Ȫȼ ˞ˬǨ˞ ˦˧ ˞ˎȼ ˃ˬǨ˞ Survey and leveling ʻ˦˪ ɪ˳ේතʭ˃ ˁ˲ɿɪ˖ɕ˫ șˏˠ ɞʑ˒ ɪˤ˪ˣ ɪ˖ɕ˫ˢˠ 2015.06.15
Survey and leveling
2015.06.15
......? What is surveying?
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Faculty of Agriculture-University of Ruhuna 2
....? What is leveling?
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( )
Faculty of Agriculture-University of Ruhuna 3
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Faculty of Agriculture-University of Ruhuna 4
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- -
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(cut and fill)
Faculty of Agriculture-University of Ruhuna 5
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- Direct or Differential
leveling
- Tapes and
Graduated rods
- Trigonometric
Leveling
- Barometric
Leveling
Faculty of Agriculture-University of Ruhuna 6
-
Trigonometric
Leveling
V = S cos z
V = S sin
V = H tan
?
Faculty of Agriculture-University of Ruhuna 7
- Barometric
Leveling
?
Faculty of Agriculture-University of Ruhuna 8
- Direct Leveling
(Vertical
Height).
(Level Line) .
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Faculty of Agriculture-University of Ruhuna 9
....
A1
A2
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2.3 m 3.1 m
0.8 m
=250 m
Faculty of Agriculture-University of Ruhuna 10
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Faculty of Agriculture-University of Ruhuna 11
Faculty of Agriculture-University of Ruhuna 12
..?
Faculty of Agriculture-University of Ruhuna 13
Faculty of Agriculture-University of Ruhuna 14
Faculty of Agriculture-University of Ruhuna 15
Use of A Frame A
Faculty of Agriculture-University of Ruhuna 16
.....? (Leveling Instrument)
- Dumpy level
- Auto level
- Tilting Level
- Theodolite
- Digital Auto Level
- Laser Level
- Tripod
- Staff gauge
- Staff bubble
- Change plate
- Filed note book
Faculty of Agriculture-University of Ruhuna 17
- Dumpy Level
Faculty of Agriculture-University of Ruhuna 18
- Dumpy Level
Faculty of Agriculture-University of Ruhuna 19
Faculty of Agriculture-University of Ruhuna 20
Faculty of Agriculture-University of Ruhuna 21
- Tilting Level
- Auto Level
Faculty of Agriculture-University of Ruhuna 22
- Auto Level
Faculty of Agriculture-University of Ruhuna 23
Suspended Compensation
Fixed Prism is
Used
- Theodolite
Faculty of Agriculture-University of Ruhuna 26
- Theodolite
Faculty of Agriculture-University of Ruhuna 27
- Digital Auto Level
Faculty of Agriculture-University of Ruhuna 28
Faculty of Agriculture-University of Ruhuna 29
- Digital Auto Level
- Laser Level
Faculty of Agriculture-University of Ruhuna 30
- Laser Level
Faculty of Agriculture-University of Ruhuna 31
- Tripod
Faculty of Agriculture-University of Ruhuna 32
- Staff gauge (Graduated Staff)
Faculty of Agriculture-University of Ruhuna 33
- Staff bubble
Faculty of Agriculture-University of Ruhuna 34
-
Change plate
Faculty of Agriculture-University of Ruhuna 35
- Filed note book
Faculty of Agriculture-University of Ruhuna 36
- Filed note book
Faculty of Agriculture-University of Ruhuna 37
Important definitions used in Leveling - Vertical Line
- Horizontal Line
- Level Line
- Reference Level OR Datum
- -Bench Mark
- Reduced Level
- Line of Sight
- Height of Instrument OR Height of Collimation
- Back Sight
( ) - Fore Sight
- Intermediate Sight
- Turning Point
Faculty of Agriculture-University of Ruhuna 38
- Vertical Line
Faculty of Agriculture-University of Ruhuna 39
- Horizontal Line
-
Horizontal
Plane
Faculty of Agriculture-University of Ruhuna 40
- Level Line
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Faculty of Agriculture-University of Ruhuna 42
(Reference
level or datum is a standard position or level
that measurements are taken from)
- Reference Level OR Datum
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- -Bench Mark
(
)
- Fundamental Bench Mark-
- Survey Department
- Temporary Bench Mark
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- Reduced Level
() Datum OR Reference Level
- Mean Sea Level-
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- Line of Sight
Faculty of Agriculture-University of Ruhuna 46
- Height of Instrument OR Height of Collimation
-
Levelling Instrument-
Height of Collimation Or Height of the
instrument
The height to the horizontal line of sight which
passes though the optical center of the
telescope of the leveling Instrument above the
datum
Faculty of Agriculture-University of Ruhuna 47
- Back Sight
/ -Staff Gauge-
Faculty of Agriculture-University of Ruhuna 48
( ) - Fore Sight
Faculty of Agriculture-University of Ruhuna 49
- Intermediate Sight
Faculty of Agriculture-University of Ruhuna 50
- Change/Turning Point
Faculty of Agriculture-University of Ruhuna 51
IA IB
A1 A2 A3
A4 B1
B2 B3
Backsight (IA)
Intermediate sight
Backsight (IB)
Foresight (IB)
Foresight (IA)
Change point
Or turning point
R.L=220 m
- MSL
Line of sight
Height of instrument
(220 + h)
h
Faculty of Agriculture-University of Ruhuna 52
- -Ranging
Poles
-
- Staff gauge- - B.S
-
180
Faculty of Agriculture-University of Ruhuna 53
A1
A2
?
2.37 m 3.150 m
0.78 m
Faculty of Agriculture-University of Ruhuna 54
(BM)
-
- Bench Mark- - Staff gauge-
- B.S
-
180
Faculty of Agriculture-University of Ruhuna 55
A1
A2 ?
2.37 m 3.150 m
(BM)
R.L =250 m MSL
(Bench Mark)
Faculty of Agriculture-University of Ruhuna 56
- Bench Mark- -
Staff gauge- (Back
Sight- )
- Intermediate Sight-
- Fore
Sight-
Faculty of Agriculture-University of Ruhuna 57
R.L=250 m
MSL (BM)
2.91m 2.32 m 2.80 m 2.87 m 3.28 m 3.85 m
A1 A2
A3 A4
A5 A6
A1 A6
Faculty of Agriculture-University of Ruhuna 58
(Rise), (Fall)
- = (Positive
Value)
- = (Negative
Value)
(
)
Faculty of Agriculture-University of Ruhuna 59
-
Rise and Fall Method
BS
IS
FS
Rise
Fall
RL
/
Distance
Remarks
3.85 250 A1 (BM)
3.28 0.57 250.57 A2
2.87 0.41 250.98 A3
2.80 0.07 251.05 A4
2.32 0.48 251.53 A5
2.91 0.59 250.94 A6
BS-FS= Rises-Falls=Last RL-First RL
3.85-2.91 = (0.57+0.41+0.07+0.48)-0.59 = 250.94-250
0.94 = 1.53-0.59 = 0.94
0.94=0.94=0.94
Faculty of Agriculture-University of Ruhuna 60
-
Height of Collimation Method
BS
IS
FS
HC/HI
RL
/
Distance
Remarks
3.85 253.85 250 A1 (BM)
3.28 253.85 250.57 A2
2.87 253.85 250.98 A3
2.80 253.85 251.05 A4
2.32 253.85 251.53 A5
2.91 253.85 250.94 A6
BS-FS= Last RL-First RL
3.85-2.91 = 250.94-250
0.94 = 0.94
Faculty of Agriculture-University of Ruhuna 61
Faculty of Agriculture-University of Ruhuna 62
BS
FS
HC/HI
RL
/
Distance
Remarks
3.03 103.03 100.00 BM
3.86 103.03 99.17
2.60 101.77 99.17 TP1
4.53 101.77 97.24
4.22 101.46 97.24 TP2
6.16 101.46 95.30
6.43 101.73 95.30 TP3
4.44 101.73 97.29
3.85 101.14 97.29 TP4
2.96 101.14 98.18
5.11 103.29 98.18 TP5
3.30 103.29 99.99 BM
BS-FS= Last RL-First RL
25.24 25.25 = 99.99-100.00 - 0.01 = -0.01
Faculty of Agriculture-University of Ruhuna 63
BS
FS
HC/HI
RL
/
Distance
Remarks
3.03 103.03 100.00 BM
3.86 103.03 99.17
2.60 101.77 99.17 TP1
4.53 101.77 97.24
4.22 101.46 97.24 TP2
6.16 101.46 95.30
6.43 101.73 95.30 TP3
4.44 101.73 97.29
3.85 101.14 97.29 TP4
2.96 101.14 98.18
5.11 103.29 98.18 TP5
3.30 103.29 99.99 BM
BS-FS= Last RL-First RL
25.24 25.25 = 99.99-100.00 - 0.01 = -0.01
Faculty of Agriculture-University of Ruhuna 64
BS
FS
HC/HI
RL
/
Distance
Remarks
3.03 103.03 100.00 BM
3.86 103.03 99.17
2.60 101.77 99.17 TP1
4.53 101.77 97.24
4.22 101.46 97.24 TP2
6.16 101.46 95.30
6.43 101.73 95.30 TP3
4.44 101.73 97.29
3.85 101.14 97.29 TP4
2.96 101.14 98.18
5.11 103.29 98.18 TP5
3.30 103.29 99.99 BM
BS-FS= Last RL-First RL
25.24 25.25 = 99.99-100.00 - 0.01 = -0.01
(Error of closure OR Misclosure)
Faculty of Agriculture-University of Ruhuna 65
1.5 km
0.8 km
1.0 km
1.9 km
0.5 km
A
E
D
C
B
20.00 m
IS=3.33
IS=2.32
IS=3.71
IS=1.47
BS=2.35
FS=2.37
Faculty of Agriculture-University of Ruhuna 66
BS
IS
FS
HC/HI
RL
/
Distance
Remarks
2.35 22.35 20.00 A (BM)
3.33 22.35 19.02 B
2.32 22.35 20.03 C
3.71 22.35 18.64 D
1.88 22.35 20.47 E
2.37 22.35 19.98 A
BS-FS= Last RL-First RL
2.35 2.37 = 19.98-20.00 0.02 = 0.02
A
E
D
C
B
20.00 m
IS=3.33
IS=2.32
IS=3.71
IS=1.47
BS=2.35
FS=2.37
1.5
km
0.8
km
1.0
km
1.9
km
0.5
km
Faculty of Agriculture-University of Ruhuna 67
- Instrumental Errors
- Observational Errors
- Natural
Errors
Faculty of Agriculture-University of Ruhuna 68
- Instrumental Errors
- Residual Collimation Error
- Two Peg Test-
- Cross Hair Parallax Error
- Staff Graduation Error
Faculty of Agriculture-University of Ruhuna 69
- Observational Errors
- Systematic or Cumulative Errors -
- Random Errors
-Staff is not properly extended or assembled
, 3.538 3. 583
Faculty of Agriculture-University of Ruhuna 70
-
Natural Errors
-
Faculty of Agriculture-University of Ruhuna 71
Line of Sight OR Collimation Error occurs when telescope is not in a horizontal position
Keeping the horizontal distance of the backsights and
foresights at each instrument position equal will cancel
the error
Where observational distances are unequal, the error
will be proportional to the difference in distance
The collimation error will not cause errors in differential
leveling as long as backsight and foresight distances
are balanced
Two peg test (Horizontal Collimation Test)is used to
determine the error
TWO PEG TEST HORIZONTAL COLLIMATION TEST
Horizontal Collimation Test
Tachometry- Measurement of distance using
Stadia
The use of level for measuring the distance
Read the figure where the stadia lines cut the
staff
Calculate the difference (staff intercept(s))
Staff intercept multiplied by 100 give the
distance from the center of the instrument to the
staff position
Faculty of Agriculture-University of Ruhuna 76
When external focusing
telescope is used. Now these
types of telescopes are not
used and objective lence is
fixed The objective lens of an
internal focusing telescope
(the type now used in
surveying instruments)
remains fixed in position,
while
a movable negative-focusing
lens between the objective
lens and the plane of the
crosshairs changes directions
of the light rays.As a
result,the stadia constant (C)
is so
small that it can be assumed
equal to zero and drops out
of Equation (5.1).Thus
Faculty of Agriculture-University of Ruhuna 77
Diagram shows the principle when external focusing telescope is used. Now these
types of telescopes are not used. The objective lens of an internal focusing telescope
(the type now used in surveying instruments) remains fixed in position, while a
movable negative-focusing lens between the objective lens and the plane of the
crosshairs changes directions of the light rays. As a result, the stadia constant (C) is
so small that it can be assumed equal to zero
Most of
instruments
K is 100
f
D
C
E
B S
c
e
b
SK)Si
f(D
i)(cei
f
S
D
ce
Ab
CE
AB
1
Modern telescopes are made so
that f and i to be 100
Distance between stadia lines (S)
multiplied by 100 gives the
distance
A
-Leveling Practical
Profile Leveling
Measurement of height in two positions
Area Leveling
Contouring
Direct
Grid
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