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Update on Depression and Mixed Symptoms Trisha Suppes, MD, Ph.D. Stanford University School of Medicine VA Palo Alto Health Care System Palo Alto, California Mood Disorder Day, 2016
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Suppes V4 MoodDisordersDay2016 - Stanford Medicine€¦ · Spectrum’of’Mixed’States’ nic Depressive Symptoms Classic Manic Episode Euthymia MDE DSM-IV Mixed Episode

Apr 30, 2020

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Page 1: Suppes V4 MoodDisordersDay2016 - Stanford Medicine€¦ · Spectrum’of’Mixed’States’ nic Depressive Symptoms Classic Manic Episode Euthymia MDE DSM-IV Mixed Episode

Update  on  Depression  and  Mixed  Symptoms  

Trisha  Suppes,  MD,  Ph.D.  Stanford  University  School  of  Medicine    

VA  Palo  Alto  Health  Care  System  Palo  Alto,  California  

Mood  Disorder  Day,  2016        

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Disclosures  2015–2016  •  Sources  of  funding  research:  NIMH;  Sunovion  PharmaceuJcals  Inc,      

Elan  Pharma  InternaJonal  Limited,  VA  CSP,  Pathway  Genomics,  Stanley  Medical    

•  ConsulJng  agreements/speaking  engagements:  Sunovion  PharmaceuJcals  Inc,  H.  Lundbeck  A/S,  Merck  &  Co  

•  ConJnuing  medical  educaJon:  Medscape,  Global  Medical  EducaJon,  CMEology  

•  Speakers  bureaus:  None  

•  RoyalJes:  Jones  &  BartleW,  UpToDate  

•  Travel:  H.  Lundbeck  A/S,  Sunovion  PharmaceuJcals  Inc,  Merck  &  Co  

•  Financial  interests/stock  ownership:  None  

This  presentaJon  contains  off-­‐licence  material  for  full  exchange  of  scienJfic  informaJon  

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What  Was  Wrong  With  the  DSM-­‐IV  Criteria  for  Mixed  Episode?  

3  

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Spectrum  of  Mixed  States  Ma

nic S

ympt

oms

Depressive Symptoms

Classic Manic Episode

Euthymia MDE

DSM-IV Mixed

Episode

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History  of  Mixed  States  

•  Jules  Falret  (1861):  First  to  use  term  “mixed  state”  •  Mixed  episodes  were  recognized  by  Weygandt  and  Kraepelin  in  1899  

•     •  DSM-­‐IV  (1994):  Requires  coexistence  of  the  full  symptomatology  of  a  manic  and  depressive  episode  

•  Other  descripJons  include:  depressive  or  anxious  mania,  excited  depression,  and  agitated  depression  

5  Swann  ,  et  al.  Am  J  Psychiatry  2013;  170:  31-­‐42;    Angst  J,  et  al.  Biol  Psychiatry  2000;48(6):445-­‐457;  Montgomery  SA,  et  al.  J  Affect  Disord.  2000;59(suppl  1):539-­‐556;  DSM-­‐IV®-­‐TR,  APA,  2000.    

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Bipolar  I  disorder  is  a  dimensional    disease  

Mania  Mania  with  

depressive  symptoms   Depression  

Normal  fluctua=on  

Mania  

Depression  

Kraepelin.  Psychiatrie:  Ein  Lehrbuch  für  Studierende  und  Ärzte,  Psychiatrie.  6th  ed.,  Leipzig;  1899;  Weygandt.  Über  die  Mischzustände  des  

Manisch-­‐depressiven  Irreseins,  Munich;  1899  6  

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Bipolar  disorder  –  symptoms  

Hopelessness  

Loss  of  energy  

Diminished  pleasure  

Suicidal  thoughts  

Dysphoria  

Depressed  mood  

Worthlessness  

High  ac=vity/energy  level  

Diminished  need  for  sleep  

Elevated  mood  Disordered  thoughts  

Euphoria  

Extremely  talka=ve  

Impulsivity  

Anxiety  

Irritability  Agita=on  

Insomnia  

7  

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Consequences  of  not  recognizing  Mixed  Symptoms  –  problems  w  DSM-­‐IV  

•  UnderesJmaJon  of  suicide  risk  

•  Inappropriate  treatment  selecJon  

•  Failure  to  idenJfy  those  with  unipolar  disorder  at  increased  risk  of  progression  to  bipolar  disorder    

8  

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29.8

66.7

10.7

46.7

0

20

40

60

80

PaJe

nts  (%)  

PaJents  with  depressive  symptoms  in    manic  episodes  have  a  higher  suicide  risk  than  those  with  pure  manic  episodes  

ValenJ  M  et  al.  Bipolar  Disord  2011;13:145-­‐54  

Non-­‐mixed    bipolar  disorder  

Mixed  bipolar  disorder  

(n=60)  (n=84)  

Non-­‐mixed    bipolar  disorder  

Mixed  bipolar  disorder  

(n=60)  (n=84)  

Suicidal  ideaJon   Suicide  aWempts  

***p<0.001  

***  

***  

Suicidal  ideaJon  and  suicide  aWempts  in  bipolar  disorder  

A  study  of  144  paJents  with  bipolar  disorder  followed  for  ≤20  years  

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How  did  we  get  to  DSM  5  

•  Long  history  in  European  case  series  and  reports  of  mixed  symptoms  not  being  confined  to  manic  episodes  

•  We  just  needed  the  data  to  demonstrate  this  

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4925  visits   448  visits   596  visits   8359  visits  

Depressed   Hypomanic*   Mixed  Hypomanic   Euthymic  

IDS-­‐C  >=15      YMRS  <12   YMRS  >=12   YMRS>=12            

IDS-­‐C  >=15  IDS-­‐C  <15            YMRS  <12  

Series1   34   3.1   4.2   58  

0  10  20  30  40  50  60  

Percen

t  of  T

otal  Visits  

*Does not include Mixed Hypomania Suppes et al. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2005; 62: 1089-1096.

Prevalence  of  Mixed  Hypomania  n=14,328  visits  in  908  PaJents  

11  

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“The  cheerful  and  mournful  or  anxious  mood  are  not  simple  opposites  that  are  mutually  

exclusive,  but  they  may  mix  with  each  other  in  the  most  different  

ways”  

Emil  Kraepelin,  1921  

12  

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MDD/Mixed:  A  Conceptual  Model  

MDD   BP  II   BP  I  

Bipolar  Disorder  Unipolar/MDD  

BPI,  bipolar  I  disorder;  BPII,  bipolar  II  disorder;  MDE,  major  depressive  episode.  

MDE  

MDD  With  Mixed  Features  

13  

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Prevalence  of  DSM-­‐5  Mixed  Features*    During  Major  Depressive  Episodes  

0  

5  

10  

15  

20  

25  

30  

35  

40  

MDD  (n=149)   BP  I  (n=65)   BP  II  (n=49)  

InternaJonal  Mood  Disorders  CollaboraJve  Project  

McIntyre  RS,  et  al.  J  Affect  Disorders.  2015;  172C:  259–264  

*  DSM-­‐5  Mixed  Features  specifier  defined  via  extracJng  YMRS,  MADRS  or  HAM-­‐D  items    

%  26.0%  

34.0%   33.8%  

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Ziprasidone  treatment  in  depressive  mixed  states  in  bipolar  disorder  type  II  or  MDD  

Patkar  A  et  al.  PLoS  One  2012;7:e34757.    

Change  from  baseline  in  MADRS  score  

MADRS,  Montgomery–Åsberg  Depression  Ra=ng  Scale;  MDD,  major  depressive  disorder  

Placebo  (n=38)  

Ziprasidone  (n=35)  

-­‐2  

0  

-­‐4  

-­‐6  

-­‐8  

-­‐10  

-­‐12  

-­‐14  Week  1   Week  2   Week  3   Week  4   Week  5   Week  6  0  

Mean  chan

ge  M

ADRS

 from

 baseline  

***  

*  

*  

*p<0.05  vs.  placebo;  **p<0.001  vs.  placebo  

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Lurasidone  in  MDD  with  mixed  features:    Change  in  MADRS  total  score  

-­‐25.0  

-­‐20.0  

-­‐15.0  

-­‐10.0  

-­‐5.0  

0.0  Baseline   Wk  1   Wk  2   Wk  3   Wk  4   Wk  5   Wk  6  

LS,  least  squares;    MADRS,  Montgomery–Åsberg  Depression  Ra=ng  Scale;    

MDD,  major  depressive  disorder  

Effect  size  =  0.80  

Suppes  T  et  al.  Am  J  Psychiatry  2016;173:400–7.  

LS  m

ean  chan

ge  from

 baseline    

*p<0.05;  **p<0.01;  ***p<0.001  

***  

***  

***  

***  

**  

*  

Baseline  mean  =  33.2    Baseline  mean  =  33.3    

Placebo  (n=100)   Lurasidone  (n=108)  

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Do  AnJdepressants  Worsen  MDD-­‐MF?  

0  

10  

20  

30  

40  

50  

60  

Mixed  Features  (+)   Mixed  Features  (-­‐)  

RetrospecJve  history  of  anJdepressant-­‐induced  mania/hypomania    in  BRIDGE-­‐II-­‐Mix  Study  

%  

Perugi  et  al.,  Acta  Psychiatr  Scand  2015  Jun  12.  doi:  10.1111/acps.12457.  [Epub  ahead  of  print]  

n=52                                                                                          n=135  

53.8  %  

26.7%  

OR=3.21  (95%  CI=1.65-­‐6.24)  

p<.0001  

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VA  Palo  Alto  Bipolar  and  Depression  Research  Program;  CCR;  and  CSP  NODES  Staff  

TRISHA SUPPES, MD, PHD MICHAEL OSTACHER, MD, MPH GRACE FISCHER, BS ELENA NIKOLAEV DAVID GRIMM, BA, BS JEFF NAGY, MS, MHA VICTORIA COSGROVE, PHD KARISHMA RAJU KAREN BRATCHER, RN, MSN ALDA VICENCIO, RN, BSN AMI PATEL, MPH PERRIN FRENCH, MD

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•  If  full  criteria  are  met  for  a  manic  episode  or  hypomanic  episode  and  at  least  3  of  the  following  symptoms  are  present  during  the  majority  of  days  of  the  current  or  most  recent  episode  of  mania  or  hypomania  (last  1  week  or  4  days):  

29 American  Psychiatric  AssociaJon:  DiagnosJc  and  StaJsJcal  Manual  of  Mental  Disorders,  Fi}h  EdiJon.  Arlington,  VA,  American  Psychiatric  AssociaJon,  2013.  

DSM-­‐5:  Mixed  Specifier  With    Depressive  Features  

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DSM-­‐5:  Mixed  Specifier  With    Depressive  Features  

•  Prominent  dysphoria  or  depressed  mood  •  Diminished  interest  or  pleasure  in  all  acJviJes  •  Psychomotor  retardaJon  •  FaJgue  or  loss  of  energy  •  Feelings  of  worthlessness  or  excessive/inappropriate  guilt  

•  Suicidal  ideaJon,  aWempt,  or  plan  

30 American  Psychiatric  AssociaJon:  DiagnosJc  and  StaJsJcal  Manual  of  Mental  Disorders,  Fi}h  EdiJon.  Arlington,  VA,  American  Psychiatric  AssociaJon,  2013.  

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Mixed  Specifier    With  Hypomanic  Features  

•  If  predominantly  Depressed,  full  criteria  are  met  for  a  Major  Depressive  Episode  and  at  least  3  of  the  following  symptoms  are  present  nearly  every  day  during  the  episode:  

31 Reprinted  with  permission  from  the  DiagnosJc  and  StaJsJcal  Manual  of  Mental  Disorders,  Fi}h  EdiJon,  (Copyright  (c)  2013).    American  Psychiatric  AssociaJon.  All  rights  reserved.  

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Mixed  Specifier    With  Hypomanic  Features  

•  Elevated,  expansive  mood  •  Inflated  self-­‐esteem  or  grandiosity  •  More  talkaJve  or  pressured  speech    •  Flight  of  ideas  or  thoughts  are  racing  •  Increase  in  energy  or  goal-­‐directed  acJvity  •  Increased  acJviJes  that  have  a  high  potenJal  for  painful  consequences    

•  Decreased  need  for  sleep  

32

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Not  Included  in  Mixed  Specifier  

Symptoms  that  could  overlap  on  either  pole:  •  DistracJbility  •  Irritability  •  Insomnia  or  hypersomnia  per  se  •  Indecisiveness  •  AgitaJon  

3

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Irritability  group:  Lurasidone  (n=22)  Baseline  mean  =  34.0  

Lurasidone  (n=86)    Baseline  mean  =  33.0  

Placebo  (n=21)  Baseline  mean  =  34.2  

Placebo  (n=79)    Baseline  mean  =  33.1  

Non-­‐irritability  group:  

Effect  size  =  0.66  

Effect  size  =  1.41  

Lurasidone  in  MDD  with  mixed  features:    Efficacy  with  high  levels  of  irritability  

Irritability  criteria:  YMRS  items  5  &  9  ≥2    LS,  least  squares;  MADRS,  Montgomery–Åsberg  Depression  Ra=ng  Scale;  MDD,  major  depressive  disorder  Swann  AC  et  al.  Presented  at  APA  2016,  Atlanta,  GA,  USA;  14–18  May  2016.      

0  

-­‐5  

-­‐10  

-­‐15  

-­‐20  

-­‐25  

Week  1   Week  2   Week  3   Week  4   Week  5   Week  6  Baseline  

*p<0.05;  **p<0.01;  ***p<0.001  

LS  m

ean  chan

ge  in  

MAD

RS  to

tal  score  

***  

***  

***  ***  

***  

**  

*  

*  

**  

***  

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Lurasidone  in  MDD  with  mixed  features:  Nature  of  manic  symptoms  

0   10   20   30   40   50   60   70   80  

Inflated  self  esteem  

Increased  involvement  in  risky  ac=vi=es  

Elevated  mood  

Increased  energy  

Decreased  need  for  sleep  

Pressured  speech  

Flight  of  ideas  

Suppes  T  et  al.  Am  J  Psychiatry  2016;173:400–7.     MDD,  major  depressive  disorder  

Pa=ents  (%)  

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19.4%  14.9%  

7.3%  

58.4%  

0.0%  

10.0%  

20.0%  

30.0%  

40.0%  

50.0%  

60.0%  

70.0%  

Percen

tage  of  T

otal  Visits  

2774    

Pure  Dep.  (YMRS≤2;    IDS-­‐C≥15)  

2139    

Mixed  Dep.  (2<YMRS<12;    IDS-­‐C≥15)  

1045    

Hypomania/  Mania  

(YMRS≥12)  

8352    

Euthymia  (YMRS<12;  IDS-­‐C<15)  

Number  of  Visits  

Mood  States  During  14,310  Visits  

Mood  State  

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33.3  35.9  

27.3  

48.7  45.6  

57.6  

0  

10  

20  

30  

40  

50  

60  

70  

Total   Non-­‐Mixed   Mixed  

Placebo  

Olanzapine  

Olanzapine  in  bipolar  I  depression  with  manic  symptoms  

Tohen  M  et  al.  J  Affect  Disord  2014;164:57–62.    

InteracJon  p=0.045  

Percen

tage  of  p

a=en

ts  in  re

mission

 

p=0.001   p=0.089   p<0.001  

n=219   n=228   n=153   n=169   n=66   n=59  

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Lurasidone  treatment  of  bipolar  depression  with  subsyndromal  hypomania:  Post  hoc  analysis  

Change  from  baseline  in  MADRS  score  (MMRM;  mITT)    

McIntyre  RS  et  al.  J  Clin  Psychiatry  2015;76:398–405.  LS,  least  squares;  MADRS,  Montgomery–Åsberg  Depression  Ra=ng  Scale;    

mITT,  modified  inten=on-­‐to-­‐treat;  MMRM,  mixed  model  for  repeated  measures  

Week  1  Baseline   Week  2   Week  3   Week  4   Week  5   Week  6  

0  

-­‐2  

-­‐4  

-­‐6  

-­‐8  

-­‐10  

-­‐12  

-­‐14  

-­‐16  

-­‐18  

***  

***  **  

**  

*  

*  

*  

*  

*  

*  

With  mixed  features  lurasidone  (n=182)  

Without  mixed  features  lurasidone  (n=141)  

With  mixed  features  placebo  (n=90)  

Without  mixed  features  placebo  (n=72)  

LS  m

ean  chan

ge  in  M

ADRS

 score  

*p<0.05;  **p<0.01;  ***p<0.001  

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Lurasidone  Treatment  of  Bipolar  Depression  with  Mixed  Features:  Post  hoc  analysis  

McIntyre  RS,  et  al.  Clin  Psychiatry.  2015;76(4):398-­‐405.  

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Lurasidone  for  Major  Depressive  Disorder  with  Mixed  Features  

   *p<0.05.  **p<0.01.  ***p<0.001.  

ES=0.8  

Mean  dose=36.2  mg/day  

Suppes  T  et  al.,  AJP  in  Advance  (doi:  10.1176/appi.ajp.2015.15060770)