Supplementation & Feeding of Game - Senwes · Nutrients for Horn Formation • Amino Acids Sulphur containing ams microbial protein

Supplementation & Feeding of Game

Ulrich Müller, Voermol Feeds

Traditional >>> Modern

Prof W. Van Hoven

• 1960 3 private game ranches. • 2014 20m ha, 70% private ownership • Increase in demand & drastic increase in prices Buffalo R18m 2011 >>> R42m 2014 • R10b to GDP • Growth in turnover over past 15 years 20.3% p.a.

Dr G. Dry, WRSA

Traditional >>> Modern

Modern Game Farming - fences - intensive & more species - game is moved - tourism - hunting; meat, trophy - commercial pressure - breeding projects; Buffalo, Sable, Roan, ... - better utilization of biomass - marginal land

Modern Game Farming

Feeding & supplementation becomes

general practice &

is important

COMPLICATED

- specie differences - vegetation types / condition - stocking rates - feed selection & intake - measurements/evaluation - parasites, diseases - very little research - perception’s - “clean” image

Dr M. Clauss (2000)

RUMINANT

• Four stomachs Rumen, reticulum, omasum & abomasum • Utilize urea (NPN) • Digest fiber • Produce B vitamins

RUMEN

• In symbiosis with micro-organisms • Regular supply of nutrients Protein, energy, minerals, trace minerals

• Anaerobic environment • Constant temperature 38 - 42°C

• pH around 6.5 • Constant movement

grass

longish, fibre-like particles

“fibre mat”: large particles of low density

small particles of high density

gas layer

liquid layer

The stratification of rumen contents

Dr M. Clauss, 2000

SUPPLEMENTATION

The feeding of small amounts

to grazing livestock

Principles

- supplement the limiting nutrient season / grazing - improve utilization of grazing - improve production

Soil eating (Geophagia)

Often due to mineral deficiency e.g. Na; Mg; P; S; Cu; Co and Mn

McDowell, 2003; Kreulen & Jager, 1984

Salt (NaCl)

• Requirement 9.0mg/kg BW (Robbins, 1993) • Na deficiency widespread; Cl not. • Toxicity is reached at 4% of diet (NRC, 2005) • Rock salt • Water

Tend to have negative effect on the intake of supplements

Phosphorus (P)

• Natural grazing deficient • Production growth, fertility • P is unpalatable • Best source: MCP / P21 & P acid • Other sources: DCP / P18, bone meal

Supplement with trace minerals !

Green gazing: Phosphorous (P)

Phosphate Block

Rumevite P6 / P12 Superfos

“By correct supplementation the

estimated NE value of low quality roughages can be increased by up to 34%”

- Todorov, Zagdsuren, Tserendulam & Badam, 1983.

Protein

Important for growth & lactation

Game Block 15% prot.; urea free all species

Protein Block 28% prot.; 7.82% urea

safe for all game Ekonolek 24% prot.; urea

safe for all game

Dry grazing: Protein

Feeding of Game

- Captivity - Small area’s - Boma’s - Breeding project’s - Drought

Feeding of Game

Ruminate Feed Other Wild 1/3 1/3 1/3 Captivity less less more

“trouble in the morning effects the whole day”

“normally selects feed item with highest energy content”

Dr M. Clauss, 2000

FIBRE

Digestible fibre – source of energy Given as maximum % crude fibre 200g/kg High fibre >>> low energy

lignin adf ndf

Trophy ?

Trophy

• Allow young males to reach maturity • ±5 – 10% reach trophy quality • Optimal age about 5 years

Balanced nutrition can speed-up process

Balanced Nutrition

Horn Formation

• Complex process • Formation of keratins

Nutrients for Horn Formation

• Amino Acids Sulphur containing ams microbial protein • Calcium Ca:P sometimes too wide • Zinc (Zn) component in 200+ enzymes organic Zn • Copper (Cu) activation of enzymes • Selenium (Se) excessive supplementation could

be problematic • Vit. A • Biotin

Biotin

• Vit. H or B7 • Promotes healthy skin, eyes, hair and liver • NB in keratinisation process • Ruminants produce B-vitamins ... Biotin grains >>> Low pH >>> deficiency • Same for Vit. B1, Thiamine

Lucerne hay

• Can replace browse need to select • Wastage ±50% other species • Feed in racks or nets • Low in P & high in Ca availability of P >3:1 • Supplement • Careful .... could be costly cost of nutrients

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0 5 10 15 20 25Crude protein (% dry matter)

Solu

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carb

ohyd

rate

s (%

dry

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ter) Grass/Lucerne

BrowseDomestic pelletsGame pellets3 brands

Nutrient composition

Dr M. Clauss (2000)

maintenance

Lucerne

Voermol Game Pellet

Voermol Game Pellet

Organic Zn, Mn, Cu & Se

Energy TDN 65% ME 9.8MJ/kg

Recommendation

feed at 1% of body weight

recommended intake 150g – 250g /50kg body weight

feed ad libitum

Home Mixing • Reduce costs • Use self produced ingredients • Pellets ±8% Molasses meal • Complete / Maintenance 30% - 40% hay • Supplementary feed 15% - 30% hay • Quality of ingredients • Peanut hay mould, Aflatoxin’s • Balanced Prot, energy, Min, trace min, vit. ....

Feeds Protein Fibre TDN P Min, trace

min, Vit A % % % %

Game Pellets 14 16 62 - 68 0.30 Drought Pellets 10 20 55 0.20

Lucerne hay 15 30 56 0.26 Maize meal 8.5 4 82 0.25 Molasses meal 4 10 67 0.07 Super 18 18* 10 65 0.60 * 4.54% urea

Improvement vs. Cost • Protein 10% >> 14% ±R250/ton • Energy 62% >> 65% >> 68% ±R300 - R400/ton • Biotin ±R150/ton • Organic tm ±R50/ton • Vit. E • Thiamin • Bedgen 40

thank you Ulrich Müller 083 414 5928

[email protected]