Survey 1( Fundamentals)

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MY SYLLABUS

Fundamental Definitions and Concepts

Linear Measurements

The Compass, Level & Theodolite

LevelingContouring

Calculation of Area

Measurements of Volume

Trigonometric LevelingCurves & Curve Ranging

Transition Curves & Vertical curves


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REFBOOKS

Surveying Vol 1 & 2Surveying Vol 1 & 2byDr. B.C. Punmiah,

Ashok K. Jain &

Arun K. Jain

A Text Book of SurveyingA Text Book of Surveyingby

M.A. Aziz &M. Shahjahan

IT IS ALWAYS BETTER TO FOLLOW 100% CLASS LECTURE


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FUNDAMENTAL

DEFINITIONS ANDCONCEPTS


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Introduction to SurveyingIntroduction to Surveying

Definition of SurveyingDefinition of Surveying

Surveying is the science and art ofSurveying is the science and art of

determining the relative positions of pointsdetermining the relative positions of points

above, on, orbeneath the earths surfaceabove, on, orbeneath the earths surface

and locating the points in the field.and locating the points in the field.


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Phases of the Surveyors WorkPhases of the Surveyors Work

1.1. Decision MakingDecision Making : selecting method, equipment and final: selecting method, equipment and finalpoint locations.point locations.

2.2. Fieldwork & Data CollectionFieldwork & Data Collection : making measurements and: making measurements and

recording data in the field.recording data in the field.3.3. Computing & DataProcessingComputing & DataProcessing : preparing calculations: preparing calculations

based upon the recorded data to determine locations in abased upon the recorded data to determine locations in auseable form.useable form.

4.4. Mapping or Data RepresentationMapping or Data Representation : plotting data to: plotting data toproduce a map, plat, or chart in the proper form.produce a map, plat, or chart in the proper form.

5.5. StakeoutStakeout : locating and establishing monuments or stakes: locating and establishing monuments or stakesin the proper locations in the field.in the proper locations in the field.


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PRIMARY DIVISIONS OFSURVEYPRIMARY DIVISIONS OFSURVEY

Plane SurveyingPlane Surveying : surveying with the reference: surveying with the reference

base for fieldwork and computations are assumedbase for fieldwork and computations are assumed

to be a flat horizontal surface.to be a flat horizontal surface.

Generally within a 12 mile radius the pull of gravity isGenerally within a 12 mile radius the pull of gravity is

very nearly parallel to that at any other point within thevery nearly parallel to that at any other point within the

radius and thus horizontal lines can be consideredradius and thus horizontal lines can be considered

straight.straight.


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Geodetic SurveyingGeodetic Surveying : surveying technique to: surveying technique to

determine relative positions of widely spaceddetermine relative positions of widely spaced

points, lengths, and directions which require thepoints, lengths, and directions which require the

consideration of the size and shape of the earth.consideration of the size and shape of the earth.

(Takes the earths curvature into account.)(Takes the earths curvature into account.)


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CLASSIFICATIONCLASSIFICATION

(Based on nature of Field of Survey)(Based on nature of Field of Survey)

Land SurveyLand Survey:

Topographical SurveyTopographical Survey: collecting data and preparingcollecting data and preparingmaps showing the locations of natural manmaps showing the locations of natural man--made featuresmade featuresand elevations of points o the ground for multiple uses.and elevations of points o the ground for multiple uses.

Cadastral Survey/Boundary SurveyingCadastral Survey/Boundary Surveying : establishing: establishingproperty corners,boundaries, and areas of land parcels.property corners,boundaries, and areas of land parcels.

City SurveyCity Survey: topographic and other surveys for longtopographic and other surveys for long narrow projects associated with Civil Engineeringnarrow projects associated with Civil Engineering

projects.projects. Highways, railroads, pipelines, and transmission lines/Highways, railroads, pipelines, and transmission lines/

Streets, Water Supply, Sewers, .Streets, Water Supply, Sewers, .


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(Based on nature of Field of Survey)(Based on nature of Field of Survey)

Marine or Hydrographic SurveyMarine or Hydrographic Survey:

mapping of shorelines and the bottom ofbodies of water.mapping of shorelines and the bottom ofbodies of water.

Astronomical surveyAstronomical survey:

Determine absolute location and direction of any point,

lines or polygon on the earth surface.


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(Based on Object of Survey)(Based on Object of Survey)

Engineering SurveyEngineering Survey: providing points and elevationsproviding points and elevations

for the building Civil Engineering projects.for the building Civil Engineering projects.

Military SurveyMilitary Survey: Determine points of strategic

importance.

Mine SurveyMine Survey: To explore mineral wealth.

Geographic SurveyGeographic Survey: To determine different strata in

the earths crust.Archaeological SurveyArchaeological Survey: to determine the unearthing

relies of antiquity.


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(Based on Instrument used(Based on Instrument used))

Chain Survey

Thedolite Survey

Traverse SurveyTriangulation Survey

Tachometric Survey

Plane table Survey

Photogrammetric Survey

Aerial survey


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BRIEFHISTORY OFSURVEYINGBRIEFHISTORY OFSURVEYING

1.1. Surveying had its beginning inSurveying had its beginning in Egypt about 1400 BCEgypt about 1400 BC

Land along the Nile River was divided for taxationLand along the Nile River was divided for taxation. Divisions were. Divisions were

washed away by annual floods.washed away by annual floods.

ROPEROPE--STRETCHERS Egyptian surveyors were created to relocate theSTRETCHERS Egyptian surveyors were created to relocate the

land divisions (land divisions (measurements were made with ropes having knots atmeasurements were made with ropes having knots at

unit distancesunit distances).).

Extensive use of surveying in building ofExtensive use of surveying in building ofEgyptian monumentsEgyptian monuments

2.2. Greeks: expanded Egyptian work and developed GeometryGreeks: expanded Egyptian work and developed Geometry..

Developed one of the earliest surveying instrumentsDeveloped one of the earliest surveying instruments DiopterDiopter ((aa

form of levelform of level).).


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3.3. RomansRomans: Developed surveying into a science: Developed surveying into a science

To create theTo create the Roman roadsRoman roads,, water supply linewater supply line, and, and landland

divisiondivision systems.systems.

DevelopedDeveloped several instrumentsseveral instruments

Middle Ages: land division ofMiddle Ages: land division ofRomans continued in Europe.Romans continued in Europe.

QuadransQuadrans square brass frame capable of turning anglessquare brass frame capable of turning angles

up to 90up to 90 and has a graduated scaleand has a graduated scale developed by andeveloped by an

Italian namedItalian namedVonVon PisoPiso..


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5.5. 18th & 19th Century18th & 19th Century in the New World: the need forin the New World: the need for mapping andmapping and

marking land claims causedmarking land claims caused extensive surveying,extensive surveying, especially by the Englishespecially by the English..

1785: United Stated began extensive surveys of public lands into one1785: United Stated began extensive surveys of public lands into one

mile square sectionsmile square sections

30 states surveyed under the U.S. Public Land System30 states surveyed under the U.S. Public Land System

(also called the Rectangular System)(also called the Rectangular System)

1807: United States Geological Survey1807: United States Geological Survey founded to establish anfounded to establish an

accurate control network and mappingaccurate control network and mapping

Famous American SurveyorsFamous American Surveyors:: George Washington,George Washington, Thomas Jefferson,Thomas Jefferson,

George Rogers Clark,George Rogers Clark,Abe LincolnAbe Lincoln and many more.and many more.


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6.6. 2020thth Century and BeyondCentury and Beyond: As technology advanced, population increased,: As technology advanced, population increased,

and land value caused development of licensure for surveyors in alland land value caused development of licensure for surveyors in all

states.states.

Educational requirements for licensure began in the early 1990sEducational requirements for licensure began in the early 1990s

Capable of electronic distance measurement, positioning using globalCapable of electronic distance measurement, positioning using global

positioning systemspositioning systems, construction machine control, and, construction machine control, and lidarlidar

(scanning) mapping(scanning) mapping

Involvement in rebuilding of the infrastructure andInvolvement in rebuilding of the infrastructure and geographicgeographic

information systemsinformation systems (GIS)(GIS)

Shortage of licensed professionals is projected well into the 21Shortage of licensed professionals is projected well into the 21stst

centurycentury


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PRINCIPAL FACTOR S THATINFLUENCE

SURVE Y WORK

Before commencing the work , the surveyor must

consider the following factors:

Purpose of the survey.

Degree of accuracy required for that purpose.

Nature and extent of the country.

The sources of error.

Time available for the field and office work.

The cost of the survey.


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Surveying Metric ConversionSurveying Metric Conversion

1 Foot = 1200 / 3937 meters1 Foot = 1200 / 3937 meters

1 Meter = 3937 / 1200 Survey Feet = 3.28 ft1 Meter = 3937 / 1200 Survey Feet = 3.28 ft

1 inch = 2.54 cm1 inch = 2.54 cm


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Survey 1( Fundamentals)

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