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Tracking and tracing Central Queensland’s Macroderma - determining the size of the Mount Etna ghost bat population and potential threats
John AugusteynA,E, Jane HughesB, Graeme ArmstrongC, Kathryn RealB and Carlo Pacioni D AQueensland Parks and Wildlife Service, PO Box 3130 Red Hill Qld 4701, Australia BGriffith School of Environment, Griffith University, 170 Kessels Road, Nathan, Qld 4111, Australia CNSW National Parks and Wildlife Service, 183 Argent Street, Broken Hill, NSW 2880, Australia DSchool of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA 6150, Australia ECorresponding author. Email: [email protected]
Table S1. Caves searched in the Mount Etna area for M. gigas or recent signs of occupation
Cave visited Date Number of M. gigas seen Evidence of M. gigas
Ballroom 14/03/2012 0 No signs 13/02/2013 0 No signs
Bee 21/12/2011 0 No signs
Canyon 13/02/2013 0 No signs
Capricorn Caves 14/03/2012 0 No signs
Carn Dum 15/12/2011 0 No signs
Crystal 21/12/2011 0 No signs
Devils Mouth 13/03/2012 0 No signs 14/02/2013 0 No signs
Dragons Head 14/03/2012 0 No signs 13/02/2013 0 No signs
False Alarm 15/12/2011 0 Some semi recent scats 1 or 2 months old 12/03/2012 0 No signs 27/04/2014 10
Gigas Hall 7/12/2011 8 Lots of scats 14/12/2011 8 Lots of scats 21/12/2011 8 Lots of scats 12/03/2012 3 Lots of scats 27/04/2014 0 Recent scats 14/12/2011 0
Helms Deep 15/03/2012 0 No signs
Honey Comb 14/02/2013 0 No signs
Johansen’s* 5/12/2011 0 No signs 11/12/2011 0 No signs 13/12/2011 0 No signs 21/12/2011 30 Some recent scats in 'Trestle Cave' 3/01/2012 20 Scats 12/03/2012 0
AC 55 206-219 6 0.875 0.75806 R: TGGTGAGACAAACACAGCCTT
GB 044 F: ATCGCAAAGTTTGTCAAGCA
AG 55 201-205 3 0.21429 0.2037 R: AAACCTCGTTAAATAGCGTTCA
GB 045 F: TGGCATCAGCAGATACAATCC
AC 55 178-212 4 0.5625 0.63105 R: TCCAGGGCTGACACTATTACTT
GB 046 F: TTTCCAGAGACTTCGTTTCCC
AC 55 147-191 4 0.78947 0.66714 R: CAAGGTGATGACAGATTTCTAAGGA
GB 057 F: CTCAGAAAGTGCGGCTAGGA
AT 55 155-179 7 0.55556 0.69524 R: GGCCTTGGTACAGCACTCAC
GB 081 F: TGAGCAACCTCAACACTTTCC
AG 55 186-190 2 0.42105 0.47795 R: GACAGCTCCAACCACGAATC
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Fig. S1. Structure results showing the assignment of each individual from the Mount Etna samples
collected in 2011/2012 and Cape Hillsborough
The analysis identified two as the most likely number of clusters. Each vertical column in the bar plot represents an individual and the y-axis shows the proportion of each individual’s genetic composition that belongs to that cluster. Each cluster is colour-coded. The delta K output is included in a table below.
K Reps Mean LnP(K) Stdev LnP(K) Ln'(K) |Ln''(K)| Delta K
1 4 -1659.5 3.3 — — —
2 4 -1317.3 0.2 342.2 323.5 1459.1
3 4 -1298.7 13.2 18.7 56.7 4.3
4 4 -1336.7 24.6 -38 — —
Table generated with Structure harvester (Earl et al 2012). See Evanno et al (2005) or Structure harvester documentation for details on the headings.
Mt Etna Cape Hillsborough
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Table S3. Genotypes for the scat samples collected in 2015.
Fig. S2. Foraging locations of the GPS collared M. gigas and the property boundaries. Successive points obtained from the same location (e.g. the bat was stationary) were removed to improve clarity on the map. Broad vegetation types and the Queensland regional ecosystem type (RE) (Queensland Herbarium 2015) have been included. Barb wire is used to fence a majority of the property boundaries across the M. gigas foraging area.
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Fig. S3. The average monthly daily minimum temperature for each month between 1988 (when Speaking Tube Cave was destroyed) and 2012 and the difference from the long term monthly minimum average temperature. The months with below average minimum temperatures are those that are represented by the negative values.