%

15%

13%

20%

8%

4%

8%

4%

2%

19%

13%

5%

12%

11%

1%

2%

1%

6%

1%

3%

1%

6%

4%

1%

1%

13%

20%

5%

1%

6%

1%

5%

2%

22%

4%

2%

1%

25%

4%

1%

1%

12%

6%

16%

9.0%

25%

13%

18%

8%

4%

Overall

Badin

Thatta

Ghotki

Kashmore

Shikarpur

Layyah

Rajanpur

Chitral

FIGURE 86: Reasons for Selling Livestock or Poultry

Buy food Buy other goodsEducational/health expenses Buy seeds/fertilizerFor labour cost/buying building materials Lack of shelterLack of fodder/pasture/animal feed Old age/sicknessOther


97

Overall, the losses of poultry during the floods per average household were the highest,

followed by goats or sheep and cows or buffalos. The sales since the 2015 disasters per

average household were the highest for cows or buffalos – 0.4, followed by goats or sheep;

very little poultry and other animals were sold since the floods per average household.

Across the surveyed areas, 0.6 cows or buffalos died or were lost during the 2015 disasters

and 0.4 were sold since the floods per household in the surveyed areas. In the case of goats or

sheep, 1.4 died or were lost during the floods and 0.5 were sold since, the case of poultry, 2.4

died or were lost during the floods and only 0.1 were sold since, and in the case of other

livestock, 0.2 died or were lost during the floods and 0.1 were sold since the floods on

average per household.

By far the largest number of cows or buffalos that died or were lost during the 2015 disasters

per average household was reported in Shikarpur – 1.8, while the largest number of cows or

buffalos sold since the floods per average household was in Badin – 0.7. The lowest number

of cows or buffalos lost during the floods was reported in Rajanpur and Kashmore -0.2 each,

while sold since the floods – in Kashmore, 0.1.

By far the largest number of goats or sheep lost during the 2015 disasters per average

household was reported in Shikarpur – 3.6, while sold since the floods – in Badin – 1. The

lowest numbers were reported in Layyah – 0.3 and Kashmore – 0.1, respectively.

0.6 0.80.4

0.80.2

1.8

0.3 0.20.50.4

0.7 0.6 0.60.1

0.5 0.4 0.3 0.4


FIGURE 87: Cows or Buffalos Lost or Sold Per Household Lost/Died During FloodSold Since Flood

1.42.1

1.01.5

0.5

3.6

0.3 0.5

1.9

0.51.0 0.8

0.4 0.1 0.4 0.3 0.4 0.6


FIGURE 88: Goats or Sheep Lost or Sold Per Household

2.4

1.21.7

3.5

1.0

4.2

2.6

0.7

4.0

0.1 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.2 0.3 0.1 0.0


FIGURE 89: Poultry Lost or Sold Per Household

0.2 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.20.5

0.1 0.00.30.1 0.1


FIGURE 90: Other Livestock Lost or Sold Per Household


98

The largest number of poultry lost during the floods was in Shikarpur – 4.2, while lowest

number – in Rajanpur – 0.7. Very little poultry was sold since the 2015 disasters – up to 0.3

per average household; the number was highest in Layyah (0.3).

The largest number of other livestock lost during the 2015 disasters per average household

was the highest in Shikarpur – 0.5, sales of other livestock since the floods were only

reported in Badin – 0.1 per average household.

SALES OF LIVESTOCK AND POULTRY PRODUCTS

Across the surveyed areas, 76% of households do not sell any dairy products. 13% of

households sell from one-quarter to one-half of their dairy produce, 8% sell up to one-quarter

and only 3% sell more than half of their dairy produce.

The largest share of households selling some dairy produce is in Layyah – 44%, followed by

Shikarpur – 37% and Kashmore – 27%. Conversely, in Chitral, only 3% of households sell

any dairy produce.

Shikarpur has the largest share of households which sell more than half of their dairy produce

– 9%, followed by 5% in Layyah. In the remaining districts, up to 5% of households sell

more than half of their dairy produce.

Similarly, Shikarpur and Layyah have the largest share of households which sell from one-

quarter to one-half of their dairy products – 22% each. The remaining districts have up to

15% of households which sell this amount of dairy products.

Meanwhile, the share of households which sell up to one-quarter of their dairy products is the

highest in Layyah – 19% and Kashmore – 12%. In the remaining districts, only up to 7% of

households sell up to one-quarter of their dairy produce.

76%

83%

78%

77%

73%

63%

54%

86%

97%

8%

7%

6%

7%

12%

7%

19%

5%

2%

13%

9%

14%

15%

12%

22%

22%

7%

1%

3%

0%

1%

2%

3%

9%

5%

2%

0%

Overall

Badin

Thatta

Ghotki

Kashmore

Shikarpur

Layyah

Rajanpur

Chitral

FIGURE 91: Households That Sell Dairy Products

0 < 25% 25-50% > 50%


99

Overall, only 4% of households across the surveyed areas sell eggs, and only 2% sell more

than one-quarter of the eggs produced.

Ghotki has no households which sell eggs at all, while Kashmore and Rajanpur have only 1%

of households which sell eggs each. Similarly, in Badin and Thatta, only 3% and 4% of

households sell eggs, mostly up to one-quarter of their produce. The largest share of

households which sell eggs was identified in Layyah – 11%, Shikarpur – 9% and Chitral –

7%.

In Layyah, 5% of households sell up to one-quarter of their egg produce, 5% – from one-

quarter to one-half and 2% – more than half.

In Shikarpur, 2% of households sell up to one-quarter of the eggs produced, 1% – from one-


In Chitral, 2% of households sell up to one-quarter of the eggs produced, 4% – from one-


Overall, only 1% of households in the surveyed areas sell chicken or meat. No households

are engaged in such sales in Ghotki or Shikarpur. In Rajanpur, Thatta and Kashmore, the

96%

97%

98%

100%

99%

91%

89%

99%

93%

2%

3%

1%

1%

2%

5%

0%

2%

1%

0%

0%

1%

5%

4%

1%

1%

6%

2%

0%

2%

Overall

Badin

Thatta

Ghotki

Kashmore

Shikarpur

Layyah

Rajanpur

Chitral

FIGURE 92: Households That Sell Eggs

0 < 25% 25-50% > 50%

99.0%

98.7%

99.5%

100.0%

99.7%

100.0%

97.6%

99.8%

96.6%

0.6%

1.3%

0.5%

0.3%

1.0%

0.2%

1.8%

0.4%

1.4%

1.5%

Overall

Badin

Thatta

Ghotki

Kashmore

Shikarpur

Layyah

Rajanpur

Chitral

FIGURE 93: Households That Sell Chicken or Meat

0 < 25% 25-50%


100

share of households engaged in the sale of chicken or meat is less than 0.5%, while in Badin

approximately 1%.

Only Chitral and Layyah has 2-3% of households selling chicken or meat each; in both cases,

approximately half households engaged in such sales sell up to one-quarter of their produce

and another half – from one-quarter to one-half.

LIVESTOCK PROBLEMS, SUPPORT NEEDED

In all districts, similar numbers of households named the same livestock problems: feed

(31%-34%), shelter (27%-33%), diseases (28%-34%) and water or other (3%-10%).

Similarly, households across all either districts reported lack of medicines (80% on average),

fodder (42%) and animal shelter (40%) among the top three least available items for

livestock care. 7% of households reported lack of water; typically, this was the fourth top-

ranked items households lacked for animal care. The latter need was the most acute in Thatta

(17%) and Badin (13%) and the least acute in Ghotki – 1%.

31%

33%

27%

33%

33%

32%

27%

31%

32%

33%

33%

34%

32%

32%

31%

31%

33%

34%

31%

31%

32%

29%

27%

34%

32%

30%

28%

6%

3%

7%

6%

7%

3%

10%

5%

7%

Overall

Badin

Thatta

Ghotki

Kashmore

Shikarpur

Layyah

Rajanpur

Chitral

FIGURE 94: Livestock Problems

Shelter Feed Diseases Water/Other

7% 1

3%

17

%

1% 3% 4%

2% 3% 1

1%

40

%

55

%

51

%

22

% 28

% 38

%

20

%

61

%

47

%

42

%

74

%

64

%

24

%

26

%

49

%

20

%

18

%

58

%

80

% 86

%

85

%

81

%

72

%

86

%

55

%

91

%

83

%


FIGURE 95: Livestock Items Least or Not Available

Water Animal Shelter Fodder Medicines


101

The highest share of households which named medicines is in Rajanpur – 91%, while the

lowest – in Layyah – 55%. In all other districts, from 72% to 86% of households named this

item as the least available.

The highest share of households which named fodder is in Badin – 74%, followed by Thatta

with 64% and Chitral with 58%. The lowest share of households which named fodder is in

Rajanpur – 18% and Layyah – 20%. In the remaining districts, from 24% to 49% of

households reported fodder among the top livestock items lacking.

The highest share of households which named animal shelter is in Rajanpur – 61%, followed

by 55% in Badin and 51% in Thatta. The lowest share is in Shikarpur – 20%. In the

remaining districts, from 22% to 47% of households lack animal shelter as one of their top

priorities.

Most households in all districts named veterinary medication as the most needed support

(from 24% in Rajanpur to 50% in Badin), followed, in diminishing order, by straw or green

fodder (from 17% in Shikarpur to 31% in Thatta), concentrated feed (from 11% in Ghotki to

20% in Chitral), animal shelter (from 3% in Badin to 25% in Rajanpur) and other (4%-21%).

CONCLUSIONS

From 75% to 98% of households across all districts keep livestock. The highest percentage of

households with livestock was reported in Chitral – 98%, followed by Ghotki – 95%,

Rajanpur – 94% and Layyah – 92%. The lowest share of households which keep livestock

was reported in Shikarpur – 75%.

Before the 2015 floods and earthquake, a household kept 3 cows or buffaloes, 3 sheep or

goats and 2 heads of poultry on average. Some households had other livestock (0.2 heads per

average household). Except for “other” livestock, the numbers have declined since the recent

disasters to 2, 2 and 1, respectively, on average.

24%

24%

31%

26%

18%

17%

19%

27%

29%

16%

19%

19%

11%

16%

15%

13%

18%

20%

34%

50%

28%

33%

29%

42%

36%

24%

27%

15%

3%

8%

10%

17%

18%

19%

25%

21%

12%

4%

14%

20%

21%

9%

13%

7%

4%

Overall

Badin

Thatta

Ghotki

Kashmore

Shikarpur

Layyah

Rajanpur

Chitral

FIGURE 96: Livestock Support Needed

Straw/green fodder Concentrated feedVaccination/Deworming/Medicines Shelter for animalsOther


102

Across all districts, poultry losses were the highest – 32%, followed by 23% loss of goats or

sheep, 17% – other animals and 14% – cows or buffalos. The overall losses of livestock and

poultry were the highest in Shikarpur; Rajanpur reported the lowest losses.

The largest share of poultry was lost in Ghotki – 53%, while the lowest – in Rajanpur – 9%.

Losses of goats or sheep ranged from 37% in Shikarpur to 9% in Rajanpur; losses of cows

and buffaloes – from 31% in Shikarpur to 5% in Rajanpur, while losses of other animals –

from 44% in Shikarpur to 1% in Rajanpur.

Overall, during the floods, 37% of households lost poultry, 34% – goats or sheep, 26% –

cows or buffalos and 19% – other livestock. Shikarpur has the largest share of households

which lost livestock and poultry – 61%, 57%, 52% and 44%, respectively. The smallest share

of households which lost livestock and poultry was reported in Rajanpur – 12%, 14%,11%

and 3%, respectively.

Since the floods, 22% of all households sold cows or buffalos, 18% – goats or sheep, 3% –

poultry and 1% – other livestock. The largest share of households which sold any livestock

was recorded in Badin – 38%, 37%, 8% and 7%, respectively. The smallest – in Kashmore

with 3%, 5%, 0% and 0%, respectively.

Overall, per average household, 0.6 cows or buffalos died or were lost during the floods and

0.4 were sold since the floods in the surveyed areas. In the case of goats or sheep, 1.4 died or

were lost during the floods and 0.5 were sold since, the case of poultry, 2.4 died or were lost

during the floods and only 0.1 were sold since, and in the case of other livestock, 0.2 died or

were lost during the floods and 0.1 were sold since the floods on average per household.

By far the largest number of cows or buffalos lost during the floods per average household

was reported in Shikarpur – 1.8, while the largest number of cows or buffalos sold since the

floods was in Badin – 0.7 per average household. By far the largest number of goats or sheep

lost during the floods was reported in Shikarpur – 3.6, while sold since the floods – in Badin

– 1. The largest number of poultry lost during the floods was in Shikarpur – 4.2 per average

household. Very little poultry was sold– up to 0.3 per average household. The largest number

of other livestock lost during the floods was in Shikarpur – 0.5 per average household. Sales

of other livestock since the floods were only reported in Badin – 0.1 per average household.

Across the surveyed areas, 76% of households do not sell any dairy products. 13% of

households sell from one-quarter to one-half of their dairy produce, 8% sell up to one-quarter

and only 3% sell more than half of their dairy produce. The largest share of households

selling some dairy produce is in Layyah – 44%, followed by Shikarpur – 37% and Kashmore

– 27%. Conversely, in Chitral, only 3% of households sell any dairy produce.

Similarly, only 4% of households sell eggs, and only 2% sell more than one-quarter of the

eggs produced and only 1% of households in the surveyed areas sell chicken or meat. Only

Chitral and Layyah has 2%-3% of households selling chicken or meat each; in both cases,

approximately half households engaged in such sales sell up to one-quarter of their produce

and another half – from one-quarter to one-half.

In all districts, similar numbers of households named the same livestock problems: feed

(31%-34%), shelter (27%-33%), diseases (28%-34%) and water or other (3%-10%).

Similarly, households across all districts mostly reported lack of medicines (80% on


103

average), fodder (42%) and animal shelter (40%) among the top three least available items

for livestock care.

Most households in all districts named veterinary medication as the most needed support

(from 24% in Rajanpur to 50% in Badin), followed, in diminishing order, by straw or green

fodder (from 17% in Shikarpur to 31% in Thatta), concentrated feed (from 11% in Ghotki to

20% in Chitral), animal shelter (from 3% in Badin to 25% in Rajanpur) and other (4%-21%).

RECOMMENDATIONS

The assessment findings suggest that livestock should be an integral part of agricultural

assistance programs in the surveyed areas.

Building on the needs named by the communities, assistance programs should provide (in

diminishing order of priority) veterinary medication, fodder, concentrated feed and support

for the construction of animal shelter.

The data collected suggests that activities should work to increase the number of livestock

heads per household; particularly, poultry, sheep and goats, which were lost in the largest

numbers during the 2015 disasters. Shikarpur and Rajanpur should be the focus areas for

such assistance, as they reported the highest losses of livestock. By increasing the number of

livestock held, households would expand their food options and incomes.

The assessment findings suggest that, along with the increase in the number of livestock

heads, assistance across all the surveyed areas should promote sales of livestock products:

dairy, eggs, meat or poultry; currently, only a very small share of households sell any

produce. Increased sales of livestock products would raise the level of income in the

communities and diversify the sources of income for the households.


104

10 WATER, SANITATION AND HYGIENE


105

WATER

Most of the surveyed households in Punjab and Sindh provinces have used protected hand-

pump for water both before and after the floods (74% and 76%, respectively). Other sources

were used by less than 10% of households each, both before and after floods. These sources

include, in diminishing order, canals or ponds or rivers, bore holes, unprotected hand-pumps,

gravity water supply schemes, unprotected as well as protected springs and wells, and rain

water catchments.

The share of households using each type of source has remained relatively unchanged both

before and after the floods. The largest change occurred in the share of households using

gravity water supply schemes (it increased from 2% before the floods to 4% after the floods)

and the share of households using canals or rivers or ponds (it declined from 9% to the

current 7%).

Most households in Chitral have used gravity water supply system both before and after the

floods and the earthquake; the number of users has declined from the previous 59% to the

current 44%. The second most frequently used source of drinking water was canals or ponds

or rivers; the number of households using this source has increased after the floods and the

10%

3%

2%

2%

0%

2%

9%

0%

59%

6%

2%

2%

17%

1%

22%

0%

2%

67%

55%

61%

98%

79%

93%

61%

86%

1%

10%

23%

34%

2%

1%

1%

9%

13% 0.025

8%

17%

1%

0%

2%

3%

8%

5%

22%

Overall

Badin

Thatta

Ghotki

Kashmore

Shikarpur

Layyah

Rajanpur

Chitral

FIGURE 97: Main Sources of Drinking Water Before Floods

9%

13%

2%

2%

1%

10%

0%

44%

6%

1%

2%

0%

17%

1%

22%

2%

1%

67%

57%

67%

98%

78%

92%

59%

84%

1%

9%

25%

16%

0%

1%

0%

9%

22% 8%

8%

17%

2%

0%

3%

5%

9%

5%

24%

Overall

Badin

Thatta

Ghotki

Kashmore

Shikarpur

Layyah

Rajanpur

Chitral

FIGURE 98: Main Sources of Drinking Water Currently

Gravity WSS Borehole WSS Protected Hand PumpCanal/Ponds/River Protected Well/Spring Others


106

earthquake, from 13% to 22%. The third most frequently named source was other or pipeline;

before the floods and the earthquake, this source was used by 16% of households, while after

– 17%. Other sources were named by much smaller numbers of household. In diminishing

order, these sorces included protected wells or springs (3% before floods and 8% – after),

unprotected wells or springs (4% and 5%, respectively), bore-holes (2% and 1%,

respectively), unprotected hand-pump (1% and 1%), protected hand-pump (1% and 1%), and

rain water catchment (0% and 0%).

Across the surveyed areas, only 17% of all households use measures to improve the quality

of drinking water. The highest percentage of households using such measures was recorded

in Chitral – 47%, followed by Layyah – 40%. Kashmore, Ghotki, Thatta and Rajanpur have

14%, 11%, 9% and 9% of households, respectively, that use measures to improve the quality

of water. In Badin and Shikarpur, the percentage of such households is barely 4% and 1%,

respectively.

Measures named by various households included, in diminishing order, simple sand

filtration, boiling, cloth filtration, sedimentation, sun exposure and chlorination. A few

households named other measures.

Chitral households most frequently named chlorination as the measure used to improve the

quality of water (21%); the second most frequently named measure was simple sand filtration

17%

4%9% 11%

14%

1%

40%

9%

47%


FIGURE 99: Use Any Measure to Improve Quality of Drinking Water

4%

2%

4%

1% 2

%

0% 1

%

0%

21

%

4%

1%

7%

2%

1%

0%

9%

2%

9%

7%

1%

3% 4%

9%

0%

19

%

0%

16

%

4%

1% 2

%

8%

2%

0% 1%

6%

9%

6%

3% 3%

6%

4%

0%

15

%

1%

15

%

4%

0%

2%

1% 2% 0%

16

%

0%

8%


FIGURE 100: Measures Used to Improve Quality of Drinking Water

Chlorination Cloth Filtration Simple Sand Filtration Sun Exposure

Boiling Sedimentation Others


107

(16%), followed by boiling (15%), sun exposure and cloth filtration (9% each) and

sedimentation (8%).

In Layyah District of Punjab, simple sand filtration was the most frequently used method –

19% of households named this method.16% use sedimentation, 15% – boiling and 9% – cloth

filtration. Less than 1% of households use chlorination and sun exposure, each.

In Rajanpur, the most frequently used measure is sun exposure; 6% of households use this

measure. Additionally, 2% use cloth filtration and 1% – boiling.

In Kashmore, 9% of households use simple sand filtration, 4% use boiling and 1%-2% of

households use chlorination, sun exposure, sedimentation and cloth filtration, each.

In Ghotki, 8% of households use sun exposure, 6% – boiling, 4% – simple sand filtration,

while cloth filtration, chlorination and sedimentation is used by 1-2% of households each.

In Thatta, 7% of households use cloth filtration, 4% used chlorination, 3% – boiling, 3% –

simple sand filtration, while sun exposure and sedimentation is used by 2% of households

each.

In Badin, 6% of households use boiling; other methods are used by less than 2% of

households each. Meanwhile in Shikarpur, less than 1% of households use any measure.

SANITATION

A large percentage of households across all surveyed districts have no toilet or latrine at all.

Such share is the highest in Rajanpur (66%) and Ghotki (63%). Shikarpur, Thatta and

Kashmore has a slightly lower share of households without a toilet or latrine (51%, 50% and

1% 1%

12

%

3% 5

%

5%

1%

25

%

2%

15

%

24

%

21

%

16

%

10

%

0%

27

%

33

%

1%

12

%

8% 1

0%

20

%

8%

5%7

%

15

%

11

% 15

%

0%

7%

33

%

30

%

26

%

0% 3

%

15

%

1% 5

%

3% 7

%

23

%

63

%

33

%

25

%

66

%

52

%

51

%

7…

Badin Ghotki Kashmore Layyah Rajanpur Shikarpur Thatta Chitral

FIGURE 101: Types of Toilet or Latrine Used

Flush system connected to sewerage flush linked to septic tankflush connected to open drains Pit latrinedug ditch no toilet


108

33%, respectively). Badin and Layyah have 22% and 26% of households without toilets,

respectively. By far the fewest households without a toilet are in Chitral – 7%.

The remaining households use flush systems connected to sewerage, septic tanks or open

drains, as well as dug ditches or pit latrines. The percentage of households using each of

these methods varies widely among the districts, with a flush system connected to sewerage

being the least used type of toilet in all districts. The percentage of households using a flush

systems connected to sewerage ranges from 1% in Thatta to 25% in Chitral. It is worthwhile

mentioning that Chitral has twice the number of households with such type of toilet

compared to the next closest district of Kashmore (13%).

In Chitral, most households use a pit latrine (30%), followed by a flush system linked to a

septic tank (27%) or a flush system connected to sewerage (25%). 7% of households use a

dug ditch and 5% – a flush connected to open drains.

In Layyah (Punjab), where three-quarters of all households have a toilet or latrine, 21% of

households use a flush system linked to septic tank, 14% use a ditch or a pit latrine each.

Another 8% of households use a flush system connected to open drains and 3% use a flush

system connected to sewerage.

Meanwhile in Rajanpur – where only one-third households have a toilet or latrine, – 16% of

households use a flush system linked to septic tank, 11% use a flush system connected to

open drains and 4% use a flush system connected to sewerage.

In Badin (where more than two-thirds households use toilet), 33% of all households use a

flush system connected to open drains; 26% use a dug ditch, 8% – a pit latrine and another

3% used a flush system connected either to sewerage or septic tank.

In Kashmore (where two-thirds households use some type of a toilet or latrine), 24% of

households use a flush system linked to septic tank. Another 13% use a flush system

connected to sewerage, 12.5% use a flush system connected to open drains, 11% use an open

latrine and 3% use a dug ditch.

In Shikarpur, 20% of households use a flush system connected to open drains, 10% – a flush

system connected to septic tank, 7% – a pit latrine, 5% – a dug ditch and 4% – a flush system

connected to sewerage.

In Thatta (where only half households have a toilet or latrine), 33% of households use a pit

latrine, 7% use a flush system connected to open drain, 3% – a dug ditch and 1% – a flush

system connected to sewerage.

In Ghotki (where only one-third households have a toilet or latrine), 15% of households use a

flush system linked to septic tank and a pit latrine each, 2% – a flush system connected to

sewerage, 2% – a flush system connected to open drains.


109

Across all districts, only in 23% of households have separate toilet for females. The highest

share of such households is in Chitral (34%), followed by Ghotki (33%) and Badin (31%),

while the lowest – in Rajanpur (4%), Thatta (12%) and Layyah (14%).

Majority of households in all surveyed districts use an open drain to dispose of waste water.

The percentage was particularly high in Badin (97%), Rajanpur (95%) and Thatta (85%). The

lowest percentage of households which use this method is in Kashmore (48%).

The distant second way to dispose of waste water is a septic tank. The percentage of

households using this method ranges from 0% in Thatta and 2% in Badin to 28% in Layyah

and 29% in Chritral.

Some households use a soakage pit (from 0% in Badin and Rajanpur each to 6% in Ghotki).

A tranche is used in Kashmore (25%), Shikarpur (16%), Layyah (8%) and Chitral (1%).

Similarly, 15% of households in Shikarpur, 7% in Chitral, 2% of households in Layyah, 2%

in Badin and 1% in Ghotki use waste water for kitchen gardens, while a small percentage

(mostly in Thatta) dispose of waste water in other ways.

23%

31%

12%

33%

26%

27%

14%

4%

34%

78%

69%

88%

67%

74%

73%

86%

96%

66%

Overall

Badin

Thatta

Ghotki

Kashmore

Shikarpur

Layyah

Rajanpur

Chitral

FIGURE 102: Households Where Females Use Separate Toilet

Yes

No

69%

97%

85%

56%

48%

58%

56%

95%

59%

13%

2%0%

15%

20%

10%

28%4%

29%

5%0%

1%26%

6%

1%

6%

0%

5%

4%

2%

0%

1%

0%

15%

2%

0%

7%

8%

0%

14%

2%

25%

16%

8%

0%

1%

Overall

Badin

Thatta

Ghotki

Kashmore

Shikarpur

Layyah

Rajanpur

Chitral

FIGURE 103: Disposal of Waste Water

Open drain Septic tank Soakage pit Use it for kitchen garden Tranch/other


110

A large part of households in all districts discard their solid waste anywhere. This percentage

is the highest in Rajanpur (62%) followed by Kashmore (60%) and Badin (54%). Chitral and

Ghotki have the lowest percentage of households that use this method (13% and 16%),

respectively; the third lowest percentage is in Rajanpur (41%).

The second most popular method to dispose of solid waste is burning it. This method is used

the most in Chitral (64%), Ghotki (51% of all households) and Shikarpur (36%). Rajanpur

households do not use this method at all, while in the remaining districts, this method is used

by 19% to 25% of households.

The third most popular method of solid waste disposal is to throw it into communal garbage.

This method is used the highest percentage of households in Rajanpur (35%). Ghotki,

Layyah, Badin, Chitral and Shikarpur have somewhat smaller percentage of households

using this method (26%, 23%, 23%, 21% and 18%, respectively), while the lowest

percentage of households using this method is in Kashmore and Thatta (7% and 4%,

respectively).

A small percentage of households in all districts throw solid waste into sewerage: from 1% in

Badin to 8% in Kashmore.

As mentioned at the beginning of this section, Chitral and Ghotki districts display a very

different pattern of the disposal of solid waste. 64% of households in Chitral and 52% of

households in Ghotki burn their solid waste. 21% and 26%, respectively, throw it into

communal garbage, 13% and 16% discard it anywhere, while 2% and 5%, respectively,

throw it into sewerage.

30%

22%

25%

52%

24%

36%

19%

0%

64%

20%

23%

4%

26%

7%

18%

23%

35%

21%

4%

1%

5%

5%

8%

5%

4%

3%

2%

44%

54%

50%

16%

60%

41%

51%

62%

13%

3%

0%

16%

1%

1%

0%

2%

0%

0%

Overall

Badin

Thatta

Ghotki

Kashmore

Shikarpur

Layyah

Rajanpur

Chitral

FIGURE 104: Solid Waste Disposal

Burn Thrown into communal rubbish area Thrown into sewerage Thrown anywhere Other


111

HYGIENE

The vast majority of households in the eight surveyed districts wash their hands after

defecation or after cleaning child’s bottom, before preparing food or eating. The percentage

of households for all these activities exceeds 70% in all districts.

The highest percentage of households across all districts wash hands after defecation (from

75% in Kashmore to 97% in Layyah), followed by after cleaning child’s bottom (from 73%

in Badin to 98% in Thatta), before eating (from 75% in Rajanpur to 98% in Chitral) and

before preparing food (from 70% in Rajanpur to 97% in Chitral). However, the percentage of

households who wash their hands before feeding a child varies greatly, from 16% in

Rajanpur to 83% in Chitral.

District-wise, the highest share of households washing hands after various activities was in

Chitral, Thatta and Layyah, while the lowest – in Rajanpur and Shikarpur.

Across all eight districts, 67% of households wash hands with water only; 28% wash hands

with water and soap and 5% wash hands with water and ash.

92

% 98

%

87

%

75

% 85

%

97

%

86

% 96

%

73

%

98

%

88

%

82

%

80

%

95

%

79

%

95

%

82

% 94

%

88

%

82

% 86

%

85

%

70

%

97

%

84

%

97

%

91

%

83

%

81

% 93

%

75

%

98

%

42

%

81

%

67

% 72

%

47

%

68

%

16

%

83

%


FIGURE 105: Washing Hands by Activity

After defecation or using a latrine After cleaning child's bottomBefore preparing food Before eatingBefore feeding a child

67%

76%

94%

64%

70%

61%

65%

63%

44%

28%

20%

5%

29%

22%

32%

35%

28%

56%

5%

4%

1%

7%

8%

7%

1%

9%

Overall

Badin

Thatta

Ghotki

Kashmore

Shikarpur

Layyah

Rajanpur

Chitral

FIGURE 106: Products Used for Washing Hands

Water Only Water with soap Water with ash


112

The highest share of households where people wash hands with soap is in Chitral; 56%,

followed by Layyah: 35% (plus 1% of households where ash is used for washing hands) and

Shikarpur: 32% (plus 7% with ash).

The lowest share of households were people wash hands with soap is in Thatta: 5% (plus 1%

with ash). The distant second lowest share is in Badin: 20% (plus 4% with ash).

CONCLUSIONS

Most of the surveyed households in Punjab and Sindh provinces used protected hand-pump

for water both before and after the floods. Meanwhile in Chitral, most households used

unprotected sources of water both before and after the 2015 disasters. Approximately 17% of

households across the surveyed districts use some measures to improve the quality of

drinking water (in diminishing order, simple sand filtration, boiling, cloth filtration,

sedimentation, sun exposure and chlorination). The highest percentage of households are in

Chitral – 47%, followed by Layyah – 40%. Kashmore, Ghotki, Thatta and Rajanpur have

14%, 11%, 9% and 9% of households, respectively, using measures to improve the quality of

water. In Badin and Shikarpur, the percentage of such households is barely 4% and 1%,

respectively.

From 23% to 66% of households in various surveyed districts of Punjab and Sindh and 7% in

Chitral have no toilet at all; the remaining households use flush system connected to

sewerage, septic tanks or open drains, dug ditches or pit latrines. Overall, only in 23% of

households have separate toilet for females.

Overall, from 67% to 98% of households wash their hands after defecation or after cleaning

child’s bottom, before preparing food or eating. However, the percentage of households who

wash their hands before feeding a child varies from 16% to 83% across the districts. Even

more importantly, two-thirds of all households use only water to wash hands; the situation is

the worst in Thatta, where only 6% of households use soap or ash to wash hands, and the best

– in Chitral with 56%.

A large percentage of households across all surveyed districts have no toilet at all. Such share

was the highest in Rajanpur (66%) and Ghotki (63%) and the lowest in Chitral district – 7%.

The remaining households use flush system connected to sewerage, septic tanks or open

drains, dug ditches or pit latrines. Overall, only in 23% of households have separate toilet for

females. The highest share of such households is in Chitral (34%), Ghotki (33%) and Badin

(31%), while the lowest – in Rajanpur (4%).

Majority of households in all surveyed districts use open drain to dispose of waste water

(30%). The percentage is particularly high in Badin (97%), Rajanpur (95%) and Thatta

(85%). The lowest percentage of households which use this method is in Kashmore (48%).

The distant second way to dispose of waste water is septic tank. The percentage of

households using this method ranges from 0% in Thatta and 2% in Badin to 29% in Chitral.

Some households use soakage pit (from 0% in Badin and Rajanpur each to 6% in Ghotki.

Tranche is used from 1% of households (in Chitral) to 25% (in Kashmore). From 1%

households (in Ghotki) to 15% (in Shikarpur) use waste water for kitchen gardens.


113

44% of households in all districts discard their solid waste anywhere. This percentage is the

highest in Rajanpur (62%) followed by Kashmore (60%). Chitral and Ghotki have the lowest

percentage of households that use this method (13% and 16%, respectively).

The second most popular method to dispose of solid waste is burning it (30%). This method

is the most used in Chitral (64%), Ghotki (51% of all households) and Shikarpur (36%),

while Rajanpur households do not use this method at all.

The third most popular method of solid waste disposal is to throw it into communal garbage

(20%). This method is used the highest percentage of households in Rajanpur (35%), while

the lowest is in Kashmore and Thatta (7% and 4%, respectively).

A small percentage of households in all districts throw solid waste into sewerage: from 1% in

Badin to 8% in Kashmore.

Chitral and Ghotki districts display a very different pattern of the disposal of solid waste.

64% of households in Chitral and 52% of households in Ghotki burn their solid waste, 21%

and 26%, respectively, throw it into communal garbage, 13% and 16% discard it anywhere,

while 2% and 5%, respectively, throw it into sewerage.

RECOMMENDATIONS

The assessment findings suggest that to increase access to clean water, assistance programs

should support installation of safe drinking water infrastructure, particularly in Chitral, where

the use of such infrastructure is very low. Based on the data collected, in addition to physical

installations, assistance programs should increase awareness of the communities on the ways

they can improve the quality of water. In diminishing order, the most extensive awareness

efforts should be conducted in Badin, Shikarpur, Rajanpur, Thatta, Ghotki, Kashmore,

Layyah and Chitral.

The assessment findings suggest that, except for Chitral, all surveyed areas need assistance to

install latrines – especially in Rajanpur and Ghotki, – and increased awareness of the proper

treatment of the faeces disposed in pit latrines and dug ditches to reduce health hazards.

Similarly, assistance programs should include efforts to increase the awareness and use of

proper ways to dispose of solid waste and waste water. Based on the data collected, Rajanpur

and Kashmore should be the focus of the activities to improve solid waste disposal, while

Badin, Rajanpur and Thatta should be the focus of the activities to improve disposal of waste

water.

The assessment findings suggest that hygiene programs should work to increase the use of

correct hand-washing practices, particularly in Rajanpur and Shikarpur, where the share of

households using such practices is the lowest across the surveyed districts, and promote the

use of hand-washing products (such as soap or ash). The latter effort should first focus on

Thatta, where the share of households using hand-washing products is the lowest.


114

11 RESILIENCE


115

Across the surveyed areas, the largest share of households worked on the repair of their

house since the floods – 31%. Other measures undertaken by households included (in

diminishing order): cleaning or levelling land, cleaning and repairing irrigation canals,

getting agricultural inputs and participating in community self-help activities. A much small

share of households found new jobs, improved flood protection or cleared debris in the

community.

Repair of their house was named by the highest percentage of households in Shikarpur –

50%, followed by 35% in Rajanpur, 32% in Chitral, 31% in Ghotki and 30% in Thatta. In

Layyah, Kashmore and Badin, 26%, 25% and 18% of households reported having undertaken

this activity.

Cleaning or levelling of land was reported by the highest percentage of households in Badin

– 27%, followed by Chitral – 20%, Rajanpur and Ghotki – 19% each and 8% of households

both in Layyah and Kashmore. households in Shikarpur nd Thatta did not name this activity

at all.

Cleaning or repair of irrigation canals was named by the highest percentage of households in

Badin – 27%, followed by 20% of households in Chitral, 19% of households in Ghotki and

Rajanpur each and 8% of households in Kashmore and Layyah each.

Purchase or receipt of agricultural inputs was named by the highest percentage of households

in Ghotki and Kashmore – 22%, followed by 14% of households in Rajanpur, 12% in

Layyah, 11% in Shikarpur and 9% in Thatta. In Badin and Chitral, this type of assistance was

not reported by any household.

Participation in community self-help activities was named by the highest percentage of

households in Badin, followed by 12% of households in Shikarpur, 11% of households in

31%

18%

30%

31%

25%

50%

26%

35%

32%

13%

26%

10%

11%

13%

18%

24%

14%

27%

19%

8%

8%

19%

20%

4%

10%

7%

8%

8%

0%

10%

9%

22%

22%

11%

12%

14%

1%

7%

5%

10%

20%

11%

9%

12%

8%

8%

4%

9%

8%

7%

8%

14%

8%

40%

19%

9%

11%

12%

7%

11%

Overall

Badin

Thatta

Ghotki

Kashmore

Shikarpur

Layyah

Rajanpur

Chitral

FIGURE 107: Measures Taken by Households to Improve Situation

Repaired houseCleaned/repaired damaged irrigation channelsCleaned/levelled landFound new jobBought / received agricultural inputs (seeds, fertilizer, hand tools)Cleared debris in the communityParticipated at community self-help activitiesimproved flood protectionOthers


116

Thatta and 8% to 9% of households in Chitral, Layyah and Kashmore. In Rajanpur and

Ghotki, no households undertook this activity.

Finding new job was reported by 7% to 10% of households in Kashmore, Shikarpur, Layyah

and Thatta, but by 0% in Chitral, Rajanpur, Ghotki and Badin. Improving flood protection

measures was named by 7% to 9% of households in Layyah, Rajanpur, Shikarpur and

Kashmore; the remaining districts did not report such measure at all. Similarly, clearing

debris in the community was reported only by 7% of households in Layyah and 5% of


In Thatta, 40% of households named other measures undertaken by them to improve their

situation after floods. In other districts, the percentage of households which have undertaken

other measures ranged from 7% to 19%.

Across the eight surveyed districts, households had a wide range of opinions as to whether

the situation would improve over the following six months. Overall, 31% of households

believed the situation would become worse, 28% – would remain the same and only 12%

believed the situation would improve. 30% of households answered “don’t know”.

In Rajanpur and Layyah districts of Punjab, most households felt that the situation would

remain the same: 36% and 47%, respectively; 24% and 22%, respectively, felt that the

situation would improve, while 12% and 22% felt it would become worse.

Answers were much more pessimistic in Sindh, where very few households felt the situation

would improve: from 1% in Badin to 3% in Kashmore and Shikarpur each; Thatta was an

exception with 15%. Between 17% and 37% households felt the situation would remain the

same, and a sizeable share of households felt the situation would become worse. Badin was

by far the most pessimistic; 69% of households here felt the situation would continue

worsening, followed by Shikarpur at 48%. The remaining three districts were a touch less

pessimistic with 34% households in Thatta, 25% in Ghotki and 23% in Kashmore expecting

that the situation would continue getting worse.

In Chitral, most households did not know what to answer (42%), 22% expected that the

situation would remain the same, 21% – that the situation would improve and 16% felt the

situation would become worse.

31%

69%

34%

25%

23%

48%

22%

12%

16%

28%

23%

20%

21%

37%

17%

47%

36%

22%

12%

1%

15%

2%

3%

3%

22%

24%

21%

30%

7%

31%

52%

37%

32%

9%

27%

42%

Overall

Badin

Thatta

Ghotki

Kashmore

Shikarpur

Layyah

Rajanpur

Chitral

FIGURE 108: Prospect of Change in Situation Over Next Six Months

Worsen Remain the same Improve Don’t know


117

CONCLUSIONS

Households have taken a variety of measures to improve their situation since the floods. The

largest share of households worked on the repair of their house since the floods – 31%. Other

measures undertaken by households included (in diminishing order): cleaning or levelling

land, cleaning and repairing irrigation canals, getting agricultural inputs and participating in

community self-help activities. Repair of their house was named by the highest percentage of

households in Shikarpur – 50%, followed by 35% in Rajanpur. Cleaning or levelling of land

was reported by the highest percentage of households in Badin – 27%, followed by Chitral –

20%.

Most respondents do not believe that their situation will improve over the coming six months

and only small part remain optimistic.

RECOMMENDATIONS Assistance programs should build upon and complement efforts undertaken by the

communities: reconstruction of the houses, cleaning or levelling the land, repairing irrigation

canals, etc. Additionally, support should include measures to improve the resilience of the

communities against future disasters.

LOANS

Approximately two-thirds households in all eight districts have taken out loans since the

disasters of 2015. The percentage was the highest in Shikarpur (82%), followed by Badin

(80%) and Chitral (76%). The least amount of loans was taken in Thatta (61%) and the two

districts of Punjab (62% in Layyah and 62% in Rajanpur).

80%

61% 65% 65%

82%

62% 62%76%


FIGURE 109: Households That Have Taken Loans Since Floods


118

An average household is more than PKR 63,000 in debt. The highest amount of debt per

household is in Ghotki – PKR 97,705 on average, followed by Chitral – PKR 77,128 and

Shikarpur – PKR 76,371. The lowest amount of outstanding loans per household was

recorded in Thatta – PKR 40,604 and Badin – PKR 42,002.

Most of the loans in all districts were taken from local shopkeepers (25%-51%), followed, in

diminishing order, by relatives, friends and neighbours (18%-27%), landowners (7%-28%) –

with the exception of Chitral (where such number is 0%), – and villagers, money lenders or

other sources (6%-24%).

In Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and Punjab, a significant number of households took loans from

banks (21% in Chitral, 21% in Rajanpur and 26% in Layyah); these numbers are negligible in

Sindh (2%-3%).

63,133

42,002 40,604

95,705

51,612

76,371

59,499 62,147

77,128


FIGURE 110: Average Size of an Outstanding Loan (PKR)

22%

19%

17%

18%

27%

25%

20%

26%

36%

51%

48%

50%

43%

25%

32%

45%

28%

19%

6%

19%

22%

11%

16%

3%

2%

4%

3%

2%

26%

21%

21%

10%

10%

24%

10%

6%

14%

11%

8%

Badin

Thatta

Ghotki

Kashmore

Shikarpur

Layyah

Rajanpur

Chitral

FIGURE 111: Sources of Loan

Relative/friend/neighbour Shopkeeper Landowner Bank Villagers/ Money lender/Other


119

Overall, most households used loans to purchase food (33%-50%), health expenses (10%-

23%) and agricultural inputs or tools (0%-24%).

In Chitral, households also took loans to repair or build houses (23%), purchase livestock or

livestock inputs (12%) or to cover their health and educational expenses (11% and 10%,

respectively). Chitral was the only district among all surveyed where households did not take

loans for agricultural inputs or tools.

Households also took loans to cover health expenses (10%-32%), purchase agricultural

inputs and tools (11%-24%), repair or build houses (6%-19%), Only a small share of loans

was taken out to cover education expenses (1%-4%), purchase livestock and livestock inputs

(1%-6%; Layyah being an exception with 14%) or other purposes.

CONCLUSIONS

Approximately to-thirds households in all eight districts have taken out loans since disasters.

The percentage was the highest in Shikarpur (82%), Badin (80%) and Chitral (76%). An

average size of a household loan exceeds PKR 63,000. The highest amount of debt per

household is in Ghotki – PKR 97,705 on average.

Most of the loans in all districts were taken from local shopkeepers (25%-51%), followed, in

diminishing order, by relatives, friends and neighbours, landowners – with the exception of

Chitral where none of the households have taken out loans from landowners – and villagers,

money lenders or other sources. Overall, most households – from 33% to 50% of households

in various districts – used their loans to purchase food, followed by health expenses and

agricultural inputs or tools.

RECOMMENDATIONS

The assessment findings suggest that assistance programs should work with the communities

to increase their incomes and reduce the amount of debt. Such efforts should focus on

Ghotki, where the average amount of debt per household is the highest, as well as on

Shikarpur, Badin and Chitral, where the largest share of households have taken out loans.

36%

50%

38%

35%

39%

33%

38%

44%

12%

9%

12%

7%

6%

19%

10%

23%

32%

22%

15%

23%

24%

10%

22%

11%

1%

2%

2%

3%

2%

3%

1%

10%

4%

3%

4%

6%

4%

14%

1%

13%

11%

24%

12%

22%

15%

21%

2%

4%

5%

13%

3%

6%

6%

12%

Badin

Thatta

Ghotki

Kashmore

Shikarpur

Layyah

Rajanpur

Chitral

FIGURE 112: Reasons for Taking Loan

Purchase food House repairing / building Health expensesEducation expenses Llivestock/inputs Agricultural inputs/toolsOthers


120

RECOVERY NEEDS

Most households across all eight districts named cash grants as the topmost short-term need

(26%-37%), followed by building materials (10%-26%) and food aid (12%-26%). Much

fewer households named agricultural support (2%-13%) and credits (8%-17%); three districts

(Chitral, Rajanpur and Shikarpur) did not name credits among their short-term needs.

Most households across all eight districts named agricultural inputs as their top medium-term

need (19% – 41%), with the exception being Badin, where only 9% named agricultural inputs

as their top medium-term need. Instead, households in Badin felt that their top medium-term

need is building materials (24%), closely followed by cash grants (23%), food aid (18%) and

credits (16%).

In the remaining seven districts, the second topmost medium term need was cash grants

(12%-23%), followed by building materials (9%-18%), food aid (5%-18%), health and

education services (6%-17%) – here, a notable exception is Chitral with 0% allotted for

health and education expenses. Similarly, Chitral households did not name credits among

their top medium-term needs. The remaining six districts (Badin was discussed earlier in this

passage) ranged from 7% to 17% for the need of credits in the medium term.

22%

24%

26%

17%

21%

28%

10%

24%

22%

31%

32%

29%

31%

33%

37%

26%

26%

29%

21%

28%

26%

21%

14%

12%

19%

23%

25%

8%

2%

5%

9%

7%

10%

8%

13%

9%

9%

8%

7%

12%

11%

18%

10%

6%

7%

10%

14%

13%

19%

13%

15%

Overall

Badin

Thatta

Ghotki

Kashmore

Shikarpur

Layyah

Rajanpur

Chitral

FIGURE 113: Short-Term Needs

Building material Cash grants Food aid Agricultural Support Credit Others

13%

24%

9%

8%

9%

12%

9%

10%

18%

17%

23%

12%

16%

17%

22%

11%

15%

16%

12%

18%

12%

12%

15%

18%

5%

8%

10%

27%

9%

20%

40%

24%

19%

29%

41%

33%

10%

16%

17%

7%

12%

12%

11%

7%

9%

7%

15%

6%

10%

8%

17%

6%

13%

4%

15%

12%

13%

9%

18%

13%

23%

Overall

Badin

Thatta

Ghotki

Kashmore

Shikarpur

Layyah

Rajanpur

Chitral

FIGURE 114: Medium-Term Needs

Building material Cash grants Food aidAgricultural inputs Credit Health/education servicesOthers


121

CONCLUSIONS

The surveyed communities experienced a variety of shocks and hazards since 2010. From

48% to 99% of households in various districts were impacted by floods; 38% of households

in Badin also experienced cyclones, while 31% of households in Chitral – an earthquake. The

2015 floods (and, in Chitral’s case, earthquake) either severely or moderately affected from

77% to 100% of households in the surveyed districts.

Only 27% of households remained in their homes, while 36% were displaced for less than

one month, and the remaining 38% stayed away from their homes for more than one month.

The highest percentage of households which stayed at home during the 2015 disasters was in

Badin – 79% followed by Chitral (earthquake) – 63%. The highest percentage of households

which were displaced for up to one month was in Layyah – 75%, while Thatta had the

highest share of households who were displaced for more than one month – 86%.

Overall, 39% of households moved away from their homes because their house was

destroyed and 34% fled away from the floods. 14% of households moved away to rescue

livestock.

The largest share of households which moved away due to the destruction of their house was

in Ghotki – 59%, while fleeing flooding was the reason for displacement named by the

largest share of households in Thatta – 66%. The largest share of households which named

livestock rescue as the reason for displacement was in Shikarpur – 49%.

Overall, the largest share of displaced households stayed with host families (34%), followed

by spontaneous sites near their villages (22%) or spontaneous sites far away from their

villages (16%). The largest share of households which stayed with host families was recorded

in Chitral after the earthquake – 70%, while spontaneous sites near their village was the

reported by the largest share of households in Badin – 42%. Spontaneous sites far away from

their village were chosen by the largest share of households in Rajanpur – 26%. Camps run

by the government were named by the largest share of households in Thatta – 29%.

Most households across all eight districts named cash grants as the topmost short-term need

(26%-37%), followed by building materials (10%-26%) and food aid (12%-26%). Much

fewer households named agricultural support (2%-13%) and credits (8%-17%); three districts

(Chitral, Rajanpur and Shikarpur) did not name credits among their short-term needs.

Except for Badin, most households in the surveyed areas named agricultural inputs as their

top medium-term need, followed by cash grants, building materials and food aid. In Badin,

the top medium-term needs are building materials and cash grants, followed by food aid and

credits.

RECOMMENDATIONS The assistance findings suggest that overall, short-term assistance should focus around the

needs expressed by the communities: cash grants, building materials, food aid and

agricultural inputs for both short term and medium term. Based on the data collected, in

Badin, assistance should include credits.


122

12 ASSISTANCE RECEIVED


123

ASSISTANCE BY TYPE

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60%

Overall

Badin

Thatta

Ghotki

Kashmore

Shikarpur

Layyah

Rajanpur

Chitral

FIGURE 115: Types of Assistance Received

Food AssistanceGovernment compensationCash/ food for work/ trainingZakat/KhairatNutritional supportTents/shelter materialBedding/mats/ blanketsKitchen utensilsHygiene kitsBuckets/jerry cansMosquito netsDrinking water/water coolersCash grants (NGO/ unconditional)Agricultural inputs/ trainingLivestock supportIrrigation repair


124

Table 6: Types of Assistance Received

Foo

d a

ssis

tan

ce

Go

vern

me

nt

com

pe

nsa

tio

n

Cas

h o

r fo

od

fo

r w

ork

or

trai

nin

g

Zaka

t o

r K

hai

rat

Nu

trit

ion

al s

up

po

rt

Ten

ts o

r sh

elt

er m

ater

ial

Be

dd

ing

or

mat

s o

r b

lan

kets

Kit

che

n u

ten

sils

Hyg

ien

e k

its

Bu

cke

ts o

r je

rry

can

s

Mo

squ

ito

ne

ts

Dri

nki

ng

wat

er

or

wat

er

coo

lers

Cas

h g

ran

ts (

NG

O o

r

un

con

dit

ion

al)

Agr

icu

ltu

ral i

np

uts

or

trai

nin

g

Live

sto

ck s

up

po

rt

Irri

gati

on

re

pai

r

Oth

ers

Overall 34% 23% 6% 6% 8% 24% 10% 6% 10% 8% 7% 11% 8% 7% 6% 3% 9%

Badin 0% 34% 0% 2% 8% 1% 0% 0% 1% 22%

Thatta 50% 48% 17% 17% 22% 43% 17% 17% 17% 17% 17% 17% 17% 17% 17% 16% 33%

Ghotki 36% 0% 4% 6% 1% 25% 4% 4% 4% 6% 1% 2% 5% 4% 29%

Kashmore 20% 5% 5% 10% 5% 14% 10% 1% 10% 2% 13% 10% 14% 6% 1% 0% 3%

Shikarpur 20% 25% 1% 1% 5% 14% 4% 0% 0% 1% 2% 1% 0% 0%

Layyah 56% 28% 11% 2% 7% 22% 3% 3% 18% 7% 8% 20% 1% 5% 8% 1% 8%

Rajanpur 14% 2% 0% 0% 16% 9% 15% 14% 0% 4% 3% 1%

Chitral 59% 36% 3% 9% 11% 49% 29% 27% 10% 13% 7% 26% 26% 23% 10% 5% 1%


Communities in the surveyed districts have received a wide variety of assistance to date

including food and nutritional support, government compensation and cash grants from non-

governmental organizations, cash or food for work or training, Zakat or Khairat14, tents or

shelter material, bedding or mats or blankets, kitchen utensils, hygiene kits, buckets or jerry

cans, mosquito nets, drinking water and water coolers, agricultural inputs and training,

livestock support, support for the repair of irrigation systems. Except for the government

compensation and cash grants, most of the support provided to date was part of the relief

effort and focused on the immediate post-disaster needs.

The largest percentage of households in the surveyed districts reported receiving food


(23%).

Very little support has been provided to address longer-term needs of the affected

communities. For example, agricultural and livestock support, as well as support for the

repair of irrigation systems constituted only 7%, 6% and 3%, respectively.

The districts of Thatta and Chitral have the highest percentage of households which received

various assistance. The lowest percentage of households which received assistance is in

Badin, Shikarpur and Rajanpur.

14 Charity or alms


125

Badin had no households which reported receiving food assistance, cash or food for work or

training, bedding or mats or blankets, kitchen utensils, hygiene kits, buckets or jerry cans,

mosquito nets, drinking water or water coolers, unconditional cash grants, agricultural inputs

or training or support to repair irrigation systems. Similarly, only 1% of households received

tents or shelter material or livestock support, only 2% received Zakat or Khairat and only 8%

received nutritional support.

Rajanpur, had no households which reported receiving cash or food for work or training,

Zakat or Khairat, nutritional support, kitchen utensils, mosquito nets, agricultural inputs or

training or support to repair irrigation systems. Only 2% received government compensation,

3% -unconditional cash and 4% – drinking water or water coolers.

Similarly, Shikarpur had no households which reported receiving kitchen utensils, hygiene

kits, unconditional cash, agricultural inputs or training, livestock support or support to repair

irrigation systems. Only 1% received Zakat or Khairat, buckets or jerry cans or drinking

water or water coolers, 2% – mosquito nets, 4% – bedding or mats or blankets and 5% –

nutritional support.

UNCONDITIONAL CASH SUPPORT

Overall, 26% of households in the surveyed areas received unconditional cash support after

the floods. The highest percentage of households which received such support was in Chitral

– 44%, followed by 42% in Thatta, 30% in Badin and 27% in Shikarpur. In Layyah,

Kashmore and Ghotki, such assistance was reported by 22%, 19% and 15% of households,

respectively. In Rajanpur, only 11% received such support.

26%30%

42%

15%19%

27%22%

11%

44%


FIGURE 116: Households That Received Unconditional Cash Support


126

Overall, 33% of households in the surveyed areas received less than PKR 3,000, 24% – from

PKR 3,000 to PKR 6,000, 13% – from PKR 6,000 to PKR 10,000, 16% – from PKR 10,000

t0 PKR 20,000, 4% – from PKR 20,000 to PKR 50,000 and the remaining 9% received more

than PKR 50,000.

The largest share of households which received less than PKR 3,000 is in Thatta – 88%,

followed by Badin – 74%. 43% of households received such amount in Shikarpur, 29% – in

Kashmore, 18% – in Ghotki, 9% – in Layyah and 6% – in Chitral. Rajanpur households did

not receive any cash assistance less than PKR 3,000 in size.

The largest share of households which received PKR 3,000-6,000 is in Rajanpur – 45% of

households, followed by Kashmore – 44% and Ghotki – 32%. This amount was received by

26% of households in Badin, 15% of households in Shikarpur, 11% in Thatta, 8% in Chitral

and 7% in Layyah.

Ghotki has the largest share of households which received PKR 6,000-10,000: 41%, followed

by Rajanpur with 30%, Kashmore with 21%, Shikarpur with 6%, Layyah with 4% and

Chitral with 3%. Nobody reported receiving such amount in Badin or Thatta.

In Layyah, 80% of households received PKR 10,000-20,000. The other districts where

households received this amount of support were Shikarpur with 34% of households,

Rajanpur with 11%, Chitral with 4% and Kashmore with 2% assistance of this size.

The highest share of households which received PKR 20,000-50,000 was in Rajanpur – 15%,

followed by 7% in Ghotki, 6% in Chitral, 4% in Kashmore, 2% in Shikarpur and 1% in

Thatta. In Chitral and Ghotki, 73% and 2% of households, respectively, received more than

PKR50,000 in unconditional cash support.

33%

74%

88%

18%

29%

43%

9%

6%

24%

26%

11%

32%

44%

15%

7%

45%

8%

13%

41%

21%

6%

4%

30%

3%

16%

2%

34%

80%

11%

4%

4%

1%

7%

4%

2%

15%

6%

9%

2%

73%

Overall

Badin

Thatta

Ghotki

Kashmore

Shikarpur

Layyah

Rajanpur

Chitral

FIGURE 117: Amount of Unconditional Cash Support Received (PKR)

< 3,000 3,000-6,000 6,000-10,000 10,000-20,000 20,000-50,000 > 50,000


127

Overall, 39% of households used unconditional cash support to purchase food. Another 22%

and 21% of households, respectively, used it to buy household items or for health or medical

care, followed, in diminishing order; to build shelter or rebuild houses; to purchase animal

fodder, seed or fertilizer; and to repay debts.

The percentage of households which used this support to purchase food was the highest in

Rajanpur – 49% and Thatta – 43%, while the lowest in Kashmore – 34% and Chitral – 36%.

From 17% to 26% of households in all districts used cash support to purchase household

items.

The percentage of households which used unconditional cash support for health or medical

care ranged more widely that that for food or household items: 32% in Badin, 29% of

households in Shikarpur, 28% in Thatta and Ghotki, 21% in Kashmore, 17% in Rajanpur,

10% in Chitral and 5% in Layyah.

A similarly varying spread of percentages was recorded for emergency shelters or

reconstruction of houses: Unconditional cash support was used for this purposes by 28% of

households in Layyah and 24% in Chitral, but only 7% of households in Kashmore and 1%-

2% of households in Rajanpur, Badin, Thatta, Ghotki and Shikarpur.

This support was used to repay debts by 11% of households in Kashmore, 9% of households

in Shikarpur, 5% in Chitral and 1% of households in Ghotki and Badin.

11% of households in Kashmore used this assistance to purchase animal fodder, seeds or

fertilizer. In other districts, this share varied from 2% to 9%.

39%

40%

43%

37%

34%

39%

37%

49%

36%

22%

24%

21%

26%

17%

18%

22%

24%

21%

21%

32%

28%

28%

21%

29%

5%

17%

10%

9%

1%

2%

2%

7%

2%

28%

1%

24%

6%

2%

5%

7%

11%

4%

8%

9%

3%

3%

1%

1%

11%

9%

5%

Overall

Badin

Thatta

Ghotki

Kashmore

Shikarpur

Layyah

Rajanpur

Chitral

FIGURE 118: Utilization of Unconditional Cash Support

Buying foodBuying household itemsHealth/medical careArranging emergency shelters/rebuilding damaged housesBuying animal fodder/seeds/fertilizersPaying debts


128

RECOVERY MEASURES

Families across the surveyed areas received external recovery assistance for a variety of

purposes. The largest share, 18%, of all surveyed households, received support to repair their

houses or agricultural inputs (14%). Other support included, in diminishing order, cash or

grain, loans, cleaning of irrigation canals, found new job, improvements in flood protection,

cleaning or levelling land, cleaning debris in the community, productive assets and other

support.

Support for repair of the house was received by the largest share of households in Badin –

28% and Shikarpur – 27%, followed by Ghotki and Layyah with 18% each and Chitral with

17%. In Rajanpur and Thatta, such assistance was reported by 13% of households, while in

Kashmore – by 14%.

Support for cleaning of irrigation canals was also reported by the largest share of households

in Badin – 26%, followed by 16% of households in Chitral and from 2% to 7% of households

in Thatta, Shikarpur, Kashmore, Rajanpur, Layyah and Ghotki.

Support for the purchase or receipt of agricultural inputs was named by the highest share of

households in Ghotki – 22%, followed by 20% in Kashmore, 15% in Chitral, Rajanpur and

Layyah, 8% in Badin and Thatta, and 7% in Shikarpur.

Support in finding a new job was named by the highest share of households in Shikarpur –

21%, followed by 14% in Thatta, 11% in Rajanpur and 1% to 8% in the remaining districts.

Loans were reported by the largest share of households in Ghotki – 18%, followed by

Rajanpur – 14%; in other districts, from 5% to 8% of households named this assistance.

Cash or grain support was named by the largest share of households in Kashmore – 17%,

followed by 16% in Chitral, 14% in Badin, 13% in Layyah, 11% in Shikarpur, 10% in

Ghotki, 6% in Thatta and 4% in Rajanpur.

18%

28%

13%

18%

14%

27%

18%

13%

17%

9%

26%

2%

7%

4%

2%

7%

6%

16%

5%

14%

1%

9%

5%

0%

4%

2%

8%

8%

1%

14%

3%

8%

21%

5%

11%

14%

8%

8%

22%

20%

7%

15%

15%

15%

4%

2%

0%

1%

6%

1%

9%

2%

7%

3%

3%

1%

2%

9%

2%

6%

1%

6%

6%

3%

5%

9%

5%

14%

4%

10%

4%

6%

10%

17%

11%

13%

4%

16%

9%

8%

5%

18%

7%

7%

14%

6%

14%

46%

5%

1%

17%

1%

28%

14%

Overall

Badin

Thatta

Ghotki

Kashmore

Shikarpur

Layyah

Rajanpur

Chitral

FIGURE 119: Households That Received External Recovery Assistance

Repair of house Cleaning of irrigation canalsCleaning/leveling of land Found new jobHelp in purchase/receipt of agricultural inputs Cleaning of debris in the communityHelp in productive assets Improving flood protectionCash/grain support LoanOthers


129

Assistance in cleaning debris in the community was named by up to 9% of households in

various surveyed districts, while improving flood protection – by up to 14% of households in

all districts except for Chitral, and productive assets – by up to 9% of households in all

districts except for Chitral and Thatta (which did not receive the latter type of support at all).

CONCLUSIONS

Most of the surveyed communities received a wide variety of relief assistance, such as food,

cash, various household items of immediate importance and other items. The districts of

Chitral and Thatta have the highest percentage of households which received various

assistance, while the lowest percentage of households is in Badin, Shikarpur and Rajanpur.

The largest percentage of households in the surveyed districts reported receiving food


(23%). Most of the assistance was provided by the government, followed by NGOs. Other

sources of assistance included the UN, individuals and religious organizations.

Very little support has been provided to address longer-term needs of the affected

communities. For example, agricultural and livestock support, as well as support for the

repair of irrigation systems constituted only 7%, 6% and 3%, respectively.

In addition to the relief assistance, households have been provided with some external

recovery assistance. The largest share, 18%, of all surveyed households, received support for

the repair of their houses or agricultural inputs (14%). Other support included, in diminishing

order, cash or grain, loans, cleaning of irrigation canals, found new job, improvements in

flood protection, cleaning or levelling land, cleaning debris in the community, productive

assets and other support. Support for repair of the house was received by the largest share of

households in Badin – 28% and Shikarpur – 27%. Support for cleaning of irrigation canals

was also reported by the largest share of households in Badin – 26%, followed by 16% of


26% of households in the surveyed areas received unconditional cash support after the

floods. The highest percentage of households which received such support was in Chitral –

44%, followed by 42% in Thatta, 30% in Badin and 27% in Shikarpur. In Layyah, Kashmore

and Ghotki, such assistance was reported by 22%, 19% and 15% of households, respectively.

In Rajanpur, only 11% received such support.

61% of all unconditional cash support was provided by the government. The second largest

donor was NGOs with 25%, followed by 6% from relatives, friends, neighbours or

community members, 4% from religious organizations and 1% from UN. An additional 4%

was provided by other sources.

33% of households in the surveyed areas received less than PKR 3,000, 24% – from PKR

3,000 to PKR 6,000, 13% – from PKR 6,000 to PKR 10,000, 16% – from PKR 10,000 to

PKR 20,000, 4% – from PKR 20,000 to PKR 50,000 and the remaining 9% of households

(mostly in Chitral) received more than PKR 50,000.

39% of households used unconditional cash support to purchase food. Another 22% and 21%

of households, respectively, used it to buy household items or for health or medical care,


130

followed, in diminishing order, to arrange emergency shelter or rebuild houses; to purchase

animal fodder, seed or fertilizer; and to repay debts.

RECOMMENDATIONS

The assessment findings suggest that to date, assistance mostly focused on the relief needs of

the surveyed communities and have done very little to support recovery or reconstruction

needs.

Based on the data collected, future assistance programs should include a wide variety of

activities to improve incomes, shelter, food security and resilience of these communities,

building on the assistance provided to date. Additionally, assistance programs should take

into consideration that some of these severely affected areas have received very little

recovery support to date.


131

13 ANNEXES


132

ANNEX 1: LIST OF UNION COUNCILS INCLUDED IN THE SURVEY

NO. DISTRICT TALUKA UNION COUNCIL

1. Chitral Chitral Ayun

2. Chitral Chitral

3. Chitral Karimabad

4. Chitral Khot

5. Chitral Lotkoh

6. Chitral Shoghore

7. Mastuj Charun

8. Mastuj Laspur

9. Mastuj Mastuj

10. Mastuj Mulkhow

11. Mastuj Owir

12. Mastuj Shagram

13. Mastuj Tirich

14. Mastuj Yarkhon

15. Layyah Karor Baseera

16. Karor Sahu Wala

17. Karor Samita

18. Karor Shah Pur

19. Karor Thal Jandi

20. Karor Warah Sehran

21. Layyah Babhri Ahmed Khan

22. Layyah Bait Wsawa Shumali

23. Layyah Jakkhar

24. Layyah Kotla Haji Shah

25. Layyah Lohanch Nasheeb

26. Layyah Shadoo Khan

27. Rajanpur Jam Pur Haji Pur

28. Jam Pur Harrand

29. Jam Pur Kotla Dewan

30. Jam Pur Meeran Pur

31. Jam Pur Noor Pur Manjho Wala

32. Rajan Pur Aqil Pur

33. Rajan Pur Jehan Pur

34. Rajan Pur Kot Mithan

35. Rajan Pur Murghai

36. Rajan Pur Noor Pur Machi Wala

37. Rajan Pur Rakh Fazal Pur

38. Rajan Pur Shekar Pur

39. Rojhan Rojhan City

40. Rojhan Shah Wali

41. Rojhan Umer Kot

42. Badin Badin Abdullah Shah


133

43. Badin Bhugra Memon

44. Badin Kadhan

45. Badin Lawari Sharif

46. Badin Mitho Chandio

47. Badin Seerani

48. Golaarchi/Shaheed Fazil Rahu Ahmad Rajo

49. Golaarchi/Shaheed Fazil Rahu Golaarchi/Shaheed Fazil Rahu

50. Golaarchi/Shaheed Fazil Rahu Tarahi

51. Talhar Saeed Pur

52. Tando Bago Chousehold baralo

53. Tando Bago Khalifo Qasim

54. Ghotki Ghotki Bago Dhero

55. Ghotki Hussain Beli

56. Ghotki M. Khan Ghoto

57. Ghotki Qadir Pur

58. Ghotki Wasti Qutab Din

59. Obouaro Chandia

60. Obouaro Langho

61. Obouaro Ranwati

62. Obouaro Wasti Jeewan Shah

63. Kashmore Kandhkot Darri

64. Kandhkot Ghous Pur

65. Kandhkot Haibat

66. Kandhkot Kajli

67. Kandhkot Malheer

68. Kandhkot Rasaldar

69. Kashmore Gheelpur

70. Kashmore Gublo

71. Kashmore Guddo

72. Kashmore Kashmore

73. Tangwani Badani

74. Tangwani Balkani

75. Tangwani Dunyapur

76. Tangwani Gulwahi

77. Tangwani Tangwani

78. Shikarpur Ghari Yaseen Gheheja

79. Ghari Yaseen Jando Dero

80. Ghari Yaseen Mirza Pur

81. Khanpur Mehmood Abagh

82. Khanpur Pir Bux Sujra

83. Khanpur Sabirabad

84. Lakhi Chak Town

85. Lakhi Fateh Tando

86. Lakhi Rukh

87. Lakhi Sehwani

88. Thatta Ghora Bhari Khan


134

89. Ghora Bhari Kotri Allah Rakhio Shah

90. Ghora Bhari Mehar

91. Ghora Bhari Udasi

92. Kharo Chan Kharo Chan

93. Keti Bandar Keti Bandar

94. Thatta Chatto Chand

95. Thatta Doomani

96. Thatta Jahrak

97. Thatta Kalan Kot

98. Thatta Sonda

99. Thatta Tand Hafiz Shah


135

ANNEX 2: QUESTIONNAIRE


136


137


138


139


140


141


142


143


144


145

ANNEX 3: SOURCES OF ASSISTANCE

Most of the food assistance was provided by the government, followed by NGOs. Small

amounts of food assistance were provided by neighbours, UN and religious organizations.

Government compensation was nearly exclusively provided by the government. A small part

of it (and mostly to households in Thatta) was provided by “other” sources or NGOs.

100%79%

53%

23%

50%

24%

80%

24%

3%39%

59%

47%

29%

18%

70%

3%7%

0%

4%

2%0%

7%2%

1%

1%3%

4%0%

45%

2% 2%

16%1% 2% 0%


FIGURE 3-1: Food Assistance by Source

Others Relative/friend/neighbour/community memberReligious Organization UNNGO Government

99%

59%

100% 93% 94% 93% 90% 95%


FIGURE 3-2: Government Compensation by Source

Government NGO UN Religious Organization Relative/friend/neighbour/community member Others

100%

3%21%

75%

2%20%

43%

71%

25%

100%80%

3%

87%94%

57%

7%


FIGURE 3-3: Cash/Food for Work/Training by Source



146

Cash or food for work or training was provided mostly by NGOs (predominantly in

Rajanpur, Chitral, Kashmore, also, in smaller shares, in Ghotki and Shikarpur), government

(in Badin, Shikarpur, Kashmore, Chitral and Thatta) and relatives or friends or neighbours or

community members (in Layyah and some – in Thatta). Small amounts of assistance were

provided by religious organizations (in Layyah) and UN (in Kashmore and Layyah). A

substantial amount of assistance, particularly in Thatta and Ghotki, was provided by “other”

sources.

Zakat or Khairat was mostly provided by the government and individual contributors –

relatives or friends or neighbours or community members. A much smaller part was provided

by NGOs.

Some assistance provided was attributed to “other” sources.

Nutritional support was mostly provided by the government and NGOs. A small part was

provided by the UN and relatives or friends or neighbours or community members.

14%

53% 48%

100%

6%

14%

47%

35%

71%52%

50%

39%100%

50%

19%


FIGURE 3-4: Zakat/Khairat by Source

Government NGO Relative/friend/neighbour/community member Others

41%

11%

50%

7%

67%

100%

33%

59%

12%

93%

33%

7%

63%

50%

83.3%

5.0%

76%

10%


FIGURE 3-5: Nutritional Support by Source

Government NGO UN Relative/friend/neighbour/community member Others


147

The bulk of the tents or shelter material was provided by NGOs; the second largest source

was the government. A small part was provided by relatives or neighbours or friends or

community members, UN and religious organizations.

The vast majority of bedding or mats or blankets was provided by NGOs. The government,

UN, relatives or friends or neighbours or community members contributed small amounts.

Almost all kitchen utensils were provided by NGOs.

54%44% 37%

15% 7%

28%37%

100%6%

41% 58%83%

37%

70%62%

3%

52%

1% 1%


FIGURE 3-6: Tents/Shelter Material by Source


1% 7% 14% 17%2%

50%

69%75%

8%

97% 94%

43%7%

8%

67%

3%

99%

25%

2%


FIGURE 3-7: Bedding, Mats or Blankets by Source


67%

100%

69%

95%

33%8%

5%

100%

23%


FIGURE 3-8: Kitchen Utensils by Source

NGO Religious Organization Relative/friend/neighbour/community member Others


148

Hygiene kits were provided mostly by NGOs. Some assistance was provided by the UN,

government and religious organizations.

Buckets and jerry cans were predominantly provided by NGOs. Some buckets and jerry cans

were provided by the UN, religious organizations and the government.

Majority of mosquito nets was provided by NGOs. Some were provided by the government,

the UN, religious organizations and relatives or friends or neighbours or community

members.

11% 3%

75%

81% 100% 93% 100% 100%

25%4%

100%

4%


FIGURE 3-9: Hygiene Kits by Source

Government NGO UN Religious Organization Others

20%0% 5%1%

38%20%

100%90%

100% 95%

62% 60%

99%

10%


FIGURE 3-10: Buckets or Jerry Cans by Source

Government NGO UN Religious Organization Others

1%

39%

8%

43%

6%1%

17%65%

43%

83% 100% 100%

39% 11%

6%14% 14% 3%

97%

9%


FIGURE 3-11: Mosquito Nets by Source



149

Drinking water or water coolers were provided mostly by NGOs, the government and

religious organizations. Relatives or friends or neighbours or community members provided

a small share as well.

The vast majority of the agricultural inputs or training was provided by NGOs. The

government, the UN and individual contributors provided small amounts as well.

Livestock support was mostly provided by NGOs, the government. Some support was

provided by the UN and individual contributors.

50%

21%

50%

9%

25%

39%

15%

100% 85%

11%

1%

25% 29%50%

6%

3%

81%97%

3%


FIGURE 3-12: Drinking Water or Water Coolers by Source


10%

37%

100% 100% 100%

45%

58%20%

10%

2%

100%

15%2%


FIGURE 3-13: Agricultural Inputs / Training by Source


33% 25%3%

100%

30%

67%

83%50% 100%

45%

27%

17% 25%

3%

1%

39%43%

99%

9%


FIGURE 3-14: Livestock Support by Source



150

Support for the repair of irrigation systems was mostly provided by individual contributors –

relatives or friends or neighbours or community members, NGOS and the government.

Overall, 61% of all unconditional cash support was provided by the government. The second

largest donor was NGOs with 25%, followed by 6% from relatives, friends, neighbours or

community members, 4% from religious organizations and 1% from UN. An additional 4%

was provided by other sources.

100% 50%6%

100%

50%

25%

100%

50% 69%

100%

50%


FIGURE 3-15: Repair of Irrigation Systems by Source

Government NGO Relative/friend/neighbour/community member Others

61%

82%91%

32%39%

70% 72%

45%55%

25%

18% 3%

37%

46%

20%6%

51%17%

1%

2%

4%1%

2%

0%

4%

2%

11% 1%

4% 13%

6% 1%

13%

2%1% 18%

2%14%

4% 6%16%

7% 1%


FIGURE 3-16: Unconditional Cash Support by Source

Others Relative/Friend/Neighbour/Community memberReligious organization UNNGO Government


151

LIST OF TABLES AND FIGURES

List of Tables

1. Impact of the 2015 Natural Disasters in Pakistan 15

2. Number of Households Interviewed in Each District 17

3. Foods Items Eaten in the House in Past Seven Days 42

4. Ownership of Household Assets Before Floods 65

5. Households That Lost or Damaged Household Assets in Floods 66

6. Types of Assistance Received 124

List of Figures

1. Districts Affected by the 2015 Floods 15

2. Surveyed Areas in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa 19

3. Surveyed Areas in Punjab 19

4. Surveyed Areas in Sindh 19

5. Average Household Size 21

6. Number of Household Members 21

7. Household Composition 22

8. Head of Household 23

9. Marital Status of Female Heads of Households 23

10. Education Level of the Household Head 24

11. Education Level of Spouse of the Household Head 25

12. Shocks/Hazards Experienced since 2010 28

13. Level of Impact of the 2015 Disasters 28

14. Duration of Displacement 29

15. Reasons for Displacement 30

16. Type of Shelter During Displacement 31

17. Type of House Before Floods 33

18. Condition of House After Floods 33

19. Damages to House by Type of Construction 34

20. Current Living Arrangement if House was Destroyed 35

21. Current House/Shelter Meets Family Needs 36

22. Reasons for Current House/Shelter Not Meeting Family Needs 36

23. Estimated Cost of Repair of Damaged House (PKR) 37

24. Salvageable Material for Rebuilding After Floods 37

25. Meals Eaten Per Day 41

26. Fewer Than Usual Meals Eaten the Day Before 41

27. Food Items Eaten in the House in Past 7 Days 42

28. Sources of Food Items Eaten in the House in Past Seven Days 43

29. Stock of Cereals Stored for Domestic Use Lost in Floods (Maunds) 44

30. Current Stock of Cereals 44

31. Households with No Means to Buy Basic Food for Two Weeks 45

32. Households That Reduced Food Consumption Due to Floods 45

33. Food Consumption Groups 46

34. Food Expenditure Groups 47


152

35. Food Security Groups 48

36. Livelihood-Based Coping Strategies 48

37. Reduced Coping Strategy Index 50

38. Reduced Coping Strategies 50

39. Current Monthly Household Income and Last Month’s Expenditure (PKR) 54

40. Types of Household’s Expenditure 55

41. Sources of Livelihood Before Floods 56

42. Current Sources of Livelihood 56

43. Change in Income Since Floods 58

44. Income Earners Per Household 58

45. Women Working Per Household 60

46. Number of Women Working Per Household – Before Flood 61

47. Number of Women Working Per Household –Currently 61

48. Women’s Sources of Livelihood – Before Floods 62

49. Women’s Sources of Livelihood – Currently 62

50. Ownership of Household Assets Before Floods 65

51. Households That Lost or Damaged Household Assets in Flood 66

52. Ownership of Productive Assets Before Floods 67

53. Households That Lost or Damaged Productive Assets During Floods 67

54. Access to Markets Before Floods 70

55. Access to Markets After Floods 70

56. Problems in Accessing Markets 71

57. Households That Normally Cultivate Land 74

58. Ownership of Cultivable Land 74

59. Type of Ownership of Cultivated Land 75

60. Land Ownership and Cultivation During Rabi and Kharif Seasons (Acres) 75

61. Land Cultivation During Rabi Season 76

62. Land Cultivation During Kharif Season 77

63. Problems with Land Use and Property Rights Because of Floods 78

64. Access to Irrigation 80

65. Types of Irrigation Systems 80

66. Share of Irrigated Land in Total Cultivable Land 81

67. Current State of Irrigation Systems in Punjab and Sindh 81

68. Current State of Irrigation Systems in Chitral 81

69. Types of Damages 82

70. Crop Cultivation During Rabi Season 83

71. Crop Cultivation During Kharif Season 84

72. Kharif production Affected Due to Floods 85

73. Affected Area with Crops 85

74. Share of Harvest Lost 86

75. Flood’s Impact on Agriculture 87

76. Absence of Agricultural Inputs for 2015/2016 Rabi Season 88

77. Agricultural Support Needed to Recover from Floods 89

78. Households That Normally Keep Livestock 93

79. Ownership of Cows or Buffalos Per Household 93

80. Ownership of Goats or Sheep Per Household 93

81. Ownership of Poultry Per Household 93

82. Ownership of Other Livestock Per Household 93


153

83. Share of Livestock and Poultry Lost During Floods 94

84. Share of Households That Lost Livestock and Poultry During Floods 95

85. Share of Households That Sold Livestock and Poultry Since Floods 95

86. Reasons for Selling Livestock or Poultry 96

87. Cows or Buffalos Lost or Sold Per Household 97

88. Goats or Sheep Lost or Sold Per Household 97

89. Poultry Lost or Sold Per Household 97

90. Other Livestock Lost or Sold Per Household 97

91. Households That Sell Dairy Products 98

92. Households That Sell Eggs 99

93. Households That Sell Chicken or Meat 99

94. Livestock Problems 100

95. Livestock Items Least or Not Available 100

96. Livestock Support Needed 101

97. Main Sources of Drinking Water Before Floods 105

98. Main Sources of Drinking Water Currently 105

99. Use of Any Measure to Improve Quality of Drinking Water 106

100. Measures Used to Improve Quality of Drinking Water 106

101. Types of Toilet or Latrine Used 107

102. Households Where Females Use Separate Toilet 109

103. Disposal of Waste Water 109

104. Solid Waste Disposal 110

105. Washing Hands by Activity 111

106. Products Used for Washing Hands 111

107. Measures Taken by Households to Improve Situation 115

108. Prospect of Change in Situation Over Next Six Months 116

109. Households That Have Taken Loans Since Floods 117

110. Average Size of Outstanding Loan (PKR) 118

111. Sources of Loan 118

112. Reasons for Taking Loan 119

113. Short-Term Needs 120

114. Medium-Term Needs 120

115. Types of Assistance Received 123

116. Households That Received Unconditional Cash Support 125

117. Amount of Unconditional Cash Support Received (PKR) 126

118. Utilization of Unconditional Cash Support 127

119. Households That Received External Recovery Assistance 128


154


155

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