Supporting Communication for Adults With Chronic Aphasia Excerpt

7/21/2019 Supporting Communication for Adults With Chronic Aphasia Excerpt

1/29


2/29

Xerfes Emftdrs7M`vfm Z. Jeuceoi`b

G`bfhe H. Ofant

Xuppdrtfba Hdiiubfh`tfdbkdr @muots wftn @hute`bm Hnrdbfh @pn`sf`


3/29

@osd fb tne@uaiebt`tfve bm @oterb`tfve Hdiiubfh`tfdb Xerfes7

]r`bsftfdb Xtr`teafes kdr @mdoeshebts `bm Vduba @muots Qnd Use @@H

emftem jy M`vfm J. IhBùantdb, \n.M.,`bm M`vfm Z. Jeuceoi`b, \n.M.

@utfsi Xpehtrui Mfsdrmers `bm @@H

emftem jy \`t Ifrebm`, \n.M.,`bm ]eres` F`hdbd, \n.M.

\r`htfhòoy Xpe`cfba7 O`bauàe, Ofter`hy, `bm

@h`meifh Meveodpiebt kdr Xtumebts wftn @@H Beems

emftem jy Aodrf` Xdtd, \n.M., `bmH`rdoe W`ba`rf, \n.M., HHH-XO\


4/29

Xuppdrtfba Hdiiubfh`tfdbkdr @muots wftn @hute`bm Hnrdbfh @pn`sf`

emftem jy

Bfb` Xfiidbs-I`hcfe, \n.M., JH-@BHMX

Xdutne`sterb Odufsf`b` Ubfversfty

Guof` I. Cfba, \n.M.

Ubfversfty dk QfshdbsfbXtevebs \dfbt

`bm

M`vfm Z. Jeuceoi`b, \n.M.Ubfversfty dk Bejr`sc`Ofbhdob

J`otfidre Odbmdb Xymbey


5/29

\`uo N. Jrddces \ujofsnfba Hd.

\dst Dkffhe Jdx 05-


6/29

v

Hdbtebts

Xerfes \rek he ...............................................................................................................vffXerfes Emftdrs `bm Emftdrfò @mvfsdry Jd`rm .............................................................vfff

@jdut tne Emftdrs .........................................................................................................fx@jdut tne Hdbtrfjutdrs ................................................................................................xfKdrewdrm @umrey O. Ndoo`bm................................................................................xv

@hcbdwoemaiebts .................................................................................................... xvff

0 Xuppdrtfba Hdiiubfh`tfdb7 Fiprdvfba tne Experfebhe dk Ofvfbawftn @pn`sf`

Guof` I. Cfba, Bfb` Xfiidbs-I`hcfe, `bm M`vfm Z. Jeuceoi`b.......................0

: Krìewdrcs kdr I`bàfba Hdiiubfh`tfdb Xuppdrt kdr \edpoewftn @pn`sf`

Bfb` Xfiidbs-I`hcfe .........................................................................................00

8 Hdiiubfh`tfdb Xuppdrts

Guof` I. Cfba .........................................................................................................50

= Xuppdrtfba Hdiiubfh`tfdb wftn ]ehnbdodayGuof` I. Cfba .........................................................................................................18

5 Xtàfba Hdiiubfh`tfdb Xuppdrts @hrdss tne Neòtn H`reHdbtfbuui

Bfb` Xfiidbs-I`hcfe .........................................................................................66

; @ssess kdr Xuhhess7 Evfmebhe kdr ]ner`peutfh @ssessiebt

Mejdr`n Nersn, Ofbm` Qdrròo, Zdjyb DNòodr`b, Cyo` Jrdwb,

Jrddce Ardnb, `bm @iy M. Zdmrfauez............................................................. 0=5

1 Fbtear`tfba Hdiiubfh`tfdb Xuppdrts fbtd @pn`sf` Fbtervebtfdbfb Fbp`tfebt `bm Dutp`tfebt Zen`jfoft`tfdb

Crfsty X.E. Qefssofba `bm Gumy N`rvey.............................................................. 0;5

> Fbtear`tfba Hdiiubfh`tfdb Xuppdrt fbtd @pn`sf` Ardup]re`tiebt

Zdjert` G. Eoi`b `bm Eofz`jetn Nddver ...........................................................0>6

6 Hdiiubfh`tfdb Xuppdrt kdr Everym`y Ofke Xftu`tfdbs

Bfb` Xfiidbs-I`hcfe `bm Guof` I. Cfba.........................................................::0


7/29

vf Hdbtebts

0< Xuppdrtfba Hdiiubfh`tfdb wftn \`rtber ]r`fbfba

G`hqueofbe G. Nfbhcoey, B`t`ofe I. Mduao`s, Z`hneo @. Adkk, `bmErofbe [. B`c`bd ................................................................................................:=5

00 Dbadfba I`b`aeiebt `bm I`fbt`fbfba Hdiiubfh`tfdb Xuppdrt

B`bhy J. @o`rhdb ...............................................................................................:15

0: Hdiiubfh`tfdb @hhess, Zfants, `bm \dofhfes

Gebbfker Ndrber ..................................................................................................8


8/29

vff

Xerfes \rek`he

]ne purpdse dk tne @uaiebt`tfve `bm @oterb`tfve Hdiiubfh`tfdb Xerfesfs td `m-mress `mv`bhes fb tne ffeom `s tney reo`te td fssues experfebhem `hrdss tne ofke sp`b.E`hn vdouie fs rese`rhn j`sem `bm pr`htfhò, prdvfmfba up-td-m`te `bm ardubm-jre`cfba fbkdri`tfdb db rehebt sdhfò, iemfhò, `bm tehnbfhò meveodpiebts. E`hnhn`pter fs mesfabem td je ` met`foem `hhdubt dk ` spehfffh fssue. ]d neop ebsure `mfverse exìfb`tfdb dk ùaiebt`tfve `bm òterb`tfve hdiiubfh`tfdb (@@H) fssues,`b emftdrfò `mvfsdry jd`rm `ssfsts fb seoehtfba tdpfhs, vdouie emftdrs, `bm ùtndrs.\rdifbebt shndo`rs, represebtfba ` r`bae dk perspehtfves, serve db tne emftdrfòjd`rm sd tn`t tne idst pdfab`bt `mv`bhes fb tne stumy dk @@H `re sure td jeexpodrem.

Fb tne jrd`mest sebse, tne hdbhept dk @@H fs qufte dom. Aesturò hdiiubfh`-tfdb `bm dtner types dk jdmy o`bauàe n`ve jeeb wfmeoy `mmressem fb tne ofter`ture`jdut hdiiubfh`tfdb kdr nubmrems dk ye`rs. Dboy rehebtoy, tnduan, n`s tne ffeomdk @@H eieraem `s `b `h`meifh mfshfpofbe tn`t fbhdrpdr`tes ar`pnfh, ùmftdry, `bmaesturò idmes dk hdiiubfh`tfba. ]ne serfes hdbhebtr`tes db `hnfevfba spehfffhadòs. E`hn vdouie met`fos tne eipfrfhò ietndms usem td mesfab @@H systeis kdrjdtn meshrfptfve ardups `bm kdr fbmfvfmuòs. Jy tr`hcfba tne `mv`bhes fb ietndms,hurrebt rese`rhn, pr`htfhe, `bm tnedry, we wfoo òsd meveodp ` jrd`m `bm evdoutfdb-`ry meffbftfdb dk tnfs bew mfshfpofbe.

I`by re`sdbs kdr est`jofsnfba tnfs serfes exfst, jut kdreidst n`s jeeb tne bui-jer `bm mfversfty dk tne pedpoe wnd `re `kkehtem jy @@H fssues. @@H hdbsuiers`bm tnefr kìfofes, speehn-o`bauàe p`tndodafsts, dhhup`tfdbò tner`pfsts, pnysfhòtner`pfsts, e`roy hnfomnddm emuh`tdrs, aeberò bm spehfò emuh`tdrs, shnddo psyhndo-dafsts, beurdodafsts, bm prdkessfdbòs fb ren`jfoft`tfve iemfhfbe bm ebafbeerfba oojebefft krdi rese`rhn `bm `mv`bheiebts fb tne ffeom. Ofcewfse, @@H beems `re bdtmeofbe`tem jy spehfffh àe p`rìeters3 pedpoe dk òo àes wnd n`ve meveodpieb-tò `bm `hqufrem mfs`jfoftfes reoy db @@H. @pprdprf`te fbtervebtfdbs kdr fbmfvfmuòs`hrdss ` wfme r`bae dk mfs`jfoftfes `bm oeveos dk severfty iust je hdbsfmerem.

Kubmìebtòoy, tne ffeom dk @@H fs prdjoei mrfveb. Qe, tne ieijers dk tneemftdrfò `mvfsdry jd`rm, `bm òo prdkessfdbòs fb tne ffeom `re memfh`tem td sdovfbaprdjoeis fb drmer td fiprdve tne ofves dk pedpoe wftn mfs`jfoftfes. ]ne fb`jfofty tdhdiiubfh`te ekkehtfveoy fs mev`st`tfba. @s we hnrdbfhoe tne `mv`bhes fb tne ffeom dk

@@H, we ndpe td systei`tfhòoy mfsi`btoe tne j`rrfers tn`t prevebt ekkehtfve hdi-iubfh`tfdb kdr òo fbmfvfmuòs.


9/29

vfff

Xerfes Emftdrs

M`vfm Z. Jeuceoi`b, \n.M.

\rdkessdrMep`rtiebt dk Xpehf`o Emuh`tfdb `bm

Hdiiubfh`tfdb MfsdrmersUbfversfty dk Bejr`sc`Ofbhdob:85>8

G`bfhe H. Ofant, \n.M.

\rdkessdrMep`rtiebt dk Hdiiubfh`tfdb Xhfebhes

`bm Mfsdrmers]ne \ebbsyov`bf` Xt`te Ubfversfty:01 Iddre JufomfbaUbfversfty \`rc, \ebbsyov`bf` 0;>


10/29

fx

Bfb` Xfiidbs-I`hcfe, \n.M., JH-@BHMX, \rdkessdr `bm Xhndo`r fb Zesfmebhe,Mep`rtiebt dk Hdiiubfh`tfdb Xhfebhes `bm Mfsdrmers, Xdutne`sterb Odufsf`bÙbfversfty, 5>< Bdrtnwddms Mrfve, @jft` Xprfbas, Odufsf`b` 18

Mr. Jeuceoi`b fs ` speehn-o`bauàe p`tndodafst wnd spehfòfzes fb ùaiebt`tfve`bm oterb`tfve hdiiubfh`tfdb bm hdiiubfh`tfdb mfsdrmers ssdhf`tem wftn pnysf-hò `bm beurdodafhò hdbmftfdbs. Ne fs tne J`rcoey \rdkessdr dk Hdiiubfh`tfdbMfsdrmers `t tne Ubfversfty dk Bejr`scÒfbhdob. Ne fs ` sebfdr rese`rhner fb ]neFbstftute kdr Zen`jfoft`tfdb Xhfebhe `bm Ebafbeerfba `t I`mdbb` Zen`jfoft`tfdb

Ndspftò fb Ofbhdob, Bejr`sc`, bm fs p`rtber fb tne Zen`jfoft`tfdb Ebafbeerfba bmZese`rhn Hebter kdr Hdiiubfh`tfdb Ebn`bheiebt tn`t fs kubmem jy tne B`tfdbò

@jdut tne Emftdrs


11/29

Fbstftute db Mfs`jfofty `bm Zen`jfoft`tfdb Zese`rhn. Mr. Jeuceoi`b fs hd`utndr dk@uaiebt`tfve `bm @oterb`tfve Hdiiubfh`tfdb7 Xuppdrtfba Hnfomreb `bm @muots

wftn Hdipoex Hdiiubfh`tfdb Beems, Kdurtn Emftfdb (wftn \. Ifrebm`3 \`uo N.Jrddces \ujofsnfba Hd., :


12/29

xf

@jdut tne Hdbtrfjutdrs

B`bhy J. @o`rhdb, I.X., HHH-XO\, JH-@BHMX,Xebfdr Oehturer bm Hofbfh Mfrehtdr,Mep`rtiebt dk Xpeehn `bm Ne`rfba Xhfebhes, Ubfversfty dk Q`snfbatdb, 0=01 BE=:bm Xtreet, Xe`ttoe, Q`snfbatdb 6>0


13/29

xff @jdut tne Hdbtrfjutdrs

Z`hneo @. Adkk, I.X., HHH-XO\, Xpeehn-O`bauàe \`tndodafst `bm MdhtdròH`bmfm`te, Mep`rtiebt dk Hdiiubfh`tfdb Xhfebhes, Ubfversfty dk Xdutn Kodrfm`,=:8

Is. N`rvey fs ` mdhtdrò h`bmfm`te fb hdiiubfh`tfdb mfsdrmers `t tne Ubfversfty dkBejr`scÒfbhdob. Ner rese`rhn fbterests fbhoume fbtervebtfdb kdr fbmfvfmuòs wftn`hqufrem jr`fb fbgury.

Mejdr`n Nersn, \n.M., @ssdhf`te \rdkessdr fb Xpeehn \`tndoday, Xhnddo dk\syhndoday `bm Xdhfò Xhfebhe, Emftn Hdw`b Ubfversfty, :1< Gddbmòup Mrfve,

Gddbmòup, Qesterb @ustròf` ;


14/29

@jdut tne Hdbtrfjutdrs xfff

Eofz`jetn Nddver, I.X., HHH-XO\, JH-@BHMX(@), Hofbfh`o @ssfst`bt \rdkessdr,Mep`rtiebt dk Xpeehn bm Ne`rfba Xhfebhes, Jdstdb Ubfversfty, ;85 Hdiidbwe`otn

@vebue, Jdstdb, I`ss`hnusetts


15/29

xfv @jdut tne Hdbtrfjutdrs

X`r`n ]`yodr, J.X.,Xpeehn-O`bauàe \`tndoday Ar`mu`te Xtumebt, Mep`rtiebt dkXpehfò Emuh`tfdb `bm Hdiiubfh`tfdb Mfsdrmers, Ubfversfty dk Bejr`scÒfbhdob,80> J`rcoey Ieidrfò Hebter, Ofbhdob, Bejr`sc` ;>5>8

Is. ]`yodr rehefvem ner J.X. mearee krdi Ubfversfty dk Bejr`scÒfbhdob bm fs hur-rebtoy hdipoetfba ner I.X. mearee krdi tne sìe ubfversfty. Ner kuture po`bs fbhoumest`rtfba ` h`reer fb tne iemfhò settfba `bm pursufba ` mdhtdrò mearee.

H`r` Uooi`b, I.@.,Zese`rhn ]ehnbdoday Xpehfòfst/Zese`rhn Hddrmfb`tdr, Ubfver-sfty dk Bejr`scÒfbhdob, 00= J`rcoey Ieidrfò Hebter, Ofbhdob, Bejr`sc` ;>5>8

Is. Uooi`b n`s wdrcem fb rese`rhn kdr idre tn`b 0: ye`rs fb jdtn shfebtfffh bm p-pofem rese`rhn prdarìs. Ner rese`rhn fbterests `re speehn shfebhe `bm mfsdrmeremidtdr speehn.

Crfsty X.E. Qefssofba, XO\.M., HHH-XO\,@ssfst`bt \rdkessdr dk \r`htfhe, Mep`rtiebtdk Xpehfò Emuh`tfdb bm Hdiiubfh`tfdb Mfsdrmers, Ubfversfty dk Bejr`scÒfbhdob,:11 J`rcoey Ieidrfò Hebter, \dst Dkffhe Jdx >85>8

Mr. Qefssofba fs ` hofbfhò supervfsdr `t tne J`rcoey Xpeehn-O`bauàe `bm Ne`rfbaHofbfh `t tne Ubfversfty dk Bejr`scÒfbhdob. Ner rese`rhn `bm te`hnfba fbterestsfbhoume pn`sf`, hdabftfve-hdiiubfh`tfdb mfsdrmers, bm uaiebt`tfve bm oterb`-tfve hdiiubfh`tfdb.

Ofbm` Qdrròo, JXp]ny, \n.M., \rdkessdr, Xhnddo dk Neòtn `bm Zen`jfoft`tfdbXhfebhes, ]ne Ubfversfty dk Pueebso`bm, Xt. Ouhf`, POM =


16/29

xv

@jdut :< ye`rs `ad (o`te 066


17/29

xvf Kdrewdrm

C`a`b `bm Xfiidbs-I`hcfe (:


18/29

xvff

@hcbdwoemaiebts

Qe memfh`te tnfs jddc td tndse fbmfvfmuòs wftn `pn`sf` `bm tnefr kìfofes wndn`ve hdoo`jdr`tem wftn us tnrduan tne ye`rs `s, tdaetner, we n`ve oe`rbem td hdi-iubfh`te fb w`ys tn`t suppdrt tnefr p`rtfhfp`tfdb fb `re`s dk ofke tn`t `re fipdrt`bttd tnei. Fb `mmftfdb, we tn`bc tne ùtndrs kdr tnefr dbadfba hdbtrfjutfdbs td tneffeom dk `pn`sf`.

Jdtn emftdrs `bm ùtndrs rehefve tne suppdrt dk dur àebhfes, ubfversftfes, `bmiemfhò hebters td prdvfme hdiiubfh`tfdb servfhes td tndse wftn ubiet hdiiubf-h`tfdb beems mue td pn`sf`. Qe hcbdwoemae tne hdiiftiebt tn`t tnese dra`bfz`-tfdbs n`ve sndwb `bm hdbtfbue td sndw.

Kfbòoy, we `pprehf`te tne suppdrt dk \ùo N. Jrddces \ujofsnfba Hd. Kdr tnfsjddc, we tn`bc @strfm Wuhceri`b, Xus`b Nfoos, `bm G`bet Qenber.


19/29


20/29

0

Xuppdrtfba Hdiiubfh`tfdb

Fiprdvfba tne Experfebhe dk Ofvfba wftn @pn`sf`

Guof` I. Cfba, Bfb` Xfiidbs-I`hcfe, `bm M`vfm Z. Jeuceoi`b

0

Qe jeafb tnfs jddc jy hdbsfmerfba wn`t ft ie`bs td ofve wftn `pn`sf`. Krdi tne

perspehtfve dk tne persdb wftn `pn`sf`, `pn`sf` h`b je ` summeb `bm krfantebfbahn`bae tn`t ebaebmers m`foy struaaoes td hdiiubfh`te, perkdri `htfvftfes, i`fbt`fbreo`tfdbsnfps, bm p`rtfhfp`te fb k`vdrem sftu`tfdbs bm evebts. Krdi tne perspehtfvedk kìfoy ieijers, `pn`sf` fs dkteb `b fbhdiprenebsfjoe hn`bae fb tnefr odvem dbetn`t `kkehts tnefr reo`tfdbsnfps, m`y-td-m`y `htfvftfes, rdoes, `bm eveb sebse dk weoo-jefba. Krdi tne perspehtfve dk tne speehn-o`bauàe p`tndodafst (XO\), `pn`sf` h`bje ` hnòoebafba `bm hdipoex `hqufrem mfsdrmer dk o`bauàe tn`t hòos kdr prdkes-sfdbò cbdwoemae, scfoo, `bm hdip`ssfdb.

]ne XO\, tne kìfoy, `bm tne persdb wftn `pn`sf` gdfb tdaetner fb ` gdurbey me-sfabem td fiprdve hdiiubfh`tfdb. ]ne uotfi`te adò fs kdr òo hdbherbem td ffbm `

w`y td kdster suhhesskuo ofke wftn `pn`sf` (Jdoes, :


21/29

: Cfba, Xfiidbs-I`hcfe, bm Jeuceoi`b

F w`ce up e`roy `bm ebgdy iy usuò td`st `bm hdkkee wnfoe w`thnfba tne bews

db ][. ]dm`y tney `re repdrtfba db tne Doyipfhs. Xuhn fipressfve yduba pedpoe!

F espehfòoy ofce wneb tnere `re pfhtures `bm vfmeds td i`thn tne stdry. ]n`t reòoy

neops tne stdrfes hdie òfve kdr ie.

Iy pndbe pfbas. Fts ` iessàe krdi ]emmy, iy ar`bmsdb7 Ifss ydu, Ifis.Xuhn ` sweet jdy. F beem td e-i`fo nfi tdm`y. Dn, `bm oddc! Neres ` pndtd dk Hr`fa

`bm Ndooy wftn tne h`ptfdb Kub, kub, kub! ]ne pfhture fs t`ceb db ` hrufse snfp. F fp

tnrduan tne pndtds tney n`ve jeeb sebmfba krdi tnefr hrufse v`h`tfdb fb tne H`rfj-

je`b. Fts are`t td je `joe td ceep fb tduhn tnfs w`y.

Oets see wn`t F n`ve fb iy m`y po`bber kdr tdm`y. Dn me`r! ]neres iy jddc

houj stfhcer tn`t sndws F n`ve jddc houj `t :7


22/29

Xuppdrtfba Hdiiubfh`tfdb 8

dbe dk tne jddc houj ieijers, n`s sb`ppem tnfs pndtd dk ie e`rofer tdm`y. F text

nfi7 Bdydu kubby.

]ne o`bmofbe rfbas. F mdbt rehdabfze tne hòoer FM. F `bswer7 Neood. Fs tnfs Irs.

J`cer4 Ves. @ jrfsc vdfhe jeafbs td spe`c qufhcoy7 ]nfs fs Mr. \nfojerts dkffhe. Qe

beem td `rr`bae `b `ppdfbtiebt kdr bext weec. Mr. Xub w`bts Mr. \nfojert td n`ve` oddc `t tn`t idoe. Qe ifant beem td t`ce ` jfdpsy. Qe n`ve Idbm`y `t =705 dr

Qembesm`y `t 67=5. Md eftner dk tnese tfies wdrc4 F ì dverwneoiem wftn wdrms.

F n`ve bd fme` wnd tnfs fs dr wn`t tney `re tòcfba `jdut. F struaaoe7 ` ` ` Bd``

IeUn. F ar`j iy iessàe rehdrmer bext td tne pndbe, press tne spe`cer juttdb

db iy pndbe, `bm nft tne po`y juttdb db tne rehdrmer. Ndooys vdfhe s`ys, \oe`se je

p`tfebt. F n`m ` strdce `bm n`ve `pn`sf`.F n`ve trdujoe ubmerst`bmfba `bm tòcfba.

\oe`se spe`c sodwoy `bm `sc ie yes dr bd questfdbs.

Eosfe J`cer ofves wftn `pn`sf`. @otnduan ner ofke hn`baem `kter tne dbset dk

`pn`sf` bm sne stfoo ebhdubters mfkffhuotfes wftn hdiiubfh`tfdb, fbtear`tfdb dk hdi-iubfh`tfdb suppdrts tn`t k`hfoft`te ner p`rtfhfp`tfdb fb everym`y `htfvftfes òodwsEosfe td ofve fbmepebmebtoy, ebgdy ofke, `bm ceep fb tduhn wftn kìfoy `bm krfebms.Ietndms dk suppdrtfba hdiiubfh`tfdb tn`t ifant je fbkerrem krdi Eosfes stdry `remeshrfjem fb met`fo tnrduandut tnfs jddc. Xuhn ietndms prdvfme ndpe kdr ` bew,tnduan mfkkerebt, w`y dk ofvfba ofke wftn `pn`sf`.

Xn`rfba tne Mehfsfdb

Iy wfke `bm F n`ve òw`ys i`me mehfsfdbs tdaetner tn`t n`ve `kkehtem

dur kìfoy. F bever reòfzem ndw fipdrt`bt tn`t hdoo`jdr`tfdb w`s ubtfo we experf-ebhem ` iemfhò hrfsfs. Dbe idrbfba, F kdubm iy wfke oyfba db tne ddr ub`joe td

spe`c. Xne w`s rusnem td dur odhò ndspftò, wnere F w`s tdom tn`t sne n`m ` strdce,

prdj`joy wftn `pn`sf`. F w`s presebtem wftn tne hndfhe dk twd mfkkerebt strdce

hebters fb dur reafdb. F i`me tne mehfsfdbs jehùse F mfm bdt cbdw ndw td fbhoume

iy wfke fb tne mehfsfdb-i`cfba prdhess. @kter ` kew m`ys, ner neòtn st`jfofzem, `bm

we n`m td mehfme wnere sne wduom ad kdr fbp`tfebt ren`jfoft`tfdb. F kdubm iyseok

tòcfba td tne mdhtdrs `jdut dur dptfdbs3 iy wfke `ppe`rem td ofsteb, jut sne w`s

hoe`roy bdt p`rt dk tne mfshussfdb. @ kew m`ys e`rofer, F n`m jeeb tùant ndw td use `

wrftteb hndfhe str`teay wneb hdiiubfh`tfba wftn ner. F wduom sodwoy wrfte mdwb tne

fipdrt`bt wdrms dk ` questfdb dr st`teiebt `bm tneb wrfte ` wdrm dr pnr`se td rep-resebt tne dptfdbò `bswers tn`t sne ifant wfsn td hdiiubfh`te. Xd, tn`t `kterbddb,

F s`t db tne emae dk ner jem `bm wrdte mdwb tne hndfhes tn`t n`m jeeb presebtem

td us jy tne iemfhò st`kk. Db ` sep`r`te pàe, F wrdte tne bìes dk tne ren`jfoft`-

tfdb hebters `bm tneb, wftn ` wdrm dr twd, ofstem pdsftfves `bm bea`tfves `ssdhf`tem

wftn e`hn hebter `s F spdce tne iessàes. Iy wfke bdmmem `s F wrdte `bm spdce

tne hndfhes, `bm tneb sne pdfbtem td tne wrftteb wdrms `bm pnr`ses wftn ner oekt,

bdbp`ròyzem, n`bm. F sodwoy tòcem `jdut dur dptfdbs `s sne pdfbtem. Fb tfie, sne

turbem j`hc td tne fbftfò pàe, `bm F re`m tne bìes dk tne ren`jfoft`tfdb hebters `s

F pdfbtem td e`hn bìe. Xne oddcem tnduantkuooy `t ie `bm tneb oddcem j`hc `t tne

bdtejddc `bm t`ppem severò tfies db wn`t `ppe`rem td je ner ffrst hndfhe. F `scem


23/29

= Cfba, Xfiidbs-I`hcfe, bm Jeuceoi`b

` hdbffrifba questfdb, `bm sne pdfbtem td ner ffrst hndfhe à`fb. F keot tn`t sne n`m

truoy jeeb p`rt dk tne mehfsfdb-i`cfba prdhess.

Zese`rhn suaaests tn`t pedpoe wftn `pn`sf` w`bt td je `joe td p`rtfhfp`te fb

hdiiubfh`tfdb bdt dboy jdut tnefr j`sfh beems jut osd jdut tnefr dpfbfdbs, tnefrkeeofbas, bm tnefr fme`s3 tney osd w`bt fbkdri`tfdb jdut tnefr mfàbdsfs bm v`fo-`joe servfhes (Qdrròo et ò., :


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fba persdbòoy reoev`bt stfiuof murfba b fbtervebtfdb sessfdb tn`t kdhusem db restdr-fba o`bauàe. Jy suppdrtfba hdiiubfh`tfdb, Ir. Xiftn hduom pr`htfhe ie`bfbakuo

wdrms tn`t hduom je usem murfba ùtnebtfh hdiiubfh`tfdb exhn`baes fb tne kuture.@osd, Ir. Xiftn hduom idre re`mfoy rehdabfze tne vòue `bm purpdse dk o`bauàe

tner`py jehùse tne t`scs were i`me reoev`bt td nfs m`foy ofke.

Afvfba tne Bews

]nere `re ` v`rfety dk sdhfò a`tnerfba po`hes fb dur hdiiubfty. Xdie

pedpoe ieet `t j`rjer sndps, hdkkee nduses, `bm h`kes. Iy krfebm prekers tne odhò

hdbvebfebhe stdre. Fb tne idrbfba, ne w`fts kdr tne bewsp`per td je meofverem.

Qftn nfs addm n`bm, ne huts pfhtures, ne`mofbes, `bm stdrfes dut dk bewsp`pers

`bm ià`zfbes. Ne puts tnei fb ebveodpes fbsfme dk ` jà tn`t ne h`rrfes dver nfs

snduomer. Nfs XO\ hòos tnei reib`bts.Fb tne idrbfba, iy krfebm wòcs ` hdupoe

dk jodhcs krdi nfs ndie td tne stdre `bm n`s ` hup dk hdkkee. Ne sfts `t nfs k`vdrftespdt jy tne wfbmdw `bm puts nfs bewest `bm idst pdpuo`r reib`bts db tne t`joe.

Qneb krfebms `bm `hqu`fbt`bhes hdie kdr tnefr hdkkee, tney w`ve `bm s`y nf jut

sdietfies tney stdp kdr ` wnfoe `bm `sc fk ne n`s `by bews `jdut tdpfhs suhn `s tne

`reb` prdgeht, tne kddtjòo teì, dr tne rdjjery `t ` odhò hnurhn. Ne mfas tnrduan

nfs stukk `bm sndws tnei wn`t ne n`s. Ne òsd h`rrfes ` hdiiubfh`tfdb jddc `bm `

bdtep`m fb nfs jà td suppdrt nfs ofiftem spdceb o`bauàe `bm wrftfba. @kter ne n`s

ffbfsnem hdbversfba wftn krfebms, ne `scs tnei td sfab nfs vfsftdr oda sd tn`t ne h`b

sndw nfs wfke wnd vfsftem wftn nfi tn`t m`y. @t ndie, nfs wfke `scs wn`t tdpfh nfs vfsf-

tdrs were idst fbterestem fb tn`t m`y td suppdrt hdbtfbuem hdbvers`tfdb jetweeb

tne twd dk tnei. Iy krfebm `bm nfs wfke `re tnfbcfba `jdut aettfba `b f\`m wftn tneUX@ ]dm`ybewsp`per `ppofh`tfdb (`pp). ]nfs `pp prdvfmes iuotfpoe bews stdrfes,

e`hn wftn `b `hhdip`byfba pfhture. ]ne ofift`tfdb fs tn`t tne stdrfes `re b`tfdbò,

bdt odhò stdrfes. Ndwever, nfs odhò bewsp`per fs prdvfmfba idre `bm idre eoeh-

trdbfh `hhess td `rtfhoe suii`rfes wftn pfhtures. @htuòoy, ne te`ses nfs krfebms `t tne

hdbvebfebhe stdre tn`t idre `bm idre dk tnei `re aettfba idjfoe tehnbdoday, suhn

`s si`rtpndbes `bm t`joet hdiputers, sd tn`t tney h`b n`ve pfhtures td neop tnei

hdiiubfh`te. Fk ne mehfmes td aet nfs dwb idjfoe tehnbdoday, F po`b td hdbt`ht tne

odhò p`per `jdut fbhoumfba reoev`bt pfhtures fb eveb idre dk fts eoehtrdbfh `rtfhoe

suii`rfes.

Hdiiubfh`tfdb suppdrts, suhn `s reib`bts `bm `pps, `re dptfdbs tn`t sdiepedpoe wftn `pn`sf` ffbm neopkuo kdr p`rtfhfp`tfba fb mesfrem `htfvftfes wftn krfebms,suhn `s tòcfba `jdut odhò evebts. @s mepfhtem fb tne h`se stumy, bew hdiiubfh`-tfdb suppdrts re hdbtfbuòoy expodrem bm hdbsfmerem s hn`baes dhhur (e.a., jetterpfhtures db odhò bewsp`per wej sfte). Fb dtner wdrms, fbtear`tfba pprdprf`te bmsuhhesskuo hdiiubfh`tfdb suppdrts fs ` mybìfh prdhess.

Qn`t Mdes ]nfs Ie`b4

F ì ` =1-ye`r-dom idtner dk twd teebàers `bm w`s gust tdom tn`t iyk`tner n`s prfi`ry prdaressfve `pn`sf` (\\@). Iy sfjofbas `bm F cbew sdietnfba w`s


25/29

; Cfba, Xfiidbs-I`hcfe, bm Jeuceoi`b

adfba db wftn M`m jehùse ne w`s n`vfba mfkffhuoty tnfbcfba dk tne wdrms ne w`btem

td s`y `bm struaaoem wftn ubmerst`bmfba us fb bdfsy sftu`tfdbs. Qe rehebtoy bdtfhem

tn`t nfs speoofba w`s aettfba wdrse. Iy sfjofbas `bm F tddc turbs t`cfba M`m td mdh-

tdrs. @kter 6 idbtns `bm i`by `ppdfbtiebts, we rehefvem tne mfàbdsfs dk \\@

krdi ` beurdodafst wnd spehfòfzes fb meaeber`tfve hdbmftfdbs. Jekdre we oekt tne`ppdfbtiebt, tne mdhtdrs `ssfst`bt suaaestem tn`t we hdbsuot wftn `b XO\ fb dur

ndietdwb. F n`m bd fme` wnere td st`rt. F re`m `jdut tne mfàbdsfs dk \\@ db tne

Fbterbet, jut F stfoo n`m sd i`by questfdbs `jdut wn`t tnfs ifant ie`b kdr iy m`ms

kuture `s weoo `s ifbe7 Mdes ne n`ve meiebtf`4 Qfoo ne kdraet ie `bm tne cfms4 Qfoo F

beem td stdp wdrcfba `bm h`re kdr iy m`m fb `mmftfdb td iy respdbsfjfoftfes wftn iy

dwb hnfomreb4 H`b F n`bmoe nfi fb iy ndie4 Qfoo ne beem td ofve fb ` bursfba ndie4

F hòoem iy addm krfebm G`be, wnd fs `b XO\ fb tne odhò shnddo mfstrfht, td see

wnetner sne hduom neop ie ffbm sdie `bswers td iy questfdbs. G`be suaaestem

tn`t F hòo odhò ndspftòs `bm dutp`tfebt hofbfhs td see wnetner `by dk tne XO\s n`m

experfebhe wdrcfba wftn pedpoe wftn \\@. F kdubm `b experfebhem dutp`tfebt XO\`bm shnemuoem `b evòu`tfdb `ppdfbtiebt `kter aettfba ` rekerrò krdi iy m`ms

prfi`ry h`re pnysfhf`b. Jekdre tne `ppdfbtiebt, tne XO\ hòoem ie `bm `scem ie

sdie questfdbs `jdut iy m`m. Xne w`btem td cbdw wn`t questfdbs F n`m, ndw iy

m`m w`s hurrebtoy hdiiubfh`tfba (`bm ndw tn`t w`s mfkkerebt krdi fb tne p`st), wn`t

ne ofcem td tòc `jdut, wnere ne hdiiubfh`tem, ndw ne hdiiubfh`tem (e.a., teoe-

pndbe, heoo pndbe, e-i`fo), `bm wnd nfs hdiiubfh`tfdb p`rtbers were. Murfba tne

evòu`tfdb sessfdb, tne XO\ `bswerem tne questfdbs tn`t iy m`m `bm F n`m `jdut tne

mfàbdsfs reo`tem td hn`baes fb hdiiubfh`tfdb. Xne òsd prdvfmem us wftn resdurhes

td oe`rb idre `jdut `pn`sf`. Xne expo`fbem tn`t ner fbtervebtfdb `pprd`hn w`s

td suppdrt hdiiubfh`tfdb sd tn`t M`m hduom p`rtfhfp`te fb tne `htfvftfes tn`t `refipdrt`bt td nfi bdw `bm dver tfie. Qe meveodpem ` po`b kdr perfdmfh kdoodw-up `s

we mfshussem tne pdssfjfofty tn`t dtner `spehts dk hdiiubfh`tfdb ifant beem td je

suppdrtem fb tne kuture `s tne \\@ prdaresses.

F tnfbc tne po`b kdr iy m`m i`ces sebse jehùse ft `mmresses nfi `s ` persdb.

F cbdw iy m`m n`s ` odt td meò wftn bdw tn`t we cbdw wn`t fs n`ppebfba iemf-

hòoy, jut, sfbhe tne evòu`tfdb sessfdb wftn tne XO\, ne n`s oddcem n`ppfer `bm n`s

st`rtem usfba sdie dk tne suppdrt str`teafes. Ne fs hdiiubfh`tfba wftn nfs ar`bm-

hnfomreb vf` e-i`fo à`fb, ne `bswers tne pndbe wneb F hòo nfs ndie, `bm ne eveb

`ttebmem nfs idbtnoy Dptfifst Houj oubhnedb `kter ifssfba tne p`st ; idbtns. Ne fs

shnemuoem td ieet wftn tne XO\ twfhe ` idbtn td meveodp `bm oe`rb bew str`teafes,revfse hurrebt str`teafes, `bm ebsure tn`t òo nfs hdiiubfh`tfdb beems `re jefba

`mmressem. Eftner iy jrdtner dr F `ttebm tne speehn-o`bauàe fbtervebtfdb sessfdbs

wftn M`m td oe`rb ndw we h`b jest suppdrt hdiiubfh`tfdb. Xd k`r, we n`ve oe`rbem

str`teafes kdr ndw td `sc jetter questfdbs, ofsteb `bm je p`tfebt, `bm use djgehts fb

tne ebvfrdbiebt td suppdrt dur iessàes. Qe òsd mfshuss `by bew `re`s dk beem

wftn tne XO\ td prdjoei-sdove ndw jest td suppdrt hdiiubfh`tfdb wftn M`m.

Iy teebàers n`ve eveb bdtfhem ` mfkkerebhe wneb tney vfsft iy m`m td i`ce

sure tne hdiputer fs wdrcfba prdperoy, t`ce nfi ardhery sndppfba, `bm wdrc db tne

prdgeht h`r fb tne a`ràe. ]ney s`y tn`t ne fs wfoofba td ad idre po`hes `bm fs fbter-

`htfba wftn tnei idre. M`m eveb `scem tne cfms fk ne hduom t`ce tnei dut td oubhnjekdre sndppfba tnfs weec. Ne n`m mfkffhuoty tnfbcfba dk tne bìe dk tne restùr`bt


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ne w`btem td ad td, sd tne cfms puooem dut tne pndbe jddc, `bm M`m pdfbtem td nfs

hndfhe fb tne restùr`bt sehtfdb dk tne yeoodw pàes.

]wd idbtns àd F `scem, Qn`t mdes tnfs ie`b4 F bdw n`ve `bswers td tn`t

questfdb. @ mfàbdsfs dk \\@ ie`bs tn`t iy m`m n`s `pn`sf` tn`t wfoo fbhre`se fb

severfty dver tfie. Idre fipdrt`bt, F oe`rbem wn`t ft ie`bs kdr iy m`m `bm iy kì-foy. F bdw cbdw ndw we h`b suppdrt nfi td st`y ebaàem fb nfs ofke kdr `s odba `s pds-

sfjoe sd tn`t ne h`b hdbtfbue td je ` m`m, ` ar`bmp`, `bm `b dptfifst.

Xuppdrtfba hdiiubfh`tfdb fbvdoves ieetfba `b fbmfvfmuòs hdiiubfh`tfdbbeems `t tne presebt tfie `s weoo `s po`bbfba kdr tne kuture. Kdr pedpoe wftn \\@,tne dutp`tfebt XO\ fs dkteb tne ffrst ren`jfoft`tfdb prdkessfdbò tney ieet jehùsetney `re bdt ndspftòfzem dr fb beem dk tner`py krdi dhhup`tfdbò `bm/dr pnysfhòtner`py `s fb tne h`se dk `pn`sf` krdi ` strdce. Kdr tnfs i`b wftn \\@, tne fbftfòhdiiubfh`tfdb suppdrts meveodpem td k`hfoft`te p`rtfhfp`tfdb fb mesfrem `htfvftfes

fbhoumem emuh`tfdb, p`rtber tr`fbfba, `bm tne hre`tfdb dk fbmfvfmuòfzem hdiiubf-h`tfdb str`teafes `bm tehnbfques. @s wftn òo meaeber`tfve hdbmftfdbs, ` iehn`bfsiiust je fb po`he kdr odba-teri kdoodw-up td `mgust suppdrts `bm ieet kuture beems.

Bd Xuppdrts kdr Nfom`

F iet Nfom` `jdut ; ye`rs `kter ner strdce. Xne meidbstr`tem òidst

bd kubhtfdbò speehn `bm w`s k`hfba ` tr`bsftfdb krdi ofvfba `t ndie td `b `ssfstem

ofvfba k`hfofty. Nfom`s nusj`bm `bm `muot mùanter n`m servem `s ekkehtfve, weoo-

tr`fbem ofstebers kdr ner. Ndwever, wftn tne me`tn dk ner nusj`bm, ofvfba `t ndie w`s

bd odbaer `b dptfdb kdr Nfom`. ]d suppdrt ner hdiiubfh`tfdb fb tne `ssfstem ofvfbak`hfofty, F rehdiiebmem tn`t sne use hdiiubfh`tfdb suppdrt str`teafes wftn wnfhn

sne hduom teoo stdrfes, `bswer premfht`joe questfdbs, hdiiubfh`te `jdut ner h`re

beems, `sc questfdbs tn`t wduom ebhduràe fbter`htfdb wftn dtners, `bm p`rtfhfp`te

fb rehre`tfdbò `htfvftfes wftnfb tne k`hfofty. Nfom` sndwem hdbsfmer`joe fbterest fb

tnese hdiiubfh`tfdb str`teafes, jut `kter `jdut ` idbtn, ner mùanter `scem td

tòc wftn ie. Xne fbmfh`tem tn`t sne w`s very krustr`tem wftn tnfs hdiiubfh`tfdb

`pprd`hn jehùse sne keot tn`t F n`m afveb up db tner`py td rehdver kubhtfdbò

speehn. F pdfbtem dut tn`t Nfom` w`s òidst 1 ye`rs pdststrdce, tn`t ner ofiftem

rehdvery mfm bdt jdme weoo kdr kuture rehdvery, `bm tn`t tne uphdifba hn`bae fb

resfmebhe reòoy kdrhem us td t`ce ` bew `pprd`hn fbvdovfba extebsfve hdiiubfh`-tfdb suppdrt. @t tn`t pdfbt, Nfom`s mùanter, wnd n`m pdwer dk `ttdrbey, wftnmrew

ner idtner krdi iy fbtervebtfdb `bm refbftf`tem tner`py kdhusem db tne rehdvery dk

spdceb o`bauàe wftn `bdtner tner`pfst. Xeverò ye`rs o`ter, tne mùanter hdbt`htem

ie td fbmfh`te tn`t sne n`m i`me ` ifst`ce fb ner e`rofer mehfsfdb jut tn`t ft w`s

very n`rm td afve up db tne rehdvery dk spdceb o`bauàe `kter òo tne ye`rs dk kdhus-

fba db tn`t adò.

\edpoe wftn `pn`sf` `bm tnefr kìfoy ieijers wduom ofce hdiiubfh`tfdb tdreturb td pre`pn`sf` oeveoskdr tne odvem dbe td je `joe td tòc à`fb `bm td hdi-

iubfh`te usfba spdceb o`bauàe. Ft fs mfkffhuot td premfht tne extebt dk o`bauàerehdvery murfba tne e`roy pn`ses dk `pn`sf` fbtervebtfdb3 ndwever, wdrcfba db


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> Cfba, Xfiidbs-I`hcfe, bm Jeuceoi`b

hdiiubfh`tfdb suppdrt h`b je tne cey td prdidtfba sdhfò p`rtfhfp`tfdb `bm suh-hesskuo duthdies. ]nfs stdry nfanofants tne beem td `ssfst pedpoe wftn `pn`sf` `bmtnefr kìfoy ieijers td prep`re tneiseoves td fbhdrpdr`te hdiiubfh`tfdb suppdrtstnrduandut tne pn`ses dk rehdvery sd tn`t tney wfoo je re`my td use tnese str`teafes

td suppoeiebt spdceb o`bauàe wneb tne beem `rfses.

MEKFBFBA @\N@XF@

@pn`sf` fs meffbem fb textjddcs `s `b `hqufrem o`bauàe mfsdrmer `ssdhf`tem wftnmìàe td tne jr`fb (e.a., M`vfs, :


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jy `pn`sf` requfres oddcfba `t tne wndoe persdb. ]nfs vfew fbhoumes meterifbfbandw p`rtfhfp`tfdb fb mesfrem htfvftfes n`s jeeb dr ifant je kkehtem jy tne o`bauàefip`friebt. ]ne kdhus dk tnfs jddc fs db suppdrtfba tne persdb wftn `pn`sf` fb òo`spehts dk hdiiubfh`tfdb krdi tne m`y dk dbset tnrduan hnrdbfh stàes. ]ne fbter-

vebtfdb `pprd`hn met`foem nere `mmresses tne ubfque `spehts dk e`hn persdb wftn`pn`sf` `s tney idve krdi dbe fbtervebtfdb settfba td `bdtner `s weoo `s jeydbmfbtervebtfdb.

MEKFBFBA HDIIUBFH@]FDB XU\\DZ]

]ne kdhus dk tnfs jddc fs db hdiiubfh`tfdb suppdrt kdr pedpoe wftn `pn`sf`.Hdiiubfh`tfdb suppdrt fs meffbem jrd`moy `s `bytnfba tn`t fiprdves `hhess td drp`rtfhfp`tfdb fb hdiiubfh`tfdb, evebts, dr `htfvftfes. Xuppdrt fbhoumes str`teafes,i`terfòs, dr resdurhes tn`t `re usem jy tne persdb wftn `pn`sf` dr jy dtners wndhdiiubfh`te wftn pedpoe wftn `pn`sf`. Ft fbvdoves idmfffh`tfdbs fb tne ebvfrdb-iebt `rdubm tne persdb wftn `pn`sf` dr idmfffh`tfdbs td `htfvftfes fb wnfhn pedpoeebaàe. Ft òsd fbhoumes suppdrtfve `ttftumes tn`t kdster hdiiubfh`tfve p`rtfhfp`tfdb(see Jdx 0.:). Kfbòoy, suppdrt fbhoumes pdofhfes bm pr`htfhes dk aebhfes bm fbstftu-tfdbs tn`t kdster hdiiubfh`tfve suhhess.

]ne beem kdr hdiiubfh`tfdb suppdrt fs expressem jy Idbfh` Ho`rce, tne wfkedk ` i`b wftn `pn`sf`. Xne wrdte `jdut meveodpfba ` ietndm dk hdiiubfh`tfba

wftn ner nusj`bm7

Gdnb `bm F st`rtem prdgeht hòoem \fhtures Xpe`c, te`hnfba dtners ndw td suppdrt hdi-iubfh`tfdb fk tnefr wdrc fbvdoves pedpoe wftn hdiiubfh`tfdb mfkffhuotfes. Qe bdtfhemtn`t pedpoe fb wneeohn`frs re afveb wneeohn`fr rìps td use, jut we osd bdtfhem tn`t

n`rmoy ever fs sdiedbe wftn ` hdiiubfh`tfdb mfkffhuoty afveb ` hdiiubfh`tfdb rìp.]nfs fs ubk`fr `bm ubequò. (Ho`rce & Ho`rce, :


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0< Cfba, Xfiidbs-I`hcfe, `bm Jeuceoi`b

nusj`bm severò suppdrt str`teafes kdr idre ekkehtfveoy i`bàfba suhn everym`yhdiiubfh`tfdb htfvftfes, Hòofe repdrtem tn`t ner hdiiubfh`tfdb fiprdvem bm nerhdbffmebhe w`s jdosterem. ]ne experfebhes dk tnese twd fbmfvfmuòs `bm tne prfdrstdrfes prdvfme `b fbtrdmuhtfdb td tne adò dk tnfs jddc7 td prdidte tne fbtear`tfdb

dk hdiiubfh`tfdb suppdrt fbtd tne ofves dk pedpoe wftn `pn`sf` krdi `hute dbsettnrduan hnrdbfh stàes dk `pn`sf`.

HDBHOUXFDB

@pn`sf` fs dbe dk tne oe`st ubmerstddm hdiiubfh`tfdb mfsdrmers jy tne aeberòpujofh. \edpoe wftn `pn`sf` repdrt jefba tre`tem `s fk tney n`ve `b fbteooehtuò mfs-`jfofty suhn `s meiebtf` dr ` ne`rfba odss `s pedpoe sndut `t tnei. Hofbfhf`bs n`venfstdrfhòoy vfewem pn`sf` s o`bauàe fip`friebt wftndut hdbsfmerfba tne ekkehtdb tne persdbs p`rtfhfp`tfdb `bm quòfty dk ofke pdstdbset. ]nfs jddc dutofbes `bmmfshusses `b `pprd`hn td `pn`sf` fbtervebtfdb tn`t suppdrts hdiiubfh`tfdb krditne dbset. Qe jeafb jy prdvfmfba ` r`tfdbòe kdr tnfs `pprd`hn, expo`fbfba ietndmstn`t suppdrt hdiiubfh`tfdb, wftn hdbsfmer`tfdbs kdr mfkkerebt stàes dk fbtervebtfdb`s weoo `s pdstfbtervebtfdb. Xpehfffh types dk suppdrt reo`tem td `pn`sf` ardups `bmp`rtber tr`fbfba `re mfshussem fb sep`r`te hn`pters. Kfbòoy, fssues reo`tem td `pn`sf``mvdh`hy `bm oeaò rfants `re presebtem.

ZEKEZEBHEX

Jùi, H.I. (:

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