The best team you never saw compete. FLASHCARD PRINTOUTS SUPER QUIZ Question Answer 1. What is the name of the 18th ‐century intellectual movement from which the American Founding Fathers drew ideological inspiration? the Enlightenment (USQRG: 3,1,1) 2. What is the term used to refer to Franceʹs social system before the Revolution? the Old Regime (USQRG: 3,1,2) 3. In what year did the French Revolution begin? 1789 (USQRG: 3,1,1) 4. What type of dispute caused both the American and the French Revolutions? a dispute over taxes (USQRG: 3,1,1) 5. Which 18th‐century war generated much of the French debt that forced Louis XVI to raise taxes prior to the French Revolution? the American Revolution (USQRG: 3,1,1) 6. Which 18th‐century war generated much of the British debt that forced the British government to raise taxes prior to the American Revolution? the French and Indian War (USQRG: 3,1,1) 7. What was Franceʹs official religion prior to the Revolution? Catholicism (USQRG: 3,1,2) 8. What principle legitimized the French monarchy before the Revolution? divine right (USQRG: 3,1,2) 9. What group of people in French society composed the First Estate? the clergy (USQRG: 3,1,2) 10. What group of people in French society composed the Second Estate? the nobility (USQRG: 3,1,2) 11. To which Estate would a wealthy lawyer in 18th‐ century France belong? the Third Estate (USQRG: 3,1,2) 12. To which Estate did the peasantry of 18th‐century France belong? the Third Estate (USQRG: 3,1,2) 13. What was Franceʹs most profitable New World colony in the 1780s? Saint‐Domingue (USQRG: 3,1,3) 14. What is the current name of Saint‐Domingue? Haiti (USQRG: 3,1,3) 15. What was the main good produced by Saint‐ Domingue? sugar (USQRG: 3,1,3) 16. What locale provided the main source of labor for Caribbean plantations? Africa (USQRG: 3,1,3) 17. In what decade did the droughts that helped trigger the French Revolution occur? 1780s (USQRG: 3,2,1) 18. What was the economic result of the droughts that occurred in France prior to the Revolution? higher bread prices (USQRG: 3,2,1)
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The best team you never saw compete.
FLASHCARD PRINTOUTS SUPER QUIZ
Question Answer
1. What is the name of the 18th ‐century intellectual movement from which the American Founding Fathers drew ideological inspiration?
the Enlightenment (USQRG: 3,1,1)
2. What is the term used to refer to Franceʹs social system before the Revolution?
the Old Regime (USQRG: 3,1,2)
3. In what year did the French Revolution begin? 1789 (USQRG: 3,1,1)
4. What type of dispute caused both the American and the French Revolutions?
a dispute over taxes (USQRG: 3,1,1)
5. Which 18th‐century war generated much of the French debt that forced Louis XVI to raise taxes prior to the French Revolution?
the American Revolution (USQRG: 3,1,1)
6. Which 18th‐century war generated much of the British debt that forced the British government to raise taxes prior to the American Revolution?
the French and Indian War (USQRG: 3,1,1)
7. What was Franceʹs official religion prior to the Revolution?
Catholicism (USQRG: 3,1,2)
8. What principle legitimized the French monarchy before the Revolution?
divine right (USQRG: 3,1,2)
9. What group of people in French society composed the First Estate?
the clergy (USQRG: 3,1,2)
10. What group of people in French society composed the Second Estate?
the nobility (USQRG: 3,1,2)
11. To which Estate would a wealthy lawyer in 18th‐century France belong?
the Third Estate (USQRG: 3,1,2)
12. To which Estate did the peasantry of 18th‐century France belong?
the Third Estate (USQRG: 3,1,2)
13. What was Franceʹs most profitable New World colony in the 1780s?
Saint‐Domingue (USQRG: 3,1,3)
14. What is the current name of Saint‐Domingue? Haiti (USQRG: 3,1,3)
15. What was the main good produced by Saint‐Domingue?
sugar (USQRG: 3,1,3)
16. What locale provided the main source of labor for Caribbean plantations?
Africa (USQRG: 3,1,3)
17. In what decade did the droughts that helped trigger the French Revolution occur?
1780s (USQRG: 3,2,1)
18. What was the economic result of the droughts that occurred in France prior to the Revolution?
19. What two factors compounded the problems of the monarchy during its pre‐Revolution financial crisis and thereby generated a full‐scale revolt?
droughts and mistakes made by the king and his advisors (USQRG: 3,2,1)
20. In what month and year did the storming of the Bastille take place?
July 1789 (USQRG: 3,2,2)
21. In what month and year did the womenʹs march on Versailles take place?
October 1789 (USQRG: 3,2,2)
22. What representative body drove the Revolution? the National Assembly (USQRG: 3,2,2)
23. In what month and year did the National Assembly pass the Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen?
August 1789 (USQRG: 3,2,2)
24. What was the basis of the system created by the Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen?
popular sovereignty (USQRG: 3,2,2)
25. In what way were the universal rights guaranteed by the Declaration of Rights of Man and Citizen more far‐reaching than those guaranteed by the Bill of Rights?
The enumerated rights of the Bill of Rights applied to the federal government alone; state governments under the Bill of Rights did not necessarily have to uphold the same principles.
(USQRG: 3,2,2)
26. Who composed the bulk of the National Assembly? educated commoners, such as lawyers and merchants (USQRG: 3,2,2)
27. How many years after the Declaration of Rights of Man and Citizen was the Bill of Rights ratified?
two (USQRG: 3,2,2)
28. True/False: the Declaration of Rights of Man and Citizen abolished the French monarchy.
False; the Declaration of Rights of Man and Citizen limited the power of the French monarchy but did not abolish it.
(USQRG: 3,2,2)
29. What characterized the cities in which Protestants and Jews could worship openly prior to the Revolution?
They were isolated and often religiously homogenous. (USQRG: 3,2,0)
30. In what two years during the French Revolution was there also a revolt in Saint‐Domingue?
1790 and 1791 (USQRG: 4,1,0)
31. What sparked a revolt in Saint‐Domingue during the early part of the French Revolution?
the Revolutionʹs failure to extend the rights of the Declaration of Man and Citizen to slaves and people of African origin
living in the colony (USQRG: 4,1,0)
32. What characterized the religious policy of National Assembly during the early years of the Revolution?
Clergy were expected to be loyal to the National Assembly rather than the Pope. (USQRG: 4,1,0)
33. What foreign event during the early years of the Revolution proved detrimental to French economic stability?
the revolt in Saint‐Domingue (USQRG: 4,1,0)
34. After 1792, what characterized the Revolutionʹs foreign policy?
war with Franceʹs neighbors (USQRG: 4,1,0)
35. What fueled the wars that France fought with its neighbors during the Revolution?
other monarchsʹ fears that the Revolution would spread (USQRG:4,1,0)
36. What was the effect of the National Assemblyʹs religious policy regarding Catholics in France?
It caused them to turn against the Revolution despite their social class. (USQRG, 4,10)
37. In what year did the Revolution radicalize? 1794 (USQRG: 4,1,1)
38. What two factors contributed to the radicalization of the Revolution?
chaos from the war and domestic rebellion from those opposed to the Revolution (USQRG: 4,1,1)
39. What happened to the king and queen of France after the radicalization of the Revolution?
They were executed after being tried for treason. (USQRG: 4,1,1)
40. During what two years did the Terror occur? 1793 and 1794 (USQRG: 4,1,1)
41. What was the Revolutionʹs religious policy after radicalization?
the creation of a new religion (USQRG: 4,1,1)
42. Who guided the policy of the Revolution during the Terror?
Maximilien Robespierre (USQRG: 4,1,1)
43. Towards the end of the Terror, why did revolutionaries begin to denounce and execute one another?
They suspected one another of being too moderate. (USQRG: 4,1,1)
44. How was the status of the bourgeoisie influenced by the radicalization of the Revolution?
While the status of the wealthy middle class was protected during the early stages of the Revolution, the leaders of the radicalized Revolution became more intent on ending all
forms of social inequality. (USQRG: 4,1,1)
45. What three measures did the leaders of the Revolution take after radicalization to end social inequality?
abolished slavery, ended property qualifications for voting, and capped prices on certain commodities (USQRG: 4,1,1)
46. Why did many French people eventually begin to tire of the Revolution?
They were weary of the increasing violence. (USQRG: 4,1,2)
47. What early 19th ‐century independence movements were sparked by the French Revolution?
those in Latin America and Greece (USQRG: 4,1,2; USQRG:4,2,0)
48. Who assumed power in France in 1799? Napoleon Bonaparte (USQRG: 4,1,2)
49. How many years did Napoleon Bonaparte reign? 15 (USQRG: 4,1,2)
50. How did Napoleon Bonaparte take power? through a coup dʹétat (USQRG: 4,1,2)
51. In what period of history did the French Estate system originate?
the Middle Ages (USQRG: 5,1,1)
52. Who is the author of the article ʺThe Structure of Eighteenth‐Century French Societyʺ?
Jeremy Popkin (USQRG: 5,1,subtitle)
53. Prior to the Revolution, what was the name of Franceʹs highest court of law?
the Parlement de Paris (USQRG: 5,1,2)
54. In a 1776 ruling, what was the high courtʹs objection to a reform proposal that would have taken away the privileges of many corporate groups in France?
The judges stated that individuals should not be isolated and wholly independent. (USQRG: 5,1,2)
55. What was the name of the fundamental groups that organized French society prior to the Revolution?
estates (USQRG: 5,1,1)
56. According to Jeremy Popkin, what was the most fundamental social unit in the 18th century?
the family (USQRG: 5,2,1)
57. In the 18th century, to what was the kingʹs relationship to his citizens frequently compared?
that of a father to his children (USQRG: 5,2,1)
58. For most of the population of 18th‐century France, what was the chief purpose of the family?
to serve as an economic unit (USQRG: 5,2,1)
59. To what social class did Charles‐Alexandre de Calonne belong?
100. How were Restif de la Bretonne and his siblings able to escape the ranks of the peasantry?
Restifʹs father financed part of their education. (USQRG: 6,2,1)
101. True/False: In 18th‐century France, most poor peasants had enough property to live at the subsistence level.
False; most poor peasants in 18th‐century France did not have enough property to sustain themselves and were forced to
supplement their income by doing other work. (USQRG: 7,1,1)
102. According to Jeremy Popkin, approximately what fraction of the population of 18th‐century France was homeless during ʺharder timesʺ?
one fifth to one seventh (USQRG: 7,1,1)
103. In 18th‐century France, how did masons from the Limousin region supplement their incomes?
They migrated to Paris for part of the year to work on construction projects. (USQRG: 7,1,1)
104. With what manufacturing tasks did many poor 18th‐century peasants supplement their incomes?
spinning and weaving (USQRG: 7,1,1)
105. How do modern historians evaluate the condition of 18th‐century French peasants as compared with that of other peasants in continental Europe?
Historians recognize that 18th‐century French peasants were better off than peasants elsewhere in Europe at the time.
(USQRG: 7,1,1)
106. Besides doing manufacturing tasks, in what three ways did 18th‐century French peasants supplement the income they earned from their own farms?
by working as day laborers for wealthier peasants, migrating to other regions of the country to do work, or working as share‐croppers for urban property owners (USQRG: 7,1,1)
107. True/False: Peasants in 18th‐century France were relatively satisfied with their living conditions.
False; 18th‐century French peasants were painfully aware of the luxury enjoyed by the clergy, aristocracy, and bourgeoisie
at their expense. (USQRG: 7,1,1)
108. About what percentage of the population of 18th‐century France lived in cities?
25% (USQRG: 7,1,2)
109. In 18th‐century France, how were tradesmen organized?
into guilds (USQRG: 7,1,3)
110. According to Jeremy Popkin, what was a common meeting place for women living in 18th‐century French cities?
the marketplace (USQRG: 7,1,2)
111. What was a common meeting place for men living in 18th ‐century French cities?
cabarets, or drinking bars (USQRG: 7,1,2)
112. What was the occupation of Jacques‐Louis Ménétra? a glazier (USQRG: 7,1,3)
113. What did most young Parisian artisans do before entering an apprenticeship?
They underwent some formal education. (USQRG: 7,1,3)
114. According to Jeremy Popkin, why did Jacques‐Louis Ménétra become a glazier?
His father and several relatives were also glaziers. (USQRG: 7,1,3)
115. What did Jacques‐Louis Ménétra do after spending several years as an apprentice glazier in Paris?
He went on a tour of France. (USQRG: 7,1,3)
116. In 18th‐century France, what was a compagnonnage? a journeymanʹs brotherhood (USQRG: 7,1,3)
117. In his years wandering France, how did Jacques‐Louis Ménétra find living accommodations and employment?
Ménétraʹs compagnonnage provided shelter for him in its hostels and integrated him into the local economy. (USQRG:
7,1,3)
118. According to Jeremy Popkin, who composed the privileged echelon of urban working society?
master craftsmen (such as Jacques‐Louis Ménétra) (USQRG: 7,2,1)
119. Approximately what percentage of the population of 18th‐century Paris was composed of beggars, prostitutes, and criminals?
10% to 20% (USQRG: 7,2,2)
120. What gender were most street vendors in 18th‐century French cities?
female (USQRG: 7,2,2)
121. What three factors limited the number of masters in 18th‐century French guilds?
government regulations, guild rules, and scarce capital (USQRG: 7,2,1)
122. Under what circumstances could the wives of master artisans run a shop in 18th‐century France?
if they survived their husbands (USQRG: 7,2,1)
123. According to Jeremy Popkin, which female professions were organized into guilds in 18th ‐century France?
Only a few female professionals, such as seamstresses, were organized into guilds. (USQRG: 7,2,1)
124. According to post‐mortem inventories, what were the possessions of most members of the urban poor in 18th‐century France?
a few utensils, some furniture, and perhaps a mirror (USQRG: 7,2,2)
125. In addition to helping their husbands with work, what were two common duties of master artisansʹ wives in 18th‐century France?
managing money and providing food and shelter for their own families as well as journeymen and apprentices living
with their husbands (USQRG: 7, 2,1)
126. True/False: Some women traveled through France in a manner similar to that of Jacques‐Louis Ménétra.
False; women never were permitted to go on the journeymanʹs tour de France. (USQRG: 7,2,1)
127. According to Jeremy Popkin, what was the eventual fate of most journeymen in 18th‐century France?
a lifetime of service under another master; few journeymen became master craftsmen (USQRG: 7,2,1)
128. In 18th‐century France, what was a rentier? a member of the bourgeoisie who did not have to work but instead was sustained by his property and investments
(USQRG: 7,2,3)
129. According to Jeremy Popkin, what was the occupation of a plurality of the bourgeoisie?
merchants (USQRG: 7,2,4)
130. What two groups of urban workers are often collectively termed the ʺpetty bourgeoisieʺ?
master artisans and merchants (USQRG: 7,2,4)
131. According to Jeremy Popkin, how did the numbers of the working poor compare with those of beggars, prostitutes, and criminals in 18th‐century French cities?
There were more of the working poor than there were beggars, prostitutes, and criminals. (USQRG: 7,2,2)
132. According to Jeremy Popkin, how did the living conditions of the bourgeoisie differ from that of the urban nobility?
Though the bourgeoisie could accumulate wealth to equal that of the nobility, they lacked a legal guarantee of their lifestyle.
(USQRG: 7,2,3)
133. From what social class were many of the clergy in 18th‐century French cities?
the bourgeoisie (USQRG: 8,1,0)
134. In terms of prestige, how did the doctors of 18th‐century French cities compare with the lawyers?
Lawyers were more prestigious than doctors. (USQRG: 8,1,0)
135. How did the literacy levels of bourgeoisie children compare with that of their noble counterparts?
Bourgeoisie children achieved almost universal literacy slightly before their noble counterparts. (USQRG: 8,1,1)
136. What sorts of living arrangements were common among bourgeoisie families in 18th‐century France?
houses or apartments with several rooms and more furniture (USQRG: 8,1,1)
137. How did the education of the female children of the bourgeoisie compare with that of the male children?
Both the sons and daughters of the bourgeoisie were literate and educated; however, female children received less
education than their male counterparts. (USQRG: 8,1,2)
138. How did the career prospects of bourgeoisie women compare with that of bourgeoisie men?
Bourgeoisie men could enter educated professions, which were closed to women, but wives of merchants could perform duties similar to those of the wives of artisans. (USQRG: 8,1,2)
139. Why were members of the bourgeoisie class in 18th‐century class interested in the financial state of the monarchy?
Prosperous bourgeoisie invested in royal bonds. (USQRG: 8,1,2)
140. How did some 18th‐century bourgeoisie use their wealth to ascend into the ranks of the nobility?
They bought government offices that eventually gave them titles. (USQRG: 8,1,2)
141. What was the origin of the 18th‐century French nobility?
an ancient warrior class (USQRG: 8,1,3)
142. To what did the term noblesse dʹépée refer in 18th‐century France?
ʺnobles of the sword,ʺ or militarily inclined members of the nobility (USQRG: 8,1,3)
143. In 18th‐century France, what were the origins of most members of the noble class?
prosperous merchant families who had slowly accumulated titles and the requisite hereditary privilege (USQRG: 8,1,3)
144. Prior to the Revolution, what were the parlements? royal courts (USQRG: 8,1,3)
145. To what did the term noblesse de la robe refer under the Old Regime?
Nobles whose privileges were based on their membership in the parlements. (USQRG: 8,1,3)
146. What percentage of the population of 18th‐century France was composed of nobility?
2% (USQRG: 8,2,0)
147. Under the Old Regime, approximately what percentage of Franceʹs land was controlled by the nobility?
25% (USQRG: 8,2,0)
148. According to Jeremy Popkin, what four non‐monetary privileges did the French nobility possess?
the rights to have a weathervane, claim special seating in church, wear a sword, and raise doves and rabbits (USQRG:
8,2,0)
149. To what does the term seigneuries refer? noble estates (USQRG: 8,2,0)
150. According to Jeremy Popkin, to what does the term taille refer?
the basic head tax in 18th‐century France (USQRG: 8,2,0)
151. True/False: Under the Old Regime, nobles were free to pursue careers in trade and manufacturing.
False; nobles were discouraged from engaging in most branches of trade and manufacturing. (USQRG:7,2,0)
152. In 18th‐century French society, what was necessary to ascend to a powerful position in government or the clergy?
noble title (USQRG:8,2,1)
153. In 18th‐century France, in what two areas did the nobility invest their money?
in the same interests as did the bourgeoisie: government bonds and profitable business endeavors (USQRG:8,2,1)
154. What two social classes in France tended to purchase Enlightenment publications?
the nobility and the wealthy bourgeoisie (USQRG:8,2,2)
155. In what three intellectual forums did nobility interact with the wealthy bourgeoisie?
provincial academies, Masonic lodges, and salons, particularly the one in Paris (USQRG:7,2,1)
156. What was the Parisian salon? a gathering place for intellectuals‐artists, writers, and philosophers‐and wealthy patrons (USQRG:7,2,1)
157. What intellectual forum spread to the small towns of France prior to the Revolution?
Masonic lodges (USQRG:7,2,1)
158. What was often the purpose of intermarriage between nobility and members of the wealthy bourgeoisie?
a means to provide poorer aristocrats with greater wealth (USQRG:8,2,1)
159. According to Jeremy Popkin, what three essential traits did the nobility share with members of the wealthy bourgeoisie?
education, interest in cultural and political happenings, and ownership of property (USQRG:8,2,1)
160. Why were noblewomen less restricted than women of the poorer classes in 18th ‐century France?
Their work was not essential to sustain the family. (USQRG:7,2,2)
161. In 18th‐century France, which group in particular adopted Jean‐Jacques Rousseauʹs ideas regarding families?
noblewomen (USQRG:8,2,3)
162. Approximately how many nuns lived in French convents on the eve of the Revolution?
50,000 (USQRG:8,1,1)
163. With what sort of tasks were 18th‐century nuns chiefly employed?
traditional female occupations, such as nursing the ill and teaching girlsʹ schools (USQRG:9,1,1)
164. What were the two sources of income for the highest echelon of the Church hierarchy in 18th‐century France?
tithes paid to the Church and properties owned by the Church (USQRG:9,1,1)
165. Who composed the greatest part of the ʺworking classʺ of the Church in 18th‐century France?
curés, or village priests (USQRG:9,1,1)
166. In 18th‐century France, how frequently did the members of the higher echelons of the Church hierarchy have to work?
very infrequently, if at all; many bishops never even visited their dioceses (USQRG:9,1,1)
167. For which two groups was becoming a curé a frequent career choice?
younger sons of wealthy peasants and petty bourgeoisie (USQRG:9,1,1)
168. Who kept records of births and deaths in French villages?
the curé (USQRG:8,1,2)
169. To which two events in French villages did the curé contribute?
weddings and funerals (USQRG:8,1,2)
170. Under what circumstances did the curés of French villages frequently come into conflict with their parishioners?
when they tried to enforce Church prohibitions on certain popular festivals or eliminate certain frowned‐upon
superstitions (USQRG:8,1,2)
171. According to Jeremy Popkin, how did the rest of the Church hierarchy treat curés?
poorly (USQRG:9,1,2)
172. What was the source of income for curés in French villages?
Church tithes and income from Church properties (USQRG:8,1,2)
173. Who was frequently the most educated person in an 18th‐century French village?
the curé (USQRG:8,1,2)
174. In the diocese of Gap, who were the recipients of most of the income from Church tithes and properties?
absentee clerics (USQRG:9,1,2)
175. According to Jeremy Popkin, how did the living conditions of most curés in Brittany compare to those of their counterparts in other regions of France?
176. According to Marxist scholarly tradition, what social distinction was most important in sparking the French Revolution?
that which separated commoners from the nobility (USQRG:9,1,3)
177. According to many historians of the past two decades, what social distinction was most important in sparking the French Revolution?
that which separated the wealthy from the poor (USQRG:9,1,3)
178. According to Jeremy Popkin, what social distinction was the most important to the French people by the middle of the 19th century?
that which separated the wealthy from the poor, regardless of noble title (USQRG:9,2,0)
179. Who were the authors of ʺFrance on the Eve of 1789: A Society in Crisis?ʺ
Jack Censer and Lynn Hunt (USQRG:9,1,subtitle)
180. With what religion was Jean‐Paul Rabaut Saint‐Etienne associated?
Protestantism (USQRG:10,1,1)
181. According to Alexis de Tocqueville, what characteristics of the French Revolution were unprecedented in prior violent social agitations?
the ʺimmoderate, violent, radical, desperate, audacious, almost mad, and nonetheless powerful and effective characterʺ of the French Revolution (USQRG:9,1,1)
182. What did Jean‐Paul Rabaut Saint‐Etienne assert in response to the 1787 Edict of Toleration for Protestants?
ʺThe time has come when it is no longer acceptable for a law to overtly overrule the rights of humanity that are very well
known all over the world.ʺ (USQRG:9,1,1)
183. According to Jack Censer and Lynn Hunt, what did the writers of the Enlightenment intend?
to use the principles of reason and science (developed in the Scientific Revolution) to improve society (USQRG:10,1,1)
184. In what years was The Encyclopedia published? 1751 and 1752 (USQRG:9,1,1)
185. What were the contents of The Encyclopedia? general information, methods of rational thought, and principles for attacking despotism, intolerance, and
superstition (USQRG:9,1,1)
186. According to Jack Censer and Lynn Hunt, what three freedoms were the major goals of the Enlightenment?
freedom of speech, freedom of the press, and freedom to pursue knowledge without interference from the government
(USQRG:10,1,1)
187. According to Jack Censer and Lynn Hunt, after what event did the Enlightenment begin?
Louis XIVʹs 1685 revocation of the rights of French Protestants (USQRG:9,1,2)
188. How did Louis XIVʹs expulsion of French Protestants in 1685 trigger the beginning of the Enlightenment?
Exiled French Protestants published criticisms of the French monarchy far more virulent than any writings that had previously passed the French censors. (USQRG:9,2,0)
189. In what decades did writers begin to criticize the French government from within France?
the 1720s and the 1730s (USQRG:9,2,0)
190. Who was the author of the Persian Letters? Charles‐Louis de Secondat, Baron de La Brède et de Montesquieu (USQRG:9,2,0)
191. What was the content of the Persian Letters? a satire of French monarchy and society (USQRG:9,2,0)
192. Aside from a writer, what was the occupation of Charles‐Louis de Secondat, Baron de La Brède et de Montesquieu?
a judge in a provincial parlement (USQRG:9,2,0)
193. To which three countries did exiled Protestants flee after Louis XIV revoked their rights in 1685?
the Dutch Republic, Prussia, and Great Britain (USQRG:9,2,0)
194. Approximately how many French Protestants were forced into exile by Louis XIV?
hundreds of thousands (USQRG:9,2,0)
195. To what disciplines did the writers of The Encyclopedia aim to restore liberty?
the arts and sciences (USQRG:10,1,1)
196. Which monarch in particular was satirized in the Persian Letters?
Louis XIV (USQRG:9,2,0)
197. According to Jack Censer and Lynn Hunt, what greatly increased the prestige of reason and the scientific method in the late 17th and early 18th centuries?
breakthroughs made by Isaac Newton (USQRG:9,2,0)
198. What was the pen name of the man who published Letters Concerning the English Nation?
Voltaire (USQRG:10,2,0)
199. According to Letters Concerning the English Nation, how does Britain compare to France?
Britain is, in many respects, Franceʹs cultural superior. (USQRG:10,2,0)
200. Which social issue is especially emphasized in Letters Concerning the English Nation?
religion (USQRG:10,2,0)
201. True/False: Montesquieu first published the Persian Letters anonymously.
True; he possibly feared repercussions. (USQRG:11,1,0)
202. What was the structure of the Persian Letters? a fictional correspondence between two Persians, one visiting France and the other in Persia (USQRG:10,2,0)
203. In what language did François‐Marie Arouet first publish Letters Concerning the English Nation?
English (USQRG:11,1,0)
204. Whom did the British Bill of Rights grant freedom of speech and practice?
members of all Protestant sects (USQRG:11,1,0)
205. In what year was the British Bill of Rights passed? 1689 (USQRG:11,1,0)
206. How did the rights of Catholics in France compare to the rights of Catholics in Great Britain at the time of Letters Concerning the English Nation?
Catholics in Great Britain had no rights, whereas Catholics in France made up the majority of the population and thus had more rights than those of any other faiths. (USQRG:11,1,0)
207. What religious policy did Voltaire want established in France?
freedom of speech and practice for all Protestants and all Catholics (USQRG:11,1,0)
208. According to Jack Censer and Lynn Hunt, in what decade did the Enlightenment peak?
the 1760s (USQRG:11,1,1)
209. What is the term for the leading writers of the Enlightenment?
philosophes (USQRG:11,1,1)
210. In what decade did Voltaire and Rousseau publish their most influential works?
the 1760s (USQRG:11,1,1)
211. In the 1750s, how did the French government react to criticism from intellectuals?
It banned books and imprisoned or exiled their writers. (USQRG:11,1,1)
212. How did the rest of Europe react to the works of the French philosophes?
Monarchs and intellectuals in Franceʹs neighboring countries celebrated the philosophes and their works. (USQRG:11,1,1)
213. Whose authority did French intellectuals most frequently challenge in their works?
that of the French government and the French Catholic Church (USQRG:11,1,1)
214. How many years separated the deaths of Rousseau and Voltaire?
255. In 1787, what percentage of the population of Paris visited an annual art exhibit?
10% (USQRG:12,1,3)
256. Who generally hosted salons in 18th‐century France? wealthy women (USQRG:12,1,3)
257. According to Jack Censer and Lynn Hunt, which Enlightenment philosophe joined the Masons near the end of his life?
Voltaire (USQRG:12,2,0)
258. In what two ways did many women participate in the Enlightenment?
They hosted salons and set up Masonic lodges. (USQRG:12,2,0)
259. What were the five countries of origin of the intellectuals who participated in 18th‐century Parisian salons?
Scotland, England, France, Germany, and Italy (USQRG:12,2,0)
260. What generally took place at the intellectual salons of 18th‐century France?
Intellectuals and Enlightenment thinkers would meet, read their manuscripts, and discuss ideas. (USQRG:12,2,0)
261. According to Jack Censer and Lynn Hunt, what events served as a ʺlaunching padʺ for Enlightenment thinkers such as Rousseau and Voltaire to develop their ideas and influence the public?
salons (USQRG:12,2,0)
262. Where did Voltaire establish his permanent residence? one mile from the Swiss border (in case he had to flee France) (USQRG:12,2,1)
263. What were the two countries of origin of the printers who smuggled banned books into 18th‐century France?
the Dutch Republic and Switzerland (USQRG:12,2,1)
264. According to Jack Censer and Lynn Hunt, in what decade did the French government begin to cease banning most Enlightenment texts?
the 1760s (USQRG:12,2,1)
265. In what three ways did the French government begin to modernize Franceʹs economy as Enlightenment ideas took hold?
The French government reformed taxes, tried to lessen the burden of taxes on peasants, and freed some of the countryʹs
markets. (USQRG:12,2,1)
266. What was the name of Louis XVIʹs chief minister from 1774 to 1776?
Anne‐Robert Turgot (USQRG:12,2,2)
267. To which Enlightenment publication did Anne‐Robert Turgot secretly contribute?
the Encyclopedia (USQRG:12,2,2)
268. How did French society react to Voltaireʹs death in 1778?
They celebrated him as a national hero. (USQRG:12,2,2)
269. According to Jack Censer and Lynn Hunt, what event in the 1770s contributed greatly to the notion of natural rights in France?
the American War of Independence (USQRG:12,2,3)
270. Which traditional government practice did Anne‐Robert Turgot reject?
citing precedent when debating legal issues (USQRG:12,2,3)
271. With which Enlightenment thinker did Anne‐Robert Turgot correspond?
Voltaire (USQRG:12,2,2)
272. What did Anne‐Robert Turgot advocate in lieu of citing precedent to resolve disputes?
considering the ʺrights and interests of menʺ (USQRG:12,2,2)
273. Why was the French public interested in the progress of the American War of Independence?
They believed that the fledgling nation was putting almost pure Enlightenment ideas into practice. (USQRG:12,2,3)
292. What concession did Louis XVI make to the Third Estate as he called the Estates General?
He doubled the number of deputies to the Third Estate, making them equal in number to the First and Second Estateʹs
deputies combined. (USQRG:14,1,0)
293. What items did French men send with their deputies of the Third Estate to Versailles?
lists of their grievances (USQRG:14,2,0)
294. What event in France particularly influenced the election of deputies to the Estates General in 1789?
rising bread prices (USQRG:14,2,0)
295. Where did the Estates General open on May 5th? Versailles (USQRG:14,2,0)
296. In 1614, how were votes apportioned in the Estates General?
one vote was allotted to each Estate, allowing the clergy and nobility to veto any efforts of the Third Estate (USQRG:13,2,4)
297. Who authored the pamphlet What Is the Third Estate? Abbé Sieyès (USQRG:14,2,0)
298. Whom did Louis XVI allow to participate in the election of deputies to the Estates General in 1789?
nearly all adult males (USQRG:14,2,0)
299. What did the pamphlet What Is the Third Estate demand?
that votes in the Estates General should be apportioned by head instead of by Estate (USQRG:14,2,0)
300. Who wrote the article ʺThe French Revolutionʺ? John Merriman (USQRG:15,1, subtitle)
301. On what date did King Louis XVI and his family attempt to flee Paris?
June 20, 1791 (USQRG:15,1,1)
302. According to John Merriman, where was Louis XVI virtually held captive in the first months of 1791?
the Tuileries Palace (USQRG:15,1,1)
303. Whom did Louis XVI secretly try to convince to intervene on his behalf in the first part of 1791?
the Austrian king and other European monarchs (USQRG:15,1,1)
304. How was the royal family disguised as it attempted to flee Paris in 1791?
as a Russian baroness and her family and entourage, riding in a black coach with yellow trim (USQRG:15,1,1)
305. In what town were Louis XVI and his family recognized after they fled Paris in 1791?
Sainte‐Menehould (USQRG:15,1,1)
306. How was the postmaster who recognized the fleeing royal family able to identify the king?
He had previously seen Louis XVIʹs face on a coin. (USQRG:15,1,1)
307. In what town were the king and his family stopped from leaving the country after fleeing Paris in 1791?
Varennes (USQRG:15,1,1)
308. Who stopped the king from leaving the country after he fled Paris in 1791?
National Guardsmen (USQRG:15,1,1)
309. Who brought the king and his family back to Paris after their failed escape attempt?
three members of the National Assembly (USQRG:15,1,1)
310. How did crowds react to Louis XVIʹs return to Paris after he attempted to flee in 1791?
They overtly threatened the king. (USQRG:15,1,1)
311. How did National Guardsmen hold their rifles as Louis XVI returned to Paris after fleeing in 1791?
They stood with their rifles down to show contempt. (USQRG:15,1,1)
312. At what time of day did Louis XVI attempt to flee Paris in 1791?
late at night (USQRG:15,1,1)
313. Why was Louis XVIʹs flight from Paris a turning point in the Revolution?
Before Louis XVI attempted to flee, many people supported the possibility of a constitutional monarchy; after his escape attempt, these people became republicans. (USQRG:63,2,1)
314. According to John Merriman, what event caused the notions of ʺleftʺ and ʺrightʺ in political life to dominate the political agenda?
the French Revolution (USQRG:15,1,2)
315. According to John Merriman, what was the first effective challenge to absolutist monarchy on behalf of popular sovereignty?
the French Revolution (USQRG:15,1,2)
316. According to John Merriman, how did French revolutionaries attempt to alter the structure of the French state?
They tried to make the state more centralized and efficient. (USQRG:15,2,0)
317. In what way was Napoleon Bonaparte an heir to the French Revolution?
He continued the efforts of the revolutionaries to make the French state more centralized and efficient, and in some
senses more just. (USQRG:15,2,0)
318. True/False: John Merriman believes that the French Revolution was inevitable.
False; John Merriman contends that the French Revolution was not inevitable, but that the sort of change it entailed was made to seem possible in preceding decades. (USQRG:15,2,2)
319. According to John Merriman, how did the French Revolution inspire French nationalism?
Revolutionaries espoused principles such as the sovereignty of nations and the duties of citizenship, and they celebrated
the fact that the Revolution occurred in France. (USQRG:15,2,1)
320. According to John Merriman, how did the French Revolution inspire nationalism in nations other than France?
The French wars with other nations during the Revolution came to be seen as wars of conquest, causing the people of those nations to take pride in their own national identity.
(USQRG:15,2,1)
321. What was the original intent of the wars France began with other European nations during the Revolution?
to free the people of Europe from monarchical and noble domination (USQRG:15,2,1)
322. According to John Merriman, what nations had a strong nationalistic response to the French threat during the Revolution?
Britain, Italy, and Germany (USQRG:15,2,1)
323. According to John Merriman, what two conditions prior to the Revolution made change seem possible and likely?
difficult economic conditions and the prevalence of Enlightenment ideas (USQRG:15,2,2)
324. Of what did critics accuse Louis XV when he exiled the Parlement of Paris in 1771?
despotism (USQRG:15,2,3)
325. With what did Louis XV propose to replace the Parlement of Paris in 1771?
new, more subservient law courts (USQRG:15,2,3)
326. Prior to the Revolution, which of the parlementsʹ rights could interfere with monarchical power?
the right to register royal edicts (USQRG:16,1,0)
327. What did the criticism elicited by Louis XVʹs 1771 banishment of the Parlement of Paris force the king to do?
restore the parlements (USQRG:15,2,3)
328. Why did commoners riot in Paris in 1775? Grain prices rose. (USQRG:16,1,1)
329. What was the intent of the economic program created by Anne‐Robert Turgot in 1774?
to eliminate monopolies and privileges that curbed economic progress (USQRG:16,1,1)
409. What was the occupation of Charles Alexandre de Calonneʹs successor prior to 1788?
archbishop of Toulouse (USQRG:18,2,4)
410. What did Charles Alexandre de Calonneʹs successor ask of French parlements upon assuming office?
to register (approve) several financial reform edicts (USQRG:18,2,4)
411. How did French parlements respond to the demands of Charles Alexandre de Calonneʹs successor?
They rejected some of Charles Alexandre de Calonneʹs reform edicts. (USQRG:18,2,4)
412. What two new taxes were included in the reform proposals presented to the Parlement of Paris in the late 1780s?
a land tax and a stamp tax (USQRG:18,2,4)
413. What did the new taxes in the reform proposals of the late 1780s resemble?
the stamp tax that helped spark the American War of Independence (USQRG:18,2,4)
414. What did some of the members of the Assembly of Notables demand in exchange for their acceptance of new taxes?
institutional reforms to guarantee their privileges in the future (USQRG:19,1,1)
415. To what city was the Parlement of Paris exiled in 1787? Troyes (USQRG:19,1,2)
416. Why was the Parlement of Paris exiled in 1787? It refused to approve proposed land and stamp taxes. (USQRG:19,1,2)
417. Why was Louis XVI hesitant to tax the noble classes without their approval?
He feared accusations of tyranny. (USQRG:19,1,1)
418. How did the clergy respond when Louis XVI exiled the Parlement of Paris in 1787?
vigorous dissent (USQRG:19,2,2)
419. What did the Assembly of Notables demand regarding the Estates General in the late 1780s?
They wanted the king to summon the Estates General regularly. (USQRG:19,1,1)
420. Why was the king hesitant to capitulate to the demands of the nobles in exchange for their acceptance of fiscal reform proposals?
He did not want to appear as if he ruled solely by the consent of his nation. (USQRG:19,1,1)
421. According to John Merriman, what is the significance of the ʺnoble revoltʺ following the exile of the Parlement of Paris?
It began the French Revolution. (USQRG:19,1,2)
422. How did the provincial parlements react to the exile of the Parlement of Paris?
They supported the Parlement of Paris. (USQRG:19,1,2)
423. Which parlement convoked provincial estates (assemblies of local nobles) without the permission of the monarch after the exile of the Parlement of Paris?
the Parlement of Grenoble (USQRG:19,1,2)
424. Against what was the ʺnoble revoltʺ directed? the despotism of the monarchy, as opposed to the institution of the monarchy itself (USQRG:19,2,0)
425. Of what event was the ʺnoble revoltʺ reminiscent? the Fronde (USQRG:19,2,0)
426. Under which French monarch did the Fronde occur? Louis XIV (USQRG:19,2,0)
427. In the middle of what century did the Fronde occur? the 17th century (USQRG:19,2,0)
428. Where in France is the town of Troyes? east of Paris (USQRG:19,1,2)
449. What percentage of the French population belonged to the Third Estate prior to the Revolution?
95% (USQRG:20,2,1)
450. To what social groups did most liberal reformers belong prior to the French Revolution?
the nobility and the bourgeoisie (USQRG:20,1,1)
451. What well‐known French general belonged to the Society of Thirty?
the Marquis de Lafayette (USQRG:20,1,caption)
452. What chief issue did the Society of Thirty address? how votes should be apportioned among the Estates in the Estates General (USQRG:20,1,caption)
453. What did the Parlement de Paris believe regarding the apportionment of votes in the Estates General?
The Parlement of Paris contended that each Estate should be given one vote, as had been done in 1614. (USQRG:20,1,2)
454. What would have been the likely outcome of any attempt at reform had votes been apportioned by Estate in the Estates General?
The First and Second Estates would outvote the Third Estate and thus smother any opportunities for reform.
(USQRG:20,1,1)
455. On what date did the Parlement of Paris make its opinions heard regarding vote allotment in the Estates General?
September 25, 1788 (USQRG:20,1,2)
456. How did the Society of Thirty believe votes should be apportioned in the Estates General?
They believed that the number of delegates to the Third Estate should be doubled, and that votes in the Estates General should be apportioned by head. (USQRG:20,1,caption)
457. How did the French public view the parlements after the Parlement of Paris voiced its opinion on voting in the Estates General?
The public considered parlements as defenders of privilege against the will of the Third Estate. (USQRG:20,1,2)
458. Who composed the ʺpatriot partyʺ in France in 1788? liberal nobles and bourgeoisie (USQRG:20,2,1)
459. What was the reaction of popular writers to the debate over vote apportionment in the Estates General?
They promoted the Third Estate as the true representatives of liberty and the nation. (USQRG:20,2,1)
460. With which policies did the ʺpatriot partyʺ contrast the policies of the French monarchy?
policies of the ʺnationʺ (USQRG:20,2,1)
461. What was the occupation of Abbé Emmanuel Joseph Sieyès?
a priest (USQRG:20,2,2)
462. Which Estate did Abbé Emmanuel Joseph Sieyès believe should dominate political life?
the Third Estate (USQRG:20,2,2)
463. Approximately what portion of the men elected to the Estates General in the late 1780s had some training in law?
two thirds (USQRG:20,2,3)
464. Approximately what portion of those elected to the First Estate in the late 1780s were parish priests?
two thirds (USQRG:20,2,3)
465. What sort of institutional reforms were desired by the younger nobles elected to the Second Estate in the late 1780s?
those that would give them some power over the king, similar to that of the British Parliament over the British monarch
(USQRG:20,2,3)
466. What concession did Louis XVI make to the Third Estate in December of 1788?
He doubled the number of representatives to the Third Estate. (USQRG:20,2,3)
467. Of what class was the Marquis de Lafayette? the nobility (USQRG:20,2,1)
488. How did the Third Estate react to learning that votes in the Estates General would be apportioned by estate and not by head?
They insisted that all delegates be registered together, which stalled proceedings for weeks. (USQRG:21,1,1)
489. What motion did Abbé Emmanuel Joseph Sieyès air on June 17, 1789?
He moved that the Third Estate be declared the National Assembly and the true representative of national sovereignty.
(USQRG:21,1,1)
490. How did the Third Estate react to Sieyèsʹ motion on June 17, 1789?
They overwhelmingly approved it. (USQRG:21,1,1)
491. After June 17, 1789, what degree of power did the Third Estate claim?
power equal to or greater than that of the monarch (USQRG:21,1,1)
492. On what date was the Tennis Court Oath? June 20, 1789 (USQRG:21,2,1)
493. Who was the president of the National Assembly created in June 1789?
Jean‐Sylvain Bailly (USQRG:21,2,1)
494. What was the occupation of Jean‐Sylvain Bailly? an astronomer (USQRG:21,2,1)
495. Why was the meeting hall of the Estates General locked on June 20, 1789?
Ostensibly, it was closed for repairs‐‐it was probably closed, however, because the monarch disapproved of the actions of
the Third Estate. (USQRG:21,2,1)
496. How did the newly created National Assembly react to their locked meeting hall in June 1789?
They assembled in a nearby tennis court instead. (USQRG; 21,2,1)
497. What did the delegates to the National Assembly swear to do in the Tennis Court Oath?
ʺnot to separate, and to reassemble wherever circumstances require, until the constitution of the kingdom is established and consolidated upon solid foundationsʺ (USQRG:21,2,1)
498. How did the king of France react to the deliberations of the Third Estate in June 1789?
He declared them invalid. (USQRG; 21,2,2)
499. What three economic reforms did Louis XVI announce on June 23, 1789?
elimination of the taille, the corvée, and internal tariffs that interfered with trade (USQRG; 21,2,2)
500. In 18th‐century France, what was the corvée? a tax on labor (USQRG:21,2,2)
501. What two political reforms did Louis XVI announce on June 23, 1789?
regular convocation of the Estates General and the elimination of lettres de cachet (USQRG:21,2,2)
502. On June 23, 1789, how did Louis XVI agree to apportion votes in the Estates General?
Voting would occur by head in the Estates General, but only regarding issues that were not ʺthe ancient and constitutional
rights of the three orders.ʺ (USQRG:21,2,2)
503. What was the reaction of the Third Estate to the reforms Louis XVI announced on June 23, 1789?
dissatisfaction (USQRG:21,2,2)
504. True/False: Jean‐Sylvain Bailly perished during the French Revolution.
True; Jean‐Sylvain Bailly died in 1793. (USQRG:21,2,3)
505. What was the reaction of the people of Paris to the news that Louis XVI had again dismissed Jacques Necker on June 22, 1789?
They stormed the Tuileries Palace to demand Neckerʹs reinstatement. (USQRG:21,2,3)
506. How did Louis XVI react to the demands of the Parisian crowd regarding Jacques Necker?
He agreed to reinstate Jacques Necker. (USQRG:21,2,3)
528. What was Louis XVIʹs diary entry on the evening of July 14, 1789?
ʺnothing newʺ (USQRG:22,1,2)
529. According to John Merriman, what was the significance of the storming of the Bastille to the political events of summer 1789?
It prevented Louis XVI from dissolving the National Constituent Assembly. (USQRG:22,1,2)
530. Why did Louis XVI send away some of the troops he had gathered at Paris and Versailles after the storming of the Bastille?
He was unsure of their loyalty. (USQRG:22,2,0)
531. Who was elected mayor of Paris in 1789? Jean‐Sylvain Bailly (USQRG:22,2,0)
532. What was Louis XVIʹs reaction to the municipal government of Paris elected in 1789?
acceptance (USQRG:22,2,0)
533. Who commanded the defense force of the municipal government of Paris elected in 1789?
the Marquis de Lafayette (USQRG:22,2,0)
534. How did Louis XVI surrender to popular demand regarding his personnel after the storming of the Bastille?
He reinstated Jacques Necker. (USQRG:22,2,0)
535. What do the colors red and blue symbolize on the French tricolor?
the city of Paris (USQRG:22,2,0)
536. What does the color white symbolize on the French tricolor?
the Bourbons (the royal family from which Louis XVI was descended) (USQRG:22,2,0)
537. What emblem did Louis XVI wear before the municipal council at the town hall of Paris on July 17, 1789?
the tricolor (USQRG:22,2,0)
538. What was the reaction of rural peasants to the news of the fall of the Bastille and the gathering of the Estates General?
They attacked châteaux and sometimes burned records of their obligations to their landlords. (USQRG:22,2,2)
539. What caused the Great Fear? panic generated by peasant revolts in late summer 1789 (USQRG:22,2,2)
540. What was the National Constituent Assemblyʹs reaction to the news of peasant violence in late summer 1789?
It formally ended the ʺfeudal regimeʺ and seigneurial rights. (USQRG:22,2,3)
541. What rumor fueled the Great Fear? The aristocracy was plotting to starve or burn out the population. (USQRG:22,2,2)
542. How did the National Constituent Assembly subsequently modify its proclamation of August 4, 1789?
Peasants would pay their debtors and owners of seigneurial dues in some form. (USQRG:22,2,3)
543. According to John Merriman, what was the fundamental organizing principle of the Old Regime?
privilege (USQRG:22,2,3)
544. What was the ruling of the National Constituent Assembly regarding the practice of nobles extracting personal labor servitude from peasants without compensation?
It abolished the practice. (USQRG:22,2,3)
545. What ruling did the National Constituent Assembly make regarding religion in late summer 1789?
It instituted freedom of practice. (USQRG:22,2,3)
546. Why did peasants mobilize during the Great Fear? to defend their harvests against rumored brigands (USQRG:22,2,2)
547. What was the effect of the new National Guard units and local governments established during the Great Fear?
They brought new men who had previously been excluded from political life into positions of influence. (USQRG:22,2,2)
548. What source of royal revenue did the National Constituent Assembly abolish in late summer 1789?
It ended the sale of government offices. (USQRG:22,2,3)
549. What exclusive seigneurial privilege involving land use was abolished by the National Constituent Assembly in the weeks following August 4, 1789?
the sole right to hunt and fish on rural lands (USQRG:22,2,3)
550. What form of government did the National Constituent Assembly set out to create in late summer 1789?
a constitutional monarchy (USQRG:23,1,3)
551. How did the National Constituent Assembly change the authority behind the Catholic Church in France?
It made the Catholic Church into a national church. (USQRG:23,1,2)
552. How did the National Constituent Assembly deal with the property of the Catholic Church in France in its reforms of 1789?
It made Church property national property. (USQRG:23,1,2)
553. What did the National Constituent Assembly require of the French clergy in its reforms of 1789?
to swear allegiance to the nation (in lieu of the Pope) (USQRG:23,1,2)
554. How did the National Constituent Assembly begin establishing a new regime?
It created and broadcast the Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen. (USQRG:23,1,1)
555. True/False: The National Constituent Assembly proposed to use the Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen as the constitution of its new regime.
False; it began to create the constitution of the new regime after creating the Declaration of the Rights of Man and
Citizen. (USQRG:23,1,1)
556. What did Marie Antoinette call revolutionaries? monsters (USQRG:23,1,2)
557. What was the reaction of the kingʹs advisors to the efforts of the National Constituent Assembly in late summer 1789?
They refused to accept that the kingʹs power was weakening. (USQRG:23,1,2)
558. What is declared in Article One of the Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen?
ʺMen are born free and equal in rights.ʺ (USQRG:23,2,0)
559. What did the Parisian crowd do to the royal family in October 1789?
They marched to Versailles and brought the king and his family back to Paris so that they could not escape.
(USQRG:23,1,2)
560. How did many nobles react to increasing radicalism in France in late 1789?
They fled France. (USQRG:23,1,2)
561. On what date did the National Constituent Assembly begin to promulgate the Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen?
August 26, 1789 (USQRG:23,1,2)
562. What was the intent of the Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen?
to set forth the principles of the new regime and to educate French citizens about liberty (USQRG:23,2,0)
563. What ruling did the Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen put forth regarding privilege?
All men are ʺequally eligible to all honors, places, and employments without any other distinction than that created
by their virtues and talentsʺ. (USQRG:23,2,0)
564. According to John Merriman, which 18th‐century document was reflected in the Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen?
the American Declaration of Independence (USQRG:23,2,0)
574. How did the Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen deal with preexisting discrepancies of education and wealth in French society?
It did not interfere with them. (USQRG:24,1,0)
575. According to John Merriman, what was the foundation of the political order in France after the creation of the Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen?
wealth (USQRG:24,1,0)
576. What was the view of the authors of the Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen regarding womenʹs rights?
They did not anticipate nor press for equality of the sexes. (USQRG:24,1,1)
577. True/False: Revolutionaries began to call for equality of the sexes and womenʹs rights at the beginning of the Revolution.
True; however, these calls went largely unheeded by the National Constituent Assembly. (USQRG:24,1,1)
578. In what year did the French begin to use the term ʺOld Regimeʺ to describe France before the National Constituent Assembly?
1790 (USQRG:24,1,2)
579. Who composed the ʺcourt partyʺ during the reforms of the National Constituent Assembly?
the kingʹs closest advisors (USQRG:24,1,3)
580. What provision did the kingʹs closest advisers want to see added to the constitutional arrangements of the National Constituent Assembly?
absolute veto for the king (USQRG:24,1,3)
581. Of what party was Abbé Sieyès? the patriot party (USQRG:24,1,3)
582. What did Abbé Sieyès remark regarding the demands of the kingʹs advisors for an absolute veto?
An absolute veto for the king would be the equivalent of a ʺlettre de cachet against the general will.ʺ (USQRG:24,1,3)
583. What was the approximate population of France on the eve of the Revolution?
25 million people (USQRG:24,1,3)
584. What was the National Constituent Assemblyʹs ruling on a motion that would create an upper chamber of the representative body similar to the British House of Lords?
It rejected the motion. (USQRG:24,1,3)
585. What concession did the National Constituent Assembly offer to the king on September 11, 1789?
the power to suspend legislation for up to four years‐a ʺsuspending vetoʺ (USQRG:24,1,3)
586. What was the reaction of Louis XVI to the concession offered to him by the National Constituent Assembly on September 11, 1789?
He rejected it because he still wanted an absolute veto. (USQRG:24,1,4)
587. Who was the publisher of the new newspaper in 1789, The Friend of the People?
Jean‐Paul Marat (USQRG:24,1,4)
588. What was the reaction of Louis XVI to the reforms the National Constituent Assembly passed on August 4, 1789?
He rejected them. (USQRG:24,1,4)
589. What were the professions of Jean‐Paul Marat? a physician and a journalist (USQRG:24,1,4)
590. What was Voltaireʹs opinion of writers like Jean‐Paul Marat?
He considered them ʺhacks.ʺ (USQRG:24,1,4)
591. How did newspapers and pamphlet‐publishers react to Louis XVIʹs dealings with the National Constituent Assembly in the fall of 1789?
They attacked his refusal to compromise. (USQRG:24,1,4)
592. In what sort of language was The Friend of the People written?
the vernacular (including the slang) of ordinary Parisians (USQRG:24,1,4)
593. What were the origins of the demand that the king and his family reside in Paris?
the cahiers de doléances and French ʺpatriotsʺ (USQRG:24,2,1)
594. What event sparked the ʺmarch to Versaillesʺ? a minor insult to the tricolor emblem by members of the Flanders Regiment (USQRG:24,2,1)
595. Where did the event that began the ʺmarch to Versaillesʺ occur?
at a reception held in honor of the Flanders Regiment (USQRG:24,2,1)
596. On what date was Louis XVI convinced to accept the August 4 reforms of the National Constituent Assembly?
October 5, 1789 (USQRG:24,2,1)
597. True/False: Bread riots were common in the Old Regime.
True; poor harvests and high prices were also common. (USQRG:24,2,2)
598. From which neighborhoods were the women who began the Womenʹs March to Versailles on October 5, 1789?
neighborhoods around the Bastille (USQRG:24,2,2)
599. Approximately how many women marched on Versailles on October 5, 1789?
10,000 (USQRG:24,2,2)
600. Where did the women who marched on Versailles in October of 1789 gather to begin their march?
704. What symbol identified sans‐culottes? a Phrygian cap (USQRG:27,1,0)
705. True/False: Aristocrats could sometimes be considered sans‐culottes.
True; aristocrats who supported the Revolution were considered sans‐culottes. (USQRG:27,1,0)
706. Approximately what portion of the earnings of an average French working family went towards purchasing bread?
more than one‐half (USQRG:27,1,0)
707. From what source did revolutionaries draw the Phrygian cap?
the Roman Republic (USQRG:27,1,0)
708. What did a Phrygian cap look like? It was tight, red, and decorated by a tricolor. (USQRG:27,1,0)
709. What characterized the language of the sans‐culottes? They addressed everyone using the familiar pronoun, tu, and they called one another ʺcitizens.ʺ (USQRG:27,1,0)
710. What sort of hat was worn by high‐class city dwellers prior to the Revolution?
a three‐cornered hat (USQRG:27,1,0)
711. What sort of political system did the sans‐culottes favor? direct democracy (USQRG:27,1,0)
712. What two things did Louis XVI intend to do after fleeing France in June 1791?
support foreign enemies of the Revolution and return to France to dismantle his previous concessions (USQRG:27,2,1)
713. What was the reaction of the Cordeliers Club to Louis XVIʹs attempt to flee France?
It called for the formation of a republic. (USQRG:27,2,2)
714. Why was the National Assembly hesitant to try to establish a republic after Louis XVIʹs flight?
It feared civil war. (USQRG:27,2,2)
715. Why did Parisians gather at the Champ de Mars on July 17, 1791?
to sign a petition resting on the ʺAltar of the Fatherlandʺ (USQRG:27,2,2)
716. What was the reaction of the National Guard to the gathering of Parisians at the Champs de Mars on July 17, 1791?
They fired on the crowd. (USQRG:27,2,2)
717. Who declared martial law in Paris on July 17, 1791? Jean‐Sylvain Bailly and the Marquis de Lafayette (USQRG:27,2,2)
718. What was the content of the petition Parisians created as a response to Louis XVIʹs escape attempt?
It demanded the king be replaced ʺby all constitutional means.ʺ (USQRG:27,2,2)
719. Who went into temporary hiding after July 17, 1791? Jean‐Paul Marat and Georges‐Jacques Danton (USQRG:27,2,2)
720. What action did Louis XVI take regarding national government on September 14, 1791?
He formally accepted the Constitution. (USQRG:27,2,2)
721. To what club did the leaders of Paris belong after Louis XVIʹs attempt to flee the country?
the Jacobins (USQRG:27,2,3)
722. Who were the three leaders of Paris after Louis XVIʹs attempt to flee the country?
Danton, Marat, and Robespierre (USQRG:27,2,3)
723. What replaced the Constituent Assembly in October 1791?
the Legislative Assembly (USQRG:27,2,3)
724. Why was the Constituent Assembly dissolved in September 1791?
It had fulfilled its purpose of creating a constitution. (USQRG:27,2,3)
725. Where in the assembly hall were Republicans of the Legislative Assembly seated?
726. At which foreign courts did French counterrevolutionaries attempt to garner support for foreign intervention in the Revolution?
the Austrian court and the Prussian court (USQRG:27,2,4)
727. According to John Merriman, what event led to the Second Revolution and the formation of a republic in France?
the French declaration of war against Austria (USQRG:27,2,4)
728. Who led the faction in the Legislative Assembly that became the Girondins?
Jacques‐Pierre Brissot (USQRG:27,2,4)
729. What were the former occupations of the early leader of the Girondins?
a police spy and a radical pamphleteer (USQRG:27,2,4)
730. What did the early leader of the Girondins propose regarding French foreign affairs?
a war to free the rest of Europe from systems similar to the Old Regime (USQRG:27,2,4)
731. From what source did the Girondins derive their name?
Gironde, a district in France where many of the followers of Jacques‐Pierre Brissot lived (USQRG:27,2,4)
732. How did Girondin leadership influence the proclamations of the Legislative Assembly?
It promoted a more aggressive, radical tone in the proclamations. (USQRG:27,2,4)
733. What political goal did French counterrevolutionaries seek to achieve when they asked foreign courts to intervene in the Revolution?
to restore Louis XVI to power as an absolute monarch (USQRG:27,2,4)
734. From what three nations were the educated people who tended to support the early work of the French National Assembly?
Britain, the Netherlands, and parts of Germany and Italy (USQRG:28,1,1)
735. What had been the purpose of the wars Louis XIV had fought with various European powers during his reign?
enlargement of French territory (USQRG:28,1,1)
736. What characterized Franceʹs relationship with other European powers in the century before the Revolution?
war (USQRG:28,1,1)
737. What was the Prussian governmentʹs initial reaction to the French Revolution?
It tried to sabotage the alliance between Austria and France, and to undermine Austrian government in Belgium.
(USQRG:28,1,2)
738. What two alliances were formed in Europe as a result of the French Revolution?
an alliance between Britain and Russia, and an alliance between Austria and Prussia (USQRG:28,1,1)
739. With what issue was Leopold II of the Habsburg Empire heavily involved at the start of the French Revolution?
demands of the Hungarian nobility for more power (USQRG:28,1,2)
740. What was the reaction of Whigs in London to the fall of the Bastille?
enthusiasm (USQRG:28,2,1)
741. What work did Edmund Burke publish in 1790? Reflections on the Revolution in France (USQRG:28,2,1)
742. What were Edmund Burkeʹs opinions regarding the French Revolution?
He believed that the ʺabstract rationalism of the Enlightenmentʺ marred the evolution of a nation by
undermining the monarchy and the church. (USQRG:28,2,1)
743. What occurred in 1789 in the Southern Netherlands? A rebellion drove Austrian forces out of the nation, and established a temporary republic. (USQRG:28,2,2)
744. Who wrote The Rights of Man? Thomas Paine (USQRG:28,2,2)
745. What was the subject of The Rights of Man? a defense of the French Revolution against the criticisms of Edmund Burke (USQRG:28,2,2)
746. Who mainly composed the political societies in Britain that supported the French Revolution?
artisans (USQRG:28,2,2)
747. What were the occupations of Mary Wollenstonecraft? a teacher and a writer (USQRG:28,2,3)
748. What was Mary Wollenstonecraftʹs opinion regarding the French Revolution?
She supported it, hoping it would lead to a republic with equality between the sexes. (USQRG:28,2,3)
749. To where did Mary Wollenstonecraft travel during the French Revolution?
France (USQRG:28,2,3)
750. Who wrote A Vindication of the Rights of Women? Mary Wollenstonecraft (USQRG:29,1,0)
751. According to John Merriman, what prompted the writing of A Vindication of the Rights of Women?
the French National Assemblyʹs limiting of the right of education to men (USQRG:29,1,0)
752. What rights were demanded for women in A Vindication of the Rights of Women?
the right to vote and hold office (USQRG:29,1,0)
753. True/False: A Vindication of the Rights of Women was the first book published in Britain that demanded full political participation of women.
True; it began the struggle for womenʹs equality in Britain. (USQRG:29,1,0)
754. In which four European states were Jacobin supporters suppressed by the government?
Prussia, Austria, Naples, and Piedmont (USQRG; 29,1,1)
755. How did the British public react to the Revolution as it progressed?
with increased support for the monarchy and nobility, as well as anti‐French and anti‐Catholic sentiment (USQRG:29,1,1)
756. Who was the Prime Minister of Britain while the French Revolution unfolded?
Pitt the Younger (USQRG:29,1,1)
757. What three actions did the British government take in response to the development of popular politics in Britain?
It suspended freedom of association, the press, and assembly, and the writ of habeas corpus. (USQRG:29,2,0)
758. What were the ʺCoercion Actsʺ in Britain at the time of the French Revolution?
acts that allowed the arrest of those advocating parliamentary reform (USQRG:29,2,0)
759. Who was the brother of Marie Antoinette? Emperor Leopold II of the Holy Roman Empire (USQRG:29,2,1)
760. Who was the king of Prussia during the French Revolution?
Frederick William II (USQRG:29,2,1)
761. Who put forth the Declaration of Pilnitz? Emperor Leopold II and Frederick William II (USQRG:29,2,1)
762. What was the content of the Declaration of Pilnitz? It expressed concern for the French monarchy and it stated the interest of Prussia and the Holy Roman Empire to see order
restored in France. (USQRG:29,2,1)
763. Who was Franceʹs minister of foreign affairs in 1792? General Charles François Dumouriez (USQRG:29,2,1)
764. Before the Revolution, what portion of the French army was composed of nobility?
85% (USQRG:29,2,1)
765. What was the opinion of Maximilien Robespierre in early 1792 regarding whether or not France should wage war on its neighboring countries?
He believed France should deal with domestic enemies before waging war on other nations. (USQRG:29,2,1)
766. Who encouraged the National Assembly to initiate war abroad in 1792?
919. In what four places in France did the 1793 federalist revolts take place?
Lyon, Marseille, Bordeaux, and Caen (USQRG:33,1,2)
920. What happened to Lyon on October 9, 1793? It fell to Jacobin troops. (USQRG:33,1,2)
921. Which professions boasted members who were likely to engage in the federalist revolts of 1793?
merchants and lawyers (USQRG:33,1,2)
922. What did the ʺLaw of Suspectsʺ do to the accused? deprived them of their remaining rights (USQRG:33,1,3)
923. What sort of clubs did the National Convention specifically ban around the time of the ʺLaw of Suspectsʺ?
womenʹs clubs and organizations (USQRG:33,1,3)
924. Which political group did Olympe de Gouges support? the Girondins (USQRG:33,1,3)
925. Which two women were guillotined around the time of the ʺLaw of Suspectsʺ?
Olympe de Gouges and Marie Antoinette (USQRG:33,1,3)
926. What date was ʺday one, year oneʺ of the new revolutionary calendar?
September 22, 1792 (USQRG:33,1,4)
927. What is the meaning of the word ʺventôseʺ? ʺwindyʺ (USQRG:33,1,4)
928. How many days made up a week in the new revolutionary calendar?
10 (USQRG:33,1,4)
929. What is the meaning of the word ʺgerminalʺ? ʺthe buddingʺ (USQRG:33,1,4)
930. What religious campaign did the Jacobins begin in September 1793?
de‐Christianization (USQRG:33,1,6)
931. What did the Jacobins choose as the revolutionary symbol for liberty?
a woman (USQRG:33,1,5)
932. Why is the Jacobin symbol for liberty ironic? The Jacobins symbolized liberty with the image of a woman yet limited womenʹs rights. (USQRG:33,1,5)
933. What were the duties of the ʺrevolutionary armiesʺ of artisans and day laborers?
to guard food requisitioned by the military and melt down church bells for military use (USQRG:33,2,1)
934. Approximately how many people were killed during the ʺTerrorʺ?
11,000 to 18,000 (USQRG:33,2,2)
935. How did the Jacobins attempt to enact their religious campaign in September 1793?
They closed churches and removed public crosses. (USQRG:33,2,0)
936. What was the ultimate result of the Jacobinʹs religious campaign of September 1793?
It failed, even among those who supported the Revolution, and alienated the clergy that had sworn to the Civic
Constitution of the Clergy. (USQRG:33,2,0)
937. Who was responsible for maintaining order on behalf of the Convention outside of Paris?
ʺrepresentatives on missionʺ (USQRG:33,2,1)
938. How did the number of deaths from the Thirty Yearsʹ War compare with the number of deaths caused by the Committee of Public Safety?
Far more deaths resulted from the Thirty Yearsʹ War than from the Committee of Public Safety. (USQRG:33,2,2)
939. What percentage of the people killed during the Terror were nobles or clergymen?
15% (USQRG:33,2,2)
940. In what three parts of France were the majority of the people killed during the Terror arrested?
northern and eastern parts of France that had previously been occupied by other nations as well as western counter‐
982. According to Article 7 of the Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen, what shall happen to anyone soliciting, transmitting, or executing an arbitrary order?
He will be punished. (USQRG:35,1,7)
983. According to Article 7 of the Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen, what must any citizen ʺsummoned or arrested in virtue of the lawʺ do?
comply without resistance (USQRG:35,2,0)
984. What provisions does Article 8 of the Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen make regarding punishments?
The law shall provide only for punishments that are strictly and obviously necessary. (USQRG:35,2,1)
985. According to Article 8 of the Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen, under what sort of laws may citizens not be punished for committing offenses?
laws against their offenses made previous to their committing the offenses (USQRG:35,2,1)
986. What provisions does Article 9 of the Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen make regarding the treatment of the accused?
The accused shall not be treated with unnecessary harshness and are assumed innocent until proven guilty. (USQRG:35,2,2)
987. What does Article 10 of the Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen prohibit?
persecution for an individualʹs opinions (USQRG:35,2,3)
988. According to Article 11 of the Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen, what is one of the most precious rights of man?
the ʺfree communication of ideas and opinionsʺ (USQRG:35,2,4)
989. According to Article 12 of the Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen, why are public military forces necessary?
to secure the rights of man and citizen (USQRG:35,2,5)
990. According to Article 12 of the Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen, for what end are public military forces NOT intended?
the personal advantage of their commanders (USQRG:35,2,5)
991. According to Article 13 of the Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen, what is necessary for public administration?
a ʺcommon contributionʺ (USQRG:35,2,6)
992. According to Article 13 the Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen, how should citizens be taxed?
proportionally to their income (USQRG:35,2,6)
993. What rights does Article 14 of the Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen mandate regarding taxes?
All citizens must be able to have input on the necessity of taxes, the proportion by which people are taxed, the mode in
which taxes are collected, and the use of taxes. (USQRG:35,2,7)
994. According to Article 15 of the Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen, what can society require of every public agent?
ʺan account of his administrationʺ (USQRG:35,2,8)
995. According to Article 16 of the Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen, what sort of society has no constitution at all?
one ʺin which the observance of law is not assured, nor the separation of powers definedʺ (USQRG:35,2,9)
996. According to Article 17 of the Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen, what is an inviolable and sacred right?
property (USQRG:35,2,10)
997. According to Article 17 of the Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen, under what conditions may a citizen be deprived of his property?
if legally determined public necessity requires it (USQRG:35,2,10)
998. Who wrote Defining the Nation: The Abbé Gregoire and the Problem of Diversity in the French Revolution?
Alyssa Goldstein Sepinwell (USQRG:36,1,subtitle)
999. According to Alyssa Goldstein Sepinwell, for whom is the French Revolution a model?
revolutionaries worldwide (USQRG:36,1,1)
1000. During which years of the Revolution did a constitutional monarchy govern France?
1789 to 1792 (USQRG:36,1,1)
1001. During which years of the Revolution did a radical republic govern France?
1792 to 1794 (USQRG:36,1,1)
1002. How did Napoleon Bonaparte view his regime in relation to Enlightenment ideas?
He believed he embodied ideals such as liberty, equality, and fraternity. (USQRG:36,1,1)
1003. What modern political ideologies have origins in Napoleon Bonaparteʹs campaigns?
nationalism and liberalism (USQRG:36,1,1)
1004. According to Alyssa Goldstein Sepinwell, what concept did Abbé Gregoire use to understand how to unite the French people?
ʺregenerationʺ (USQRG:36,1,3)
1005. According to Sepinwell, what was one of the most important shifts that characterized the transition from monarchical to democratic governments in Europe?
the shift from people being subjects of a king to citizens of a nation (USQRG:36,2,1)
1006. What was the occupation of Henri Gregoire? a priest (USQRG:36,2,2)
1007. According to Sepinwell, what was the greatest challenge facing the French Revolutionaries in creating a nation?
reconciling diverse races, religions, and interests into one nation (USQRG:36,2,1)
1008. What sort of countryside surrounds Emberménil? rolling hills (USQRG:36,2,2)
1009. In what town was Henri Gregoire born? Vého (USQRG:36,2,2)
1010. What was the parish seat of the area in which Henri Gregoire was born?
Emberménil (USQRG:36,2,2)
1011. What was the name of Henri Gregoireʹs father? Bastien Gregoire (USQRG:36,2,2)
1012. What was the occupation of Henri Gregoireʹs parents? They were artisans. (USQRG:36,2,2)
1013. What enabled Henri Gregoire to pursue an education past the age of eight?
He was a good student and received a scholarship from the clergy. (USQRG:36,2,2)
1014. In what year was Henri Gregoire ordinated as a priest? 1775 (USQRG:36,2,2)
1015. What was Henri Gregoireʹs occupation at the time of his ordination?
teacher of humanities at the seminary (USQRG:36,2,2)
1016. What was Henri Gregoireʹs occupation directly after his ordination?
a vicaire, or parish priest who served several communities (USQRG:36,2,3)
1017. In what district did Henri Gregoire work right after his ordination?
Chateau‐Salins (USQRG:36,2,3)
1018. How did Henri Gregoireʹs first job after his ordination affect his political views?
It crystallized his distaste for the oppression of peasants under the Old Regime. (USQRG:36,2,3)
1019. What was the gabelle? a salt tax (USQRG:36,2,3)
1042. What were the theological meanings of the word ʺregenerationʺ?
baptism and resurrection (USQRG:37,1,4)
1043. What science secularized the word ʺregenerationʺ? natural history (USQRG:37,1,4)
1044. What scientist developed the notion of the ʺdegenerationʺ of a species?
Comte Georges‐Louis Leclerc de Buffon (USQRG:37,1,4)
1045. What was the political effect of the notion of the ʺdegenerationʺ of species?
It sparked discussion of the ʺdegenerationʺ of French society. (USQRG:37,1,4)
1046. How did Henri Gregoireʹs prize‐winning 1787 essay affect his reputation?
He became known as ʺthe friend of the Jews.ʺ (USQRG:37,1,5)
1047. According to Henri Gregoire, what would happen to Catholics born into the same circumstances as Jews?
They would become ʺjust like [Jews].ʺ (USQRG:37,2,0)
1048. How did Henri Gregoire describe the teachings of the Talmud?
ʺridiculousʺ (USQRG:37,2,0)
1049. With whom did Henri Gregoire share first prize for a 1787 essay contest?
Claude‐Antoine Thiéry and Zalkind Hourwitz (USQRG:38,1,1)
1050. Of what did Henri Gregoire warn his readers in a 1787 essay?
the speed at which Jews were ʺmultiplyingʺ (USQRG:37,2,0)
1051. What did Henri Gregoire hope would happen if Jews were treated humanely?
They would convert to Christianity. (USQRG:37,2,0)
1052. According to Henri Gregoire, what effect did Jews have on peasants?
They drove peasants to immorality. (USQRG:37,2,0)
1053. For Henri Gregoire, what was the goal of ʺtoleratingʺ a group?
to encourage a group to lose its own culture and conform (USQRG:38,1,0)
1054. In what way was Henri Gregoireʹs model of regeneration ʺinclusive and liberatingʺ?
It implied all people belonged to the same family and no one was inherently defective. (USQRG:38,1,0)
1055. What was the occupation of Claude‐Antoine Thiéry? a lawyer (USQRG:38,1,1)
1056. What was the occupation of Zalkind Hourwitz? a writer ()
1057. How did Zalkind Hourwitz respond to the topic of the 1787 essay contest for which Henri Gregoire wrote Essai sur la régeneration physique, morale et politique des juifs?
He argued that Christians who persecuted Jews needed regeneration rather than Jews themselves. (USQRG:38,1,1)
1058. Of what religious faith was Claude‐Antoine Thiéry? Protestantism (USQRG:38,1,1)
1059. What happened to Henri Gregoire at the beginning of the French Revolution?
He was elected to the Estates General. (USQRG:38,1,1)
1060. Of what religious faith was Zalkind Hourwitz? Judaism (USQRG:38,1,1)
1061. What two meteorological disasters destroyed the French grain crop of 1788?
drought and hailstorms (USQRG:38,1,2)
1062. What did Henri Gregoire persuade the lower clergy in the Estates General to do?
join the Third Estate (USQRG:38,1,4)
1063. What characteristics of Henri Gregoire garnered him a following in the Estates General?
his youthfulness and talent as an orator (USQRG:38,1,4)
1300. What animal does Louis‐Sébastien Mercier describe being killed?
a young steer (USQRG:47,1,4)
1301. How does Louis‐Sébastien Mercier describe the prostitutes near the scene of the butchery?
ʺhuge, fat, monstrous objects sitting in the streetsʺ (USQRG:47,2,0)
1302. According to Louis‐Sébastien Mercier, what do butchers do when an animal being butchered escapes?
The butchers run after it with clubs. (USQRG:47,1,4)
1303. How does Louis‐Sébastien Mercier describe the butchers of Paris?
as dangerous as the animals they kill (USQRG:47,1,4)
1304. How does Louis‐Sébastien Mercier describe the odor of the streets near the butcheries?
ʺcadaverousʺ (USQRG:47,2,0)
1305. According to Louis‐Sébastien Mercier, what effect does the blood of the dead animals have on butchers?
It inflames their faces and temperaments. (USQRG:47,2,0)
1306. What rumor caused a serious riot in Paris in 1750? Police were kidnapping children to provide a bloodbath for the prince. (USQRG:47,2,1)
1307. What words referred to riots that broke out in Paris in 1750?
ʺpopular emotionsʺ (USQRG:47,2,2)
1308. What was the name of the man lynched by the Parisian crowd a week after the storming of the Bastille?
Foulon (USQRG:47,2,3)
1309. What was the occupation of the man the Parisian crowd lynched a week after the storming of the Bastille?
an official in the war ministry (USQRG:47,2,3)
1310. What sparked riots in Paris a week after the storming of the Bastille?
high bread prices and rumors about plots to starve the poor (USQRG:47,2,3)
1311. What did the Parisian crowd do with the head of the man they lynched a week after the storming of the Bastille?
They stuffed its mouth with hay and paraded it through Paris on a pike. (USQRG:47,2,3)
1312. Who was Bertier de Sauvigny? the intendant of Paris and the son‐in‐law of the man killed by the Parisian crowd a week after the storming of the Bastille
(USQRG:47,2,3)
1313. What did the Parisian crowd do to Bertier de Sauvigny before killing him?
They marched him through the streets with his father‐in‐lawʹs head. (USQRG:47,2,3)
1314. Where did the Parisian crowd kill Bertier de Sauvigny? in front of the Hôtel de Ville (USQRG:47,2,3)
1315. What did the Parisian crowd do with Bertier de Sauvignyʹs heart?
They threw it in the direction of the municipal government. (USQRG:47,2,3)
1316. Who was Gracchus Babeuf? a leftist conspirator (USQRG:47,2,4)
1317. What was Gracchus Babeufʹs reaction to the death of Bertier de Sauvigny?
He approved of the justice but was disgusted by the cruelty. (USQRG:47,2,4)
1318. How did many Parisians react when they saw severed heads on pikes paraded through the streets a week after the storming of the Bastille?
applause (USQRG:47,2,4)
1319. What was the caption on an engraving of the violence in Paris a week after the storming of the Bastille?
ʺThat is how traitors are punishedʺ (USQRG:47,2,3)
1320. According to Gracchus Babeuf, what effect did punishment have on Parisian morals?
The violence of punishment such as hanging, drawing and quartering seriously damaged Parisian morals.
(USQRG:47,2,4)
1321. By 20th‐century standards, how devastating was the Terror?
not very devastating, at least statistically (USQRG:48,1,1)
1322. How many departments in France did not witness executions during the Terror?
six (USQRG:48,1,1)
1323. In what portion of French departments did less than 25 executions take place during the Terror?
one half (USQRG:48,1,1)
1324. What portion of those executed during the Terror were armed rebels?
three quarters (USQRG:48,1,1)
1325. Approximately what percentage of the executions during the Terror took place in districts plagued by civil war?
71% (USQRG:48,1,1)
1326. According to Robert Darnton, what was the Terror in relation to modern history?
the ʺtrauma that scarred modern history at birthʺ (USQRG:48,1,2)
1327. How does Robert Darnton describe the condemnation of people based on ideological categories such as ʺaristocratʺ and ʺbourgeoisieʺ during the Terror?
intrinsically inhuman (USQRG:48,1,2)
1328. What happened in the last month of the ʹGreat Terrorʹ? Killing increased even though the threat of invasion decreased. (USQRG:48,1,3)
1329. What part of the Terror do most historians have trouble explaining?
the last month (USQRG:48,1,3)
1330. What factors do historians use to explain most of the events of the Terror?
the circumstances of 1793 and 1794: the counterrevolutionaries, the soaring bread prices, the civil war in Vendée, the rebellions in Lyons, Bordeaux, and Marseilles,
and the divided National Convention (USQRG:48,1,3)
1331. Approximately how many people were killed during the September Massacres of 1792?
1,000 (USQRG:48,1,4)
1332. Who were many of the victims of the September Massacres?
prostitutes and common criminals in Parisian prisons (USQRG:48,1,4)
1333. Why are historians unsure of the cause of the September Massacres in Paris in 1792?
The bombardment of the Paris Commune destroyed evidence. (USQRG:48,1,5)
1334. How does Pierre Caron characterize the violence of the September Massacres?
ʺritualistic, apocalyptic mass murderʺ (USQRG:48,1,5)
1335. According to Pierre Caron, why did sans‐culottes storm prisons during the September Massacres?
to stop a rumored counterrevolutionary plot (USQRG:48,1,5)
1336. Where did sans‐culottes improvise a court during the September Massacres?
in the prison of Abbaye (USQRG:48,1,5)
1337. What was considered a sign of innocence during the ʺtrialsʺ of the September Massacres?
fortitude (USQRG:48,1,5)
1338. Who was the prosecutor during the ʺtrialsʺ of the September Massacres?
1339. What was done to those found innocent during the ʺtrialsʺ of the September Massacres?
They were hugged and carried triumphantly through the streets of Paris. (USQRG:48,2,0)
1340. How were prisoners judged during the ʺtrialsʺ of the September Massacres?
They were evaluated based on their demeanor. (USQRG:48,1,5)
1341. What was done to those found guilty during the ʺtrialsʺ of the September Massacres?
They were cut to pieces, stripped of their valuables, and paraded through Paris on pikes. (USQRG:48,2,0)
1342. How does Robert Darnton describe the French attempt to purge the earth of a counterrevolution?
a ʹsecular version of the Last Judgmentʹ (USQRG:48,2,1)
1343. What was considered a sign of guilt during the ʺtrialsʺ of the September Massacres?
faltering (USQRG:48,1,5)
1344. How does Robert Darnton assess historiansʹ chances of understanding the violence behind much of the French Revolution?
He believes that historians may never understand much of the violence. (USQRG:48,2,1)
1345. What were the revolutionary ʺdaysʺ? August 10, 1792; May 31, 1793; 9 Thermidor Year II; 12 Germinal Year III; 1‐4 Prarial Year III (USQRG:48,2,1:
USQRG:49,1,0)
1346. True/False: Robert Darnton believes the September Massacres are easily explained by the circumstances in Paris.
False; he believes the circumstances of the time do not explain the September Massacres. (USQRG:49,1,1)
1347. What ʺmetahistoricalʺ explanations does Robert Darnton mention as possible reasons for some of the violence of the French Revolution?
ʹoriginal sin, unleashed libido, or the cunning of a dialecticʹ (USQRG:49,1,1)
1348. What was the bright side of popular emotions during the French Revolution?
the sense of possibility (USQRG:49,1,1)
1349. According to A.A. Lamourette, what was the source of all the troubles of the National Assembly?
factionalism and a lack of fraternity (USQRG:49,1,3)
1350. From what district was A.A. Lamourette? Rhône‐et‐Loire (USQRG:49,1,3)
1351. What was the reaction of the National Assembly to A.A. Lamouretteʹs declaration on July 2, 1792?
They started hugging and kissing one another. (USQRG:49,1,3)
1352. What happened three days after the ʺkiss of Lamouretteʺ?
a bloody uprising (USQRG:49,1,4)
1353. Why does Robert Darnton caution against scorning the people of the National Assembly?
We cannot imagine the events of the time, as we have never had the structure of our lives taken away from us.
(USQRG:49,1,5)
1354. According to Robert Darnton, what three events shook the convictions of modern readers in a way similar to those that shook the French during the Revolution?
the assassinations of John F. Kennedy, Robert Kennedy, and Martin Luther King (USQRG:49,2,3)
1355. According to Robert Darnton, how did most people react to the state of ʺepistemological exhilarationʺ that characterized the French Revolution?
with anxiety and a need to enforce borders (USQRG:49,2,1)
1356. According to Robert Darnton, what do ʺgreat eventsʺ make possible?
ʺthe social reconstruction of realityʺ (USQRG:50,1,2)
1357. What does Robert Darnton call French revolutionariesʹ feeling of possibility?
1376. According to ʺAn Answer to the Impertinent Question: But What Is a Sans‐Culotte?ʺ, what does a sans‐culotte lack?
millions, a castle, and valets (USQRG:51,1,1)
1377. According to ʺAn Answer to the Impertinent Question: But What Is a Sans‐Culotte?ʺ, what reading materials could be found in the reading rooms popular in 18th‐century France?
Gorsas, the Chronique, and the patriote français (USQRG:51,2,0)
1378. According to ʺAn Answer to the Impertinent Question: But What Is a Sans‐Culotte?ʺ, where did sans‐culottes go in the evening?
to their sections, to support ʺgood motionsʺ and ʺpulverizeʺ the wealthy (USQRG:51,2,1)
1379. Who ended the Terror? moderate Jacobins and others in the Convention (USQRG:52,1,1)
1380. What government was established at the end of the Terror?
the Directory (USQRG:52,1,1)
1381. What two revolutionary figures led the overthrow of the Directory?
the Abbé Sieyès and Napoleon Bonaparte (USQRG:52,1,1)
1382. In what month in 1794 was the Revolutionary Tribunal given new powers?
June (USQRG:52,1,2)
1383. Why did moderates in the National Convention begin to plot against Robespierre?
They were afraid that they would be killed. (USQRG:52,1,2)
1384. Who led the plot against Robespierre in the National Convention?
Paul Barras and Joseph Fouché (USQRG:52,1,2)
1385. What did the Revolutionary Tribunal do with its new powers?
It killed approximately 1,300 people in 6 weeks. (USQRG:52,1,2)
1386. Whom did Paul Barras follow? Danton (USQRG:52,1,2)
1387. What did Robespierre ask of the National Convention on July 27, 1794?
one more purge (USQRG:52,1,2)
1388. What did Robespierre mutter at the end of his address to the National Convention on July 27, 1794?
ʺI ask for death.ʺ (USQRG:52,1,2)
1389. With which two people was Robespierre arrested on July 27, 1794?
his brother Augustine and Saint‐Just (USQRG:52,1,2)
1390. What was the result of Robespierreʹs attempted suicide on July 27, 1794?
He shattered his jaw but did not die. (USQRG:52,1,2)
1391. Why did Robespierre attempt suicide on July 27, 1794? He wanted a stoic, heroic death. (USQRG:52,1,2)
1392. True/False: Robespierre was tried and convicted for treason before his execution.
False; Robespierre was executed in the style of the Terror, without a trial. (USQRG:52,1,3)
1393. Approximately how many people were executed alongside Robespierre?
100 (USQRG:52,2,0)
1394. Why did Lazare Carnot survive the execution of Robespierre and his cohorts?
He opposed Robespierre and the French needed Carnotʹs talents to wage wars. (USQRG:52,2,0)
1395. To what revolutionary organization did Lazare Carnot belong?
the Committee on Public Safety (USQRG:52,2,0)
1396. What were Lazare Carnotʹs talents? military engineering and administration (USQRG:52,2,0)
1397. What did the victors of Thermidor dismantle just before setting up the Directory?
the Paris Commune (USQRG:52,2,1)
1398. What did the victors of Thermidor do on July 31, 1794? They limited the powers of the Committee on Public Safety. (USQRG:52,2,1)
1399. How does the author of ʺAn Answer to the Impertinent Question: But What Is a Sans‐Culotte?ʺ address his readers?
ʺyou stuck‐up bastardsʺ (USQRG:51,1,1)
1400. According to ʺAn Answer to the Impertinent Question: But What Is a Sans‐Culotte?ʺ, why did sans‐culottes avoid much of the typical evening entertainment of 18th‐century Frenchmen?
They had to work. (USQRG:51,1,2)
1401. Where was the play ʺlʹAmi des loisʺ performed in 18th ‐century Paris?
the Theater of the Nation (USQRG:51,2,0)
1402. Where was the play ʺla Chaste Susanneʺ performed in 18th ‐century Paris?
the Vaude Theater (USQRG:51,2,0)
1403. How does the author of ʺAn Answer to the Impertinent Question: But What Is a Sans‐Culotte?ʺ describe the writing of Gorsas?
ʺgarbageʺ (USQRG:51,2,0)
1404. How many years after the French Revolution did Robert Darnton write ʺWhat was Revolutionary about the French Revolutionʺ?
200 (USQRG:43,1,2)
1405. What was Maximilien Robespierreʹs attitude towards Joseph Fouché?
distrust (USQRG:52,1,2)
1406. What were Joseph Fouchéʹs feelings towards the French Revolution?
great enthusiasm‐‐he was an ultra‐revolutionary (USQRG:52,1,2)
1407. What day was July 27, 1794 by the new revolutionary calendar?
the 9th of Thermidor (USQRG:52,1,2)
1408. What characterized the time of the Directory? instability, war, and economic hardship (USQRG:52,1,1)
1409. What two groups tried to shape the policies of the Directory?
staunch Jacobins and monarchists (USQRG:52,1,1)
1410. How did the Directory affect the gains of the Revolution?
It consolidated some of them and reversed others. (USQRG:52,1,1)
1411. What happened in the provinces of France at the time of Robespierreʹs execution?
brutal revenge against the Jacobins (USQRG:52,2,0)
1412. From where did the Thermidorians take their name? the month in which Robespierreʹs leadership ended (USQRG:52,2,0)
1413. What did the Thermidorians do to Jacobin clubs in November 1794?
They banned Jacobin clubs. (USQRG:52,2,1)
1414. In what year did the Thermidorians create their own Constitution?
1795 (USQRG:52,2,2)
1415. How many directors composed the executive branch of the Thermidorian government?
1524. Why did Russia ally with Britain in 1798? to stop France from establishing a foothold in the Ottoman Empire (USQRG:54,2,2)
1525. Why was Russia sensitive to foreign threats in the Ottoman Empire?
It had long wanted to dominate the Ottoman Empire. (USQRG:54,2,2)
1526. What three nations composed the Second Coalition? Britain, Russia, and Austria (USQRG:54,2,2)
1527. What did French forces do to the pope in Italy? They exiled him. (USQRG:54,2,2)
1528. What republic did France create in Italy as it exiled the pope?
the Roman Republic (USQRG:54,2,2)
1529. During what years did the Second Coalition exist? 1799 to 1802 (USQRG:54,2,2)
1530. Who was the ruler of Russia during the time of the Second Coalition?
Tsar Paul (USQRG:54,2,4)
1531. How did the French fare against the Second Coalition in Italy?
It lost because was overextended. (USQRG:54,2,3)
1532. Who defeated the French in Switzerland in the late 1790s?
a combined Austrian and Russian force (USQRG:54,2,3)
1533. What happened in Ireland in the late 1790s? Irish rebels rose against British rule. (USQRG:54,2,3)
1534. What was Franceʹs reaction to the events in Ireland during the 1790s?
It tried to help the Irish rebels by sending supplies. (USQRG:54,2,3)
1535. Why was France eager to respond to the events in Ireland during the late 1790s?
Ireland would be a good foothold from which to invade Britain. (USQRG:54,2,3)
1536. How did Britain respond to the events in Ireland in 1798?
It sent troops to suppress the rebels. (USQRG:54,2,3)
1537. Approximately how many people were killed in Ireland in 1798?
30,000 (USQRG:54,2,3)
1538. How did Britain respond to Franceʹs attempt to intervene in Ireland in 1798?
It captured a French supply ship and turned back the rest. (USQRG:54,2,3)
1539. In what month and year did Russia withdraw from the Second Coalition?
October 1799 (USQRG:54,2,4)
1540. Why did Russia withdraw from the Second Coalition? Russia disliked Britainʹs policy of allowing the Royal Navy to stop and search any ship on the seas. (USQRG:54,2,4)
1541. What were the results of the Russian and British attack on France in 1799?
France repelled the force and kept its hold on the Rhineland and the Austrian Netherlands. (USQRG:54,2,4)
1542. What differences caused members of the Second Coalition to quarrel as their war with France continued?
strategy and the eventual goals of the Coalition (USQRG:54,2,4)
1543. When in 1799 did Napoleon Bonaparte return to France to join a coup dʹétat?
October 1799 (USQRG:54,2,5)
1544. Who decided to overthrow the Directory in 1799? Abbé Sieyès (USQRG:54,2,5)
1545. What prompted the coup dʹétat in France in 1799? endemic instability (USQRG:54,2,5)
1546. Who was the go‐between for the coup dʹétat in France in 1799?
1589. According to Marxist historians, what happened to the economic power of the bourgeoisie during the 18th‐century?
It grew significantly. (USQRG:56,2,2)
1590. According to Marxist historians, what social class emerged as the dominant class in France after the Revolution?
the bourgeoisie (USQRG:56,2,2)
1591. According to revisionist historians, what was the occupation of most of the bourgeoisie members of the Estates General?
lawyers (USQRG:56,2,3)
1592. According to revisionist historians, who were the victors of the French Revolution?
men of property, both noble and bourgeoisie (USQRG:56,2,4)
1593. According to revisionist historians, who suffered at the expense of the victors of the French Revolution?
ʺtitled nobles born into status and powerʺ (USQRG:56,2,4)
1594. According to revisionist historians, what limited the power of the monarchy in France under the Old Regime?
the complex divisions of local political power (USQRG:56,2,4)
1595. According to one interpretation of the French Revolution, what larger movement encompassed both the French Revolution and the American War of Independence?
the ʺAtlantic Revolutionʺ (USQRG:56,2,5)
1596. Who wrote ʺLegacies of the French Revolutionʺ? Jack Censer and Lynn Hunt (USQRG:57,1,subtitle)
1597. According to one interpretation of the French Revolution, what generated the revolutionary political culture in the 1750s and the 1760s?
political opposition to Louis XV (USQRG:57,1,0)
1598. According to John Merriman, on what do the various interpretations of the French Revolution agree regarding its significance?
It was the first ʺmodern democratic experience.ʺ (USQRG:57,2,1)
1599. When was the word ʺideologiesʺ first used? during the French Revolution (USQRG:57,1,2)
1600. How do Jack Censer and Lynn Hunt define the term ʺideologyʺ?
ʺa defined doctrine about the best form of social and political organizationʺ (USQRG:57,1,2)
1601. According to Jack Censer and Lynn Hunt, what four ideologies emerged alongside republicanism during the Revolution?
nationalism, liberalism, socialism, and communism (USQRG:57,1,2)
1602. What ideology opposed those that emerged during the Revolution?
conservatism (USQRG:57,1,2)
1603. Why did many Europeans adopt nationalistic ideologies during the Napoleonic wars?
by defending a nationʹs right to resist French control (USQRG:57,1,3)
1604. In what year did the Congress of Vienna take place? 1815 (USQRG:57,1,3)
1605. What was the purpose of the Congress of Vienna? to reestablish borders in Europe after the fall of Napoleon (USQRG:57,1,3)
1606. Against whom did Italian nationalists direct their fury after the Congress of Vienna?
the Austrians (USQRG:57,1,3)
1607. Against whom did Polish nationalists direct their anger after the Congress of Vienna?
1608. According to Jack Censer and Lynn Hunt, which countries witnessed 19th and 20th ‐century struggles for national liberation inspired by the French Revolution?
Northern Ireland, Vietnam, the Cape of Good Hope, and Helsinki (USQRG:57,2,0)
1609. In what nation is Derry located? Northern Ireland (USQRG:57,2,1)
1610. What was the nationality of Giuseppe Mazzini? Italian (USQRG:57,2,1)
1611. With what ideology did Giuseppe Mazzini most closely identify?
nationalism (USQRG:57,2,1)
1612. What ideologies did republican nationalists champion? socialism or liberalism (USQRG:57,2,1)
1613. What did Giuseppe Mazzini believe about the implementation of nationalist ideology?
He believed that nationalism should be associated with revolution and allied to the interests of the poor.
(USQRG:57,2,1)
1614. What nationality was Charles Fourier? French (USQRG:57,2,1)
1615. What branch of socialism did Charles Fourier champion?
utopian socialism (USQRG:57,2,1)
1616. What sort of approach to political reform did Alexis de Tocqueville favor?
an elitist approach (USQRG:57,2,1)
1617. What was John Stuart Millʹs occupation? a philosopher (USQRG:57,2,1)
1618. What was John Stuart Millʹs nationality? Britain (USQRG:57,2,1)
1619. What part of the revolutionary legacy did Charles Fourier want to preserve?
that of social reform (USQRG:57,2,1)
1620. What part of the revolutionary legacy did Charles Fourier wish to limit?
the violence of the Terror (USQRG:57,2,1)
1621. What aspect of the French Revolution repelled John Stuart Mill and Alexis de Tocqueville?
its violence (USQRG:57,2,1)
1622. Who were the ʺanti‐philosophesʺ? those who opposed Enlightenment ideas before the Revolution took place (USQRG:57,2,2)
1623. What did Hegel conclude about the legacy of the French Revolution?
The Revolution spawned reaction against revolutionary ideology. (USQRG:57,2,3)
1624. With what university was Hippolyte Taine affiliated? the Sorbonne (USQRG:57,2,2)
1625. What aspect of the French Revolution did Hippolyte Taine heartily defend?
its promotion of freedom (USQRG:57,2,2)
1626. What was Hippolyte Taineʹs opinion regarding the French Revolution as a whole?
He thought it was ʺmonstrous.ʺ (USQRG:57,2,2)
1627. What was Hippolyte Taineʹs university position? a chair in the history of the Revolution (USQRG:57,2,2)
1628. Of what social class was Joseph de Maistre? the aristocracy (USQRG:57,2,3)
1629. Why did many French people oppose the Revolution? It was anticlerical. (USQRG:57,2,3)
1630. What was the occupation of Joseph de Maistre? a writer and philosopher (USQRG:57,2,3)
1631. Why did Joseph de Maitre condemn the French Revolution?
He thought it was fundamentally evil and impious. (USQRG:57,2,3)
1632. What aspect of the French Revolutionary government did many people find offensive?
1676. According to Alexis de Tocqueville, who are the only Frenchmen today who can be connected to their fathers?
ʺmen of lettersʺ (USQRG:59,1,2)
1677. Who translated the writings in the work Alexis de Tocqueville: Selected Letters on Politics and Society?
James Toupin and Roger Boesche (USQRG:59,1,2)
1678. In what year was Napoleon first screened in cinemas? 1927 (USQRG:59,1,2)
1679. Who produced the movie Danton? Andrezj Wajda (USQRG:59,1,2)
1680. In what year was the movie Danton produced? 1984 (USQRG:59,1,2)
1681. To whom does the title of the movie Danton refer? the populist orator Georges‐Jacques Danton (USQRG:59,1,2)
1682. According to Jack Censer and Lynn Hunt, which four famous European authors wrote on the French Revolution?
Victor Hugo, Anatole France, Charles Dickens, and Honoré de Balzac (USQRG:59,1,2)
1683. According to Jack Censer and Lynn Hunt, how did the 19th ‐century works published by European literary giants affect the legacy of the French Revolution?
They kept the Revolution alive in popular memory. (USQRG:59,1,2)
1684. In what nation was the movie Danton produced? France (USQRG:59,1,2)
1685. According to Jack Censer and Lynn Hunt, what exemplifies the importance of the Revolution in the English‐speaking world?
the numerous remakes of films about the Scarlet Pimpernel (USQRG:59,2,0)
1686. According to Jack Censer and Lynn Hunt, how has the focus of scholars changed regarding the scope of the French Revolution?
It has widened and shifted towards areas beyond France and realms beyond politics. (USQRG:59,2,1)
1687. In what city is the Bibliothèque National located? Paris (USQRG:59,2,3)
1688. According to Jack Censer and Lynn Hunt, where are scholars now studying the effects of the French Revolution?
Egypt, Haiti, and countries affected by the Revolutionary armies (USQRG:59,2,1)
1689. What subjects are modern scholars studying to examine the effects of the French Revolution?
diplomacy and high politics as well as festivals, songs, engravings and symbols (USQRG:59,2,1)
1690. When in the course of the French revolution did artists begin to publish commemorative engravings?
before the rise of Napoleon Bonaparte (USQRG:59,2,2)
1691. What were the subjects of the engravings produced by enterprising artists during the French Revolution?
the events of the Revolution (USQRG:59,2,3)
1692. What legacy of the French Revolution still exists in popular memory?
songs like ʺThe Marseillaiseʺ (USQRG:59,2,3)
1693. Approximately how many engravings from the French Revolution are held in the Bibliothèque National?
30,000 (USQRG:59,2,3)
1694. In what nation outside of France are there libraries with thousands of engravings from the French Revolution?
the United States (USQRG:59,2,3)
1695. What living mementos of the French revolution still stand today?
liberty trees such as oaks (USQRG:59,2,3)
1696. What sort of mementos did French people frequently keep of the Revolution?
engravings, ribbons, crockery, and bits of stone from the Bastille (USQRG:59,2,3)