Supernovae and GRB Connection Ken’ichi Nomoto (Univ. of Tokyo) MAGNUM (U. Tokyo)
Jan 16, 2016
Supernovae and GRB Connection
Kenichi Nomoto (Univ. of Tokyo)
MAGNUM (U. Tokyo)
Supernova Spectra (Maximum Light)l()log(Flux)
Hypernova CandidatesEkinetic > (5-10)1051ergsGRB 980425
Spectra of Supernovae & HypernovaeIaIcIb94I97ef98bwHeCaOSiIIHyper-novaeHypernovaebroad featuresblended lines Large mass at high velocitiesIc: no H, no strong He, no strong Si
Core Collapse SNe-P Single RGn, -L, b Close Binaries?b, c Single WRClose BinariesHypernovae (c) Gamma-Ray BurstsRotating Single WR? (Helium)Close Binary Mergers?(Mass of SN ejecta: Mej ?)Mass loss
SN1994ISN2006ajSN2003lwSN1997efSN2002apSN2003dhSN1998bw
56Co-decay
Parameters [Mej, E, M(56Ni)]Light CurveSpectra MejE -E Mej3E MejCO Star Models for SNeIcNi
Jet-like explosionTominaga et al. 2005
M=25M, E=31050erg [Fe/H]=5.3Mr (M)012342468HeHCCOONNeMg56FeTi58NiLog XejectaFallbackMBH ~6MUmeda & Nomoto (2003)Mixing
Spectral Fitting: SN1997efNormal SN (E51=1)Small MejHypernova (E51=20)Large Mej at High Vel. Too Narrow FeaturesBroad FeaturesIwamoto et al. (2000)E51=E/1051 erg
Light curves of Hypernovae & SNeIc0 50 100 t (days)98bw94I 97efRadioactive Decay 56Ni 56Co 56Felog L (erg/s)434241
SN 2003dh /GRB 030329
GRB 030329 / SN 2003dh Hjorth et al (2003)
SN2003dh / GRB030329Deng et al. (2005)
SN2003lw / GRB031203Deng et al. (2005)
Supernova GRB ConnectionThree GRBSNe = all Type Ic Hypernovae E > 1052 erg (10normal SN) Large Mms Black Hole Forming SNe Aspherical
Very narrow lines. V < 1000 km s-1. EK=1-41050ergs. V~1000km s-1 2002gd, 1999brFaint M(56Ni)~0.002M Type II-P SN 1997D(Turatto, Mazzali, Young, Nomoto 2002)
SN 1997D: Faint SNTuratto, Mazzali, Young, Nomoto, Iwamoto et al. (1998)1997D1987A1987A1997DLBOLMms~20MMms~ 2530M R 300RM(56Ni) 0.07M 0.002MmM=30.64 (NGC1536)E~41050erg narrow lines
Hypernovae/Faint SNeEKNomoto et al. (2003)Failed SN?13M ~15MGRB-SN
Hypernovae/Faint SNe (56Ni mass)Nomoto et al. (astro-ph/0308136)GRB-SN
Non-GRB Hypernovae
SNe 1997ef, 1999as, 2002ap, 2003jd
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Brightest Hypernova: 1999as @z=0.127E ~ 31052erg Mms ~ 60M MCO ~ 20M M(56Ni) ~ 5.4MSN 1999asmag(Deng et al. )(Knop et al.)
SN1994ISN2006ajSN2003lwSN1997efSN2002apSN2003dhSN1998bw
SN 2003jd SN 1998bwSN 2002apSN 2003jdSN 1983V
Spectra of SN2002ap4M8 C+O star (Mms ~ 25) (E = 4e51 erg)Mazzali et al. 2002
XRF060218SN2006SN2006aj 200602
SN1994ISN2006ajSN2003lwSN1997efSN2002apSN2003dhSN1998bw
FeIII, FeIIOI 77743 days since the explosion
CaII IR tripletOI 7774SiII16 days since the explosion
Comparison with 02apSN 2006aj (21 Feb 2006)SN 2002ap at z=0.033Model 4MsunModel 2MsunOI 7774
SN 2006aj 13 days after the explosion (3 Mar 2006)CaII IR tripletOI 7774SiII 6355FeII, FeIIICrII, TiIIModel 2 Msun 4 Msun
SN 2006aj
XRF 060218/ SN 2006ajSmall Oxygen Mass < 1.3 M8Mej ~ 2 M8 (Mms ~ 20 M8)E ~ 2 x 1051 erg M(56Ni)~0.21M8
Neutron Star forming SN ?Magnetar-driven XRF ?Mass Loss Rate ? Shell ?Cas A connection ?
Non-GRB, peculiar SN Ib 2005bf
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SN Ib 2005bf: SpectraTominaga et al. 2005HeH feature
SN 2005bf: Observed Light CurvesTominaga et al. 2005Folatelli et a. 2006 Modjaz et al. 2006
Comparison with other SN Ib/c
SN 2005bf: Abundance DistributionMass FractionVelocity [km/s]X(56Ni)=0.44X(56Ni)=0.013X(56Ni)=0.03X(He)=0.441,6003,9005,400NiSi, O, CHeH,He13,000
Type Ib SN 2005bfPeculiar Light CurveDouble peaks : M(56Ni)~0.3M8Slow rise to the 2nd peak (~40 days)Rapid decline
Mej ~ 6 7 M8 (Mms ~ 25 30 M8)E ~ 1.3 x 1051 erg Explosion of a WN starHe, H features
Subaru FOCAS Obs. of SN 2005bf[O]~10 days after the 2nd peak.He indicated by [Ca][Fe]??H
Unipolar Ejection of 56Ni(Fe)?sym. axissym. axis[OI] 6300[FeII] 7150[CaII] 7300OCaFe
SN 2005bf: Light Curve @ Late Phases
Type Ib SN 2005bfNebula Spectrum[FeII], [CaII],[OI] : Blue shifted by ~1500 km/s[OI] : Double peaks
Unipolar Jet ?Kick ? (v ~ 200 600 km/s ?)
Neutron Star Forming SN ?? - normal E, small mass cut, large M(Ni)
Rapid decline of LC:56Ni decay ??- Magnetar?? GRB connection??
First Star Hypernova Connection: Abundance Patterns of Extremely Metal-Poor Stars
Metal Poor Stars Mega Metal Poor (MMP): [Fe/H] < -6Hyper Metal Poor (HMP): [Fe/H] < -5Ultra Metal Poor (UMP): [Fe/H] < -4Extremely Metal Poor(EMP) : [Fe/H] < -3Very Metal Poor (VMP): [Fe/H] < -2Metal Poor (MP) : [Fe/H] < -1Solar: [Fe/H] ~ 0Super Metal Rich(SMR): [Fe/H] > +0.5 [Fe/H]=log(Fe/H)-log(Fe/H) (Beers & Christlieb 2005)
MnCoCrZntrendMcWilliam, Ryan [Fe/H][Fe/H]
Low energyHigh energy(1) M(Complete Si-burning)(Zn, Co)/Fe(Mn, Cr)/FeFe/(O, Si)
(2) More rich entropyZn/Fe 64GeTi/Fe
(3) More O burns(Si, S, Ca)/OHypernova Nucleosynthesis
Normal SNe ypernovaethanNormal SNeHypernovaecomplete Siburningincomplete Siburning
Hyper Metal Poor star:HE0107-5240Discovery (Christrieb et al. 2002)Red-giant ~ 0.8 M
[Fe/H] ~ - 5.2[C/Fe] ~ + 4
Pop III (first generation) or Second generation? Formation of Pop III low mass star?
Hyper Metal Poor (HMP) starsIwamoto et al. (Science 2005)
First Supernovae[Fe/H] : -5 -4 -3 -2.5 Faint SNe Hypernovae Normal SNeBlack-Hole Forming Supernovae (20-130M)
First Black Hole > 2~6M
NameMmsE51M(56Ni)1998bw40500.42003dh25-40350.42003lw45600.61997ef30-35150.152002ap20-2540.082005bf2510.32006aj2020.21987A2010.071993J11-1510.081994I1410.071997D20-400.40.0051999br15-350.60.002
Supernova GRB ConnectionMass E (Rotation?)GRB-SNHypernovae (M > 30 M8; E > 1 x 1052 erg)Black hole formingType Ic: M(CO) ~ 10-16 M8
Non-GRB HN (off-axis ?)XRF-SN (Mms ~ 20 M8 E ~ 2 x 1051 erg) Neutron Star forming ? Magnetar-driven Explosion? Peculiar SNe: (NSBH boundary ?)
First Star connection
Possible Types of SN-HN
Type Ib Hypernova ? (Helium in mixed WR)Type II Hypernova ?Rotating Black-Hole + H-rich Envelope (low metallicity?) Faint SN Ibc ?Small 56Ni (fallback) + No Shock HeatingFaint Hypernovae (fallback of 56Ni) Dark SN/HN (Long GRB + no SN)