supplemental materials himalayan alpine vegetation, climate ...

SUPPLEMENTAL MATERIALS

HIMALAYAN ALPINE VEGETATION, CLIMATE CHANGE AND MITIGATION

Jan Salick1, Suresh K. Ghimire

2, Zhendong Fang

3, Sangay Dema

4, Katie M. Konchar

5

1Corresponding Author. Missouri Botanical Garden, Post Office Box 299, St. Louis, Missouri

63116, USA ([email protected]) 2Central Department of Botany, Tribhuvan University, Post Box 26429, Kirtipur, Kathmandu,

Nepal ([email protected]) 3Shangri-La Alpine Botanical Garden, 21 Heping Road, Shangri-la County, Diqing Prefecture,

Yunnan 674400, China ([email protected]) 4National Biodiversity Centre, Ministry of Agriculture and Forests, Post Box 875, Serbithang,

Thimphu, Bhutan ([email protected]) 5Missouri Botanical Garden, Post Office Box 299, St. Louis, Missouri 63116, USA

([email protected])

Collaborating authors (who have taken active part in data collection from 2005-2011): Denmark:

Anja Byg, PhD; USA: Nanci Ross, PhD; Kenneth Bauer, PhD; Robbie Hart PhD candidate; Abe

Lloyd, MS; Benjamin Staver, MS candidate; China: A Na, Tibetan doctor; Sonam Dorje, Tibetan

doctor; Qizhu, Tibetan Doctor; Hai Xian; Xie Aifang; Xiao Maorong; Shi Xiaowu; Li Lei; Liu

Lin; Yangzong; Hu Huabin, PhD; Xie Hongyan; Li Deyou, Naxi Doctor; He Guang; Li Hong;

Bhutan: Sangay Wangmo; Jigme Wangchuck; Younten Jamtsho; Richen Yangzon; Tshering

Dorji; Tshering Wangmo; Richen Dorji; Rinzin; Nepal: Tshampa Nawang, Amchi; Himali

Chunda Sherpa, Conservationist; Masters candidates: Asha Paudel; Laxmi Joshi; Smriti Lo;

Binod Koirala; Arjun Chapagain; Prem Subedi; Sita Karki.

Table 1. Himalayan alpine target regions (listed from east to west) include 3-4 mountain

summits inventoried for species frequency, cover and relative abundance. Latitude, longitude

(DMS) and elevation (masl) were recorded by GPS. Shannon-Weiner diversity indices (H’) were

calculated for each summit and target area region based on the number of species present (N).

Number of endemic taxa are also listed. A species was considered endemic to the Himalaya if

present only in: Tajikistan, Afghanistan, Pakistan, Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh (India), Nepal,

Sikkim, Bhutan, Arunachal Pradesh (India), Myanmar, and Gansu, Qinghai, Sichuan, Xizang,

and Yunnan provinces, China.

Target Region Elevation Cover Frequency Relative

Abundance Endemics

from East to West (masl) H' N H' N H' N N

Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture (TAP), China

Da Xue Shan 2.3 79 5.0 76 1.2 114 60

28o 34‘ 23“ Lat (N), 99o 48‘ 50“ Long (E) 4461 2.2 38 4.1 40 1.0 43 23

28o 34‘ 35“ Lat (N), 99o 51‘ 00“ Long (E) 4680 2.4 43 4.7 38 1.3 61 34

28o 35‘ 49“ Lat (N), 99o 52‘ 04“ Long (E) 4855 1.0 38 3.2 40 0.8 40 17

Run Zi La 2.2 116 5.1 109 2.0 150 74

28o 29‘ 28“ Lat (N), 98o 56‘ 23“ Long (E) 4478 2.4 59 5.2 55 1.9 66 33

28o 29‘ 04“ Lat (N), 98o 56‘ 56“ Long (E) 4550 2.4 52 4.7 48 1.7 58 29

28o 28‘ 47“ Lat (N), 98o 56‘ 55“ Long (E) 4680 1.4 45 3.9 43 1.6 57 31

28o 29‘ 50“ Lat (N), 98o 57‘ 23“ Long (E) 4910 1.0 41 2.7 39 0.9 49 21

Ma Ji Wa 2.7 87 4.9 85 1.2 116 55

27o 45‘ 14“ Lat (N), 98o 55‘ 50“ Long (E) 4118 2.2 49 3.9 48 1.2 68 37

27o 44‘ 50“ Lat (N), 98o 54‘ 06“ Long (E) 4236 2.4 36 4.6 36 1.2 53 30

27o 45‘ 44“ Lat (N), 98

o 56‘ 30“ Long (E) 4354 2.6 50 1.0 22 1.4 64 35

27o 47‘ 33“ Lat (N), 98o 56‘ 40“ Long (E) 4548 0.8 21 5.1 47 0.4 27 9

Mei Li Shui 1.8 87 5.3 86 1.7 112 69

28o 39‘ 03“ Lat (N), 98o 37‘ 16“ Long (E) 4556 1.2 40 3.0 36 1.9 70 44

28o 38‘ 59“ Lat (N), 98o 36‘ 57“ Long (E) 4648 1.3 36 3.4 37 1.7 64 43

28o 38‘ 50“ Lat (N), 98

o 36‘ 38“ Long (E) 4787 1.9 32 4.2 32 1.2 49 32

28o 37‘ 42“ Lat (N), 98

o 38‘ 00“ Long (E) 4819 1.5 41 4.1 39 1.2 52 31

Bhutan

Tampela, Wangchuck Centennial Park 2.4 69 6.7 67 1.3 132 87

27o 43‘ 05“ Lat (N), 90

o 17‘ 19“ Long (E) 4369 2.1 34 5.9 34 1.1 70 45

27o 42‘ 46“ Lat (N), 90o 16‘ 53“ Long (E) 4512 2.2 41 5.1 41 1.1 71 46

27o 43‘ 33“ Lat (N), 90o 18‘ 24“ Long (E) 4740 1.8 40 5.4 39 1.4 83 57

Jomolhari, Jigme Dorji Wangchuck National Park 3.3 101 8.8 101 2.7 127 75

27o 46‘ 57“ Lat (N), 89o 20‘ 30“ Long (E) 4141 3.0 54 6.6 53 3.1 94 51

27o 46‘ 49“ Lat (N), 89o 20‘ 03“ Long (E) 4519 2.8 52 7.1 52 2.0 66 42

27o 47‘ 59“ Lat (N), 89

o 21‘ 46“ Long (E) 4922 2.6 61 7.4 60 2.3 92 56

Nepal

Target Region Elevation Cover Frequency Relative

Abundance Endemics

from East to West (masl) H' N H' N H' N N

Kangchenjunga Conservation Area 2.4 117 5.8 115 2.2 164 87

27o 39‘ 57“ Lat (N), 87

o 55‘ 45“ Long (E) 3884 3.0 62 6.2 62 2.9 88 47

27o 40‘ 14“ Lat (N), 87o 53‘ 45“ Long (E) 4281 1.7 36 4.2 36 2.0 65 37

27o 40‘ 47“ Lat (N), 87

o 53‘ 28“ Long (E) 4517 1.4 22 3.1 22 1.3 44 21

27o 41‘ 05“ Lat (N), 87o 53‘ 56“ Long (E) 4827 0.9 21 2.3 20 0.9 33 19

Langtang National Park 1.8 53 5.6 58 0.8 71 37

28o 06‘ 45“ Lat (N), 85

o 24‘ 12“ Long (E) 4054 2.0 27 4.6 27 0.9 37 37

28o 05‘ 12“ Lat (N), 85o 23‘ 42“ Long (E) 4331 1.8 36 5.2 35 0.8 46 27

28o 04‘ 22“ Lat (N), 85o 25‘ 08“ Long (E) 4564 1.1 20 3.3 23 0.6 32 15

28o 04‘ 02“ Lat (N), 85o 25‘ 44“ Long (E) 4784 0.8 18 2.5 18 0.5 29 9

Manang, Annapurna Conservation Area 2.5 155 7.2 142 1.7 186 109

28o 40‘ 27“ Lat (N), 84o 02‘ 26“ Long (E) 4147 2.7 70 5.9 68 2.0 93 53

28o 40‘ 35“ Lat (N), 84o 03‘ 07“ Long (E) 4557 2.1 68 5.5 63 1.5 103 59

28o 41‘ 16“ Lat (N), 84o 03‘ 29“ Long (E) 4834 1.8 48 5.4 46 1.2 68 38

28o 40‘ 59“ Lat (N), 84o 04‘ 29“ Long (E) 5006 0.8 32 4.0 34 1.0 52 31

Table 2. Precipitation and temperature records were obtained from national meteorological

stations at comparable elevations (masl) and closest to Himalayan alpine target regions

(Latitude/Longitude: DMS). Due to data availability, two different stations, Lungthung and

Taplejung, were used for precipitation and temperature data respectively for Kangchenjunga

Conservation Area.

Target Region Meteorological

Station Elevation

(masl) Latitude (DMS Longitude (DMS)

Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture (TAP), China:

Da Xue Shan Shangri-La 3001 27o 41’ 60 N 99

o 42’ 0” E

Run Zi La Deqin 3320 28 o

26’ 60” N 98 o

52’ 48” E

Ma Ji Wa Weixi 2743 27 o

13’ 11” N 99 o

19’ 12” E

Mei Li Shui Deqin 3320 28 o

26’ 60” N 98 o

52’ 48” E

Bhutan: Tampela, Wangchuck Centennial Park Pelela 3314 27

o 31’ 48” N 90

o 12’ 36” E

Jomolhari, Jigme Dorji Wangchuck National Park Lingshi 4085 27 o

51’ 36” N 89 o

26’ 24” E

Nepal:

Kangchenjunga Conservation Area Lungthung (precipitation)

1780 27 o

33’ 0” N 87 o

46’ 48” E

Kangchenjunga Conservation Area Taplejung (temperature)

1732 27o 12' 36" 87o 24' 0" E

Langtang National Park Langtang 3920 28 o

7’ 48” N 85 o

35’ 60” E

Manang, Annapurna Conservation Area Chame 2680 28 o

33’ 0” N 84 o

13’ 48” E

Temperatures:

Temperature warming is significant at 4 of 6 stations: Taplejung (df=45, P=0.001, R² = 0.21),

Weixi (df=55, P <0.0001, R² = 0.32), Shangri-La (df=52, P <0.0001, R² = 0.68), and Deqin

(df=57, P <0.0001, R² = 0.36). Among these 4 stations, annual temperature has increased by an

average of 1.5oC over 60 years (1950-2010) (see regression lines, Figure 4a).

Precipitation:

Total annual precipitations show significant trends at 3 of 6 stations: Shangri-La (df=52,

P=0.0002, R² = 0.23), Deqin (df=57, P <0.0001, R² = 0.26), and Langtang (df=22, P =0.02, R² =

0.22). These three stations show an average increase in annual precipitation of 362mm over 60

years (see regression lines, Figure 4b).

Table 3. Taxa recorded at Himalayan GLORIA Target Regions (from east to west): Da Xue Shan (DXS), Run Zi La (RZL), Ma Ji

Wa (MJW) and Mei Li Shui (MLS) in Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture (TAP), China; Tampela, Wangchuck Centennial Park (TPL)

and Jomolhari, Jigme Dorji Wangchuck National Park (JML) in Bhutan; Kangchenjunga Conservation Area (KCJ), Langtang National

Park (LNP) and Manang, Annapurna Conservation Area (MNG) in Nepal. Plant use data is coded by country: Bhutan (B); TAP,

China (T); Nepal (N) and Missouri Botanical Garden use categories: (1) Food-Human, (2) Food-Animal, (3) Medicines-Human and

Veterinary, (4) Chemicals, (5) Fuels, (6) Fibers, (7) Cultural, (8) Construction/structural material, (9) Environmental, (10) Other.

Number of taxa, number of useful taxa and number of endemics per target area region are listed at the bottom. Species were

considered endemic to the Himalaya if found only in: Tajikistan, Afghanistan, Pakistan, Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh (India), Nepal,

Sikkim, Bhutan, Arunachal Pradesh (India), Myanmar, and Gansu, Qinghai, Sichuan, Xizang, and Yunnan provinces, China.

Taxa recorded at Himalayan GLORIA Target Regions DXS RZL MJW MLS TPL JML KCJ LNP MNG Plant Use

Abies ernestii Rehder X

Abies forrestii Coltm.-Rog. * X X T3

Acanthocalyx nepalensis (D. Don) M.J. Cannon * X X X T3, N3

Acomastylis elata (Wall. ex G. Don) F. Bolle X X N3

Aconitum ferox Wall. ex Ser. * X N3

Aconitum naviculare (Brühl) Stapf * X X T3, N3

Aconitum tanguticum (Maximowicz) Stapf X T3

Agrostis hookeriana C. B. Clarke ex J. D. Hooker * X B2, T2, N2

Agrostis L. (DXS) X B2, T2, N2

Agrostis L. (LNP) x B2, T2, N2

Agrostis L. (MJW) X B2, T2, N2

Agrostis L. (RZL) X B2, T2, N2

Agrostis mackliniae Bor * x B2, T2, N2

Ainsliaea DC. (KCJ) X N3, N7

Ajania khartensis (Dunn) C. Shih in C. Shih & G. X. Fu X T3, N3, N7

Ajuga lupulina Maximowicz X T3, N3

Aletris pauciflora (Klotzsch) Hand.-Mazz. * X X X X T3, B3

Allium forrestii Diels * X X X T1, T3

Allium L. (DXS) X T1

Allium L. (MJW) X T1


Allium L. (RZL) X T1

Allium macranthum Baker X

Allium prattii C. H. Wright ex Hemsley in F. B. Forbes & Hemsley X T3

Allium sikkimense Baker X N1, N3

Alnus Mill. (MJW) X

Anaphalis busua (Buchanan-Hamilton ex D. Don) Candolle * X N3, N7

Anaphalis cavei Chatterjee * X N3, N7

Anaphalis contorta (D. Don) J. D. Hooker X X X N3

Anaphalis DC. (DXS) X T5

Anaphalis DC. (KCJ) X

Anaphalis DC. (MJW) X

Anaphalis DC. (MLS-01) X

Anaphalis DC. (MLS-02) X

Anaphalis DC. (RZL) X T7

Anaphalis flavescens Handel-Mazzetti X X X

Anaphalis nepalensis (Sprengel) Handel-Mazzetti X X X X X X X T3, N3, N7

Anaphalis royleana Candolle * X

Anaphalis triplinervis (Sims) C. B. Clarke * X N3

Anaphalis viridis Cummins * X

Anaphalis xylorhiza Schultz Bipontinus ex J. D. Hooker * X X X N3, N7

Androsace delavayi Franchet * X X X X X T3

Androsace glandulosa Wooton & Standl. X

Androsace globifera Duby in A. de Candolle * X X

Androsace L. (DXS) X

Androsace L. (LNP) X

Androsace L. (MJW) X

Androsace lehmannii Wallich ex Duby in A. de Candolle * X

Androsace rigida Handel-Mazzetti * X

Androsace spinulifera (Franchet) R. Knuth in Engler * X T3


Androsace strigillosa Franchet * X T3, N3

Androsace umbellata (Loureiro) Merrill X T3

Anemone delavayi Franchet * X

Anemone demissa J. D. Hooker & Thomson * X X X X X X X B3, T3, N3

Anemone geum H. Lév. X

Anemone L. (DXS) X

Anemone L. (RZL) X

Anemone L. (TPL) X

Anemone obtusiloba D. Don X X X T3, N3

Anemone rivularis Buchanan-Hamilton ex de Candolle X N3

Anemone rupestris Wallich ex J. D. Hooker & Thomson * X

Anemone rupicola Cambessèdes * X N3

Apiaceae Lindl. (DXS) X

Apiaceae Lindl. (JML-01) X

Apiaceae Lindl. (JML-02) X

Apiaceae Lindl. (MJW) X

Apiaceae Lindl. (RZL) X

Apiaceae Lindl. (MNG) X

Arenaria barbata Franchet * X X X X T3

Arenaria brevipetala Y. W. Tsui & L. H. Zhou * X

Arenaria bryophylla Fernald * X X X N2

Arenaria densissima Wall. ex Edgew. & Hook. f. * X X X X T3

Arenaria edgeworthiana Majumdar * X X N3

Arenaria forrestii Diels * X T3

Arenaria glanduligera Edgeworth * X X X X N3, N7

Arenaria globiflora (Fenzl) Wall. ex Edgew. & Hook. f. * X N3

Arenaria melandryiformis F. N. Williams * X

Arisaema jacquemontii Blume X B1, B3

Artemisia austroyunnanensis Y. Ling & Y. R. Ling X


Artemisia bhutanica Grierson & Spring. * X

Artemisia campbellii J. D. Hooker & Thomson ex C. B. Clarke * X

Artemisia dracunculus L. X N3

Artemisia roxburghiana Besser X N3

Asplenium L. (MNG) X

Asplenium L. (TPL-01) X



Asplenium wallichianum C. Presl X

Aster albescens (Candolle) Wallich ex Handel-Mazzetti X

Aster diplostephioides (Candolle) Bentham ex C. B. Clarke * X X X B3, T3, N3

Aster himalaicus C. B. Clarke * X X X X X B3, T3, N3

Aster indamellus Grierson * X N3

Aster L. (RZL) X

Astragalus acaulis Baker in J. D. Hooker * X X T3

Astragalus L. (MLS) X T3

Astragalus meiliensis C. Chen & Zi G. Qian * X T3

Astragalus oplites Bentham ex R. Parker X N2

Astragalus cobresiiphilus Podlech & L. R. Xu X

Athyrium wallichianum Ching * X N7

Berberis angulosa Wallich ex J. D. Hooker & Thomson * X B3

Berberis approximata Sprague * X T3

Berberis erythroclada Ahrendt * X X N1, N3

Berberis L. (LNP) X

Berberis mucrifolia Ahrendt * X N1, N3

Bergenia ciliata Sternb. * X N3, N7

Bergenia purpurascens (J. D. Hooker & Thomson) Engler * X X X X T3, N3

Betula L. (RZL) X

Betula utilis D. Don X X N3, N5, N6, N7, N8


Bistorta perpusilla (Hook. f.) Greene * X

Boraginaceae A. L. Jussieu (MNG) X

Boschniakia himalaica Hook. f. & Thomson X X X X T2, T3, N3

Botrychium lunaria (L.) Sw. X

Brassicaceae Burnett (LNP) X

Bryophyta X X X X X X X X X

Bupleurum dalhousieanum (C. B. Clarke) Koso-Poljansky * X T3

Bupleurum falcatum L. * X N3

Bupleurum L. (MLS) X

Bupleurum sikkimensis P.K.Mukh. * X N2

Cacalia L. (MJW) X

Caltha palustris L. X

Cardamine franchetiana Diels * X

Cardamine hirsuta L. X

Cardamine L. (RZL) X

Cardamine loxostemonoides O. E. Schulz * X

Carex atrata L. X B2, T2, N2

Carex L. (DXS) X B2, T2, N2

Carex L. (KCJ-01) X B2, T2, N2








Carex L. (LNP) X B2, T2, N2

Carex L. (MJW) X B2, T2, N2

Carex L. (MLS) X B2, T2, N2


Carex L. (RZL-01) X B2, T2, N2

Carex L. (RZL-02) X B2, T2, N2

Carex L. (TPL) X B2, T2, N2

Carex schneideri Nelmes * X B2, T2, N2

Cassiope D. Don (DXS) X

Cassiope D. Don (RZL) X

Cassiope D. Don (TPL) X

Cassiope fastigiata (Wallich) D. Don * X X X N3, N7

Cassiope pectinata Stapf * X X X T3

Cassiope selaginoides J. D. Hooker & Thomson * X X X X T3

Cheilanthes Sw. (KCJ) X

Chesneya nubigena (D. Don) Ali * X X X T10

Chionocharis hookeri (C. B. Clarke) I. M. Johnston * X

Chrysosplenium forrestii Diels * X B3, T3

Chrysosplenium griffithii J. D. Hooker & Thomson X T3

Chrysosplenium L. (LNP) X

Chrysosplenium nudicaule Bunge in Ledebour X T3, N3

Chrysosplenium sikangense H. Hara * X

Clematis montana Buchanan-Hamilton ex de Candolle X T3, N3

Codonopsis bulleyana Forrest ex Diels * X

Codonopsis Wall. (JML) X

Codonopsis Wall. (MJW) X

Comastoma (Wettst.) Toyok. (MJW) X

Comastoma (Wettst.) Toyok. (RZL) X

Comastoma cyananthiflorum (Franch.) Holub * X

Comastoma dichotomum Holub X

Comastoma pedunculatum (Royle ex D. Don) Holub * X N3

Comastoma pulmonarium (Turczaninow) Toyokuni X T3

Comastoma stellariifolium (Franchet) Holub * X N3


Cortia depressa (D. Don) C. Norman * X X X X X N1, N3

Cortiella cortioides (C. Norman) M. F. Watson * X

Cortiella hookeri (C. B. Clarke) C. Norman * X

Corydalis crispa Prain * X B3

Corydalis DC. (KCJ) X

Corydalis DC. (MJW) X T3

Corydalis DC. (MLS) X

Corydalis juncea Wallich * X X

Cotoneaster Medik. (RZL-01) X

Cotoneaster Medik. (RZL-02) X

Cotoneaster microphyllus Wallich ex Lindley * X X X B3, T3, N3, N5

Cotoneaster sherriffii G. Klotz * X N5

Crassulaceae J. St.-Hil. (DXS) X

Crassulaceae J. St.-Hil. (RZL) X

Cremanthodium Benth. (RZL) * X T3

Cremanthodium bulbilliferum W.W. Sm. * X

Cremanthodium campanulatum Diels * X X T3

Cremanthodium ellisii (J. D. Hooker) Kitamura in H. Hara et al. * X X N3

Cremanthodium nepalense Kitamura * X X X N3

Cremanthodium nobile (Franch.) Diels ex H. Lév. * X T3

Cremanthodium oblongatum C. B. Clarke * X

Cremanthodium palmatum Bentham * X

Cremanthodium pinnatifidum Bentham * X X

Cremanthodium purpureifolium Kitamura * X X

Cremanthodium reniforme (Candolle) Bentham * X X X

Crucihimalaya himalaica (Edgeworth) Al-Shehbaz et al. * X N3

Cyananthus himalaicus K.K. Shrestha * X X X

Cyananthus incanus J. D. Hooker & Thomson * X X X T3

Cyananthus inflatus J. D. Hooker & Thomson X


Cyananthus lichiangensis W.W. Sm. * X T3

Cyananthus lobatus Wallich ex Bentham in Royle * X X X X N3

Cyananthus Wall. ex Benth. (DXS) * X

Cyananthus Wall. ex Benth. (MJW) * X

Cynoglossum amabile Stapf & J. R. Drummond X T3, N3

Cynoglossum wallichii G. Don * X N3

Delphinium beesianum W.W. Sm. * X T3

Delphinium glaciale J. D. Hooker & Thomson * X N3

Delphinium kamaonense Huth * X T3, N3

Delphinium naviculare W. T. Wang X N3

Delphinium nepalense Kitam. & Tamura * X X N3

Diapensia himalaica J. D. Hooker & Thomson * X

Diapensia purpurea Diels * X X X X T3

Diplarche multiflora J. D. Hooker & Thomson in Hooker’s * X X

Diplarche pauciflora J. D. Hooker & Thomson * X X

Disa biflora (L.) Druce X T3

Draba involucrata (W. W. Smith) W. W. Smith * X

Draba L. (DXS) X

Draba L. (MJW) X T3

Draba oreades Schrenk ex Fisch. & C.A. Mey. X T3

Drymaria Willd. ex Schult. (KCJ) X

Dryopteris acutodentata Ching * X X

Dryopteris Adans. (MJW) X

Dryopteris alpestris Tagawa X

Dubyaea hispida (D. Don) DC. * X X T3

Dysphania aristata (L.) Mosyakin & Clemants X

Elsholtzia eriostachya (Bentham) Bentham * X X T3, N3

Ephedra gerardiana Wallich ex C. A. Meyer X X B3, T3, N2, N3, N7

Epilobium brevifolium D. Don X


Epilobium L. (MJW) X

Epilobium L. (RZL-01) X



Epilobium laxum Royle X

Epilobium sikkimense Haussknecht X

Epilobium wallichianum Haussknech X

Erigeron multiradiatus (Lindley ex Candolle) Bentham ex C. B. Clarke X N3

Eriophyton wallichii Bentham * X X X B3, T3, N3

Eritrichium Schrader ex Gaudin (MNG) X

Eupatorium L. (RZL) X T3

Euphorbia thomsoniana Boiss. X X X X X X X T3, N3

Euphorbia thymifolia L. X

Euphrasia himalayica Wettst. * X X N2

Eutrema verticillatum (Jeffrey & W.W. Sm.) Al-Shehbaz & Warwick * X

Fabaceae L. (JML) X

Fern (KCJ-01) X

Fern (KCJ-02) X

Fern (KCJ-03) X

Festuca L. (DXS) X B2, T2, N2

Festuca L. (MJW) X B2, T2, N2

Festuca L. (RZL) X B2, T2, N2

Festuca nitidula Stapf in J. D. Hooker * X B2, T2, N2

Festuca pamirica Tzvelev X B2, T2, N2

Fragaria nubicola (J. D. Hooker) Lindley ex Lacaita * X N1, N3

Fritillaria cirrhosa D. Don * X T3, N1, N3

Fritillaria L. (JML) X B3

Galium L. (KCJ) X

Galium megacyttarion R.R. Mill * X


Gastrolychnis apetala (L.) Tolm. & Kozhanch. X X

Gaultheria fragrantissima Wallich X

Gaultheria trichophylla Royle * X X N1

Gentiana algida Pallas X X X X B10, T3, N3

Gentiana arethusae Burkill * X X T3

Gentiana atuntsiensis W. W. Smith * X X X X T3, T4

Gentiana bryoides Burkill * X X B10

Gentiana caelestis (C. Marquand) Harry Smith in Handel-Mazzetti * X

Gentiana decorata Diels * X X

Gentiana depressa D. Don * X N3

Gentiana elwesii C. B. Clarke in J. D. Hooker * X X

Gentiana filistyla I. B. Balfour & Forrest in C. Marquand * X T3

Gentiana handeliana Harry Smith * X X

Gentiana infelix C. B. Clarke in J. D. Hooker * X B10

Gentiana L. (DXS-01) X



Gentiana L. (JML) X

Gentiana L. (RZL) X T3

Gentiana nubigena Edgeworth * X X X B10, T3, N3

Gentiana ornata (Wallich ex G. Don) Grisebach * X X N3

Gentiana phyllocalyx C. B. Clarke in J. D. Hooker * X X B10, T3

Gentiana robusta King ex J. D. Hooker * X N3

Gentiana szechenyii Kanitz * X X T3

Gentiana trichotoma Kusnezow * X T3

Gentiana tubiflora (Wallich ex G. Don) Grisebach * X X B3, B10

Gentiana urnula Harry Smith * X B3, T3

Gentiana wardii W. W. Smith * X X T3

Gentianella multicaulis (Gillies ex Griseb.) Fabris X


Gentianopsis paludosa (Munro ex Hook. f.) Ma X T3, N3

Geranium donianum Sweet * X X X X N3

Geranium L. (TPL) X

Gerbera nivea (Candolle) Schultz Bipontinus * X X B3, N3

Geum L. (JML-01) X

Geum L. (JML-02) X

Gypsophila L. (TPL) X

Hackelia uncinata * X

Halenia elliptica D. Don X X T3, N3

Halerpestes tricuspis (Maxim.) Hand.-Mazz. X

Haplosphaera himalayensis Ludlow * X

Hedysarum L. (MNG) X T3

Hemiphragma heterophyllum Wallich X T3, N3

Hemisteptia lyrata (Bunge) Fischer & C. A. Meyer X X

Heracleum candicans Wall. ex DC. * X T3

Heracleum nepalense D. Don * X X N1, N2, N3

Heracleum sublineare C.B. Clarke * X

Heracleum wallichii DC. * X

Herminium L. (KCJ) X

Herminium lanceum (Thunberg ex Swartz) Vuijk X

Hippolytia gossypina (C. B. Clarke) C. Shih * X N3

Hylotelephium ewersii (Ledeb.) H. Ohba X

Impatiens L. (KCJ) X

Iris kemaonensis Wallich ex Royle * X T3, N3

Iris L. (JML) X B10

Juncus amplifolius A. Camus in Lecomte X B2, T2, N2

Juncus effusus L. X B2, T2, N2

Juncus himalensis Klotzsch in Klotzsch & Garcke * X X X B2, T2, N2

Juncus L. (JML) X B2, T2, N2


Juncus L. (KCJ) X B2, T2, N2

Juncus L. (LNP) X B2, T2, N2

Juncus L. (MJW) X B2, T2, N2

Juncus L. (RZL) X B2, T2, N2

Juncus L. (TPL) X B2, T2, N2

Juncus minimus Buchenau * X B2, T2, T3, N2

Juncus modicus N.E. Br. X B2, T2, N2

Juncus thomsonii Buchenau X X X B2, T2, N2

Juniperus indica Bertoloni * X X X X T3, N3, N5, N7, N8

Juniperus L. (DXS) X

Juniperus L. (MJW) X

Juniperus recurva Buchanan-Hamilton ex D. Don * X X N3, N5, N7, N8

Juniperus squamata Lamb. X X X X X X B3, B7, T3, N3, N5

Keraymonia cortiformis Cauwet & S.B. Malla * X

Kobresia capillifolia (Decaisne) C. B. Clarke X B2, T2, N2

Kobresia nepalensis (Nees) Kükenthal in Engler * X X X B2, T2, N2

Kobresia pygmaea (C. B. Clarke) C. B. Clarke in J. D. Hooker X X X X X B2, T2, N2

Kobresia Willd. (DXS-01) X B2, T2, N2

Kobresia Willd. (DXS-02) X B2, T2, N2

Kobresia Willd. (KCJ) X B2, T2, N2

Kobresia Willd. (MJW-01) X B2, T2, N2





Kobresia Willd. (RZL-01) X B2, T2, N2





Koenigia islandica L. X

Lagotis alutacea W. W. Smith * X T3

Lagotis kunawurensis Rupr. * X T3, N3

Lamiophlomis rotata (Bentham ex J. D. Hooker) Kudô * X X B3, T3

Leibnitzia nepalensis (Kunze) Kitamura * X N3

Leontopodium calocephalum (Franch.) Beauverd * X

Leontopodium himalayanum Candolle * X X T3

Leontopodium jacotianum Beauverd * X

Leontopodium pusillum (Beauverd) Handel-Mazzetti X N7

Leontopodium R. Br. ex Cass. (MJW) X

Leontopodium R. Br. ex Cass. (RZL) X

Leontopodium stracheyi (J. D. Hooker) C. B. Clarke ex Hemsley * X X T3, N3, N7

Lepisorus clathratus (C. B. Clarke) Ching X

Lichen L. X X X X X X X X X

Lilium bakerianum Collett & Hemsl. X

Lilium L. (MJW) X

Lilium lophophorum (Bureau & Franchet) Franchet * X T3

Lilium nanum Klotzsch in Klotzsch & Garcke * X

Lilium souliei (Franchet) Sealy * X

Lindelofia longiflora (Benth.) Baill. * X

Lloydia longiscapa Hook. * X X N3

Lloydia Salisb. ex Rchb. (KCJ) X

Lomatogonium chumbicum (Burkill) Harry Smith in S. Nilsson * X N3

Lomatogonium himalayense (Klotzsch) E.Aitken * X N3

Lomatogonium perenne T. N. Ho & S. W. Liu in J. X. Yang X X

Lonicera angustifolia Wall. ex DC. * X X T3

Lonicera hispida Pallas ex Schultes X X N5, N8

Lonicera minutifolia Kitam. * X N1

Lonicera obovata Royle ex Hook. f. & Thomson * X X N1, N5


Lyonia ovalifolia (Wallich) Drude in Engler & Prantl X N3, N4, N8

Malvaviscus Fabr. X

Meconopsis bella Prain * X

Meconopsis grandis Prain, J. Asiat. Soc. Bengal * X N1, N3

Meconopsis horridula J. D. Hooker & Thomson * X X X X B3, T3, N1

Meconopsis impedita Prain * X X T3

Meconopsis paniculata (D. Don) Prain * X T3, N1, N3

Meconopsis primulina Prain * X

Meconopsis racemosa Maxim. * X

Meconopsis speciosa Prain * X X X T3

Medicago falcata L. X N3

Melanoseris macrorhiza (Royle) N. Kilian * X

Nannoglottis hookeri (C. B. Clarke ex J. D. Hooker) Kitamura * X

Nardostachys jatamansi (D. Don) Candolle * X X B3, T3, N3, N7

Neopicrorhiza scrophulariiflora (Pennell) D. Y. Hong * X X X B3, N3

Neottianthe (Rchb.) Schltr. (JML) X

Nepeta coerulescens Maximowicz * X

Noccaea andersonii (J. D. Hooker & Thomson) Al-Shehbaz * X

Notholirion macrophyllum (D. Don) Boissier * X N3

Onosma hookeri C. B. Clarke in J. D. Hooker * X B3, B4, B7, T3

Orchidaceae Juss. (JML-01) X

Orchidaceae Juss. (JML-02) X

Orchidaceae Juss. (RZL) X

Oxygraphis delavayi Franchet * X

Oxygraphis endlicheri (Walp.) Bennet & Sumer Chandra * X X X X

Oxygraphis glacialis (Fischer ex de Candolle) Bunge X X X X T3

Paraquilegia microphylla (Royle) J. R. Drummond & Hutchinson X T3

Parnassia chinensis Franchet * X

Parnassia nubicola Wallich ex Royle * X N3


Parnassia pusilla Wallich ex Arnott * X

Parnassia trinervis Drude * X N3

Pedicularis cheilanthifolia Schrenk X N3

Pedicularis dichotoma Bonati * X

Pedicularis elwesii J. D. Hooker * X X X X X

Pedicularis integrifolia J. D. Hooker * X T3

Pedicularis L. (DXS) X

Pedicularis L. (JML) X

Pedicularis L. (MNG-01) X



Pedicularis L. (TPL) X

Pedicularis likiangensis Franchet ex Maximowicz * X X X X T3

Pedicularis megalantha D. Don * X X N3

Pedicularis mollis Wallich ex Bentham * X

Pedicularis oederi Vahl in Hornemann X

Pedicularis pygmaea Maximowicz * X

Pedicularis pyramidata Royle * X X B3

Pedicularis rhinanthoides Schrenk ex Fischer & C. A. Meyer X X X X T3, N3

Pedicularis roylei Maximowicz * X X X X X

Pedicularis rupicola Franchet ex Maximowicz * X

Pedicularis scullyana Prain ex Maxim. * X

Pedicularis siphonantha D. Don * X B3, T3

Pedicularis trichoglossa J. D. Hooker * X X X T3, N3

Pedicularis vialii Franchet in Forbes & Hemsley * X

Phleum alpinum L. X

Phlomis L. (JML-01) X

Phlomis L. (JML-02) X

Phyllolobium donianum (Candolle) M. L. Zhang & Podlech * X


Pilea Lindl. (KCJ) X

Pimpinella L. (LNP) X

Plantago L. (JML) X

Pleurospermopsis sikkimensis (C. B. Clarke) C. Norman * X X

Pleurospermum album C. B. Clarke ex H. Wolff * X N1, N3

Pleurospermum amabile Craib & W. W. Smith * X X X B3, T3

Pleurospermum apiolens C. B. Clarke in J. D. Hooker * X N3

Pleurospermum candollei Benth. ex C.B. Clarke * X N3

Pleurospermum Hoffm. (DXS) X

Pleurospermum Hoffm. (KCJ) X

Pleurospermum Hoffm. (RZL) X

Pleurospermum hookeri C. B. Clarke in J. D. Hooker * X X B3, T3

Pleurospermum nanum Franchet, Bull. Soc. Philom. Paris * X

Pleurospermum pilosum C. B. Clarke ex H. Wolff * X

Poa araratica Trautv. X B2, T2, N2

Poaceae Barnhart (DXS-01) X B2, T2, N2

Poaceae Barnhart (DXS-02) X B2, T2, N2

Poaceae Barnhart (JML) X B2, T2, N2

Poaceae Barnhart (KCJ) X B2, T2, N2

Poaceae Barnhart (MJW-01) X B2, T2, N2

Poaceae Barnhart (MJW-02) X B2, T2, N2

Poaceae Barnhart (MNG-01) X B2, T2, N2














Poaceae Barnhart (TPL-01) X B2, T2, N2

Poaceae Barnhart (TPL-02) X B2, T2, N2

Polygonatum cirrhifolium (Wallich) Royle X X T3, N1, N3, N7

Polygonatum hookeri Baker X X T3, N1, N3

Polygonatum Mill. (JML) X B1, B2

Polygonum (sect. Aconogonon Meisn.) (KCJ) X

Polygonum affine D. Don * X X N1, N3

Polygonum amplexicaule D. Don X

Polygonum delicatulum Meisner in Candolle * X

Polygonum emodi Meisn. * X

Polygonum forrestii Diels X X X X T3

Polygonum glaciale (Meisn.) Hook. f. X

Polygonum griffithii J. D. Hooker * X T3

Polygonum L. (DXS) X

Polygonum L. (KCJ) X

Polygonum L. (MJW) X

Polygonum L. (RZL) X T3

Polygonum macrophyllum D. Don X X X X X X X X B3, T3, N1, N3

Polygonum milletii (H. Lév.) H. Lév. X X N1, N3

Polygonum nepalense Meisner X X

Polygonum nummulariifolium Meisner in Candolle * X T3

Polygonum tortuosum D. Don * X T3

Polygonum tubulosum Boiss. * X

Polygonum vacciniifolium Wall. ex Meisn. * X X N3


Polygonum viviparum L. X X X X T3

Polystichum gongboense Ching & S.K. Wu * X

Polystichum lachenense (Hook.) Bedd. X

Polystichum nigrum Ching & H.S. Kung * X

Polystichum Roth (KCJ) X

Polystichum Roth (MJW) X

Polystichum silaense Ching * X

Polystichum thomsonii (Hook. f.) Bedd. X

Ponerorchis Rchb. f. (KCJ) X

Potentilla anserina L. X T3

Potentilla argyrophylla Wall. ex Lehm. * X N7

Potentilla aristata Soják * X

Potentilla articulata Franch. * X X

Potentilla coriandrifolia D. Don * X X X X X X T2, T3

Potentilla cuneata Wall. ex Lehm. * X X T3

Potentilla eriocarpa Wall. ex Lehm. X X X N3

Potentilla exigua Sojak * X

Potentilla griffithii Hook. f. X

Potentilla L. (DXS-01) X

Potentilla L. (DXS-02) X

Potentilla L. (KCJ-01) X





Potentilla L. (RZL) X

Potentilla multifida L. X N3

Potentilla fruticosa L. X X X X X X X B3, B7, T3, N3, N5, N7, N8


Potentilla glabra Loddiges X X T3

Potentilla leuconota D. Don X

Potentilla lineata Treviranus X X N3

Potentilla microphylla D. Don * X X X X X N3

Potentilla parvifolia Fischer ex Lehmann X X

Potentilla peduncularis D. Don * X X X X X N3

Potentilla saundersiana Royle X X X B3, T3, N7

Potentilla stenophylla (Franchet) Diels * X X X X T2, T3

Primula atrodentata W. W. Smith * X

Primula bella Franchet * X X X

Primula blinii H. Léveillé * X

Primula capitata Hooker * X X X X

Primula denticulata Smith * X N3

Primula diantha Bureau & Franchet * X

Primula dryadifolia Franchet * X X X X

Primula glandulifera Balf. f. & W.W. Sm. * X

Primula L. (JML-01) X

Primula L. (JML-02) X

Primula L. (LNP) X

Primula L. (RZL) X

Primula minutissima Jacquem. ex Duby * X X

Primula polyneura Franchet * X

Primula primulina (Sprengel) Hara * X X X

Primula serratifolia Franchet * X X T3

Primula sikkimensis J. D. Hooker * X B3, T3

Primula silaensis Petitmengin * X

Primula tenuiloba (Watt) Pax * X

Pteridophyta Schimp. (LNP) X

Pterocephalus hookeri (C. B. Clarke) E. Pritzel * X X B3, T3, N3


Ptilagrostis mongholica (Turcz. ex Trin.) Griseb. X

Ranunculus adoxifolius Handel-Mazzetti * X

Ranunculus brotherusii Freyn X X T3, N3

Rheum acuminatum J. D. Hooker & Thomson * X X B3, N1, N3

Rheum australe D. Don * X X N1, N3, N7

Rheum delavayi Franchet * X X T3

Rheum forrestii Diels * X

Rheum L. (JML) X

Rheum moorcroftianum Royle * X N1, N3, N7

Rheum nobile J. D. Hooker & Thomson * X T3

Rheum pumilum Maxim. * X T3

Rhodiola alsia (Fröderström) S. H. Fu * X

Rhodiola atuntsuensis (Praeger) S. H. Fu * X X T3

Rhodiola bupleuroides (Wallich ex J. D. Hooker & Thomson) S. H. Fu * X X X X X T3, N3

Rhodiola coccinea (Royle) Borissova in Komarov X X X

Rhodiola crenulata (J. D. Hooker & Thomson) H. Ohba * X T3, N3

Rhodiola cretinii (Raymond-Hamet) H. Ohba * X

Rhodiola fastigiata (J. D. Hooker & Thomson) S. H. Fu * X X X T3

Rhodiola himalensis (D. Don) S. H. Fu * X X X X B3, T3, N3

Rhodiola humilis (J. D. Hooker & Thomson) S. H. Fu * X

Rhodiola L. (DXS) X

Rhodiola L. (RZL) X T3

Rhodiola nobilis (Franchet) S. H. Fu * X X T3

Rhododendron aganniphum I. B. Balfour & Kingdon Ward * X X T3

Rhododendron alutaceum I. B. Balfour & W. W. Smith * X

Rhododendron beesianum Diels * X

Rhododendron campanulatum D. Don * X X X B7, N3, N5

Rhododendron cephalanthum Franchet * X

Rhododendron cinnabarinum J. D. Hooker * X N5


Rhododendron forrestii I. B. Balfour ex Diels * X

Rhododendron glaucophyllum Rehder * X

Rhododendron hypenanthum I. B. Balfour * X X X X X B3, B7, N5

Rhododendron L. (RZL) X

Rhododendron L. (TPL) X

Rhododendron lepidotum Wallich ex G. Don * X X X X X B3, B7, N3, N7

Rhododendron nakotiltum I. B. Balfour & Forrest * X

Rhododendron nivale J. D. Hooker * X X X X X X X B7, N3, N7

Rhododendron oreotrephes W. W. Smith * X

Rhododendron phaeochrysum I. B. Balfour & W. W. Smith * X X

Rhododendron primuliflorum Bureau & Franchet * X X X T3

Rhododendron proteoides I. B. Balfour & W. W. Smith * X

Rhododendron rupicola W. W. Smith * X X T3

Rhododendron saluenense Franchet * X X X X

Rhododendron sanguineum Franchet * X

Rhododendron setosum D. Don * X X X X B7, N3, N7

Rhododendron tapetiforme I. B. Balfour & Kingdon Ward * X X X X

Rhododendron telmateium I. B. Balfour & W. W. Smith * X

Rhododendron thomsonii J. D. Hooker * X N5

Rhododendron traillianum Forrest & W. W. Smith * X X

Rosa sericea Lindley X X N1, N3

Rubus nepalensis (Hook. f.) Kuntze * X N1

Rubus fockeanus Kurz X

Rubus pedunculosus D. Don * X N1

Salix calyculata J. D. Hooker ex Andersson * X X X X N2, N3, N7

Salix L. (DXS) X

Salix L. (MJW) X

Salix L. (RZL) X

Salix lindleyana Wallich ex Andersson * X X X X T3, N3, N7


Salix oreophila J. D. Hooker ex Andersson * X X

Salix vaccinioides Hand.-Mazz. * X

Salvia L. (JML) X B3

Sanguisorba filiformis (J. D. Hooker) Handel-Mazzetti * X

Satyrium nepalense D. Don X N3

Saussurea andersonii C. B. Clarke * X X X

Saussurea columnaris Hand.-Mazz. * X

Saussurea DC. (DXS) X T3

Saussurea DC. (LNP) X

Saussurea DC. (MLS-01) X

Saussurea DC. (MLS-02) X

Saussurea DC. (MNG) X

Saussurea DC. (RZL) X T3

Saussurea donkiah C. B. Clarke ex Springate * X

Saussurea gossypiphora Wall. * X X X X B3, B7, N3, N7

Saussurea graminea Dunn X X T3

Saussurea graminifolia Wallich ex Candolle * X N3, N7

Saussurea hieracioides J. D. Hooker * X X X T3, N3

Saussurea integrifolia Handel-Mazzetti * X T3

Saussurea leontodontoides (Candolle) Schultz Bipontinus * X X X T3, N3, N7

Saussurea limprichtii Diels * X

Saussurea medusa Maximowicz X X T3

Saussurea minuta C. Winkler * X

Saussurea neofranchetii Lipschitz * X

Saussurea nepalensis Spreng. * X X X N3

Saussurea pachyneura Franch. X T3

Saussurea polystichoides Hook. f. * X X N3, N7

Saussurea quercifolia W. W. Smith * X X T3

Saussurea salsa (Pallas) Sprengel X


Saussurea salwinensis J. Anthony * X T3

Saussurea sughoo Franch. * X

Saussurea taraxacifolia (Lindley ex Royle) Wallich ex Candolle * X X

Saussurea velutina W. W. Smith * X T3

Saussurea wernerioides Schultz Bipontinus ex J. D. Hooker * X T3

Saxifraga andersonii Engler & Irmscher * X N9

Saxifraga aristulata J. D. Hooker & Thomson * X T3

Saxifraga brachypoda D. Don * X X X X N9

Saxifraga caveana W. W. Smith * X

Saxifraga ciliatopetala (Engler & Irmscher) * X

Saxifraga consanguinea W. W. Smith * X T3

Saxifraga diversifolia Wallich ex Seringe in de Candolle * X X X T3

Saxifraga drabiformis Franchet * X T3

Saxifraga elliptica Engler & Irmscher * X

Saxifraga filicaulis Wallich ex Seringe in de Candolle X X X X

Saxifraga finitima W. W. Smith * X

Saxifraga glabricaulis Harry Smith * X

Saxifraga hirculoides Decaisne in Jacquemont X

Saxifraga hirculus L. X T3

Saxifraga hispidula D. Don * X

Saxifraga L. (DXS-01) X



Saxifraga L. (JML-01) X

Saxifraga L. (JML-02) X

Saxifraga L. (KCJ-01) X







Saxifraga L. (LNP) X

Saxifraga L. (MJW-01) X

Saxifraga L. (MLS-01) X



Saxifraga L. (RZL-01) X

Saxifraga L. (RZL-02) X

Saxifraga L. (TPL) X

Saxifraga lychnitis J. D. Hooker & Thomson * X

Saxifraga melanocentra Franchet X X B3, T3

Saxifraga montanella Harry Smith * X

Saxifraga mucronulata Royle * X X N3

Saxifraga nigroglandulosa Engler & Irmscher * X T3

Saxifraga oppositifolia L. X

Saxifraga pallida Wallich ex Seringe in de Candolle * X

Saxifraga parnassifolia D. Don * X X

Saxifraga sinomontana J. T. Pan & Gornall in Gornall et al. X

Saxifraga wardii W. W. Smith * X X

Sedum gagei Raymond-Hamet * X

Sedum L. (MJW) X

Sedum L. (MLS) X

Sedum L. (RZL) X

Sedum multicaule Wallich ex Lindley X X T3, N3

Sedum oreades (Decaisne) Raymond-Hamet * X X

Sedum platysepalum Franch. * X

Sedum triactina A. Berger in Engler & Prantl * X

Sedum trullipetalum J. D. Hooker & Thomson * X X


Selaginella nipponica Franch. & Sav. X

Selaginella P. Beauv. (RZL) X

Selaginella pulvinata (Hook. & Grev.) Maxim. X T3

Selaginella remotifolia Spring X

Selinum L. (JML) X

Selinum L. (LNP) X

Selinum wallichianum (de Candolle) Raizada & H. O. Saxena * X N3, N7

Senecio L. (JML) X

Senecio raphanifolius Wallich ex Candolle * X

Sibbaldia L. (LNP) X

Sibbaldia parviflora Willd. X

Sibbaldia cuneata Hornemann ex Kuntze X X X X T3

Sibbaldia purpurea Royle X X X X X T3

Silene caespitella F. N. Williams * X N3

Silene gonosperma (Ruprecht) Bocquet X N3

Silene L. (DXS) X

Silene L. (MJW) X

Silene nigrescens (Edgeworth) Majumdar * X X X X X T3, N3

Silene setisperma Majumdar * X N3

Sinocrassula ambigua (Praeger) A. Berger in Engler & Prantl * X

Sinolimprichtia alpina H. Wolff * X X X T3

Sinopodophyllum hexandrum (Royle) T. S. Ying in C. Y. Wu X B3

Smilax orthoptera A. DC. * X

Solms-laubachia minor Handel-Mazzetti * X T3

Solms-laubachia Muschl. ex Diels (MLS) * X

Solms-laubachia retropilosa Botsch. * X T3

Sorbaria (Ser.) A. Braun (RZL) X

Sorbus microphylla (Wallich ex J. D. Hooker) Wenzig * X

Sorbus rehderiana Koehne in Sargent * X X T2


Soroseris depressa (Hook. f. & Thomson) J.W. Zhang, N. Kilian & H. Sun * X

Soroseris hirsuta (J. Anthony) C. Shih *

X T3

Soroseris hookeriana Stebbins * X X X X B3, T3, N3

Soroseris Stebbins (TPL) * X

Spergula depauperata Pedersen X

Spergularia (Pers.) J. Presl & C. Presl (DXS) X

Spergularia (Pers.) J. Presl & C. Presl (MJW) X

Spergularia (Pers.) J. Presl & C. Presl (RZL) X

Spiraea arcuata J. D. Hooker * X N3, N7, N8

Spiraea bella Sims * X N3, N7

Stellaria congestiflora H. Hara * X X

Stellaria decumbens Edgeworth * X X

Stipa L. (DXS) X N2

Stipa L. (LNP) X N2

Swertia candelabrum H. Sm. * X

Swertia ciliata (D. Don ex G. Don) B. L. Burtt * X X N3

Swertia hookeri C. B. Clarke in J. D. Hooker * X

Swertia multicaulis D. Don * X X X X B3, T3, N3

Synotis wallichii (Candolle) C. Jeffrey & Y. L. Chen * X

Tanacetum tatsienense (Bureau & Franch.) K. Bremer & Humphries * X X X T3

Taraxacum apargiaeforme Dahlst. * X B1

Taraxacum eriopodum (D. Don) Candolle * X N1, N3

Taraxacum F.H. Wigg. (JML) X

Taraxacum mitalii Soest * X

Taraxacum officinale F.H. Wigg. X B3

Taraxacum pseudostenoceras Soest * X N1, N3

Thalictrum alpinum L. X X X X T3, N2, N3

Thalictrum reniforme Wallich * X T3

Thamnolia vermicularis (Sw.) Ach. ex Schaerer X X X X X X T3, N3, N7


Thermopsis barbata Bentham in Royle X T3

Thesium himalense Royle ex Edgeworth * X

Thlaspi arvense L. X T3, N3

Thymus linearis Benth. X N1, N3

Tibetia himalaica (Baker) H.B. Cui * X X N3

Trachydium Lindl. X

Trollius pumilus D. Don * X N3

Trollius yunnanensis (Franchet) Ulbrich * X T3

Unknown (KCJ-01) X

Unknown (KCJ-02) X

Urticaceae Juss. (JML) X

Veratrilla baillonii Franchet * X X T3

Veronica ciliata Fisch. X T3, N3

Veronica L. (MNG) X

Veronica szechuanica Batalin X

Viola biflora L. X X X X X X X N3

Woodsia R. Br. (MNG) X

Youngia gracilipes (J. D. Hooker) Babcock & Stebbins * X N3

No. of Taxa 114 150 116 112 132 127 164 71 186

No. of Endemics 60 74 55 69 87 75 87 37 109

No. of Useful taxa 64 96 59 66 69 61 110 53 141

*Species is endemic to the Himalaya, defined as including: Tajikistan, Afghanistan, Pakistan, Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh (India), Nepal, Sikkim, Bhutan, Arunachal Pradesh (India), Myanmar, and Gansu, Qinghai, Sichuan, Xizang, and Yunnan provinces, China.

Table 4. Results of two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) testing the influence of

independent variables ecotone, location, and their interaction on dependent variables: number of

taxa, number of endemics, percent endemism (transformed by arc sin square root to normalize

data), and Shannon-Weiner index of diversity (H'). (A) Results among Himalayan (33 summits)

and European (66 summits) locations (European data from Pauli et al. 2012); H' not available

(N/A) for Europe; N=99. (B) Results among Himalayan locations only (9 GLORIA target

regions); N=33.

(A) Significance between Himalayan and European data

Number of Taxa

Number of Endemics

Percent Endemism (Arc Sin Sq. Rt.)

Shannon-Wiener diversity index (H')

df F p F p F p F p

Ecotone 3 5.51 <0.01 3.29 <0.05 0.01 NS N/A N/A

Location 1 5.42 <0.05 180.56 <0.001 91.55 <0.001 N/A N/A

Interaction 3 0.02 NS 2.32 NS 0.084 NS N/A N/A

(B) Significance among Himalayan data

Ecotone 1 21.92 <0.001 32.07 <0.001 12.54 <0.01 36.89 <0.001

Location 8 6.81 <0.001 8.30 <0.001 1.81 NS 11.26 <0.001

Interaction 8 2.34 NS 2.76 <0.05 5.8 <0.01 2.52 NS

Table 5. Significant statistical results from NMS and CCA ordinations of vegetation

similarities among Himalayan summits (3800-5000m). For non-metric multidimensional scaling

(NMS), R² (%) is the cumulative percent correlation between ordination distances and distances

in the original n-dimensional space for axes 1, 2 and 3. For Canononical Correlational Analysis

(CCA), percent (%) variation is the cumulative percent explained and R² (%) values are the

Pearson Correlations (species-environment) for axes 1, 2 and 3. P-Value is based on Monte

Carlo test with 998 runs (proportion of randomized runs with species-environment correlation

greater than or equal to the observed); N=131 quadrats (each quadrat includes 4-1X1m² quadrats

in each cardinal direction) and 124 species found at multiple summits.

NMS CCA Axis 1 Axis 2 Axis 3

(p) Data Type Units R² (%)

% variation

R² (%) R² (%) R² (%)

Species Presence/

74.6 6.2 89.9 82.9 73 0.001 Absence

Frequency Counts 76.1 6.4 86.8 76.9 67.8 0.001

Cover % 58 6.6 84.6 77.5 69.2 0.001

Table 6. Alpine species that characterize Himalayan target regions and summits are most

often endemic species. Results of PC-ORD indicator species analysis determined by Monte

Carlo test of significance (p<0.05; 4999 permutations). Out of 33 total Himalayan summits, 29

have significant indicator species; 74% (51 of 69) indicator species are endemic to the Himalaya.

(Species were considered endemic to the Himalaya if found only in: Tajikistan, Afghanistan,

Pakistan, Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh (India), Nepal, Sikkim, Bhutan, Arunachal Pradesh (India),

Myanmar, and Gansu, Qinghai, Sichuan, Xizang, and Yunnan provinces, China.)

Indicator Species (p <0.05)

Tibetan Autonmous Prefecture (TAP), China

Da Xue Shan

4461m

Rhododendron aganniphum I. B. Balfour & Kingdon Ward*

4680m

Cassiope pectinata Stapf*

Rhododendron tapetiforme I. B. Balfour & Kingdon Ward*

Run Zi La

4550m

Gentiana arethusae Burkill*

Polygonum viviparum Linnaeus

Potentilla stenophylla (Franchet) Diels*

4680m

Anaphalis flavescens Handel-Mazzetti

Cassiope selaginoides J. D. Hooker & Thomson*

Pedicularis likiangensis Franchet ex Maximowicz*

Sinolimprichtia alpina H. Wolff*

4910m

Arenaria polytrichoides Edgeworth*

Gentiana trichotoma Kusnezow*

Ma Ji Wa

4118m

Viola biflora Linnaeus

4236m

Diapensia purpurea Diels*

Potentilla coriandrifolia D. Don*

Rhododendron primuliflorum Bureau & Franchet*

Mei Li Shui

4556m

Pleurospermum hookeri C. B. Clarke in J. D. Hooker*

4787m

Anaphalis triplinervis (Sims) C. B. Clarke*

Androsace delavayi Franchet*

Diplarche pauciflora J. D. Hooker & Thomson*

Oxygraphis glacialis (Fischer ex de Candolle) Bunge

Bhutan

Tampela, Wangchuck Centennial Park

4369m

Anaphalis nepalensis (Sprengel) Handel-Mazzetti

Pleurospermopsis sikkimensis (C. B. Clarke) C. Norman*

Potentilla peduncularis D. Don*

4740m

Primula primulina (Sprengel) Hara*

Jomolhari, Jigme Dorji Wangchuck National Park

4141m

Anaphalis xylorhiza Schultz Bipontinus ex J. D. Hooker*

Cortia depressa (D. Don) C. Norman*

Cotoneaster microphyllus Wallich ex Lindley*

Cyananthus incanus J. D. Hooker & Thomson*

Cyananthus lobatus Wallich ex Bentham in Royle*

Potentilla lineata Treviranus

4519m

Anemone demissa J. D. Hooker & Thomson*

Cremanthodium reniforme (Candolle) Bentham*

Geranium donianum Sweet*

Oxygraphis endlicheri (Walpers) Bennet & Sumer Chandra*

Pedicularis trichoglossa J. D. Hooker*

Polygonum macrophyllum D. Don

Sedum multicaule Wallich ex Lindley

4922m

Aster himalaicus C. B. Clarke*

Nepal

Kachenjunga Conservation Area

3884m

Primula capitata Hooker*

Rhododendron lepidotum Wallich ex G. Don*

4281m

Corydalis juncea Wallich*

4517m

Cassiope fastigiata (Wallich) D. Don*

4827m

Saussurea gossypiphora Wall.*

Sibbaldia purpurea Royle

Swertia multicaulis D. Don*

Lantang National Park

4054m

Gentiana ornata (Wallich ex G. Don) Grisebach*

Kobresia nepalensis (Nees) Kükenthal in Engler*

Swertia ciliata (D. Don ex G. Don) B. L. Burtt*

4331m

Euphorbia stracheyi Boissier in A. Candolle*

Thalictrum alpinum Linnaeus

4564m

Cremanthodium nepalense Kitamura*

Rhododendron setosum D. Don*

4784m

Potentilla microphylla D. Don*

Rhodiola himalensis (D. Don) S. H. Fu*

Manang, Annapurna National Park

4147m

Androsace globifera Duby in A. de Candolle*

Chesneya nubigena (D. Don) Ali*

Juniperus squamata Buchanan-Hamilton ex D. Don in Lambert

Polygonatum cirrhifolium (Wallich) Royle

Polygonatum hookeri Baker*

4557m

Aconitum naviculare (Brühl) Stapf*

4834m

Arenaria glanduligera Edgeworth*

Euphrasia himalayica Wettst.*

Gentiana algida Pallas

Potentilla saundersiana Royle

Tibetia himalaica (Baker) H.B. Cui*

5006m

Potentilla fruticosa Linnaeus

Potentilla saundersiana Royle

Saussurea andersonii C. B. Clarke*

*Species is endemic to the Himalaya.

Table 7. Summary of ethnobotanical use data using Missouri Botanical Garden (MO) use

categories. Half of the Himalayan alpine flora is useful (51%). Categories 2 and 3, plants used

for grazing and medicines, dominate in all countries (China (TAP), Bhutan and Nepal).

Statistical differences in plant use among countries are not significant (df=2; F=0.42; p=0.66).

MO Use Category

Number of Useful

Taxa (All

Regions)

% Useful Taxa (All Regions)

Number of Useful

Taxa (TAP)

% Useful Taxa (TAP)

Number of Useful

Taxa (Bhutan)

% Useful Taxa

(Bhutan)

Number of Useful

Taxa (Nepal)

% Useful Taxa

(Nepal)

1. Food: Human 35 5% 4 1% 3 1% 28 9%

2. Food: Animal 98 13% 87 24% 84 37% 93 29%

3. Medicines: Human & Veterinary

279 36% 171 47% 41 18% 154 47%

4. Chemicals 3 0% 1 0% 1 0% 1 0%

5. Fuels 14 2% 1 0% 0 0% 13 4%

6. Fibers 1 0% 0 0% 0 0% 1 0%

7. Cultural uses 41 5% 1 0% 9 4% 36 11%

8. Construction / structural material

7 1% 0 0% 0 0% 7 2%

9. Environmental 2 0% 0 0% 0 0% 2 1%

10. Other 8 1% 1 0% 7 3% 0 0%

ALL CATEGORIES 393 51% 183 50% 111 49% 222 68%

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