Super-Structural Construction Work of a Six Storied Residential Building

Super-Structural Construction Work of a Six

Storied Residential Building

Practicum Report by

Md. Shariful Haque Robin

ID# 12206049 Program: BSCE

IUBAT—International University of Business Agriculture and Technology

Dhaka

15 December, 2015

i

Super-Structural Construction Work of a Six

Storied Residential Building

Practicum Report by


ID# 12206049 Program: BSCE

Supervisor Syeda Rezwana Jannat

Examination Committee

Position Name Signature

Chair, Dept. of Civil Engg. Professor Dr. Md. Monirul Islam

Supervisor Syeda Rezwana Jannat

Department of Civil Engineering College of Engineering & Technology (CEAT)

IUBAT—International University of Business Agriculture and Technology

This practicum report is done for the partial fulfilment of requirements for the Bachalor of Science degree at the

IUBA T ̶ International University of Business Agriculture and Technology, Dhaka,

Bangladesh.

Dhaka

15 December, 2015

ii

Letter of Transmittal

15 December, 2015

Prof. Dr. Md. Monirul Islam

Chair and Course Coordinate, Department of Civil Engineering

IUBAT— International University of Business Agriculture and Technology

4 Embankment Drive Road, Sector 10, Uttara Model Town,

Dhaka 1230, Bangladesh

Subject: Submission of Practicum Report

Dear Sir,

This is a great opportunity & immense for me to submit my internship report on “Super-

Structural Construction Work of a Six Storied Residential Building”. I have got the

opportunity to work in Fervent Architects & Engineers Ltd. for my internship program, which is

an essential part of my academic program.

I have tried my level best to prepare this report to the required standard. It was certainly a great

opportunity for me to work on this report to actualize my theoretical knowledge in the practical

arena.

I express my heart full gratitude to you to go through this report and make your valuable

comments. It would be very kind of you, if you please evaluate my performance regarding this

report.

Thanking you,

Sincerely Yours,

……………………..


Program: BSCE

ID # 1220604

iii

Recommendation Letter

iv

Student Declaration

I am declaring that this internship report on “Super-Structural Construction Work of a Six

Storied Residential Building” has only been prepared for the partial fulfilment of the degree

Bachelor of Science in Civil Engineering (BSCE).

It has not been prepared for any other purpose, reward, or presentation and has not been

submitted by me for any Degree, Diploma, Title or Recognition before.

.

……………………..


Program: BSCE

ID # 12206049

v

Acknowledgements

First of all thanks to Almighty who helped me to complete the practicum work and the

practicum report, leading to the Bachelor of Science in Civil Engineering degree.

I would like to thank every families and friends that participate on my life and get me in this

intensity and individuals who support and share idea and also helping me to be like this.

I am very thankful to Fervent Architects & Engineers Ltd. for having given me the

opportunity to undertake my three month internship class in their working area. It was Avery

good learning experience for me to have worked at this area. I would like to convey my

heartiest thanks to Chairman Abdur Rahaman (Nipu) and Project Engineer Kamruzzaman

and all staff member.

I would like to pay my gratitude to our respected Prof. Dr. Engr. Md. Monirul Islam,

Chair, Department of Civil Engineering, IUBAT, who created the scope for me explore

supervision work and make the report on it entitled “Super-Structural Construction Work

of a Six Storied Residential Building.”

I would also thank my supervisor Syeda Rezwana Jannat and also Tanaz Islam, for her

endless support at site and in his office by consulting me how do things in the site and how to

write this report in outstanding manner, All teachers of civil engineering department who

brought me to my present performance and shape me like this during the last three and half

successive years.

Before I finish I would like to give my deepest thanks to all workers from the contractor and

the consultant side starting from engineers to daily laborers. Also for those who do not listed

in the above but support me in different areas I would like thank all.

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Executive Summary The internship report in broad-spectrum contains ten chapters in which I try to explain my

three month experience in my hosting company. The content of all chapters is broadly

explained and it is constructed from the practical basis of the site work ended all months. In

the opening chapter I give introduction of full report including source of the study, scope of

the study, abridgment of the study objectives of the study and my responsibilities. In chapter

two I give details to the company background including its mission, vision, the project those

runs through the company consultation. In this chapter I put all record or history and futurity

of my hosting company with its official address. So, it is give details of the company in terms

of reader can easily know and access the company. In chapter three and four I give design

specification and construction materials & equipment’s. Chapters four, five, six and seven are

the most hunted chapter which explains my overall internship familiarity in the last

successive months. This chapter are the main chapter and I record on it the overall work I

have been executing. It gives a high light what I have been doing and main works of the

construction industry. After all those chapters explained above I goes to the chapter eight and

explains problems & solution and the chapter nine main benefits of the internship class in

terms of different aspects and areas. It is obvious that the internship has a plus in terms of

improving skills and different abilities as a whole. Chapter ten explains about my

recommendation in some conditions and conclusion.

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Table of Contents

1. CHAPTER 1: Introduction Error! Bookmark not defined.

1.1. General 1

1.2. Source of the Study 1

1.3. Scope of the Study 2

1.4. Abridgment of the Study 2

1.5. Objectives of the study 2

1.6. My Responsibilities 2

2. CHAPTER 2: Company Profile and My Project Details Error! Bookmark not defined.

2.1. General 4

2.2. Company Overview 5

2.3. Mission and Vision 5

2.3.1. Mission 5

2.3.2. Vision 5

2.4. Company Quality Policy 6

2.5. Corporate Structure 6

2.6. Project at a glance 7

2.7. International Accreditation 7

2.8. Company Organogram 8

2.9. Supporting Professional Services 8

2.10. Completed Projects 9

2.11. Ongoing Projects 11

2.12. My Project Details 12

3. CHAPTER 3: Design Specifications Error! Bookmark not defined.

3.1. General 15

3.2. Foundation 16

3.3. Concrete 16

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3.4. Cement 17

3.5. Aggregates 17

3.6. Water 17

3.7. Steel Reinforcement 17

3.8. Lap Length 18

3.9. Hooks of Rebar 18

3.10. Spacer Bars 18

3.11. Lap Location 19

3.12. Development Length 19

3.13. Admixture 19

3.14. Additional Bar, Fastening Bar in Beam 19

3.15. Minimum Bar Spacing of Column 20

3.16. Reinforcement Details for Slab Openings 20

3.17. Column Splice Location 20

4. CHAPTER 4: Construction Materials & Equipments Error! Bookmark not defined.

4.1. General 21

4.2. Materials 21

4.2.1. Cement 21

4.2.2. Coarse Aggregate 22

4.2.3. Fine aggregate 22

4.2.4. Reinforcement 23

4.2.5. Water 23

4.2.6. Formwork Materials 23

4.3. Main Equipments 24

4.3.1. Concrete mixer machine 24

4.3.2. Vibrator machine 24

4.3.3. Crane 25

4.3.4. Bar cutter 25

5. CHAPTER 5: Construction of Beam and Slab Error! Bookmark not defined.

5.1. Beam 26

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5.2. Slab 26

5.3. Formwork 26

5.4. Main Components of Shuttering 27

5.5. Shuttering Processes 28

5.6. Centering of Beam and Slab 30

5.7. Reinforcement Placement of Beam 31

5.8. Reinforcement Placement of Slab 35

5.9. Casting of Beam and Slab 38

5.10. Curing of beam and slab 40

6. CHAPTER 6: Construction of Stair 41

6.1. General 41

6.2. Shuttering of Stair 41

6.3. Reinforcement bar Placing 42

6.4. Shuttering of Treads and Risers 43

6.5. Casting of Stair 43

6.6. Curing of Stair 44

7. CHAPTER 7: Column Construction Error! Bookmark not defined.

7.1. General 45

7.2. Column Kicker 46

7.3. Column Kicker shuttering 46

7.4. Column Kicker Casting 47

7.5. Reinforcement Placements of Column 48

7.6. Shuttering of Column 50

7.7. Column casting 51

7.8. Column Curing 53

8. CHAPTER 8: Problems and Solution 54

8.1. General 54

8.2. Problem and Solution 54

8.2.1. Problem 1 54

8.2.2. Problem 2 55

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8.2.3. Problem 3 55

8.2.4. Problem 4 56

8.2.5. Problem 5 56

8.2.6. Problem 6 57

8.2.7. Problem 7 57

9. CHAPTER 9: Overall Benefits of the Internship Error! Bookmark not defined.

9.1. General 58

9.1.1. Improving practical skill 58

9.1.2. Upgrading the theoretical knowledge 58

9.1.3. Upgrading interpersonal communication skill 59

9.1.4. Improving team playing skill 59

9.1.5. Improving leadership skill 59

9.2. Challenges I have faced 60

9.3. Measures I take for challenges 60

10. CHAPTER 10: Conclusion and Recommendation Error! Bookmark not defined.

10.1. Conclusions 62

10.2. Recommendation to the company 63

11. CHAPTER 11: Bibliography and Appendix Error! Bookmark not defined.

11.1. Bibliography 64

11.2. Appendix 65

xi

List of Figures

Figure 2.1 3D view of Rafizuddin ........................................................................................ 12

Figure 2.2 Typical Floor plan (2nd to 5th floor) ................................................................... 13

Figure 2.3 Column layout ...................................................................................................... 13

Figure 2.4 Beam layout.......................................................................................................... 14

Figure 2.5 Slab layout ............................................................................................................ 14

Figure 3.1 Additional and fastening bar in beam .................................................................. 19

Figure 3.2 Reinforcement details for slab openings .............................................................. 20

Figure 3.3 Column splice location ......................................................................................... 20

Figure 4.1 Supercrete cement ................................................................................................ 21

Figure 4.2 (a) Bricks chips and (b) Stone chips..................................................................... 22

Figure 4.3 (a) Local sand and (b) Sylhet sand ....................................................................... 22

Figure 4.4 Reinforcement bars .............................................................................................. 23

Figure 4.5 Concrete mixer machine....................................................................................... 24

Figure 4.6 Vibrator machine .................................................................................................. 24

Figure 4.7 Crane .................................................................................................................... 25

Figure 4.8 Bar cutter .............................................................................................................. 25

Figure 5.1 (a) Props of the Slab and Beam; (b) Runner ........................................................ 27

Figure 5.2 (a) Wooden planks; (b) steel sheet ....................................................................... 27

Figure 5.3 (a) & (b): Beam shuttering .................................................................................. 28

Figure 5.4 (a) & (b): Shuttering work of slab before and after placing steel sheet ............... 28

Figure 5.5 Beam Layout ........................................................................................................ 29

Figure 5.6 Checking (a) width and (b) depth of beam-2 Shutter........................................... 29

Figure 5.7 Centering .............................................................................................................. 30

Figure 5.8 Stirrup of beam ..................................................................................................... 31

Figure 5.9 Placing beam reinforcement (Beam-1) ................................................................ 31

Figure 5.10 Stirrup binding of beam (Beam-1) ....................................................................... 32

Figure 5.11 Floor beam layout................................................................................................. 32

Figure 5.12 Floor Beam sections ............................................................................................. 33

Figure 5.13 Beam-2 Reinforcements arrangement .................................................................. 33

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Figure 5.14 Checking stirrup spacing at end section of beam-2.............................................. 34

Figure 5.15 Checking stirrup spacing at mid-section of beam-2............................................. 34

Figure 5.16 Checking lapping distance of beam-2 .................................................................. 34

Figure 5.17 Placing Slab Reinforcement in long and short direction...................................... 35

Figure 5.18 Placing Crank, extra top & bottom Reinforcement in slab .................................. 35

Figure 5.19 Concrete block placing ......................................................................................... 36

Figure 5.20 Slab Layout Plan .................................................................................................. 36

Figure 5.21 Reinforcement bar spacing checking in Slab (a) short and (b) long direction ..... 37

Figure 5.22 Checking the extra top bar length ........................................................................ 37

Figure 5.23 (a) concrete mixing in mixture machine, (b) using crane for pulling up the

concrete ................................................................................................................ 38

Figure 5.24 Beam casting ........................................................................................................ 39

Figure 5.25 During slab casting, using vibrator & Steel runner. ............................................. 39

Figure 5.26 Curing of beam by moist jute fabric..................................................................... 40

Figure 5.27 (a) Making border for pond (b) Curing of slab by ponding of water .................. 40

Figure 6.1 Shuttering of Stair ................................................................................................ 41

Figure 6.2 Reinforcement bar arrangement in stair ............................................................... 42

Figure 6.3 Reinforcement bar placement in stair................................................................... 42

Figure 6.4 (a) Checking tread length, (b) checking riser height ............................................ 43

Figure 6.5 Using vibrator during stair casting ....................................................................... 43

Figure 6.6 Curing of stair by moist jute fabric ...................................................................... 44

Figure 7.1 Column layout ...................................................................................................... 45

Figure 7.2 Column kicker formwork ..................................................................................... 46

Figure 7.3 Checking column kicker (a) clear cover distances and (b) kicker height ............ 47

Figure 7.4 After kicker casting of column-2 ......................................................................... 47

Figure 7.5 Reinforcement Placements of Column-2 according to design ............................. 48

Figure 7.6 Tie bar spacing checking in column-2 end section .............................................. 49

Figure 7.7 Tie bar spacing checking in column-2 mid-section ............................................. 49

Figure 7.8 Checking lapping length....................................................................................... 50

Figure 7.9 Column-2 shuttering............................................................................................. 50

Figure 7.10 Concrete mixer for column casting ...................................................................... 51

Figure 7.11 Column-2 casting ................................................................................................. 51

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Figure 7.12 Using vibrator during column casting .................................................................. 52

Figure 7.13 After removing column-2 shutter ......................................................................... 52

Figure 7.14 wrapping column with jute fabric for Curing....................................................... 53

Figure 8.1 (a) Beam 6 size in design, (b) Beam 6 size in reality ........................................... 54

Figure 8.2 Two beam crossing section .................................................................................. 55

Figure 8.3 Without steel sheet slab area shuttering ............................................................... 55

Figure 8.4 Did not maintain lapping length as per design ..................................................... 56

Figure 8.5 Did not maintain reinforcement placement as per design .................................... 56

Figure 8.6 Column-3 entered lift section area ....................................................................... 57

Figure 8.7 Working without safety at 4th floor ..................................................................... 57

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List of Tables

Table 2-1 Corporate Structure………………………………………………………….......20

Table 3-1 Lap Length ........................................................................................................... 18

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This chapter covers the following topics: General, Source of the Study, Scope of the Study,

Abridgment of the Study, Objectives of the study, My Responsibilities.

1.1. General

The internship is a bridge between the theoretical knowledge and the practical or the reality work

at the field of civil engineering work. After completing three and half year’s theoretical part of

studies, practicum is the greatest chance to get practical idea. A practicum report is the storage of

information which one did during of his training period at the selective project. In this report I

tried to uphold about my 3 month’s practicum period experience of the construction work of a 6

storied high rise residential building. As a civil engineer, theoretical knowledge is not enough for

showing ones skill in this competitive world. In my report, here I tried to mention the

information of a residential construction project which situated at Plot no.#52, Road: 14, Sector:

14, Uttara Model Town, Dhaka- 1230, where I have focused on mainly Beam, Slab, Stair,

Column construction, problems & my contribution to solve those etc.

1.2. Source of the Study

The information provided in this report has been collected from the ongoing construction of

“Rafizuddin”, a residential project of Fervent Architects & Engineers Ltd. Here I got an

opportunity to observe & learn the day to day construction work and also learned many

construction information from my project engineers that will help me for my professional life. I

have learned many things which will be able to overcome the difficulties faced in theoretical part

and also learned about materials property, management system, billing etc.

CHAPTER 1

Introduction

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1.3. Scope of the Study

It’s a great opportunity for me to work in practical field as a trainee engineer in a leading

developer company like Fervent Architects & Engineers Ltd. Here, I tried to apply my

theoretical knowledge in practical field which I have acquired from my four years learning

period. In my project, here I worked with the engineers, contractors, labors and gathered much

more basic knowledge on building construction which will be effective for my future career.

1.4. Abridgment of the Study

This report has been prepared for my academic purposes based on the construction work of 3 rd &

4th floor of a residential building which I have supervised during my four months internship

period. It was not possible to understand whole construction process and also submitting full

report on building construction. Shortage of knowledge in some portion of the work at the site

and their language at the site was mostly a Bangla word that makes me more confused.

1.5. Objectives of the Study

The purpose of my internship to take the future leadership and also to take responsibilities in

professional field of engineering technology. Mainly, internship program is to meet the

challenges of the future by enhancing the knowledge that is learnt during learning period and

also from Construction Company. The main objective of my internship was to understand the

construction work which was done in practical field. I observed the construction work and

learned many more things about construction procedures & managements.

1.6. My Responsibilities

Absolutely good reason behind this performance was I integrate with all workers within a short

time and get involved in different site works to gain more knowledge about the working

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environment in the site and improve myself with more site works and office work. Since the site

work is very repetitive I had been working in different section to get involved and pass through

different peace of works. Especially the work tasks I had been performing in the office work

were very impressive because I didn‘t have any knowledge about the quantity works, cost and

report writing etc. In general in the last four month I performed all my duties nicely and get

knowledge of the practical world and relate it with the theory I had learn in the class in the last

three and half years. Also I transform myself to another level of skill, ethics, knowledge and

leadership using this internship and I perform it well.

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This chapter covers the following topics: General, Company Overview, Mission and Vision,

Company Quality Policy, Corporate Structure, Company Organogram and My Project

Details

2.1. General

With great gratitude we would like to inform you that we introducing ourselves as “Fervent

Architects & Engineers Ltd.”, an experienced Architectural & Engineering Consultancy firm

since 1997. Here some information about Fervent Architects & Engineers Ltd.

Company Name: Fervent Architects & Engineers Ltd. and Fervent Constructions Ltd.

(Company Logo)

Company Type: Limited (by shares.)

License Type: Consultancy (First class contractor)

Capital: Authorized capital BDT 3,00,00,000 and Paid up capital BDT 1,00,00,000

Total experience: 1st phase (1997-2009) 12 years and 2nd phase (2009-2015 onwards) 6 years

Address : Suite#A3, House#35, Road#14, Sector#13, Uttara, Dhaka-1230

Phone: +880 2-7913544

Email: [email protected]

Website: www.ferventbd.com

CHAPTER 2

Company Profile and My Project Details

http://www.ferventbd.com/

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2.2. Company Overview

With great gratitude we would like to inform you that we introducing ourselves as “Fervent

Architects & Engineers Ltd.”, an experienced Architectural & Engineering Consultancy firm

since 1997. This firm has a diligent team of architects, engineers, planners, interior designers and

management staff. All personnel are highly qualified, well trained, dynamic and sincere. We

have architects being trained especially to design moderate markets, factory buildings, clinics,

modern residential apartment buildings and more. Hope this will suit your desire and will

opportune us to serve your esteem company. We strongly believe that we can add value to your

organization by our services.

2.3. Mission and Vision

2.3.1. Mission

“Fervent Architects & Engineers Ltd.” is looking forward to provide consultancy services in

related fields for master plan, architectural design, interior design planning and other related

aspects with utmost enthusiasm. It will be a great pleasure to work with a renowned company

like yours with any kind of Architectural & Engineering based work, as a consultant for

architectural, structural, electrical and plumbing design with sound, economical and modern

solutions tailored for your needs.

2.3.2. Vision

To offer housing solution that meets and exceeds our clients’ expectation and improving the

quality of life in the community we serve. To sustain our position as full – service Real Estate

Company of 1st choice through maximizing value for our clients, business partners and

employees with a strong sense of social commitment.

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2.4. Company Quality Policy

Fervent believes that architecture can captivate the essence of time. Our monuments capture

accordingly a particular time frame and yet continue to be appreciated eternally. To each and

every development, we add that extra touch of magic, which makes it a home. We will provide

quality in our construction work, our management systems, and our customer services so that we

can fulfil or exceed our customer's expectation. Our human resource will always be our greatest

asset and we will provide regular training and opportunity to our people so that the quality of

their work is constantly improved.

2.5. Corporate Structure

Table 2-1 Corporate Structure

Managing Director & CEO Md. Abdur Rahman Nipu

B.Arch. (Aust)

General Manager A.K.M Shahidul Karim

B.Sc. (Hons) A.M University

Mba (Aub)

Architectural Engineers - Arch. Ashiqur Rahman

M.Arch. (U.S.A) Assoc Aia

University Of Oklahama U.S.A

- Arch Saleh M Hasib

B.Arch. (Buet)

Iab & Rajuk Enlisted No: H-072

- Arch. Jahidul Haque Sumon

B.Arch. (Buet)

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Structural Engineers - Eng. Md. Abdul Garur

B.Sc. Engg (Civil). Mieb

Rajuk Reg No: Dminb/Ce-0111 Ieb

Membership No: M/15423

- Eng. Md. Asaduzzaman

Asst. Structural Engineer

Visualization - Arch. Rahat Amin Chowdhury

B.Arch. (Buet)

- Arch. Mohammad Sohel

B.Arch. (Biu)

2.6. Project at a glance

- Residential Project: 150+

- Commercial Projects: 10+

- Housing Complex: 5

- Mosque: 3

- Master Plan: 3

- Factory Building: 2

- Corporate Office Building: 4

- Hotel and Resorts: 20+

- Interior Design: 15+

- Interior Construction: 15

- Building Constructions: 25+

2.7. International Accreditation

- THE BIZZ-2014 Award for Business Excellence.

- Honorary Award on “Sixth International Conference on Urban & extra urban studies of

University of Illinois research park, Chicago USA.

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2.8. Company Organogram

2.9. Supporting Professional Services

Fervent Architects & Engineers Ltd is service and Finance oriented for financial Support and

Investment it is fully supported by the following Bank:

1) Standard Chartered Bank Ltd.

2) Mercantile Bank Ltd.

3) Bank Asia Ltd.

Managing Director

Electrical

Engineer

Project Engineer

Trainee Engineer

Site Engineer

Chairman

Architectural

Engineer Civil Engineer

Structural Engineer

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2.10. Completed Projects

Project Information

Type: Residential

Location: Plot No. # 29, Road # 11, Sector # 13,

Uttara.

Apartment Size (s): 1550 sft

No of Floor: Ground Floor + 5 Floors

Project Information

Type: Residential

Location: Plot No. # 52, Road # 23, North Badda.



Project Information

Type: Residential

Location: Plot No. # 29, Road # 21, Sector # 14,

Uttara.



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Project Information

Type: Residential

Location: Plot No. # 7, Road # 9, Sector # 14, Uttara.



Project Information

Type: Residential

Location: Plot No. # 30, Road # 14/A, Dhanmondi R/A.


No of Floor: Ground Floor +9 Floors

Project Information

Type: Residential

Location: Mymensing.


No of Floor: Ground Floor +9 Floors

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2.11. Ongoing Projects

Project Information

Type: Residential




Project Information

Type: Residential

Location: kumarpara, Sylhet.



Project Information

Type: Residential




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2.12. My Project Details

Project Name: Rafizuddin

No. of Storey: Ground Floor + 5 Floors

Location: Plot no: 52, Road no: 14, Sector: 14, Uttara Model Town, Dhaka- 1230.

Land Size: 2160 sft.

Land Area: 3 Katha.

Figure 2.1 3D view of Rafizuddin

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Figure 2.2 Typical Floor plan (2nd to 5th floor)

Figure 2.3 Column layout

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Figure 2.4 Beam layout

Figure 2.5 Slab layout

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This chapter covers the following topics: General, Foundation, Concrete, Cement, Concrete

Aggregate, Water, Steel Reinforcement, Lap Length, Hooks of Rebar, Spacer Bars, Lap

Location, Development Length, Admixture, Additional Bar, Fastening Bar in Beam,

Reinforcement Details for Slab Openings and Column Splice Location

3.1. General

I have supervised the super structural construction work of the project named ―Rafizuddin, plot

no: 52, Road no: 14, Sector: 14, Uttara Model Town, Dhaka- 1230. Here I noticed that the

construction work including material selection, curing, concrete ratio etc. It was done on the

basis of some recommended Specifications given by the structural engineer. The experience

which I have gathered is described in detail. The recommended Design Requirement & Materials

Specifications are mentioned below.

a) Design method used is USD according to Bangladesh National, Building Code (BNBC)

1993, UBC 1994 and ACI 318-99.

b) All the structural drawing shall be read in conjunction with relevant architectural

drawing.

c) Follow BNBC/93 for specification / structural requirements not mentioned in this

drawing or in this sheet.

d) Any details not shown in this drawing should be done according to ACI Detailing

Manual-1999.

e) Basic wind speed= 210 km/hr

f) Seismic zone – 2

g) Other loads as per BNBC 1993

CHAPTER 3

Design Specifications

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3.2. Foundation

a) The building has been designed as residential type.

b) Foundation type - Deep Foundation.

c) Any loose pocket found in the foundation bed is to be filled up with compacted coarse

sand of FM-2.5

d) Depth of foundation as per drawing.

3.3. Concrete

a) All concrete compressive strength considered as follows:

1. f'c = Minimum 3500 psi for Pile.

2. f'c = Minimum 3500 psi for Pile cap and Column.

3. f'c = Minimum 2600 psi for Beam, Slab, Stairs & others.

b) Minimum cylinder strength : Based on cylinder test of diameter D = 150 mm & height H

= 300 mm

I) 28 days strength = as specified in 3(a)

II) 7 days strength = 75% of the 28 days strength.

c) Curing of R.C. work :

I) Curing time minimum 28 days.

II) Method of Curing:

i. Horizontal Surface - by Ponding of water

ii. Other surfaces - by Wrapping moist jute fabric and sprinkling water by hose

pipe frequently.

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3.4. Cement

Ordinary Portland Cement Type-1 conforming to BDS 232: 1974 ASTM C150. Cement should

be used as per specification.

3.5. Aggregates

a) Fine Aggregate:

i) 100% Sylhet sand of FM 2.5 for Pile.

ii) 100% Sylhet sand of FM 2.5 for Pile cap and Column.

iii) 75% sylhet sand & 25% local sand of F.M. 2.5 for Beam, Slab, Stair & others.

b) Coarse Aggregate:

i) 3/4" downsize well graded singles for Pile.

ii) 3/4" downsize well graded stone chips for Pile cap and Column.

iii) 3/4" downsize well graded brick chips for Beam, Slab, Stair & others.

c) Mixing Ratios :

i) Pile: 1:1½:3

ii) Pile cap and Column: 1:1½:3

iii) Beam, Slab, Stair & others: 1:1½:3

3.6. Water

Potable water to be used in concrete mix.

3.7. Steel Reinforcement

Deformed rebar shall have minimum yield strength of:

a) i) fy = 60 Grade for Pile cap and Column.

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ii) fy = 72.5 Grade for Beam, Slab , Stairs and others.

b) The following tests for Reinforcing bars form random samples shall be conducted as

per BDS 1313 : 1991 and test result shall be submitted to Engineer for checking and

record: i) Tensile Strength Test

ii) Percentage Elongation Test

iii) Bend / Rebend Test

3.8. Lap Length

Unless otherwise mentioned in the drawing, lap length of bars shall be:

Table 3-1 Lap Length

Bar Dia

(mm)

Tension zone

Compression zone

60*dia

40*dia

Column laps shall be tension laps and Pile laps shall be tension laps

3.9. Hooks of Rebar

For all rebar provide 90° standard hooks (L - bent) if not shown in the drawing.

3.10. Spacer Bars

To support second layer bars in beams / slabs, use 25∅ spacer bars @ 5'-0" c/c where required.

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3.11. Lap Location

a) For beam bottom bar, lap should not be provided at middle third zone of the span.

b) For beam top bar, lap may be provided at middle third zone of the span.

c) Not more than 50% of the bars shall be spliced at one place.

d) Lap splices are to be confined hoops with maximum spacing or pitch of d/4 or 100

mm where d is the effective depth of the beam.

3.12. Development Length

All beam and slab rebar should be extended into the support up to development length.

3.13. Admixture

Water proofing admixtures, plasticiser and jointing admixtures shall be used as mentioned in the

respective drawing and in the specification after approval by the engineer.

3.14. Additional Bar, Fastening Bar in Beam

Figure 3.1 Additional and fastening bar in beam

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3.15. Minimum Bar Spacing of Column

Longitudinal bars clear distance between longitudinal bars shall not be less than 1.5 times bar

diameter, 1.5 times the size of course aggregate nor 40 mm.

3.16. Reinforcement Details for Slab Openings

Figure 3.2 Reinforcement details for slab openings

3.17. Column Splice Location

Figure 3.3 Column splice location

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This chapter covers the following topics: General, Materials and Equipments

4.1. General

In construction of super structures, it is necessary to maintain good quality materials. I

observed different types of constructions materials which were directly used for different

construction work. The equipment’s & machineries that were used in this project are given

below with basic information.

4.2. Materials

4.2.1. Cement

In this project Portland composite cement (PCC) Cement name Supercrete was used.

Formation of Portland composite cement are Clinker(65-79)%, Lime stone(21-35)% and

Gypsum(0-5)%

Figure 4.1 Supercrete cement

CHAPTER 4

Construction Materials and Equipments

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4.2.2. Coarse Aggregate

Mainly two type of coarse aggregate used in my site, they was bricks chips and stone chips.

Used 3/4" down and well graded stone chips for Column and 3/4" down and well graded brick

chips for Beam, Slab, Stair & others.

(a) (b)

Figure 4.2 (a) Bricks chips and, (b) Stone chips

4.2.3. Fine Aggregate

Mainly two type of fine aggregate used in my site, they was Sylhet sand and local sand. 100%

Sylhet sand of FM 2.5 for Column and 75% sylhet sand & 25% local sand of F.M. 2.5 for

Beam, Slab, Stair & others contraction.

(a) (b)

Figure 4.3 (a) Local sand and, (b) Sylhet sand

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4.2.4. Reinforcement

In my project, they used 10mmΦ, 12mmΦ, 16mmΦ and 20mmΦ reinforcement of KSRM

Company. I observed those Thermo Mechanically Treated (TMT) bar with 500W (72.5

Grade).

Figure 4.4 Reinforcement bars

4.2.5. Water

In my site used pure and drinkable water for concrete mix.

4.2.6. Formwork Materials

Bamboo, steel sheet, wooden runner, planks etc. were used for formwork in my site.

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4.3. Main Equipments

4.3.1. Concrete Mixer Machine

Concrete mixer machine is used to combine the cement, water, fine aggregate (sand) and

coarse aggregate to form concrete. It is a portable machine driven by a diesel engine.

Figure 4.5 Concrete mixer machine

4.3.2. Vibrator Machine

Vibrator machine provides a better material flow and remove air bubbles. But excessive

vibration will be segregate the concrete mixture.

Figure 4.6 Vibrator machine

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4.3.3. Crane

A crane which was used for pulling up the concrete to the top of the building for casting.

Figure 4.7 Crane

4.3.4. Bar Cutter

Bar cutter is also an electric machine from which steel bars can be cut efficiently.

Figure 4.8 Bar cutter

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This chapter covers the following topics: Beam and Slab definition, Formwork, Main

Components of Shuttering, Shuttering Processes, Centering of Beam and Slab,

Reinforcement Placements of Beam & Slab, Casting of Beam and Slab and Curing.

5.1. Beam

Beam is the horizontal member of a structure carrying transverse loads. Beam carries load

from the Floor slab or the roof slab and transfers all the loads including its self-weight to the

columns or walls.

5.2. Slab

The slab provides a horizontal surface and is usually supported by columns, beams or walls.

Slabs may be defined as those structural elements that are subjected to distribute loads

primarily in a plane transverse to the plane of slab. It is supported by reinforced concrete

beams.

5.3. Formwork

Mainly two type of formwork use in construction site, one is timber formwork and other is

steel formwork. Timber is the most common material used for formwork. In my site has been

used timber formwork. Timber for formwork should satisfy the following requirement, Well-

seasoned, Light in weight, easily workable with nails without splitting, free from loose knots.

Timber used for shuttering for exposed concrete work should have smooth and even surface

on all faces which come in contact with concrete. Normal sizes of members for timber

formwork.

CHAPTER 5

Construction of Beam and Slab

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5.4. Main Components of Shuttering

Bamboo has been used as props in my project. The diameter of bamboo was not less than 3- 4

in. Wooden runner is used in my project and its size is 3ʺ×2ʺ. Also wooden planks are used in

my project and its size was size 5ʺ×1.5ʺ. Steel sheet has been used for shuttering.

(a) (b)

Figure 5.1 (a) Props of the Slab and Beam, (b) Runner

(a) (b)

Figure 5.2 (a) Wooden planks, (b) steel sheet

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5.5. Shuttering Processes

At first beam bottom shutter was placed top of column. Then the workers used bamboo props

for support. Horizontal distances between Props were 2 - 2.5 feet. After finishing bottom part,

beam sides were joint with bottom. Then they placed runner and runner spacing was 2ʹ-0ʺ to

2ʹ-6ʺ. After placing runner, horizontally they placed planks and planks spacing was 5ʺ to 6ʺ.

At last they placed steel sheet.

(a) (b)

Figure 5.3 (a) & (b): Beam shuttering

(a) (b)

Figure 5.4 (a) & (b): Shuttering work of slab before and after placing steel sheet

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Figure 5.5 Beam Layout

From figure 5.5, I checked width and depth of the green marking beam (Beam-2) after shuttering.

(a) (b)

Figure 5.6 Checking (a) width and (b) depth of beam-2 Shutter.

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5.6. Centering of Beam and Slab

Before casting, we should complete centering. The following terms were considered during

centering of slab: Checking vertical props, checking runner spacing, checking planks spacing,

laying of the steel sheet. Water levelling has been used for centering in my site.

Figure 5.7 Centering

By using water level and they tied a rope above from shutter and marked it using red colour

tapes with steel bar. Then they moved this bar place to place and checked where did not

match rope and red marking. If red marking is higher than rope, they adjusted the props in this

zone, until it matches the rope and red marking.

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5.7. Reinforcement Placement of Beam

In my site, 16mmΦ and 20mmΦ bar was used as main bar and 10mmΦ bar was used for beam

stirrups. Mainly five types of bar were used for beam. They are: top bar, bottom bar, extra top

bar, extra bottom bar and stirrup. Top bar is placed in the compression zone of beam, bottom

bar is placed in the tension zone of beam. Extra top is provided on the beam support at top of

beam and extended up to L/4 distance of beam's clear span both side of support. Extra bottom

bar is provided in the middle of beam's bottom portion.

Figure 5.8 Stirrup of beam

Stirrup is often called ring in the construction sector. It is the shear reinforcement. At first,

bars were cut according to the required length given in the drawings. Reinforcement of beam

are arranged above the beam formwork. Whole frame was made outside the shutter.

Longitudinal bars were placed first, and then extra bars were placed.

Figure 5.9 Placing beam reinforcement (Beam-1)

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After that I observed the arrangement of stirrup between two layers of bar. Reinforced bar for

beam were bent at the both end to L shape according to the design. This work was done only

for the top bar and bottom bar of the beam. After binding of all reinforcement the whole

structure was placed into the shutter. Concrete blocks were used to maintain the clear cover of

the beam.

Figure 5.10 Stirrup binding of beam (Beam-1)

Figure 5.11 Floor beam layout I Checked stirrup spacing and lapping distance of beam-2, In figure 5.11, it is showed by

green marking.

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Figure 5.12 Floor Beam sections

For beam-2 construction were used 3-20mmΦ bar in top and 3-20mmΦ bar in bottom. 2-

20mmΦ extra bars was placed in bottom and 3-16mmΦ extra bars was placed. For stirrup

10mmΦ bars were used in beam to resist shear force.

Figure 5.13 Beam-2 Reinforcements arrangement

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Figure 5.14 Checking stirrup spacing at end section of beam-2

I found that, (L/4) both side stirrups were arranged 5ʺ c/c in end section, and (L/2) stirrups

were arranged 7ʺ c/c in mid-section.

Figure 5.15 Checking stirrup spacing at mid-section of beam-2

Figure 5.16 Checking lapping distance of beam-2

I found lapping length 48 in.

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5.8. Reinforcement Placement of Slab

In my site, 10mmΦ and 12mmΦ bar were used for slab. Reinforcement bars were placed

according to reinforcement which is detailed in the drawing. At first, the workers placed

bottom straight bar in short direction. Then they placed long direction reinforcement. This

long direction bar worked as binder of the short direction bar.

Figure 5.17 Placing Slab Reinforcement in long and short direction

Crank, extra top & bottom were also provided according to design. For fixed ended beams,

positive moments are present at the mid span and negative moments at the supports. So extra

tops were used near the supports. Crank bars were used on L/5 portion on discontinuous edges

& L/4 portion on continuous edges.

Figure 5.18 Placing Crank, extra top & bottom Reinforcement in slab

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Blocks were used to maintain the required distance between the support & bottom layer.

Rectangle shape blocks were used to maintain clear cover for bottom layer bar and cylinder

shape blocks were used to maintain distance of top layer.

Figure 5.19 Concrete block placing

Figure 5.20 Slab Layout Plan

Where I checked slab bar spacing, lapping length and clear distances, which I have showed in

figure by red marking line.

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(a) (b)

Figure 5.21 Reinforcement bar spacing checking in Slab (a) short and (b) long direction

Reinforcement bar spacing given 6ʺ c/c in short direction and 5ʺ c/c in long direction.

Figure 5.22 Checking the extra top bar length

From supports, extra top is given at L/4 distance for preventing negative moment.

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5.9. Casting of Beam and Slab

After finishing binding all reinforcement, it was time for casting. Slab, beam and stair were

being casted at a time. Before casting, final checking proceeds mainly on rebar lapping,

stirrup arrangements, stirrup spacing, ext. top length, beam depth, clear cover, and main bar

counting and bar arrangements according to design requirements. In my site, the worker used

cement, sand and brick chips and the ratio was 1:1.5:3. Cylinder test was taken to check the

strength and get strength 3,500 psi. Only column and beam crossing zone casting was done

with stone chips. Used a mixture machine for mixing cement, sand, bricks chips and water

together. After that mixed materials were put into a crane which is used for pulling up the

concrete to the top of the building for casting.

(a) (b)

Figure 5.23 (a) concrete mixing in mixture machine, (b) using crane for pulling up the concrete

At first they casted column and beam crossing zone. After finishing column and beam

crossing zone casting, cast beam strip then slab portion. At the time of casting, they used

vibrator machine which is most important equipment for casting. Vibration provides a good

material flow and removes air bubbles. But excessive vibration will be segregated the

concrete mixture. Steel runner was used for surface levelling. U-shaped ring was placed on

casted slab for further column shuttering.

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Figure 5.24 Beam casting

Figure 5.25 During slab casting, using vibrator & Steel runner.

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5.10. Curing of Beam and Slab

Concrete hardens as a result of the chemical reaction between cement and water. Chemical

reaction occurs only if water is available and if the concrete's temperature stays within a

suitable range. Concrete get water by the process of curing. So, curing is one of the most

important steps in concrete construction. Proper curing greatly increases concrete strength and

durability and also reduces cracks. Curing time minimum 21-28 days. Usually curing in the

beam without slab section is done by wrapping of moist jute fabric and by sprinkling water by

hose pipe frequently.

Figure 5.26 Curing of beam by moist jute fabric

In my site another procedure had been used known as “ponding of water” method for slab

curing. At first made a boundary line surrounding the slab area of two inches height. After the

slab casting, 24 hours later they supplied water through a pipe on the slab surface.

(a) (b)

Figure 5.27 (a) Making border for pond, (b) Curing of slab by ponding of water

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This chapter covers the following topics: General, Shuttering of Stair, Reinforcement

bar Placing, Shuttering for Treads and Risers, Casting and curing of Stair.

6.1. General

A set of steps leading from surface of a building to another surface, typically inside the

building is termed as Stairs. Staircases consist of a number of steps with landings at suitable

intervals to provide comfort and safety for the users. Main parts of stair are treads, risers,

stringers and landing. All part together is known as staircase.

6.2. Shuttering of Stair

At first bamboo props were used in waist slab shuttering according to their required height.

Wooden planks were placed and made the bottom surface stair. Wooden planks were

supported by bamboo props. Steel sheets were placed over the wooden planks to confirm a

smooth surface of stair and to prevent leakage of concrete during casting.

Figure 6.1 Shuttering of Stair

CHAPTER 6

Construction of Stair

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6.3. Reinforcement Bar Placing

In my site 12mmΦ and 10mmΦ bar was used for stair. Reinforcement bars were placed

according to reinforcement detailing given in the drawing. At first placed bottom straight bar

in long direction. Then placed short direction reinforcement. This short direction bar worked

as binder of the long direction bar. No straight longitudinal bars were used in top layer, top

layer bars were provided on L/3 portion from two sides. Blocks were used for clear cover.

Figure 6.2 Reinforcement bar arrangement in stair

Figure 6.3 Reinforcement bar placement in stair

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6.4. Shuttering of Treads and Risers

After placing all reinforcements, they placed vertically wooden planks for making treads and

risers.

(a) (b)

Figure 6.4 (a) Checking tread length, (b) checking riser height

I found that Stair tread & rise was 10″ & 6″ respectively.

6.5. Casting of Stair

After the all bar binding, they cast stair with at a time of cast slab and beam. In my site was

used cement, sand and bricks chips ratio ware 1:1.5:3. Before casting, casting place was

wetted with water. Then concrete placed on bottom portion than gradually upper portion.

Figure 6.5 Using vibrator during stair casting

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Vibrator machine was used. Vibration provides a better material flow and removes air

bubbles. But excessive vibration will be segregate the concrete mixture.

6.6. Curing of Stair

Curing plays an important role on strength development and durability of concrete. Curing

takes place immediately after concrete placing and finishing. Stair curing was started after 24

hours of casting. Curing was done by using jute fabric wetted it with water continued till 21-

28 days.

Figure 6.6 Curing of stair by moist jute fabric

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This chapter covers the following topics: General, Column Kicker, Column Kicker

shuttering, Column Kicker Casting, Reinforcement Placements of Column, Shuttering

of Column, Column casting, Column Curing.

7.1. General

Column is a vertical structural member and also called compression member. It takes the slab

and beams load and transmits to the foundation. It is designed to resist lateral load like wind,

earthquake acting on it. It also takes axial load. In beam & slab construction after completing

formwork reinforcements was placed. But for column construction, reinforcement arranged

first then formwork completed.

Figure 7.1 Column layout

In my report, I show the construction of column-2 (C2) which I have showed in figure by red marking.

CHAPTER 7

Column Construction

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7.2. Column Kicker

A correctly formed kicker maintain proper dimension and clear cover. According to the grid-

line first work is to find out the position of the column on slab by plum bob. Then casting of

kicker up to 6” height.

7.3. Column Kicker Shuttering

In my site was used wooden formwork for column kicker shuttering. At first, make 6" high

column kicker so that formwork can be fixed easily. It also prevent cement slurry leakage

through bottom of formwork. Maintained a clear cover of 1.5ʺ all side. Also maintained

column size.

Figure 7.2 Column kicker formwork

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(a) (b)

Figure 7.3 Checking column kicker (a) clear cover distances and (b) kicker height

7.4. Column Kicker Casting

After taking all the measurement I have seen the column kicker casting work. In case of

column kicker casting they maintained the mixing ratio about 1:1.5:3.

Figure 7.4 After kicker casting of column-2

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7.5. Reinforcement Placements of Column

In my site 16mmΦ and 20mmΦ bar was used for column main bar and 10mmΦ bar was used

for column tie bar. In column, reinforcements were provided longitudinally. In beam & slab

reinforcement is placed after shuttering, but in column reinforcement is placed before

shuttering.

Figure 7.5 Reinforcement Placements of Column-2 according to design

For column-2 constriction were used 4-20mmΦ bar and 4-16mmΦ bar. 20mmΦ bar was

placed along the four corner side 16mmΦ bar was placed and in the middle side. For tie bar

10mmΦ bars were used in column to resist shear force.

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Figure 7.6 Tie bar spacing checking in column-2 end section

Figure 7.7 Tie bar spacing checking in column-2 mid-section

Tie spacing was provided 5” c/c in negative zone (L/4) and Tie spacing was provided 7” c/c in

positive zone (L/2). Lapping was provided at L/3 position of column. According to design, the

lapping length was 40D.

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Figure 7.8 Checking lapping length

For 20mmΦ bar 30 in lapping was used.

7.6. Shuttering of Column

Mainly two type of formwork use in construction site, one is timber formwork and other is

steel formwork. Timber is the most common material used for formwork. In my site has been

used timber formwork for column shuttering. At first timber planks joint with nails according

beam size. Then they placed shuttering on the column kicker and vertical alignment of

column shutter maintain by using plum bob and give support by bamboo props.

Figure 7.9 Column-2 shuttering

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7.7. Column Casting

After binding all reinforcement, it was time for casting. Before casting final checked mainly

rebar lapping, tie bar arrangements. In my site was used cement, sand and stone chips ratio

ware 1:1.5:3. Used a mixture machine for mixing cement, sand, stone chips and water

together.

Figure 7.10 Concrete mixer for column casting

Figure 7.11 Column-2 casting

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Figure 7.12 Using vibrator during column casting

Vibrator machine was used for compaction. Vibration provides a better material flow and

remove air bubbles. But excessive vibration will be segregate the concrete mixture. In my site

whole column was casted in the same time for each floor. As a result the concrete was poured

from a height of more than 10 ft. It may lead to the segregation of concrete. Segregation is

dangerous for acquiring designed strength of concrete. Concrete should never poured more

than 5 ft. height.

Figure 7.13 After removing column-2 shutter

About 48 hours after casting they remove the column shutter.

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7.8. Column Curing

Curing is one of the most important steps in concrete construction, because proper curing

greatly increase concrete strength and durability. After two days later of casting shutter board

was lifted curing was started. Curing was done by wrapping jute fabric and spread water by

pipe 3 to 4 times in a day.

Figure 7.14 wrapping column with jute fabric for Curing

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This chapter covers the following topics: General and Problem & solution

8.1. General

Every construction work is challenging, building construction work is challenging as well,

here every steps of construction is important and if a mistake occurs, it will definitely hamper

the safety as well quality of construction. Every construction site faces some technical

difficulties which depend on the quality of engineers, contractor and foreman. I have found

some problems during my internship period.

8.2. Problem and Solution

8.2.1. Problem 1

In accordance with the design sheet Beam 6 width was given as 10ʺ but they used only 5ʺ

width in order to save some floor spaces.

(a) (b)

Figure 8.1 (a) Beam 6 size in design, (b) Beam 6 size in reality

CHAPTER 8

Problems and Solution

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Solution: In order to compensate with the change they used 20mmΦ bar though it was given

as 16mmΦ in the drawing.

8.2.2. Problem 2

In the crossing section of Beam-2 and Beam-5, they provided lapping for top reinforcement

bar in Beam-2. It may cause danger for the structure.

Figure 8.2 Two beam crossing section

Solution: They provided extra two 16mmΦ reinforcement below the top bar.

8.2.3. Problem 3

Due to unavailability of steel sheet, they did not provide steel sheet in this area of slab.

Figure 8.3 Without steel sheet slab area shuttering

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Solution: They used plastic fabric supported by wooden plate for this area to be covered.

8.2.4. Problem 4

In column-3 they did not maintain 40D (31in for 16mm bar) lapping length in accordance

with the design. They give only 6in.

Figure 8.4 Did not maintain lapping length as per design

Solution: I discussed with our Project Engineer, then he ordered the foreman to fix it.

8.2.5. Problem 5

In column-3 as per design this main bar will be of 16mmΦ but they had used a bar of

20mmΦ.

Figure 8.5 Did not maintain reinforcement placement as per design

Solution: I informed our Project Engineer about the problem. Later on he solved the case by

ordering the foreman

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8.2.6. Problem 6

Accidently Column-3 entered about 1 in. inside the Lift section area.

Figure 8.6 Column-3 entered lift section area

Solution: Unfortunately no action has taken in order to solve this problem during my Practicum period.

8.2.7. Problem 7

At times some workers were unwilling to take any safety measures while working.

Figure 8.7 Working without safety at 4th floor

Solution: Every time I suggested them for maintaining safety issue.

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This chapter covers the following topics: General, Benefits of the internship, Challenges

I have faced, Measures I take for challenges.

9.1. General

Internship is a class healed at site to provide an enhanced understanding of the outside

working environment before the student graduate. The main aim of this practice (internship)

is that to teach students communication with different workers or employees, to improve

practical skill what they learned at class, up grading the theoretical knowledge in addition to

the class, improve their leadership skill, team playing skill and etc. In my four month staying

at the Fervent Architects & Engineers Ltd. I have acquire much knowledge in different

tasks as explained below in different section. Those different knowledge gets me a good

performance in the internship period and I gain an experience that helps me after the

graduation in the upcoming working era of mine.

9.1.1. Improving Practical Skill

The aim of the internship is to address more practical knowledge for student. So, I found a

practical knowledge at the site as much possible within the four month. The knowledge we

have learn in the class is helpful to get those practical or real work in the site and totally

different from the actual knowledge gained from the class. Thus I found some knowledge in

the site which helps me to work with the site environment or site peoples.

9.1.2. Upgrading the Theoretical Knowledge

The internship class is not only depending on the practical aspect but it also help students to

upgrade or increase knowledge on already that they have. I try to integrate the practical

knowledge with that of the theory learned in the class in different place in order to get more

CHAPTER 9

Overall Benefits of the Internship

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knowledge than the theory we learned on the class. I got the internship class very interesting

in terms of upgrading a theoretical knowledge and I learned from the site some theories that

we haven‘t learn in the class room by searching different related literature.

9.1.3. Upgrading Interpersonal Communication Skill

Communication is sharing or exchanging information or ideas with others in order to get

some messages and knowledge. The communications systems within the building design and

construction enterprise has taken on a large role in the achievement of profitability and

efficiency. A basic understanding of communication systems is beneficial to all building

professionals and trades, as they all play a part in the success of the construction. Construction

is one of the places that ask a good communication skill either managing every trade of work

or asking what is gowning on over there. So, communication is an important way of learning,

which can be defined formally as the act, process, or experience of gaining knowledge or

skills and sharing what we know.

9.1.4. Improving Team Playing Skill

Team playing skill for construction work Team works, especially for engineers, involve in

every piece of task and achieving good team playing skill is essential for effective completion

of tasks and Increasing productivity. In the construction site the work is already a team work

and it needs more closeness of workers to solve problems arise in different aspects,

misunderstanding in the drawing or working methodology and consult every work. We the

student at the site also works together as a team to get more understanding and share ideas.

More or less I improve my team work status by working together with different professionals,

student and workers as a whole in the civil engineering works and consulting.

9.1.5. Improving Leadership Skill

Leadership is the process of influencing individuals or groups to accomplish an organizational

goal or mission. I have seen how each worker is controlled and organized to perform its day

to day activities. Among all other managements I have seen that human resource management

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is the most important one. I have actually observed the method of controlling the working

time and amount of work done by each worker so that the work proceeds according to the

work plan (schedule). Leadership is a skill to guide, control and monitor peoples. For

effective leadership I understood that personal values like confidence, effective

communication and devotion are very important.

9.2. Challenges I have faced

Construction projects are complex and time-consuming undertakings that require the

interaction and cooperation of many different persons to accomplish. The construction

industry is typically divided into specialty areas, with each area requiring different skills,

resources, and knowledge to participate effectively in it. In order to integrate and work closely

in each section it is a challenging task to one person especially when he/she is fresh or

beginner. In fact some challenges may be solved by me but some are above my limit and even

the workers at the site also. In general I have faced the following challenges in the internship

period.

Communication problem with workers in the office and at the site.

Shortage of working drawings like structural, architectural, sanitary, electrical and

some other details.

Shortage of knowledge in some portion of the work at the site.

Underestimation by workers such as engineers, Forman.

Unsatisfactory answers for questions from engineers.

Safety facility.

9.3. Measures I Take for Challenges

Communication challenge was the most dangerous challenge from all challenges because of

that it blocks me from finding more knowledge from skilled workers and other persons those

are closed to the site work. Their language at the site was mostly a Bangla word that makes

me more confused and it was uneasy to know those words within a few days. At last I was

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able to understand those words through experience and by working with the employees. I

asked the project engineer and he gives as in soft copy and hard copy as I want within a week.

Shortage of knowledge in some portion of works some challenges I have faced in the site. To

solve these problems I try to ask workers at the site and read related books to know more

about this works. Lastly I ask the Project engineer he come for supervision how the structural

design was designed and some other misunderstanding.

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This chapter covers the following topics: Conclusion and Recommendation

10.1. Conclusions

The responsibilities of the hosting company are to teach student and shape them in the four

month as a real site workers. My hosting company is a consultant team and they help me the

internship session in this company in acquiring different knowledge in different positions.

Working with a team gets me more knowledge includes the duty of the site engineers and in

the consultant office there are different office that are more important for me to upgrade my

knowledge in different aspects of work. The team by its nature includes designer team

including structural engineers, architects and quantity workers and the financial office. This

helps me to get more knowledge.

I would like to give special credit to my project engineer under whom I worked. He helped

me a lot to understand the very basic things about building construction work. I have learned

construction management. I have learned how to manage the workers. It was an awesome

experience dealing with different types of people at construction site. I have learned how to

face the problems and make the probable solution which will surely help me in my practical

life. I tried to give my full afford as trainee engineers. At last it can be said, it was a great

achievement to involve with the professionals who are experienced in the field of their

expertise. I was able to boost a little bit up my knowledge by working with them. Overall the

internship program laid sound foundation for us to start our career.

CHAPTER 10

Conclusion and Recommendation

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10.2. Recommendation to the Company

Most works in the site needs careful attention and successive supervision of works but in

some cases the site works goes improperly due to different causes. This kind of carelessness is

not good for ether the consultant or the contractor. Therefore I suggest supervisors and site

engineers to take a care full look after the work executed on the site and the work that will be

executed. In the site there are works which is performed in the way that not to be performed.

Such works lids to safety problem, loose of human power if its degree is high and economy if

it is ordered to demolish it. Thus I recommend for the company the following:

Testing of material before it is in use for construction.

It is better to use steel formwork than wood formwork as it is very repetitively used,

stiff and not flammable easily and removed easily without damaging the concrete

structure.

Every construction worker should have maintained their Safety and Security properly.

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This chapter covers the following topics: Bibliography and Appendix

11.1. Bibliography

Internet:

1. http://www.aboutcivil.org

2. http://www.calvin.edu

3. http://nptel.ac.in

4. http://www.openshutters.com.au

5. http://www.slideshare.net

6. http://www.wikipedia.org

Books:

1. A Guide Line of Building Construction – Engr. Shyama Kanta Sarker

2. Design of Concrete Structures 14th Edition - A.H. Nilson

3. Engineering Materials – M. A. Aziz

4. How to Build a Nice Home – Engr. Md. Ibrahim

5. Materials for Civil and Construction Engineers 3rd ed. - M. Mamlouk, J.

Zaniewski (Pearson, 2011) BBS

CHAPTER 11

Bibliography and Appendix

http://www.aboutcivil.org/

http://www.calvin.edu/

http://nptel.ac.in/

http://www.openshutters.com.au/

http://www.slideshare.net/

http://www.wikipedia.org/

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11.2. Appendix

1. Aggregate P-25

2. Casting p-28

3. Centering P-28

4. Chemical Reaction P-40

5. Clinker P-22

6. Clear Cover P-33

7. Concrete P-25

8. Crank P-35

9. Curing P-28

10. Cylinder P-36

11. Distribute P-27

12. Formwork P-28

13. Frequently P-40

14. Lapping Length P-34

15. Moist P-40

16. Plank P-29

17. Ponding Of Water P-41

18. Prevent P-41

19. Reinforcement P-34

20. Shuttering P-28

21. Splitting P-28

22. Straight P-42

23. Stirrup P-32