animal bodies chapter 39 organization • constraints on form • surface area-to-volume ratio • levels of organization • cells -- tissues -- organs -- organ systems • Tissue organization • eumetazoa • sponges? • general tissue types: • epithelial • connective • nervous • muscle 5 1 1 6 150 750 125 125 1 6 6 1.2 Total surface area [Sum of the surface areas (height × width) of all boxes sides × number of boxes] Total volume [height × width × length × number of boxes] Surface-to-volume (S-to-V) ratio [surface area ÷ volume] Surface area increases while total volume remains constant epithelial tissue • epithelia • simple • stratified • cell shapes • cuboidal • columnar • squamous • joined by tight junctions • basement membrane connective tissue • connective tissue • types of fibers • collagenous fibers • elastic fibers • reticular fibers
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Surface area increases while total volume remains constant ... · • some invertebrates • smooth muscle • usually involuntary.. • tapered cells homeostasis • homeostatic
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animal bodieschapter 39
organization• constraints on form
• surface area-to-volume ratio• levels of organization