D. MacLean, G. Forbes, K. Frego, M. Roberts, T. Erdle (UNB); M-A. Villard & M. Béland (U. de M.); C. Samson (Parks Can.) ; B. Wagner, J. Wilson (U. Maine); + 13 graduate students Supported by Sustainable Forest Mgmt. Network, J.D. Irving, Ltd., Fundy Model Forest, Alberta SRD, NSERC
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Supported by Sustainable Forest Mgmt. Network, J.D. Irving, Ltd., …€¦ · Sig. implics. for mgmt. designed to maintain static proportions of MW and SW stands: Amos-Binks, MacLean,
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D. MacLean, G. Forbes, K. Frego, M. Roberts, T. Erdle (UNB); M-A. Villard & M. Béland
(U. de M.); C. Samson (Parks Can.) ; B. Wagner, J. Wilson (U. Maine); + 13 graduate students
Supported by Sustainable Forest Mgmt. Network, J.D. Irving, Ltd., Fundy Model
Forest, Alberta SRD, NSERC
CIF/SFMN National Electronic Lecture Oct. 2009 MacLean 2
“empower the forest manager” as decision maker active partnership of researchers & forest managers◦ regular 2-way communication & 2-way education
Key elements:◦ managers involved in project selection/ design/
proposal creation◦ company buy-in/ vested interest from the outset◦ monitor/evaluate research project progress (regular
graduate student updates to FRAC)◦ funding leverage – multiplies company research funds◦ requires company research involvement/ effort
CIF/SFMN National Electronic Lecture Oct. 2009 MacLean 3
(a) elucidate successional dynamics and habitat value of 3 key stand types (natural MW, PL, PCT);
(c) ecologically-relevant definition of MW based on stand dynamics and habitat relationships;
(d) forest estate modeling of zoning alternatives & bioenergy production capacity, & social, economic, environmental implications
CIF/SFMN National Electronic Lecture Oct. 2009 MacLean 4
Successional dynamics of MW stands1. Luke Amos-Binks. Temporal changes in species
composition of mixedwood stands in northwest New Brunswick: 1946-2008
2. Amanda Colford-Gilks. Effects of spruce budworm outbreaks on stand dynamics of balsam fir-TH & red spruce-TH
3. Bruno Chicoine. Natural regeneration in TH & MW after partial cutting
PCT & biodiversity4. Keri LaFrance. Effects of PCT on herbaceous plants5. Amy Witkowski. Effects of PCT on forest bryophytes6. Julie Henderson. Effects of PCT on small mammals
Studies I will discuss today
13 Graduate student projects at UNB, UdeM
CIF/SFMN National Electronic Lecture Oct. 2009 MacLean 5
Key stand structures & biodiversity7. Pascale Forget. Influence of stand and landscape
structure on American marten8. Matt Smith. Effects of fragmentation on northern flying
squirrel in southern NB9. Aurore Pérot. Density as an indicator of habitat quality10. Samuel Haché. Mechanisms underlying Ovenbird
response to single-tree selection harvesting11. Jean-François Poulin. Brown Creeper response to
experimental selection harvesting
Effect of alternative zoning allocations12. Jean-François Carle. Bioenergy production from
Crown land in New Brunswick13. Chris Ward. Forest zoning scenarios on a Crown
license in New Brunswick
13 Graduate student projects at UNB, UdeM
CIF/SFMN National Electronic Lecture Oct. 2009 MacLean 66
CIF/SFMN National Electronic Lecture Oct. 2009 MacLean 7
1) Determine patterns of change in species composition across a gradient of softwood/hardwood composition
2) Relate patterns of change to past disturbance and subsequent stand growth response
7
1. Luke Amos-Binks, UNB (MacLean)
CIF/SFMN National Electronic Lecture Oct. 2009 MacLean 8
All unharvested 1946-2009 Photo interpreted each stand in 50 x 50 m grid in 4
years: 1946, 1966, 1982, 2006
5 stand development patterns identified based on1) 1946 SW content (70-80%, termed SW versus 30-60%,
termed MW), and 2) 1946-2006 change in SW content: SW-stable, SW-
declining; MW-fluctuating, MW-stable, or MW-declining)
CIF/SFMN National Electronic Lecture Oct. 2009 MacLean 99
+
+
● - -
-●
+ - -
●
●
- ● ●
• 32 stands
individual plotsSW–stable MW–fluctuating
MW–stable MW–declining SW–declining
+ increase− decrease ● no change
1. Luke Amos-Binks, UNB (MacLean)
CIF/SFMN National Electronic Lecture Oct. 2009 MacLean 1010
1. Luke Amos-Binks, UNB (MacLean)
Stand development class
1946-1966 1966-1982 1982-2006
Cha
nge
in C
over
(%)
CIF/SFMN National Electronic Lecture Oct. 2009 MacLean 1111
Reductions in softwood coverIncrease in hardwood cover
Reductions in hardwood coverIncrease in softwood cover
1. Luke Amos-Binks, UNB (MacLean)
1946-1966 1966-1982 1982-2006
Cha
nge
in C
over
(%)
CIF/SFMN National Electronic Lecture Oct. 2009 MacLean 12
Spruce budworm• 1950’s• 1970’s/1980’s
Other Disturbances• Wind• Birch dieback
Stand response• Ecosite
12
Growth Analyses Tree Cores
• ~ 1000 cores• rS, wS, bF, yB, sM, rM
Stand origin and intervening disturbances
Growth loss and growth releases
CIF/SFMN National Electronic Lecture Oct. 2009 MacLean 1313
SW–stable MW–fluctuating MW–stable
MW–declining SW–declining
CIF/SFMN National Electronic Lecture Oct. 2009 MacLean 1414
Host – Non host growth relationships
SBW outbreaks
SW–stable
MW–fluctuating
MW–stable
MW–declining SW–declining
CIF/SFMN National Electronic Lecture Oct. 2009 MacLean 15
1. Species composition very changeable over 60 yrs, SW change +18% to -62%
2. 1946-66 canopy reduction -- bF mortality due to old age & SBW outbreak, plus birch dieback
3. SW-stable stands (+7%) had more rS than other classes, where SW declined by 15-47%
4. SW-declining stands on southerly aspects & higher mean elevations (423 m)
5. bF-TH MW naturally transitional due to disturbance & silvics – MW HW
6. Sig. implics. for mgmt. designed to maintain static proportions of MW and SW stands
Amos-Binks, MacLean, Wilson & Wagner 2009. Can. J. For. Res. accepted
CIF/SFMN National Electronic Lecture Oct. 2009 MacLean 16
Pre-commercial thinning study PCT vs. unthinned control sites 3 age classes: 5, 10, 20 yrs post treatment Trapped small mammals → abundance Measured ground vegetation and stand
structures
CIF/SFMN National Electronic Lecture Oct. 2009 MacLean 17
A ControlA PCT
Treatment
5 10 20
5.00
6.00
7.00
8.00
Num
ber o
f spe
cies
]
]
]
]
]
]
A
A
A
A
A
A
a) Species richness
5 10 20
0.55
0.60
0.65
0.70
0.75
Even
ness
]
]
]
]] ]
A
A
A
A
AA
b) Species evenness
5 10 20
1.00
1.20
1.40
Shan
non-
Wie
ner d
iver
sity
inde
x
] ]
]
] ]
]
A
A
A
A
A
A
c) Shannon-Wiener diversity index
5 10 20
0.50
0.60
0.70
Sim
pson
's in
dex
of d
iver
sity
]]
]
] ]
]
A
A
A
A
A
A
d) Simpson's index of diversity
2. Keri LaFrance, UNB (Roberts)a) Number of species b) Species evenness
ControlPCT
Age Class, yrs5 10 20
0.50
1.00
1.50
2.00
2.50
Mea
n co
ver C
WD
(%)
]
]
]
]
]
]
A
A
A
A
A
A
c) CWD
A ControlA PCT
Treatment
5 10 202.00
3.00
4.00
5.00
6.00
Mea
n sl
ash
cove
r (%
)
]
]
]
]
]
]
A
A A
AA
A
a) Slash cover
5 10 20
c) Slash coverd) Coarse woody debris
5 10 20
PCT
CIF/SFMN National Electronic Lecture Oct. 2009 MacLean 18
Sorensen SI=0.7447PCT: n=244
C: n=247
3. Amy Witkowski, UNB (Frego)
M.Pokorski
Leafy liverwort on CWD
sampling 1m2 quadrat
Bryophytes (non-vascular plants) % cover by species & substrate
Environmental chars., disturbance, tree species, CWD
CIF/SFMN National Electronic Lecture Oct. 2009 MacLean 19
Control stand more deciduous leaf litter lower bryo cover, confined to elevated coarse wood
PCT stand more bryo cover, but low
diversity (common perennials)
light beyond tolerance for CWD-associated spp.
A. Witkowski A. Witkowski
3. Amy Witkowski, UNB (Frego)
CIF/SFMN National Electronic Lecture Oct. 2009 MacLean 20
Control standhigher bryophyte coverovergrowing broadleaf litter
A. Witkowski
PCT stand bryophytes colonizing
coarse wood... perhaps due to reduced light
A. Witkowski
3. Amy Witkowski, UNB (Frego)
CIF/SFMN National Electronic Lecture Oct. 2009 MacLean 21
abundance of pygmy shrews higher in 5 yr abundance of deer mice lower in 5 yr abundance of red-backed voles higher in
control and 10 yrRare species: - Smoky shrew (72% of captures in control)- Maritime shrew (90% of captures in 5 yr)
4. Julie Henderson, UNB (Forbes)
CIF/SFMN National Electronic Lecture Oct. 2009 MacLean 22
1. Analyzing effects of the major silvicultural treatment in NB, which covers large proportion of natural regen
2. No major effects of PCT on ground vegetation, bryophytes, small mammals observed
3. Stand development with aging stronger effect than treatment
~$1.00-$3.00/m3 increase in harvest costs with more non-clearcut harvest
43Chris Ward, UNB
Results & significance:
“what if” analyses on a 400,000 ha landbase
Simultaneous increase of reserve and plantationsallowed maintenance of average SQ harvest level
Natural disturbance-based harvest
Assumed maintenance of non-timber values Risky? Costly Need to know more
44Chris Ward, UNB
CIF/SFMN National Electronic Lecture Oct. 2009 MacLean 45
Knowledge gained from cooperative research is used to: trigger analyses to quantify baseline situation and/or prepare
forecasts of future forest conditions to compare to proposed targets
initiate review of how JDI inventories certain habitat features and stratifies the forest inventory
formulate new management strategies, objectives, targets and measures
formulate Best Management Practices for implementation in the field
come up with new research questions include an issue as a new significant environmental impact in
the JDI Environmental Management System
Gaetan Pelletier, J.D. Irving, Limited
CIF/SFMN National Electronic Lecture Oct. 2009 MacLean 46
Now in a position to evaluate changes made at landscape level for several indicators plus compare with future conditions
Elaborate on the ground BMP’s for critical habitat structures
New Inventory standards were developed to measure habitat and structure
Prepared more sophisticated objectives, targets, & measures for next forest mgmt. plan:1. Cover type distribution - Min. area key veg. communs. (HW, Ce, MW)2. Define max. area in plantations3. Patch size distribution – more sophisticated than 60ha max.4. Mixedwood objectives5. Old Forest Types - target levels for various old habitat types6. Looking at modeling tree size distributions across the landscape
Gaetan Pelletier, J.D. Irving, Limited
CIF/SFMN National Electronic Lecture Oct. 2009 MacLean 47
Rare Plant Habitat
Pre-Screening Program
Gaetan Pelletier, J.D. Irving, Limited
47
CIF/SFMN National Electronic Lecture Oct. 2009 MacLean 48
1. How do intensively managed stands contribute to habitat and biodiversity?
2. What role do mixedwood stands play in terms of diversity and habitat?
3. What do we know about the stand dynamics under a natural disturbance regime?
4. What is the importance of the context within which stands occur throughout the landscape?
Being addressed via a new 2009-2014 $700,000 JDI-NSERC approved research project (12 researchers & new grad students at UNB & UdeM)
Gaetan Pelletier, J.D. Irving, Limited
CIF/SFMN National Electronic Lecture Oct. 2009 MacLean 4949
1. 2-panel, 500 word posters in District offices What’s the problem, what
was done, what was found, what does is mean?
2. Science Forum for staff3. “Irving Research Notes”
newsletter in newspapers throughout NB
CIF/SFMN National Electronic Lecture Oct. 2009 MacLean 50
Effective industry/researcher partnerships◦ Industry co-funding of projects/ grad students◦ Regular communication – bi-annual meetings◦ Company commitment; 5-6 staff attend◦ Grad student pres. to FRAC, valuable feedback
Researcher collaboration with industry/gov’t to make a real-world difference