Superallowed Fermi Beta Decay Studies at TRIUMF-ISAC

Superallowed Fermi Beta

Decay Studies at TRIUMF-

ISACC.E. Svensson, University of Guelph

CAP Congress, Sudbury, OntarioJune 16 – 20, 2014

The Cabibbo-Kobayashi-Maskawa (CKM) matrixThe CKM matrix plays a central role in the Standard

Model and underpins all quark flavour-changing interactions: weak interaction eigenstates quark mass eigenstates

In the Standard Model the CKM describes a unitary transformation.

bsd

VVVVVVVVV

'b's'd

tbtstd

cbcscd

ubusud

1222 ubusud VVV

The first row of the CKM matrix provides, by far, the most demanding experimental test of this unitarity condition.

du

ne

e-W-

gg

bVsVdVd ubusud

CKM Unitarity

Series10.000.100.200.300.400.500.600.700.800.901.00

0.97425 (22)

0.2256(8) 0.00415

(49)

Vud Vus Vub

J.C. Hardy and I.S. Towner, Ann. Phys. (Berlin) 525, 443 (2013).

0.90 0.92 0.94 0.96 0.98 1.00

Vud Vus Vub

|Vud|2 + |Vus|2 + |Vub|2 = 1.00008(43)Vud(36)Vus

…

CKM Unitarity

J.C. Hardy and I.S. Towner, Ann. Phys. (Berlin) 525, 443 (2013).

R.J. Dowdall et al., Phys. Rev. D 88, 074504 (2013)

K+ → ln / p+ → ln (HPQCD Collaboration)

|Vus| = 0.22564(53)

In the Standard Model the CKM describes a unitary transformation.

New Lattice QCD Form Factor Calculations for Vus

|Vud|2 + |Vus|2 + |Vub|2 = 1.00009(43)Vud(24)VusA. Bazavov et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 112, 112001

(2014)K+ → p+ln (Fermilab Lattice and MILC

Collaborations)

|Vus| = 0.22290(90)

In the Standard Model the CKM describes a unitary transformation.

|Vud|2 + |Vus|2 + |Vub|2 = 0.99885(43)Vud(40)Vus

To first order, b decay ft values can be expressed as:

f t = K|Mfi|2 g2

constants

Weak couplingstrength

phase space (Q-value)

half-life, branching ratio

For the special case of 0+ 0+ (pure Fermi) b decays between isobaric analogue states (superallowed) the matrix element isthat of an isospin ladder operator: |Mfi|2 = (T – TZ)(T + TZ + 1) = 2 (for T=1)

Strategy: Measure superallowed ft-values, deduce GV and Vud:K

2 ftGV

2 = |Vud| = GV / GF

matrix element

Vector couplingconstant

Fermi couplingconstant

Vud from Superallowed Fermi b Decay

b decay ft-values

Superallowed ft-values

2%

ft ≈ K2 Gv

2= constant (CVC)

Superallowed Fermi b Decay: Corrections

Calculated corrections (~1%) (nucleus dependent)

Inner radiative correction (~2.4%) (nucleus independent)Experiment

CVC Hypothesis

constant12

δδ1δ1 VR

2V

CNSR

-GKftFtFt

“Corrected” ft value

R = nucleus independent inner radiative correction: 2.361(38)%

dR = nucleus dependent radiative correction to order Z2a3: ~1.4%

- depends on electron’s energy and Z of nucleusdNS = nuclear structure dependent radiative correction: -0.3% – 0.03%dC = nucleus dependent isospin-symmetry-breaking correction: 0.2% – 1.5%

- strong nuclear structure dependence

V

Corrected Superallowed Ft Values

FtWS = 3072.38(75)χ2/ν =

0.32

P. Finlay, et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 106, 032501 (2011)R. Dunlop, et al., Phys. Rev. C 88, 045501 (2013)

Theoretical Treatment of δC

Many recent approaches to

ISB corrections→ Nuclear Shell Model→ Relativistic Hartree-Fock→ Random Phase Approximation→ Energy Density Functional

Difference between Woods-Saxon and Hartree-Fock Radial Overlap

Corrections

TRIUMF-ISACUp to 100 mA, 500 MeV proton beams from the TRIUMF main cyclotron produce high-intensity secondary beams of many of the superallowed emitters by the ISOL technique.

Superallowed Fermi b Decay Studies at ISAC

Halflives (GPS) Branching ratios (8p)

Masses (TITAN)

Charge Radii (laser spectroscopy)Near Future (GRIFFIN)

Halflives (ZDS)

46V

66As70Br

74Rb

N=Z

line

18Ne

34Ar38m

K

26mAl

50Mn

14O10C T½ by β and γ

counting M. Dunlop et al.

T½, G.F. Grinyer et al, PRC 76, 025503 (2007) PRC 87, 045502 (2013)

BR, K.G. Leach et al., PRL 100, 192504 (2008) T1/2 , G.C. Ball et al, PRC 82, 045501 (2010)

T½ and BR

{T½ and BR

62Ga

T½, G.F. Grinyer, PRC 77, 201501 (2008) BR, B.H. Hyland, PRL 97, 102501 (2006)BR, P. Finlay PRC 78, 044321 (2008)

T1/2 , G.C. Ball et al, PRL 86 1454 (2001)BR, A. Piechaczek et al, PRC 67, 051305 (2003)BR, R. Dunlop et al, PRC 88, 045501 (2013)Q: S. Ettenauer et al., PRL 107, 272501 (2011)CR: E. Mané et al, PRL 107, 212502 (2011)

T½ P. Finlay et al, PRL 106, 032501 (2011)BR, P. Finlay et al, PRC 85, 055501 (2012)

Superallowed b Decay

Studies at ISAC

54Co

T½, A.T. Laffoley et al, PRC 88, 015501 (2013)

14O Half-Life MeasurementSimultaneous independent direct β and γ-ray counting experiments using the 8π spectrometer and the Zero-Degree Scintillator.γ Counting: -Decay Selective-Slow & Inefficientβ Counting: -Fast & Efficient-Not Decay Selective

Previous measurements reveal a systematic discrepancy between detection method

14O Half-Life vs Detection Method

12C-14O: T1/2 = 70.620 s 26Alm: T1/2 = 6.3465 s26Na: T1/2 = 1.072 s

Beam

14O Half-Life Measurement at ISAC

b Counting

g Counting

β

γ

14O Half-Life

Initial experiment shows consistency between β and γ half-life measurements for 14O.

A follow-up experiment is scheduled for July, 2014 to push to 0.01% precision.

ft measurements for light superallowed Fermi β emitters are required to constrain scalar currents in the weak interaction.

A.T. Laffoley et al., Phys. Rev. C 88, 015501 (2013)

18Ne Superallowed Decay18Ne 0+T = 1T½ = 1.6654(11) sQ = 4443.6 keV

β+

β+

β+

18F

1+ 1701 0.19%

1+ 0 92.11%

0- 1081 0.0002%0+ 1042 7.70%

β+

18O 0+

T = 0

T = 1 stable

T½ = 109.73(2) minQ = 1655.5 keV

T = 1T = 1

4π Gas Counter and Thick Tape Transport

4π continuous-flow gas-proportional counter and tape transport system

Methane (CH4) gas ~ 100% efficient β counter Very low background rates

28 cm

E. F. Zganjar

18Ne Sample Data – Gas Counter

Status of 18Ne Half-life

Half-life precision improved by a factor of 3, to 0.025%

Preliminary

74Rb Superallowed Decay (T1/2 ~ 65 ms)

Halflife: Measured with the GPS 4p gas proportional counter at ISAC.

T1/2 = 64.761(31) ms G.C. Ball et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 86, 1454 (2001).Mass: First demonstration of a high charge state mass measurement for a short-lived isotope with the TITAN Penning trap.

S. Ettenauer et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 107, 272501 (2011).Charge Radius: Measured via collinear laser spectroscopy:

<r2ch>1/2 = 4.19(1) fm

Reduces uncertainty in theoretical dC2 by ~ 20%

E. Mané et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 107, 212502 (2011).Branching Ratio: Measured with the 8p Spectrometer to ± 0.03% BR = 99.545 (31) % R. Dunlop et al., Phys. Rev. C 88, 045501 (2013).

Superallowed b Branching Ratios for A ≥ 62 and the Pandemonium

Effect

For large Q-value b decays, there are generally many weak b branches to the large number of daughter states within the Q-value window.

In the subsequent g decay, many individual g-rays may be too weak to identify.

The sum of these unobserved g intensities will, however, generally be sufficient to prevent precision determination of b decay branching ratios through g-ray spectroscopy.

8p Spectrometer – Decay Spectroscopy at ISAC-I

Simultaneous collection of g-singles, gg coincidences, b tagging, conversion electrons, and lifetime measurements

Counting 74Rb b Decays with SCEPTAR

Identifying g-rays from 74Rb Decay

Raw γ-spectrum contains lines from room

background and in-beam contaminants

β-γ coincidence, Bremsstralung

suppression reduce background

Spectrum during beam-off allows one to

identify long-lived contaminants

g-g Coincidences following ppm b-decay branches of 74Rb

Internal Conversion Decay of the 0+2

State of 74Kr b - g - electron Coincidence Spectrum

57 g-ray transitions identified following 74Rb decay

Ground-state g-feeding of Igs = 3950(70) ppm identified.

Controlling Pandemonium via 2+ “Collector” States

~ 400 1+ LevelsI'gs

I'2+

I'2+ = 1225(57) ppmBgs = I'gs /(I'gs + I'2+)

Expt + Shell Model:Bgs = 0.33(11)

I'gs = 600(300) ppm

Superallowed Branching Ratio:99.545 ± 0.031 %

Direct b feeding of 2+ states is negligible

R. Dunlop PRC 88, 045501 (2013)

Igs = 3950(70) ppm

74Rb Superallowed Decay

74Rb Superallowed Error Budget

The Future …GammaRayInfrastructureForFundamentalInvestigations of

NucleiA new high-efficiency decay spectroscopy facility for ISAC-I

GRIFFIN @ ISAC-I

June 14, 2014

GRIFFIN

17 times the efficiency of the 8π at Eg = 1 MeV

Efficiency improvement increases with g-ray energy

38

16 large-volume clover-type HPGe g-ray detector

~300x the γ-γ efficiency of the 8π Geant4

74Rb Superallowed Decay with GRIFFIN

Angular Correlation Measurements with GRIFIFN

(S1518: 62Ga superallowed decay)

Using GRIFFIN we can determine the spin-parity of the 2342 keV state

0.00+

9542+

2342

E2

0+

E22+

M1+E2

Geant4 40

World Superallowed Fermi b Decay Data

Ft = 3072.35(75)s c2/n = 0.31

World Superallowed Fermi b Decay DataCVC hypothesis confirmed to ± 0.013%

Set limits on maximally parity violating weak scalar currents:

CS/CV = 0.0011 ± 0.0013

Vud determined from the superallowed data is, by far, the most preciselydetermined element of the CKM quark-mixing matrix:

|Vud| = 0.97425 ± 0.00022

and together with Vus (and Vub) provides the most demanding experimental test of the unitarity of the CKM matrix:

|Vud|2 + |Vus|2 + |Vub|2 = 1.00008 ± 0.00056

Model-dependence of the strongly nuclear structure dependent isospin symmetry breaking corrections in superallowed Fermi b decays remains a key focus of research for both the theoretical and experimental communities.

V. BildsteinG. DengA. Diaz VarelaM. DunlopR. DunlopZ. FairchildP. E. GarrettB. HadiniaD. S. JamiesonB. JigmeddorjA.T. LaffoleyA. RadichE. T. RandC. E. Svensson

G. C. BallP. C. BenderT. BruhnA. B. GarnsworthyG. HackmanS. KetelhutK. G. LeachB. MillsM. MoukaddamM. M. RajabaliE. TardiffC. Unsworth

C. AndreoiuD. S. CrossP. Voss K. Starosta

R. A. E. Austin

H. BouzomitaG. F. GrinyerJ. C. Thomas

J. R. Leslie

E. F. Zganjar

B. BlankJ. Giovinazzo

P. Finlay

I.S. Towner

46V

66As70Br

74Rb

N=Z

line

18Ne

34Ar38m

K

26mAl

50Mn

14O10C T½ by β and γ

counting M. Dunlop et al.

T½, G.F. Grinyer et al, PRC 76, 025503 (2007) PRC 87, 045502 (2013)

BR, K.G. Leach et al., PRL 100, 192504 (2008) T1/2 , G.C. Ball et al, PRC 82, 045501 (2010)

T½ and BR

{T½ and BR

62Ga

T½, G.F. Grinyer, PRC 77, 201501 (2008) BR, B.H. Hyland, PRL 97, 102501 (2006)BR, P. Finlay PRC 78, 044321 (2008)

T1/2 , G.C. Ball et al, PRL 86 1454 (2001)BR, A. Piechaczek et al, PRC 67, 051305 (2003)BR, R. Dunlop et al, PRC 88, 045501 (2013)Q: S. Ettenauer et al., PRL 107, 272501 (2011)CR: E. Mané et al, PRL 107, 212502 (2011)

T½ P. Finlay et al, PRL 106, 032501 (2011)BR, P. Finlay et al, PRC 85, 055501 (2012)

Superallowed b Decay

Studies at ISAC

54Co

T½, A.T. Laffoley et al, PRC 88, 015501 (2013)