Supporting Self-Regulation and Self-Determination …self-regulationinschool.research.educ.ubc.ca/files/2013/...Supporting Self-Regulation and Self-Determination in School Nancy Perry

Supporting Self-Regulation and Self-Determination in School

Nancy Perry & Gigi HoferUniversity of British Columbia

[email protected]

Agenda• Self-Regulated Learning (SRL) 101

– What is it?– Why is it important?– What can we do to support it in school?

• Self-Determination & Positive Psychology• Next Steps

– Resources– Opportunities

Getting Started

• What does self-regulation mean to you?– What do you know?– What do you wonder?

What is Self-regulation?• Ability to control thoughts and actions to achieve

personal goals and respond to environmental demands (Zimmerman, 2008)

• It involves …– Attending to key features of the environment– Resisting distractions– Persisting when tasks are difficult– Responding appropriately, adaptively, flexibly– Delaying immediate gratification to meet a more

important long-term goal

What Does It Look Like?

Goal Associated With a

Task/Activity

Make a Plan

Enact Tactics/StrategiesMonitor Progress

Make Adjustments

Self-Regulation Cycle

What Do We Regulate?• Makes good judgments about the time it will take to

complete a task.• Makes realistic evaluations of his/her performance.

Cognition & Metacognition

• Enjoys learning new things.• Is willing to try challenging tasks.Motivation

• Is able to talk about feelings or describe emotions.• Copes well with frustration or disappointment.Emotion

• Can manage a set of directions.• Chooses a quiet space to work, free of distractions.Action

Applied to Learning …

Self-Regulated Learning

(SRL)

Cognition & Metacognition

Motivation & Emotion

Strategic Action

Self-Regulated Learning (SRL) reflects independent, academically effective approaches to learning.

Metacognition Self-Awareness Awareness of learning strengths and

weaknesses Task Awareness Ability to analyze the demands of

tasks/activities Strategy Awareness

Knowledge of effective thinking and problem solving strategies to cope with the challenges tasks present

Motivation

Beliefs About Ability

• Fixed or Growth Mindset

Engagement• Focus on personal progress/learning• Willing to try challenging tasks• View errors as opportunities for learning

Empowerment • Agency & Control

Fixed Versus Growth Mindsets

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TTXrV0_3UjY

Carol Dweck. (2006). Mind Set. NY: Random House.

Strategic ActionChoosing from a repertoire of

strategies those best suited to the learning situationApplying strategies effectively and

efficiently

Why Is SRL Important?• Self-regulated learners are successful in and

beyond school. Higher motivation and confidence Productive thinking skills and

strategies(cognition) Task relevant behaviour Achievement

• All students benefit from instructional contexts that support SRL, even students with exceptional learning needs.

• SRL promoting practices prompt teachers to consider the needs of all learners.

When Is SRL Important?

Early Years Middle Years Secondary & Beyond

Across the lifespan

For Early Success in School … Low levels of self-regulation before school predict academic

difficulties in school. Emotional regulation (coping with frustration, persisting) Behaviour regulation (following directions, working independently)

Children with poor regulation have problems with behaviour, completing academic tasks, and relating to peers and their teachers.

Performing well on tasks that require self-regulation predicts early school achievement even more powerfully than IQ scores and knowledge of reading and math.

Successful self-regulation in kindergarten predicts achievement through grade 6.

For Success in Middle Years …

Stage Environment Implications for SRL

Desire for autonomy

Self-consciousness

For Success in Middle Years …

Stage Environment Implications for SRL

Desire for autonomy Tighten control

Self-consciousness Increase social comparison

For Success in Middle Years …

Stage Environment Implications for SRL

Desire for autonomy Tighten control Fewer opportunities

Self-consciousness Increase social comparison

Lower motivation

For Success in Middle Years …

Stage Environment Implications for SRL

Desire for autonomy Tighten control Fewer opportunities

Self-consciousness Increase social comparison

Lower motivation

We need to create environments that are psychologically safe and intellectually challenging—encourage autonomy but provide appropriate levels of support.

See J. Eccles & Colleagues writings on the topic stage-environment fit.

.For Success in High School ….• Learning to take responsibility for their learning

and motivation• Preparing for transitions to work or post-

secondary where they will need to work and learn independently– Learning to grapple with complex tasks – Experiencing learning challenges – challenges are

opportunities to learn to SRL– Applying effort appropriately not just applying more

effort– Recognizing tasks have a bigger purpose, not just

“things the teacher needs to have a grade”

SRL Fits With Personalized Learning …

• I know what I need to do to be successful• I work by myself and with others in inquiry and project-based

learning situationsLearner

• Facilitate my learning opportunities or directly teach what I need to know

•Keep me on track with my plansTeachers

•Where I regularly connect with my teachers and classmates•Where I get the balance of autonomy and structure and the

support I needSchool

How Does Self-Regulation Develop?

• Self-regulation and SRL are influenced by personal and social-contextual factors– Brain and biological development– Temperament– Positive parent-child relationships, and

teacher-child relationships– Authoritative, autonomy supporting

parenting and teaching styles– Effective co-regulation

22

Other Regulation to Self-Regulation

• Of models• Receive vicarious

reinforcement• Requires

discrimination

Observation

• Engage performance• Receive direct/social

reinforcement• Involves stylistic

duplication

Emulation• Reflects mental

representation of processes

• Engage self-reinforcement

• Leads to automatization

Self-Control

•Reflects self-evaluation of performance outcomes

•Demonstrates adaptation in dynamic contexts

Self –Regulation

Adapted from: Zimmerman (2003). Achieving self-regulation: … In Pajares & Urdan (Eds.), Academic motivation of adolescents (Vol. 2). Greenwich, CT: Information Age.

Co-Regulation• Co-regulation is a transitional phase

whereby learners gradually appropriate SRL through, for example, …– Instrumental feedback– Metacognitive and/or motivational prompts

• Co-regulation implies one participant in an interaction has more expertise than another.– teachers– peers– parents

Where Does SRL Break Down?

Self-Regulated Learning

(SRL)

Cognition & Metacognition

Motivation & Emotion

Strategic Action

Where Does SRL Break Down?

Self-Regulated Learning

(SRL)

Cognition & Metacognition

Motivation & Emotion

Strategic Action

Self-awarenessSelf-monitoringTask understanding

Where Does SRL Break Down?

Self-Regulated Learning

(SRL)

Cognition & Metacognition

Motivation & Emotion

Strategic Action

Willingness to try something newor challenging. Attributing successand failure to factors in your control.

Where Does SRL Break Down?

Self-Regulated Learning

(SRL)

Cognition & Metacognition

Motivation & Emotion

Strategic Action

Knowing strategies AND knowing when, where, andhow to use them effectively.

What Derails Self-Regulation?

Based on 100 case studies of post-secondary learners (Butler, 2003)

What Can We Do To Support Self-regulation and SRL At School?

How Can Teachers Support Students’ Active Engagement?

• Consider tasks and students’ task understanding

• Promote student autonomy– Choice– Control over challenge– Student self-assessment

• Provide instrumental support– Teacher– Peer

Task Understanding• Developing an accurate understanding of tasks is

challenging for students.– What’s the purpose?– How is it structured? – What are its components?– How do I feel about it?– What are my learning strengths and weaknesses in relation to it?– Do I know strategies that help me complete it?

• Task understanding is important for SRL and success.

What Is Self-Regulation In “Kid Friendly” Terms?

• As part of her learning team project, Kelsey asks: How can we define self-regulation in “kid friendly terms?” How can we help them (her grade 1, 2, 3 students) to understand it?

Kelsey Keller, Baker Drive Elementrary,Coquitlam

What Is Self-Regulation In “Kid Friendly” Terms?

What Is Self-Regulation In “Kid Friendly” Terms?

• As part of her learning team project, Kelsey asks: How can we define self-regulation in “kid friendly terms?” How can we help them (her grade 1, 2, 3 students) to understand it?I have to admit I’m pretty

thrilled to see my students taking ownership … taking pride in their SR … being so

honest and self-aware of their needs.

Check Task Understanding

Explicit

• Instructions• Information

in available materials

Implicit

• Purpose• Standards for

success

Contextual

• Knowledge of a domain

• Strategies for help-seeking or collaborating

Hadwin, Oshige, Miller, Fior, & Tupper, 2008

Where does Self-Regulation Break Down? Knowledge of and Control over StrategiesFor Studying

“I read it over once and hope to retain it”

For Reading“[I] just reread and reread and reread”“I just read and ... hope I get it”

For Learning Math

“If I don’t understand something I’ll keep going over it till I do”

“[I] read, use rules, find a reasonable answer, cheat”“If I am using them [strategies], I’m not aware of it”

For Writing

“I write my thoughts as they flow through my mind, in sentences.”“I write down my point and at the end I have a mess.”

(Butler, 1995)

Knowing What Strategies Work Best

• To study for a test …– I concentrate on the things

that are easy.– I read quickly through my

materials twice.• To write a summary

– Before I write, I read the text as many times as possible.

– I try to copy out accurately as many sentences as possible.

• To study for a test …– I review material that is

relevant and challenging and – I discuss topics on the test

with other people.• To write a summary …

– I read through the text, underlining the most important sentences. Then I write the summary.

– I carefully check whether the most important facts in the text are represented in the summary.

PISA 2009

Knowing What Strategies Work Best

• To study for a test …– I concentrate on the things

that are easy.– I read quickly through my

materials twice.• To write a summary

– Before I write, I read the text as many times as possible.

– I try to copy out accurately as many sentences as possible.

• To study for a test …– I review material that is

relevant and challenging and – I discuss topics on the test

with other people.• To write a summary …

– I read through the text, underlining the most important sentences. Then I write the summary.

– I carefully check whether the most important facts in the text are represented in the summary.

Surface Deep

PISA 2009

Be Strategic

• Four SRL profiles (Butler et al., 2011)–Actively engaged–Disengaged–Actively inefficient–Passively efficient

Be Strategic

• Four SRL profiles (Butler et al., 2011)* Actively engaged–Disengaged–Actively inefficient–Passively efficient

Choices• Choices can include:

– What to work on– What materials to use– Where to work– Who to work with

• Choices that promote SRL invite students to consider the demands of tasks and reflect on their learning strengths and weaknesses, then take responsibility for learning (e.g., by making plans and monitoring progress).

• Choices are motivating; when students have choices they are more likely to predict a positive outcome and increase effort and persist longer when difficulties occur.

Challenge• Tasks that are moderately challenging are best

for promoting SRL– Not too easy —> Boring– Not too difficult —> Frustrating

• Giving students choices often creates opportunities for them to control challenge

• What if students make poor academic choices?– Choices can have constraints– Model and teach good decision-making– Provide feedback about choices made

Self-AssessmentSelf-assessment …• Promotes metacognition (includes monitoring)

• Should …– Be embedded in day-to-day activities– Emphasize process as well as products– Celebrate progress– Help students interpret errors as opportunities to learn

• Reduces anxiety that often accompanies assessment; learners perceive they have a say in the assessment process —> willingness to try challenging tasks because the cost of errors is small

Secondary Example: Supporting Self-Assessment & Strategy Revision

Peer Support for Regulation

Jennifer-Leigh Gould, Director of Education

“Peer-to-Peer Education Program (P-PEP)http://www.whitecrowvillage.org/education/for_children_youth.html

Jennifer’s Research

• Purpose– To study regulation in school-age

children/youth with FASD in naturalistic social situations

• Strategy– To observe youth (12-17 years old) as they

plan and produce a series of educational and promotional videos

Example

See video:

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=P9nL6tZI8BU&list=PL6C087DB84D8EA953&index=2&feature=plpp_video

Reflect …

• What have you learned?

•What more do you want to know?

•What questions do you have for me now?

Resources

http://srlcanada.ca

http://srlcanada.ca

http://bctf.ca/publications/NewsmagArticle.aspx?id=29340

Available at Amazon.ca for $24

… effective strategies for optimizing what K–12 students learn by improving how they learn … easy-to-implement assessment tools, teaching techniques and activities, and planning aids … numerous whole-class ideas and suggestions … how to differentiate instruction for students with learning or attention difficulties … reproducibles are included …

Available at Amazon for $36

… step-by-step detail … research-based framework … how executive skills develop in children and are used in everyday life--from the self-regulation required for responsible behavior to the planning and initiation abilities needed to complete homework on time … includes over a dozen reproducible assessment tools, checklists, and planning sheets

Carol Ann Tomlinson

Upcoming Opportunities

http://pdce.educ.ubc.ca/connecting-self-regulation-to-learning-in-bc-schools/

Building Supports for Inquiry-Based Professional Learning

SRL MEd Program Proposed start: Jan 2014

SRL Inquiry HubProposed start: Sept 2013

For more information see: http://pdce.educ.ubc.ca/

http://self-regulationinschool.research.educ.ubc.ca/research/pro

moting-positive-outcomes/

References• Perry, N. E., Phillips, L. & Hutchinson, L. (2006). Mentoring student teachers to support self-

regulated learning. Elementary School Journal, 106, 237-254.• Woolfolk, A. & Perry, N. E. (2012). Child and Adolescent Development. Boston: Pearson

Education.• Zimmerman, B. J. (2003). Achieving regulation: The trial and triumph of adolescence. In F.

Pajares & T. Urdan (Eds.), Academic motivation of adolescents (Vol. 2, pp. 1-27). Greenwich, CT: Information Age.

• Zimmerman, B. J. (2008). Investigating self-regulation and motivation: Historical background, methodological developments, and future prospects. American Educational Research Journal, 45, 166-183.