Nandini Chemical Journal, February 2016 Page 1 s.p24.5478 nsa ndern fFneAC. Volume 23 Issue 5 February 2016 Dedicated to the cause of chemical industry * PRIME MINISTER’S STARTUP INDIA – AN ACT OF FAITH * SUSTAINED GROWTH OF CHINESE CHEMICAL INDUSTRY IS IN THE WORLD’S INTEREST * METHYL METHACRYLATE – INVESTMENT OPPORTUNITY * MELAMINE – INVESTMENT OPPORTUNITY * SPOTLIGHT ON SPECIALITY CHEMICAL - NEOPENTYL GLYCOL * SUPER ABSORBENT FIBRES – PRODUCT PROFILE
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Nandini Chemical Journal, February 2016 Page 1
s.p24.5478
nsa
ndern
fFneAC.
Volume 23 Issue 5 February 2016
Dedicated to the cause of chemical industry
* PRIME MINISTER’S STARTUP INDIA – AN ACT OF FAITH
* SUSTAINED GROWTH OF CHINESE CHEMICAL INDUSTRY
IS IN THE WORLD’S INTEREST
* METHYL METHACRYLATE – INVESTMENT OPPORTUNITY
* MELAMINE – INVESTMENT OPPORTUNITY
* SPOTLIGHT ON SPECIALITY CHEMICAL - NEOPENTYL GLYCOL
* SUPER ABSORBENT FIBRES – PRODUCT PROFILE
Nandini Chemical Journal, February 2016 Page 2
65
VOLUME XXIII FEBRUARY 2016 ISSUE 5
Publisher:
Nandini Institute of Chemical Industries
Editor - Publisher N.S.Venkataraman
Editorial & Administrative Office:
M 60/1, IV Cross Street, Besant Nagar, Chennai-600 090
Total Import 159.24 163.58 171.24 184.8 189.24 189.44
From Africa 28.28 36.5 32.01 29.57 30.39 33.05
% Share 17.8 22.3 18.7 16.0 16.1 17.4
India‘s oil exploration projects in Africa Country Block Indian stake (%) Expected Product Reserves
Mozambique Rovuma-1 30 2019 Gas 75 tcf Sudan 1,2,4 25 Producing Oil 50,000 bpd* Gabon Shakthi 100 2018 Oil 44 m barrels Nigeria OML 142 35 Siesmic data done Oil/gas Libya Ghadames Basin 50 Survey on Gas
Source: EIA, MoPNG.
Nandini Chemical Journal, February 2016 Page 19
WORLD GEOSYNTHETICS DEMAND TREND
FINDINGS OF THE STUDY
World Geosynthetics Demand (million square meter in percentage ) Year 2009 2014 2019 Annual growth
2009-2014
Annual growth
2014 – 2019
Geosynthetics demand 3 369 4 845 6 500 7.5 6.1
North America 965 1 084 1 315 2.4 3.9
Western Europe 654 642 720 -0.4 2.3
Asia/Pacific 1 215 2 445 3 610 15.0 8.1
Central & South America 138 176 220 5.0 4.6
Eastern Europe 265 307 380 3.0 4.4
Africa/Mideast 132 191 255 7.7 6.0
Asia/Pacific region
The Asia/Pacific region is the largest market for geosynthetics, with China alone accounting for nearly 40% of world demand in 2014.,
―Geosynthetics sales in China, which more than doubled between 2009 and 2014, are expected to continue to record above average gains through 2019, bolstered by sustained advances in non building construction
activity.‖ Elsewhere in the Asia/Pacific region, geosynthetics sales in India are projected to grow due to the Indian government‘s continued investment in the country‘s infrastructure.
US scenario
In 2014, North America accounted for 22% of global geosynthetics sales. The US is the world‘s second
largest national market for geosynthetics, with 18% of global demand in 2014. Through 2019, gains in North America will result from an expected acceleration in construction activity. Additional support will come from
environmental regulations that focus on preventing harmful materials from contaminating groundwater supplies.
Global demand for geosynthetics is forecast to rise 6.1% per year through 2019 to 6.5 billion square
meters.
Growth will be driven by China, which is expected to account for 60% of additional global demand
generated between 2014 and 2019 primarily due to its ongoing development of large scale
infrastructure projects and need for erosion control.
Further bolstering world demand will be growing concerns regarding environmental protection and
greater awareness of the performance advantages of geosynthetics in a variety of applications.
Geosynthetics will gain market share at the expense of other geotechnical solutions, including
organic erosion control blankets, aggregates and compacted soil.
Additionally, the implementation of more stringent regulatory standards for environmental
stewardship, waste management and construction codes will provide opportunities. These and other
trends are presented in World Geosynthetics, a new study from The Freedonia Group, Inc.,
a Cleveland based industry research firm.
Nandini Chemical Journal, February 2016 Page 20
USE OF ARTIFICIAL SAND FOR CONSTRUCTION
RECENT DEVELOPMENTS
Quality requirement of sand in mortar
The sand in the mortar does not add any strength but it is used as an adulterant for economy and it
prevents the shrinkage and cracking of mortar in setting.
The sand must be of proper gradation (it should have particles from 150 microns to 4.75 mm in proper
proportion)
When fine particles are in proper proportion, the sand will have less voids. The cement required will be
less, when there will be less void in sand. Such sand will be more economical.
Only sand manufactured by V.S.I. (Vertical shaft impact) crusher is cubical and angular in shape. Sand
made by other types of machines is flaky.Manufacturing sand from jaw crusher, cone crusher, roll
crusher alone often contains high percentage of dust and have flaky particle. Flaky and angular particles
may produce harsh concrete and may result in spongy concrete.
Comparative specification
Artificial sand produced under strict industrial control has equivalent quality of river sand to produce
concrete.
River sand Artificial Sand
Cement one bag 50 Kg 50 Kg
Sand 135 Kg 125 Kg
Agg. 20 mm 135 Kg 137 Kg
Agg. 12 mm 67.5 Kg 75 Kg
Water 27.5 ltrs 27.5 Ltr
Strength achieved after 7 days curing 174.81 Kg/Cmsq. 186.67 Kg / Cmsq.
Demand driver for artificial sand
Growing curbs on mining of natural lake sand have led to a serious shortage of sand in the market,
where artificial sand manufacturers see major opportunity.
Recent development in Telangana
Telangana government estimates sand requirement at around 40 lakh cubic metre every year for
construction of dams and canals.
Artificial sand is crushed aggregates produced from hard granite stone, which is cubically shaped with
grounded edges, washed and graded with consistency to be used as a substitute for river sand.
Artificial sand is produced by passing boulders and stones through a series of jaw and cone
crushers for size reduction and then fed into vertical shaft impact crushers, where they are
pulverised further to the size of sand.
Nandini Chemical Journal, February 2016 Page 21
USE OF ARTIFICIAL SAND FOR CONSTRUCTION- RECENT DEVELOPMENTS
Proposal in Andhra Pradesh
Andhra Pradesh government is also insisting on extensively using the artificial sand in the construction
of the new green field capital city Amaravati, owing to inadequate availability of natural lake sand for
taking up construction works on a large scale.
Proposal in other states
States like Kerala and Karnataka are also opting for the manufactured sand and are increasingly using it
in their projects.
Price factor
At present, the artificial sand is nearly 50% cheaper than river sand. While river sand is being sold at
around Rs.1,300 per metric tonne, the artificial sand is sold for nearly half the price of river sand.
Prognosis
Though artificial sand yield quality concrete, but the question one needs to ask are these: Are we really
solving the environmental concerns? Isn‘t it a misplaced attempt to substitute river sand by artificial sand as
rocks are also minerals that need to be conserved?
Government of Telangana has decided
to extensively use the manufactured
sand for all its large irrigation projects.
Telangana government had initially
issued orders permitting the use of
artificial sand to the extent of upto 50%
and has recently allowed use of artificial
sand upto 100% in large scale irrigation
projects.
However, as the ecosystem for artificial
sand has not yet developed, it may be
necessary to use a combination of both.
PUBLICATION
ON
ALL INDIA DIRECTORY OF CHEMICAL EQUIPMENT MANUFACTURERS
There are reported to be around 60000 MSME units in the four districts in Tamil Nadu that were
operating when severe flood hit the area. MSME units in the four districts have invested around
Rs.6000 crores and employ around 450000 people.
Amongst 60000 units, around 15000 units in the four districts have been hit at various levels of severity.
These tiny, small and vulnerable MSME units now face uncertainty and are desperately in need of
government support to revive their operation.
A large number of units in the Micro Small and Medium Enterprises (MSME) sector in the four
districts of Chennai, Tiruvallur, Kancheepuram and Cuddalore in Tamil Nadu were severely hit by
the recent flood, causing loss of production as well as loss of the raw materials and tools, apart
from maintenance requirement of equipment.
MSME units are involved in different areas of
activity such as textiles/ready made
garments, electrical parts, packaging
services, auto components, leather products
, wooden material, steel parts, paper
products, instrumentation , refractories,
testing of equipment, fabrication of structural
and chemical equipment etc.
MSME units generally function either as
ancillary units to large factories or contract
manufacturers or sub contractors or
maintenance providers or merchant
producers of finished products catering to
the market. These units largely depend upon
nearby large units for their operations and
sustenance.
In the wake of flood water entering the
premises and remaining in the premises for
over 10 days, the operation of several units
have been paralyzed. Therefore, they are
unable to execute the existing orders or
accept new ones even after a few weeks of
flood water receding, which have crippled
their finances leading to retrenchment.
In such scenario, the large units who place
orders with MSME units may have started
looking elsewhere for their supplies and
other requirement and therefore, the flood
affected MSME units now face grim future
and face the threat of losing their market
place and customers.
Nandini Chemical Journal, February 2016 Page 23
PLIGHT OF FLOOD HIT MSME UNITS IN TAMIL NADU
Most of the MSME units have invested in the range of Rs.5 lakhs to Rs.15 lakhs each on an average and
employ 5 to 20 people on an average. It is very necessary that Government of Tamil Nadu and
Government of India should take some urgent measures to protect the units and prevent their closure,
which would result in loss of employment and loss of production and loss of revenue to the state also,
apart from driving the owners of the unit to despair and even insolvency.
Various associations representing the MSME sector have appealed to the government to support the
affected units at this critical juncture by providing Rs.1 lakh by way of aid, Rs.1 lakh by way of interest
free loan as well as waiver of interest on loan for 5 years and reschedule of loan payment obligation
and also waiver of sales tax, service tax and excise duty for a period of one year.
Such financial support may cost the government around Rs.500 crores , which is affordable for the
Tamil Nadu Government, particularly considering the fact that Tamil Nadu Government is spending
over Rs.11000 crore every year in providing freebies such as television, grinder, laptop, cycle etc.
The grievances of the MSME sector is that the Government of India and Tamil Nadu government have
been slow in responding to their appeal for support. While number of MSME units have insured
themselves, most of the insurance claims are yet to be settled. While banks have announced some
concessions, many of the announcement of concessions are yet to be implemented.
It is necessary that the Government of Tamil Nadu should constitute a special cell urgently to look into
the problems of the flood affected MSME units and provide them relief, atleast within the next few
weeks . Insurance companies must be asked to provide atleast 50% of the claimed amount immediately
without scrutiny and then later on, the claim settlement process can be completed after scrutiny. In the
case of excess payment , the excess amount, if any, may be claimed back from the units by laying down
proper procedures.
Preferential treatment for supply of products required by the state and central government may be
extended to the flood affected MSME units in the four districts.
Tamil Nadu government has announced some measures on 14th January 2016. However, these measures
like providing free electric meter to the units, temporary loans to repay interest for
6 months, free loans upto Rs.5000/- to help revive the livelihood of small traders etc. fall far short of
requirements
It is necessary that government should refrain from initiating half hearted measures or taking cosmetic
steps . More substansive assistance programme are required. Such incomplete measures would not help
the units to come out of the present distress conditions.
Make in India campaign of Government of India would remain irrelevant as far as MSME units in the
flood affected four districts of Tamil Nadu are concerned, if these units, who make products in India, are
left to themselves to face the uncertainty and suffer without meaningful and tangible government
support in quick time.
READ NANDINI CHEMICAL JOURNAL AND FORGE AHEAD
Nandini Chemical Journal, February 2016 Page 24
DISTRIBUTING MEDICINAL POWDER TO PREGNANT WOMEN ON LARGE SCALE CALL FOR CAUTION
Government of India has said in the parliament that many producers of herbal products claim that their
products cure diseases such as diabetes and herbal products are touted as energy boosters, as oils for
arthritis and as slimming packs among others. Number of cases have been framed against herbal
companies by the state governments for making such tall claims and issuing objectionable advertisement
without any basis or scientific evidence. Under the Drugs & Magic Remedies (Objectionable
Advertisement) Act, 1954, the Kerala, Gujarat, Delhi and Uttarakhand governments, have filed cases
against herbal firms.
Most of the herbals have several chemical constituents including the chemical that have medicinal
property.For example, scientists have discovered over 150 nutritional ingredients in aloe vera. In the
case of withania somnifera (ashwagantha), there are many chemical constituents including different type of
alkaloids, steroidal lactones, salts, etc.
Further, conditions under which such natural products are cultivated, type of soil and pesticides used,
if any, call for very careful scrutiny and scientific tests. All herbal products may not be grown under
organic farming, which are certified.
One is not sure whether such scrutiny have been carried out extensively in the case of herbal powder
that are proposed to be distributed by Government of Tamil Nadu to pregnant woman...
It should be particularly kept in view that such herbal powder would largely be given to the pregnant
women, who are different from normal women as far as health conditions are concerned.
The Government of Tamil Nadu should not distribute the herbal power to cross section of pregnant
women all over Tamil Nadu, without subjecting them to careful medical test to ascertain their physical
conditions, to ascertain whether they can consume such products.
It is reported that in all, 11 herbal products such as pomegranate and curry leave powder,
godseberry powder would be provided by Government of Tamil Nadu free of cost to the
pregnant women at various stage of pregnancy.
In this connection, one may recall the recent statement of the Government of India in the
parliament that some herbal products are found to be sub standard and not adequately tested .
Therefore, it requires enormous caution before the
Government of Tamil Nadu goes ahead to distribute
the herbal products to the pregnant women.
As it is well known, unlike allopathic medicines, where
active pharma ingredients and drugs are subjected to
thorough clinical trials for several years before
according approval for use, such clinical trials are not
carried out in the case of herbal medicines. Further,
even complete chemical analysis of the herbal powder
are rarely carried out and most of the herbal products
now in the market for sale may not have been
certified by accredited agencies.
Nandini Chemical Journal, February 2016 Page 25
PLANT CLOSURES
Celanese sells emulsions unit, closes others
Celanese has closed its vinyl acetate ethylene (VAE) emulsions production units at Tarragona, Spain.
Celanese. In late 2013,it also closed a vinyl acetate monomer unit at Tarragona.
The move followed a strategy review by Celanese that included assessing the company‘s manufacturing
facilities. Celanese says that it tried unsuccessfully to find a buyer for the VAE emulsions unit.
Production at that unit ceased at the end of October.
The company says that for its emulsion polymers business, the manufacturing footprint strategy favors
integrated production sites that provide economies of scale.
Celanese has sold its atmospheric—vinyl and acrylics—emulsions unit at La Canonja, Spain, to
petrochemical company Industrias Químicas del Oxido de Etileno.
Iqoxe produces ethylene oxide (EO), glycols, and EO derivatives. The company acquired Celanese‘s
25,000 metric tonne per year atmospheric emulsions unit.
Iqoxe, under a multiyear agreement, will produce certain emulsions products for which Celanese will
remain the channel to market
Celanese announced plans in November, 2015 to close its VAE emulsions units at Meredosia, IL,
by 15 December.
Celanese is scheduled to start up a VAE emulsions plant at its acetyls facility at Jurong Island, Singapore,
by mid-2016.
*****
Covestro to close MDI plant in Spain, turn site into chem park
Covestro (Leverkusen) intends to close a 170,000 metric tonne per year methylene di para phenylene
isocyanate (MDI) plant at Tarragona, Spain, by the end of 2017 and transform the site into a chemical
park.
The facility accounts for 30% of Covestro‘s MDI capacity in Europe, the Mideast, and Asia and 12% of
the company‘s worldwide capacity.
The decision followed a detailed site analysis, which concludes, in the long term, the facility could no
longer competitively produce MDI because the company cannot guarantee a competitive future supply
of chlorine to the site. The plant currently receives chlorine from an on site partner.
A polyurethanes systems house at the Tarragona site, which serves several countries, will be retained.
Covestro also plans to build hydrochloric acid (HCl) logistics and infrastructure facilities at the site.
The current infrastructure facilities at Tarragona will remain available to other companies operating at
the chemical park.
*****
Nandini Chemical Journal, February 2016 Page 26
PLANT CLOSURES
Inovyn to close chloromethanes unit in UK
Inovyn is a 50-50 joint venture between Ineos and Solvay that was launched on 1 July. Its product
portfolio includes chlorine and derivatives including polyvinyl chloride, and its annual sales exceed
€3.5 billion ($3.79 billion).
Inovyn (London) will close a chloromethanes plant at Runcorn, UK, effective 1 March 2016.
The closure forms part of Inovyn‘s plan to focus chloromethanes production at the company‘s Tavaux,
France; and Rosignano, Italy, sites in response to lower demand in Europe.
The company says that it will continue to offer a full range of methylene chloride grades, as well as
chloroform, carbon tetrachloride, and perchlorethylene.
Inovyn also says closing the Runcorn chloromethanes unit will allow the company to exploit the
resulting increased availability of chlorine from the company‘s membrane cell chlor alkali plant at
Runcorn.
*****
JB Chem told to shut Panoli drug plant
Drugmaker JB Chemicals & Pharmaceuticals has said that the National Green Tribunal (West Zone) has
urged the government to revoke the environmental clearance given to its bulk drug plant located at the
GIDC Panoli.
The Tribunal further ordered the company to shut down the plant.
The Tribunal‘s action against the plant came following representations from Baroda‘s Paryavaran
Suraksha Samiti and the People‘s Union for Civil Liberties, Ankleshwar.
JB Chem has said that it would appeal against the order at the Supreme Court.
FIRE AT DECCAN FINE CHEMICALS UNIT
IN ANDHRA PRADESH
A fire broke out in the warehouse of Deccan Fine Chemicals at Rajavaram village in
Payakaraopeta mandal of Visakhapatnam district, Electrical short-circuit is suspected to be the
cause of the mishap.
There were no workers in the warehouse at the time and there were no casualties, but the
smoke from burning chemicals spread to villages in the vicinity and people developed nausea.
It was the second major fire in two years. On April 11, 2014, fire broke out at the same plant
due to a reactor blast that left two dead and about 26 injured.
Deccan Fine Chemicals produces chemicals such as tricyclazole, amicarbazone and prodiamine,
and it is in on an expansion mode. The factory has been set up on 35 acres and is planning to
acquire another 150 acres.
Nandini Chemical Journal, February 2016 Page 27
ANTI DUMPING PAGE
Metallurgical coke
The investigation has been initiated by the Government of India in connection with the cheap imports
of low ash metallurgical coke.
Indian Metallurgical Coke Manufacturers Association (IMCOM), an umbrella body representing
Saurashtra Fuels, Gujarat NRE Coke Ltd, Carbon Edge Industries Ltd, Bhatia Coke and Energy Ltd and
Basudha Udyog Pvt Ltd had filed an application for initiation of anti dumping investigation and imposition
of anti dumping duty on imports of low ash metallurgical coke originating in or exported from Australia
and China.
The domestic metallurgical coke industry has been suffering for the last few years due to dumping of
Chinese met coke. The cheap imports have increased exponentially – by over 5 times – in the last few
years and is today sold at a price much lower than the cost of production of met coke.
*****
SBR latex
Directorate General of Anti Dumping and Allied Duties (DGAD), an arm of the Commerce Ministry of
Government of India, has begun investigating imports of 'Styrene Butadiene Rubber (SBR) of 1,500 series
and 1,700 series' from three regions namely EU, South Korea and Thailand
The period of investigation covers October 2014 to September 2015 (12 months).
SBR is mainly used in footwear, rubberised fabric, tyres, tread, conveyor belt, hose and shoes, water
pipes and auto accessories.
Indian Synthetic Rubber Pvt is a joint venture of Indian Oil Corporation, TSRC, Taiwan, and Marubeni
Corporation, Japan. The company commenced commercial production in February 2014. It has claimed
that the dumping of the product in the country is materially retarding establishment of the domestic
industry.
Reliance Industries, the co applicant, has also set up a plant for production of the product under
consideration, but is yet to announce its commercial production.
*****
Sorbitol
Pakistan recently imposed 16.97 percent anti dumping duty on sorbitol, for a five year period after an
investigation found dumping of the industrial input from India.
―The National Tariff Commission (NTC) imposed a definitive anti dumping duty at 16.97 percent on
import of Sorbitol from India for a period of five years,‖ the commission said in a statement .
The NTC‘s latest decision followed the same provisional anti dumping duty slapped ad valorem of cost
and freight (C&F) price of Sorbitol imported from India for four months effective from August 25, 2015.
The commission said that the definitive anti dumping duty would be in addition to other anti dumping
duty imposed earlier and taxes and duties levied under any other law.
Nandini Chemical Journal, February 2016 Page 28
ANTI DUMPING PAGE
―However, it would not be levied on imports that are to be used as inputs in products destined solely
for exports,‖ it said in a statement.
Pakistani trade ministry had launched the probe in March, 2015 as a local manufacturer, complained that
cheap Sorbitol imports had hurt domestic firms.
The commission launched a probe to determine the dumping between Jan. 1, 2014 and Dec. 31, 2014,
but its period of investigation to determine the injury caused by dumping to the local industry spanned
over two years (Jan. 1 2012 to Dec. 31, 2014).
The commission extended the scope of the provision duty for five years.
*****
Plastic processing machine
The Government of India is expected to impose anti dumping duty of upto 44.7 percent on import of
certain kinds of plastic processing machines from four countries, including Vietnam, Malaysia and the
Philippines.
The move is aimed at protecting the domestic industry from cheap in bound shipments from these
countries.
The restrictive duty recommended was in the range of 6.06 percent to 44.74 percent. While DGAD
recommends the duty, the Finance Ministry imposes it.
The Plastics Machinery Manufacturers Association of India, along with its members including Toshiba
Machine (Chennai), Ferromatik Milacron India and Windsor Machines, had filed the application for the
investigation.
*****
Mulberry silk
Government of India has imposed USD 1.85 per kg anti dumping duty on mulberry raw silk originating
from China to protect domestic industry from cheap inbound shipments.
Import of the silk from China had increased considerably from 12.63 lakh kg in 2010-11 to 22.17 lakh kg
during the period of the investigation (April 2013 to June 2014). *****
The Directorate General of Anti dumping and
Allied Duties (DGAD) during its investigation
has concluded that the 'Plastic Processing
Machines or Injection Moulding Machines' are
entering the Indian market from these countries
at "dumped prices" and performance of the
domestic industry has deteriorated due to that.
Accordingly, anti dumping duty as a percentage
of the landed value of the goods is
recommended to be imposed on all imports of
the products originating in or exported from
these four nations for a period of five years.
Nandini Chemical Journal, February 2016 Page 29
METHYL METHACRYLATE – INVESTMENT OPPORTUNITY
Name Methyl methacrylate (MMA)
CAS number 80-62-6
Physical state Liquid
Density 0.94 g per cm3 (20 deg. C)
Flammability Highly flammable
Boiling point 100 to 101 deg.C
Explosive properties Not explosive
Applications
The largest use for MMA is for polymerization into polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA), but another major
application is in surface coatings.
MMA is also used as co monomer in methyl methacrylate butadiene styrene resins, used as a modifier
for polyvinyl chloride (PVC).
Acrylic sheets
MMA is used for the production of pure or almost pure homopolymers (PMMA), but there is also wide
variety of copolymer uses. Within the PMMA consumption categories, the largest is for cast and
extruded transparent acrylic sheet (PMMA sheet).
Liquid crystal displays
Acrylics is used in Liquid Crystal Displays (LCD) and the current and projected growth for large LCD
screens for home theatre etc. has been a major driver for MMA expansions, especially in Asia, where
virtually all the LCD manufacturing market is now concentrated.
Moulding resins
MMA is used in the production of moulding resins (excluding the resin beads prepared for extruded
acrylic sheet production). Most of the final products are destined for automotive parts and electrical
appliances.
Surface coatings
MMA is used for the production of surface coatings, both for industrial solvent based systems and
increasingly, for water based acrylic dispersions for domestic and industrial use.
MMA is used in water based acrylic dispersions for exterior masonry and wood coatings and semigloss
emulsions for interior decorative coatings.
Process
The first process that was developed in the 1930s – the conventional acetone cyanohydrin (ACH) route
– continues to dominate world production.
Nandini Chemical Journal, February 2016 Page 30
METHYL METHACRYLATE – INVESTMENT OPPORTUNITY
This domination is expected to increase further as under construction and planned plants come
on stream.
Several new methods for MMA production have been developed. These processes, based upon C2
(ethylene) or C4 (butene) feedstock, have received increasing focus, mainly due to the problems
associated with the conventional ACH route, such as undesirable by products formation and handling of
highly corrosive materials.
Process developed by Evonik
Evonik Industries has developed a new manufacturing process nicknamed ‗Aveneer‘ for
methyl methacrylate .
Like the traditional ACH sulphur process, ‗Aveneer‘ is based on the starting materials ammonia,
methane, acetone and methanol without the additional use of sulphuric acid.
Indian scenario
Gujarat State Fertiliser Company (GSFC) is the only producer of MMA in India.
Installed capacity of 5,000 metric tonne per annum of MMA, along with plants for PMMA sheets
(2,000 metric tonne per annum) and PMMA pellets (1,500-metric tonne per annum ).
Year 2010-11 2011-12 2012-13 2013-14 2014-15
In metric tonne
Installed capacity Amarnath (phone)
MMA Production 4547 4287 3116 3227 5000
PMMA sheets 721 876 566 780 2000
PMMA pellets 1710 2046 1974 1701 1700
Indian import of methyl methacrylate
Period: April to March Import
Quantity in metric tonne
2011-2012 45957
2012-2013 52499
2013-2014 43571
2014-2015 44416
Indian import of poly methyl methacrylate
Period: April to March Import
Quantity in metric tonne
2011-2012 7435
2012-2013 7101
2013-2014 10821
2014-2015 10000
Nandini Chemical Journal, February 2016 Page 31
METHYL METHACRYLATE – INVESTMENT OPPORTUNITY
Use pattern in India
The consumption pattern of MMA in India differs from that of the rest of the world.
The major use of the monomer in India is in the coatings industry, which accounts for about 70% of
total consumption.
Only 12% of total consumption is for making PMMA sheets and mouldings.
Other applications include small uses of textile auxiliaries, sizing materials, modifier for PVC modifiers
etc..
GLOBAL SCENARIO
Global import / export of polymethyl methacrylate
Period: January to December 2011 2012 2013 2014
Quantity in metric tonne
Import 568,314 544,343 541,636 553,462
Export 404,455 427,656 423,884 458,606
Source: Market Analysis and Research, International Trade Centre (ITC); Switzerland
Global top importing countries of polymethyl methacrylate
Source: Market Analysis and Research, International Trade Centre (ITC); Switzerland
Others26%
Indonesia2%
Israel2%
Italy2%
Russian Federation2%
Hong Kong, China2%
Mexico3% Malaysia
3%
Germany3%
United States of America
3%
India3%
Spain3%
France3%
Taipei, Chinese3%
China40%
Nandini Chemical Journal, February 2016 Page 32
METHYL METHACRYLATE – INVESTMENT OPPORTUNITY
Global top exporting countries of polymethyl methacrylate
Source: Market Analysis and Research, International Trade Centre (ITC); Switzerland
Selected global producers
* Lucite International Singapore Pte. Ltd.,Singapore,USA
* Sumitomo Chemical Singapore Pte Ltd.,Singapore
* Thai MMA Co., Ltd.,Thailand
* PTT Asahi Chemical Company Limited.,Thailand
* Mitsubishi Rayon Co., Ltd.,Japan
* Asahi Kasei Chemicals Corporation.,Japan
* Sumitomo Chemical Company, Limited .,Japan
* Kuraray Co., Ltd. .,Japan
* Mitsubishi Gas Chemical Co., Inc.,Japan
* Mitsui Chemicals, Inc. ,Japan
* Evonik.USA.China
* Arkema,Italy
* Sabic, Saudi Arabia
* Sanors Holding (Novokuybyshevsk, Russia
* Arkema, Carling (France) and Rho (Italy)
* Honam-Mitsubishi Rayon JV ,Korea
Others9%
India2%
China3%
Hong Kong, China3%
Netherlands3%
United States of America
5%
Taipei, Chinese9%
Japan14%
Singapore21%
Korea, Republic of31%
Nandini Chemical Journal, February 2016 Page 33
METHYL METHACRYLATE – INVESTMENT OPPORTUNITY
Major MMA producers in China
* Lucite International (China) Chemical Co.
* Acrylonitrile plant of PetroChina Jilin Petrochemical Co.
* Mitsubishi Rayon Co., Ltd. (Guangdong)
* Fushun Jite Chemical Co., Ltd. of PetroChina Jilin Petrochemical Co.
* Suzhou Anli Chemical Plant of PetroChina Jilin Petrochemical Co.
* Heilongjiang Longxin Chemical Co.
* Shanghai Zhibi Chemical Factory
Evonik
Evonik Industries has started basic planning for a new large scale methyl methacrylate (MMA) production
plant at the company‘s Mobile, AL site in USA using the company‘s Aveneer process. The plant, with
production capacity of 120,000 metrc tonne per year, is expected to come onstream in the middle of
2015. The investment in the project will exceed €100 million ($129 million).
The Mobile site was chosen for the first MMA plant to use the new Aveneer...
Evonik Industries acquired the methacrylate specialty esters business from Arkema in 2009.
The acquisition concerns the products 2-ethylhexyl methacrylate, dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate, and
n- and iso-butyl methacrylate.
Evonik Industries MMA commissioned production plant into operation at the Shanghai Chemical
Industry Park in November 2009. Glacial methacrylic acid is also being produced in this complex plant,
which uses isobutylene as feedstock.
Evonik now has an annual output of 100,000 metric tonne in Asia.
Lucite
23,000 metric tonne per year methacrylic acid (MAA) plant at the Beaumont facility has been
commissioned.
Lucite International opened the world‘s first Alpha MMA plant on Jurong Island (Singapore) in
November 2009. The plant, which has capacity of 120,000 metric tonne per annum, is the first in a
series of Alpha based production facilities being built globally by Lucite.
Mitsubishi Rayon‘s Lucite subsidiary will proceed with an investment to boost methyl methacrylate
(MMA) capacity at the company‘s Beaumont, TX facility by 150,000 metric tonne per year.
The company restarted the once idled plant in 2011. The plant has the capacity to produce about
390,000 metrc tonne per year of MMA, but operated at reduced rates.
Lucite is also adding new feedstock capacity at the plant, ending the company‘s need to externally source
raw materials, including ethylene, methanol and carbon monoxide.
Nandini Chemical Journal, February 2016 Page 34
METHYL METHACRYLATE – INVESTMENT OPPORTUNITY
Arkema
Arkema and its subsidiary Altuglas International have announced reorganization of both the Arkema
Carling site (France) and the Altuglas International PMMA Sheet business. The company, which produces
MMA at its Carling (France) and Rho (Italy) sites, has shut down its French plant to concentrate MMA
production on its Rho site in Italy.
Sabic
Mitsubishi Rayon has formed a joint venture company with Sabic Saudi Methacrylates Co. to build and
operate plants for the production of methyl methacrylate (MMA) and polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) at Jubail, Saudi Arabia.
The joint venture will produce 250,000 metric tonne per annum of MMA, at an estimated cost of $1-bn.
The plant is the ethylene based Alpha process commercialized by Lucite.
The joint venture company will also manufacture PMMA, with a design capacity of 30,000 metric tonne
per annum.
The plants are now expected to be completed in the second quarter of 2017. Commercial operations
are expected to begin early in 2018.
Asahi Kasei
Japan‘s Asahi Kasei Chemicals recently commenced operation in its new acrylonitrile
and methyl methacrylate (MMA) plants in Thailand.
The plant is operated by PTT Asahi Chemical Co. Ltd. (PTTAC) – Asahi Kasei Chemicals‘ three way
joint venture together with PTT Public Company Ltd. (PTT) of Thailand and Marubeni Corp. of Japan.
The 200,000 metric tonne per annum acrylonitrile plant is the world‘s first propane process plant,
which uses propane directly as feedstock, while the 70,000 metric tonne per annum MMA plant is an
acetone cyanohydrin (ACH) process plant, which uses by product hydrogen cyanide from the
acrylonitrile plant as feedstock. The facility will also produce 160,000 metric tonne per annum of
ammonium sulphate.
PTT
PTT (Bangkok) says that its board of directors approved the establishment of PTT PMMA in order to
build a polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) plant at Map Ta Phut.
PTT PMMA will be wholly owned by PTT and will build a 40,000 metric tonne per year PMMA plant.
Asahi Kasei announced that its Asahi Kasei Chemicals (AKC) subsidiary will license its PMMA
manufacturing technology to PTT for the project. Methyl methacrylate feedstock for the PMMA project will be supplied by PTT Asahi Chemical (Map Ta Phut).
Nandini Chemical Journal, February 2016 Page 35
METHYL METHACRYLATE – INVESTMENT OPPORTUNITY
The technology license will enable PTT to produce 40,000 metrc tonne per year of PMMA using methyl methacrylate (MMA) from PTT Asahi Chemical (Map Ta Phut).
Sanors
Sanors Holding (Novokuybyshevsk, Russia) and Mitsubishi Gas Chemical (MGC) signed a memorandum
of understanding under which MGC‘s Natural Gas Chemical Co. will provide its license and technical
support for the construction of a methyl methacrylate (MMA) plant in Russia.
The 70,000 metrc tonne per year MMA unit will be built on Sanors‘ site at Novokuybyshevsk, in Russia‘s
Samara Region.
Honam-Mitsubishi Rayon JV
Mitsubishi Rayon and Honam Petrochemical joint venture (50-50 Daesan MMA (Daesan, Korea) joint
venture) expanded production capacity for methyl methacrylate (MMA) and for polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) pellets by building plants at Honam‘s Yeosu, Korea site.
The jv‘s total MMA production capacity increased to 188,000 metrc tonne per year following completion of the plant. PMMA pellet capacity was expanded by 60,000 metrc tonne per year...
Mitsubishi Rayon and Mitsui & Co.
Mitsui & Co. and Mitsubishi Rayon have signed a memorandum of understanding and agreed to
commence detailed feasibility studies to establish a joint venture in the United States to manufacture
methyl methacrylate (MMA) monomer.
Mitsubishi Rayon will be the majority shareholder in the jv that will build a world-scale plant with a
production capacity of 250,000 metrc tonne per year of MMA. Mitsubishi Rayon and Mitsui & Co. have also entered into a nonbinding agreement with Dow Chemical to potentially exchange feedstock.
Anti dumping duty in China
The Ministry of Finance of China announced on December 1, 2015 that China decided to impose anti-
dumping duties on import of methyl methacrylate originated in Singapore, Thailand and Japan, effective
December 1, 2015.
The Ministry said that upon investigation, the nation‘s investigation authority made a final ruling that
during the investigation period of this case, there was dumping of import of methyl methacrylate
originated in Singapore, Thailand and Japan, and China‘s domestic industry was substantially damaged and
there was causal relationship between the dumping and the substantive damage.
Nandini Chemical Journal, February 2016 Page 36
METHYL METHACRYLATE – INVESTMENT OPPORTUNITY
Rates of anti dumping duty imposed on companies are as follows:
Singaporean companies:
1. Lucite International Singapore Pte. Ltd. 6.7%
2. Sumitomo Chemical Singapore Pte Ltd 14.5%
3. All Others 14.5%
Thai companies:
1. THAI MMA CO., LTD. 15.2%
2. PTT Asahi Chemical Company Limited 11.1%
3. All Others 18.4%
Japanese companies:
1. Mitsubishi Rayon Co., Ltd. 14.6%
2 . Asahi Kasei Chemicals Corporation 12.3%
3. Sumitomo Chemical Company, Limited 13.4%
4. Kuraray Co., Ltd. 34.6%
5. Mitsubishi Gas Chemical Co., Inc. 34.6%
6. Mitsui Chemicals, Inc. 34.6%
7. All Others 34.6%
Starting December 1, 2015, import operators shall pay relevant anti dumping duties to the Customs of
the People‘s Republic of China when importing methyl methacrylate originated in above mentioned
countries.
GLYCIDYL METHACRYLATE
Dow Chemical expects to finish debottlenecking the production of glycidyl methacrylate
at its Freeport, TX, facility in the second quarter of 2016.
Dow, the only US producer of GMA, has the capacity to produce 8,000 metric tonne per year,.
Nandini Chemical Journal, February 2016 Page 37
MELAMINE – INVESTMENT OPPORTUNITY
Appearance Fine white, crystalline powder.
CAS No. 108-78-1
Molecular formula C3H6N6
Odour Mild odour
Stability
Melamine is stable, when stored under normal warehouse conditions.
Although not particularly hygroscopic, powdered melamine must still be protected from wetting
because, like most powders, it will form lump over extended storage period.
Safety and toxicity
Melamine crystals sublimate rather than ignite and burn, but thermal decomposition or combustion can
produce carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, ammonia, oxides of nitrogen and/or hydrogen cyanide.
From the standpoint of acute toxicity, melamine is not classified as a health risk.
Producer’s specification
Name of the producer Cytec Industries Inc, USA
Description Specification
Appearance Fine white crystalline powder
Assay 99.8%
Ash <0.01%
Moisture <0.1%
Colour <15 APHA
Iron <1 ppm (non detected)
Silicon <1 ppm (non detected)
Bulk density 50 to 55 lb per cubic feet
PH , 10% slurry 7.5 to 9.5
Applications
Melamine is used in the production of melamine formaldehyde resin, wet strength resin and sulphonated
melamine formaldehyde.
Melamine is used in impregnating resins and adhesive resins for the wood processing industry.
It boosts the scratch, moisture and heat resistance of laminates.
Nandini Chemical Journal, February 2016 Page 38
MELAMINE – INVESTMENT OPPORTUNITY
Melamine formaldehyde resin
Melamine formaldehyde resin is largely used for laminating and adhesive applications. It is used in
decorative and industrial laminates, particularly in the upper sheet of laminated counter and table tops.
Melamine formaldehyde resin is also used in the manufacture of paints and surface coating as cross
linking agent (amino cross linker) in heat cured paint systems and luminescent paint.
Paper/Textile
Melamine formaldehyde is used for preparation of wet strength resin for paper and textile.
Sulfonated melamine formaldehyde (SMF)
Melamine is used for the production of melamine poly-sulfonate used as super plasticizer for making
high resistance concrete.
Indian manufacturer
* Gujarat State Fertilizers & Chemicals Ltd.,(GSFC), Gujarat
Brand Name: Gujlamine
Installed capacity: 15,000 metric tonne per annum
GSFC has two melamine plants having rated capacities of 5000 metric tonne per annum and
10000 metric tonne per annum.
Indian installed capacity and production
Period (April to March)
Installed capacity Production Capacity utilization (in percentage)
Company: Gujarat State Fertilisers & Chemicals Ltd.,(GSFC)
Capacity: 40000 metric tonne per annum
Project cost: Around Rs.1000 crore
Location: Vadodara,Gujarat
The contract has been signed for supply of know how, basic engineering and proprietary equipment with
M/s. Casale, Switzerland.
Project is planned to be operational in 2nd quarter of 2017-18.
Nandini Chemical Journal, February 2016 Page 39
MELAMINE – INVESTMENT OPPORTUNITY
Indian import / export Annual import
April to September 2015: 23383 metric tonne
Source: Ministry of Commerce, Govt. of India
Pattern of country wise import
(Period April 2014 to March 2015)
Source: Ministry of Commerce, Govt. of India
0
10000
20000
30000
40000
50000
60000
2012-2013 2013-2014 2014-2015
Quantity in metric tonne 40512 40829 50551
Qu
anti
ty in
met
ric
ton
ne
Period April to March
Others1%Switzerland
1%
U Arab Emts3%
Netherland3% Japan
4%
Austria6%
Germany9%
Iran11%
Qatar13%
China P Rp49%
Nandini Chemical Journal, February 2016 Page 40
MELAMINE – INVESTMENT OPPORTUNITY
Indian demand Around 64000 metric tonne per annum
Growth rate of demand: 7% per annum
Pattern of Indian demand
Anti dumping duty on melamine
Government of India has extended the anti dumping duty on import of melamine from China for five
years.
According to a notification, the anti dumping duty on melamine from China would continue
at USD 331.10 per metric tonne.
India had imposed the restrictive duty on melamine for the first time in November 2004. In 2008,
DGAD initiated the sunset review in the matter of continuation of anti dumping duty on imports and in
2010, the duty was imposed.
After the complaint of the domestic industry, the authority initiated the second sunset review
investigation in December 2014 to review the need for continued imposition of the duties.
Melamine imports from China have increased from 17,580 metric tonne in 2010-11 to
30,780 metric tonne during April 2013 to June 2014.
Process brief
Until 1960 ,melamine was manufactured from dicyandiamide in autoclaves in batch processes.
In 1960, Allied Chemical operated first urea based high pressure melamine plant (license from American
Cyanamid).During the same period, Nissan Chemical and Montedison developed their own high
pressure process
Between 1960 and 1965, BASF, DSM/Stamicarbon and AMI(Chemie Linz) developed their own low
pressure technology.
Laminates62%
Others including melamine
formadehyde resin, adhesive, paint, coil coating
/ fluorescent pigments
38%
Nandini Chemical Journal, February 2016 Page 41
MELAMINE – INVESTMENT OPPORTUNITY
In1990‘s, AMI bought the Montedison process and developed the high pressure technology further .
At present, both high and low pressure processes,are in operation worldwide
Process
6 (NH2)2 CO ⇔ C3N3 (NH2)3 + 6 NH3 + 3 CO2
Urea Melamine + Ammonia + Carbon Dioxide
At present, all industrial processes use urea as feedstock.
Process basics
High Pressure Synthesis Low Pressure Synthesis
Synthesis Conditions:
370 - 400 deg C
80 - 150 bar
Synthesis Conditions:
370 - 400 deg.C
1 - 7 bar
No catalyst required Catalyst required
Reaction in liquid phase Reaction in fluidized/fixed bed
High pressure non catalytic melamine technology developed by Eurotechnica (ETCE)
Eurotecnica began to commercialise its high pressure non catalytic melamine technology in 1990,
when the first contract with Zhong Yuan Da Hua in China was signed.
To date ETCE, has licensed and implemented 20 melamine units worldwide accounting for
610,000 metric tonne per annum, more than one third of the world‘s consumption.
In November 2013, Eurotecnica was selected for the implementation of 180,000 metric tonne per
annum of high pressure melamine complex in China‘s Xinjiang region, to be set up in steps. With initial
capacity of 60000 metric tonne per annum – single reactor.Eurotecnica will supply licence, basic
engineering design, proprietary equipment and technical assistance.
Regulation in China on use of melamine in food products
Chinese government has called for stringent regulation on the production and marketing of melamine to
avoid the use of melamine in the food and feed industry, according to the Ministry of Commerce ,
Government of China.
A register should be established to trace all melamine in the market from wholesalers to retailers.
Dairy enterprises would be required to conduct melamine examination on all products before
distributing them in the market and other food enterprises would have to conduct melamine
examinations on all dairy products that they buy.
Nandini Chemical Journal, February 2016 Page 42
MELAMINE – INVESTMENT OPPORTUNITY
Analysis of melamine in food products
Researchers at the Swiss federal institute of technology (ETH Zurich) have developed a new method to
quickly trace and analyse melamine in milk. The method described as ―extractive electro spray
ionization‖ yields results within 30 seconds, compared with upto 60 minutes by conventional methods.
Global scenario
Global production / demand (Period:2015): 1.3 million metric tonne
China is the largest single participant in the melamine market, accounting for half of world consumption.
Melamine capacity in China was 2.40 million metric tonne per annum in 2014, around 70% of the world
total.
China has around 29 melamine producers.
Europe is the second largest melamine market, accounting for nearly 25% of world consumption.
United States accounts for only about 4 to 5% of global melamine consumption.
Melamine consumption structure consists of 50% laminates, followed by adhesives and resins for wood.
Melamine capacity in China
Year Kilo metric tonne per annum
2001 200
2002 250
2003 300
2004 350
2005 400
2006 600
2007 750
2008 900
2009 1000
2010 1100
2011 1500
2012 1600
2013 1800
2014 2400
2015 2500
Source: China Chemical Reporter,December 21,2015
Global import
2012 2013 2014
Quantity in metric tonne
Import 6,40,670 6,72,405 7,03,802
Export 4,97,644 6,06,087 6,34,667
Source: Market Analysis and Research, International Trade Centre (ITC); Switzerland
Nandini Chemical Journal, February 2016 Page 43
MELAMINE – INVESTMENT OPPORTUNITY
Global top importing countries
Source: Market Analysis and Research, International Trade Centre (ITC); Switzerland
Global top exporting countries
Source: Market Analysis and Research, International Trade Centre (ITC); Switzerland
Others41%
Brazil4%
United Kingdom4%
Italy4%
Thailand5%
United States of America
5%
Belgium6%
Malaysia6%
India7%
Turkey8%
Germany10%
Others2%
Slovenia1%
Switzerland1%Korea, Republic of
1%Trinidad and Tobago
1%
Italy1%
India2%
Czech Republic2%
Spain3%
United Kingdom3%
Russian Federation8%
Japan9%
Netherlands12%
Belgium19%
China35%
Nandini Chemical Journal, February 2016 Page 44
MELAMINE – INVESTMENT OPPORTUNITY
Major producers of melamine include the following:
Name of the company Location
BASF Ludwigshafe, Germany
Borealis Agrolinz Melamine Linz, Austria
Piesteritz,. Germany
Orascom Construction Industries Netherlands
DSM Melamine Geleen, The Netherlands
Melamine Industrial Corporation
(Micro Chemie)
Rozenburg
Port of Rotterdam,
Netherland
ZakladyAzotowePulawy Pulawy, Poland
DSM Melamine Americas Fortier, Louisiana, USA
Henan Junma Chemical Industry Group Henan province, central China
Mitsui Toatsu Chemical Japan
Nissan Chemical Japan
DSM Kaltim Melamine Bontang, Kalimantan, Indonesia
Nevinnomysskiy Azot plant (part of EuroChem), Russia
Selected producers in China and capacity
Name of the producers In kilo metric tonne
Sichuan Golden-Elephant Sincerity Chemical Co., Ltd 225
HenanHaohua-Junhua Group Co., Ltd., 95
Anhui Jinhe 90
Shandong Holitech 80
Henan Jinshan 75
Shandong Shuntian Chemical Group Co., Ltd 70
Hebei Jiuyuan 60
Chengdu Yulong 65
Chongqing Jianfeng 55
Henan Zhongyuan Dahua 49
New project proposal under planning /implementation
Company: Hubei Yihua chemical industry Co.,Ltd.
Capacity: 80,000 metric tonne per annum
Location: China
Joint venture between Xinjiang Yihua Chemical and Hubei Shuuanghuan Science And Technology
stock co. ltd
The technology is provided by the Italy based company Eurotecnica
Nandini Chemical Journal, February 2016 Page 45
MELAMINE – INVESTMENT OPPORTUNITY
Global growth in demand -2015
The demand for melamine is likely to go up in tune with the performance of the laminate / plywood/
particle board industry, which in turn would increase in tune with the growth of the construction /
furniture industry
During the next few years, global melamine consumption will grow at rate of about 4% per year, driven
by China‘s growth and increases in other regions such as other Asian countries (not including Japan),
Central and Eastern Europe, and the Middle East.
Annual growth in Central and Eastern Europe is expected to be 3 to 4%, largely the result of increased
production of laminates and wood adhesives.
Consumption growth in Western Europe is forecast at more modest rate of 1 to 2% per year .
Other Asian countries (excluding Japan) are expected to show good consumption growth at an average
annual rate of 4%.
*****
FSSAI NOTIFIES LIMITS OF MELAMINE
IN MILK, DAIRY PRODUCTS
To check adulteration in milk
and milk products, the Food
Safety and Standards Authority
of India (FSSAI) has notified the
maximum permissible level of
the contaminant — melamine —
in dairy products.
According to the notification,
FSSAI has imposed a permissible
limit of 1 mg of melamine in
every kg of powdered infant
formula, 0.15 mg a kg in liquid
infant formula and 2.5 mg a kg in
other foods.
This has been introduced in the
Food Safety and Standards
(Contaminants, Toxins &
Residues) Amendments
Regulations 2015.
*****
Nandini Chemical Journal, February 2016 Page 46
SPOTLIGHT ON SPECIALITY CHEMICAL
NEOPENTYL GLYCOL
Neopentyl Glycol (NPG) is a clear colourless organic compound with a mild minty odour.
Chemical Name: 1,3-Propanediol, 2,2-dimethyl
Synonyms: 2,2-Dimethyl-1,3-propanediol,
Dimethyltrimethylene glycol,
Neopentyl glycol
Common Name: Neopentyl glycol
Melting Point: 127 deg.C
Water Solubility: 190g/100 ml at 20 deg.C (65%)
CAS Number: 126-30-7
Stability
Neopentyl glycol is stable when stored under normal warehouse conditions.
Miscibility:
It is miscible with organic solvents and insoluble in water
Flammability
Neopentyl glycol may be combustible at high temperature.
Toxicity
Low toxicity to aquatic organisms.
Forms
Neopentyl glycol is available in the following forms
* Solid – As flakes or platelets
* Liquid – Pure liquid - In molten form
* Liquid – As a liquid containing 90 parts NPG and 10 parts water and can be stored at a lower
temperature than molten NPG.
Producer’s specification
Name of the company: BASF
Description Value Test Method
Assay, % minimum 99.0 GC
Acid number, mg KOH/g maximum 0.1 DIN 53 402
Water, % maximum 0.3 DIN 51 777
Colour, APHA maximum 15 DIN EN 1557
Nandini Chemical Journal, February 2016 Page 47
SPOTLIGHT ON SPECIALITY CHEMICAL- NEOPENTYL GLYCOL
Name of the company: Eastman
Description Value
Neopentyl glycol
(Dry basis) W%
99.0 MIN
Water, W % 0.3 MAX
Colour, (50% aqueous solution), PTCO 15 MAX
Applications
Neopentyl glycol(NPG) is a polyalcohol offering superior performance in many end use applications, such as coatings, textiles, and construction, because of its high chemical and thermal stability.
NPG is mainly used as a building block in polyester resins for coatings, unsaturated polyester and alkyd
resins, lubricants, and plasticizers. Neopentyl glycol is employed to enhance the stability of the
polyester resin and increase its resistance against light, water, heat and chemicals to provide a longer
product life.
NPG is used in the manufacture of resins for coatings, especially gel coats and powder coatings. It is also
converted to alkyd, polyester and polyurethane resins for water and solvent based coatings, including
high solid...
It is utilized by automotive industry, original equipment manufacturers (OEM), synthetic resins
manufacturers and other plastic and polymer manufacturers.
Other applications for Neopentyl Glycol include furniture, footwear, insulation coatings, adhesives and
pharmaceuticals.
Applications suggested by manufacturer – Eastman
Application sector Attributes
Automotive OEM Thermal stability for low resin colour
Intermediate for plasticizers Weathering
Intermediate for synthetic lubricants Chemical and stain resistance
Polyester polyols for polyurethane coatings Chemical, stain, and humidity resistance
Polyols for rigid and flexible polyurethane foams Ideal glass transition temperature range
Reactive polyesters for melamine crosslinked high-solids and
coil baking enamels Powder flow and fluidization characteristics
Unsaturated polyesters used in gel coats and synthetic marble Weathering
Demand driver
The neopentyl glycol (NPG) market is driven by its demand from polyester resins industry for a variety
of coating solutions. The polyester resins manufactured from neopentyl glycol (NPG) find wide range of
application in the automotive, construction, furniture, electronics, lubricants, and plasticizer industries.
Nandini Chemical Journal, February 2016 Page 48
SPOTLIGHT ON SPECIALITY CHEMICAL- NEOPENTYL GLYCOL
One factor for the greater use of neopentyl glycol is the higher use of polyester resins for powder
coatings, especially on architectural aluminum.
New product applications in the pharmaceutical formulations could be a prospective market opportunity
for further demand growth.
Substitutability of neopentyl glycol (NPG) with ethylene glycol is expected to be the major restraining
factor for the neopentyl glycol (NPG) market.
Production process
There are two main process routes for the production of NPG. Both the processes use
isobutyraldehyde and formaldehyde as raw materials.
In one process, raw materials are allowed to react with a strongly alkaline catalyst such as sodium
hydroxide, potassium hydroxide or calcium hydroxide, to form NPG. However, in this process, large
amount of formate salts are formed as by product. The process is, therefore, economically suitable only
when a profitable use is found for the formate.
In the second process, the aldolization reaction is carried out in the presence of an amine catalyst, such
as triethylamine, whereby hydroxypivaldehyde is formed. This is further hydrogenated in the presence of
a catalyst such as Ni/Cr on silica, promoted copper chromite or other hydrogenation catalyst.
Usually a solvent, such as methanol or methanol/water is used in hydrogenation step. This process is
more common in the industry.
Production status in India
There is no manufacture of Neopentyl glycol in India.
Indian Annual Import
0
5000
10000
15000
20000
25000
2012-2013 2013-2014 2014-2015
In metric tonne 4051 7620 23470
Qu
anti
ty in
met
ric
ton
ne
Period April to March
Nandini Chemical Journal, February 2016 Page 49
SPOTLIGHT ON SPECIALITY CHEMICAL- NEOPENTYL GLYCOL
Country wise import (Period April 2014 to March 2015)
Selected manufacturing companies
Company Location
BASF
Germay
USA
China
Sinopec China
Eastman chemical company USA
Singapore
LGchem Korea
Mitsubishi Gas Chemical Japan
Perstorp, Celanese Japan
Sweden
Polioli Italy
Shandong Dongchen China
Shandong Guanghe China
Shandong LinziYongliu China
TCI America USA
Oxea Germany
China 1%
Japan 76%
Korea S.11%
Sweden 3%
U.S. 9%
Nandini Chemical Journal, February 2016 Page 50
SPOTLIGHT ON SPECIALITY CHEMICAL- NEOPENTYL GLYCOL
BASF
BASF says that it is the global leader in NPG. The company has NPG production facility
at Ludwigshafen; Freeport, TX,USA; and Jilin, China.
BASF / Sinopec joint venture in China
BASF-YPC, a 50-50 petrochemical joint venture between BASF and Sinopec at Nanjing, China, recently
started up a world scale production plant for neopentylglycol (NPG).
BASF-YPC‘s new NPG facility has production capacity of 40,000 metric tonne per year. Plans for the NPG project were announced in 2013 and BASF-YPC confirmed plans to build the plant in May 2014.
LG Chem
LG Chem (Seoul), has announced plans to expand capacity by 35,000 metric tonne per year to
100,000 metric tonne per year at its Yeosu, Korea complex.
Oxea
Oxea (Oberhausen, Germany), will increase NPG capacity at its Oberhausen, Germany site to
45,000 metric tonne per year
Perstorp
Perstorp (Perstorp, Sweden) built production capacity for NPG at the company‘s manufacturing site at
Zibo, China.
NPG production at Zibo commenced in 2012.The capacity was established through Perstorp‘s joint
venture Shandong Fufeng Perstorp Chemical. Perstorp had acquired the NPG manufacturing business of Zibo Linzi Yongliu Chemical Industry Stock Co. (Zibo, China) at the end of 2007.
PUBLICATION ON
MINERAL BASED CHEMICAL PROJECT OPPORTUNITIES IN INDIA The chemicals discussed in this publication are based on following minerals.
Ilmenite, magnesite, rock phosphate, silica, chrome ore, lime stone, barytes, mica, talc / soap stone, graphite, gypsum / plaster of paris, China clay / kaolin.
UK based Technical Absorbents Limited first developed its Super Absorbent Fibre (SAF™)
over 20 years ago.
SAF is a cross linked poly acrylate polymer. It has been tested for its suitability in application areas
requiring high degree of toxicity and regulatory approval.
The company has recently invested in a new needle felt/needle punch line at its facility in Grimsby in the
United Kingdom. Needle felt/needle punch is a mechanical way of binding a web to form a fabric by
penetrating the web with an array of barbed needles that carry tufts of the web's own fibres in a vertical
direction through the web.
The line can produce fabrics up to 2m wide in basis weights from 1301000 gsm, containing as much as
95% SAF. To help protect the fibre during processing, the line is housed in a temperature controlled and
low humidity environment. The new line will initially be used for research and development, as well as
for undertaking short order trial runs for customers.
For further details, please visit: www.techabsorbents.com
Courtesy: Filtration Separation, Nov/Dec, 2015
SAF can be converted into a number of fabric and yarn structures using
different web forming processes and can be blended with a range of
synthetic and natural fibres.
The basic functionality of SAF is its ability to absorb rapidly up to 200 times
its own weight in demineralized water and up to 60 times its own weight in
saline water. SAF is white and odourless and has the appearance and
handling characteristic of a textile fibre. Consequently it can be used to
produce a wide range of nonwoven and woven fabrics, and yarns.
Technical Absorbents Limited was originally a joint venture between
Courtaulds and Allied Colloids in 1993. Courtaulds was a specialist in
spinning fibres, while Allied Colloids - now part of BASF- had the expertise
in polymerization technology.
The company can manufacture different kinds of super absorbent fibres for
varying levels of absorbency. It can also vary machine processing conditions,
basis weights and thicknesses to change the material properties. It can then
make a number of different materials, such as yarns, felt fabrics, airlaid
materials and a lot of different finished goods to meet the application
requirement.
Super absorbent material is used in diapers or nappies and is manufactured in high volumes
around the world.
Most super absorbent material on the market is in the form of crystals.Fibre form of super
absorbent material have now been developed and it is a much more versatile material. Fibre form
of super absorbent material can be used in a range of material fabrics or made into yarns.
These can then be employed in more specialist types of super absorbent markets.
Nandini Chemical Journal, February 2016 Page 52
NEWS ROUND UP - INTERNATIONAL
LLDPE project in Saudi Arabia
Sadara Chemical, a joint venture between Saudi Aramco and Dow Chemical, has started up a linear low
density polyethylene (LLDPE) plant at Jubail Industrial City II, in Saudi Arabia.
The plant began operations on 7 December. It is designed to produce 375,000 metric tonne per year of
LLDPE using Dow‘s solution process technology and is the first of 26 world scale manufacturing facilities
to come online within the $20 billion Sadara complex—the world‘s largest chemical complex built in a
single phase.
The unit is the first solution process polyethylene plant in the Mideast.
The LLDPE plant is one of two identical LLDPE lines that form part of the Sadara complex. The complex
also includes a 350,000 metric tonne per year unit that produce conventional low density polyethylene,
also based on Dow technology.
Sadara also has polyolefin elastomers facility designed to produce 220,000 metric tonne per year
when using metallocene or 250,000 metric tonne per year when based on Ziegler Natta catalysts. This
facility will also use the Dow process.
The units will receive feedstock from Sadara‘s Technip process mixed feed cracker, designed to produce
1.5 million metric tonne per year of ethylene and 400,000 metric tonne per year of propylene. Sadara
in November had completed 97% of the entire complex, which is expected to be fully onstream in 2016.
*****
Butadiene project in Hungary
MOL (Budapest) has inaugurated a butadiene facility at Tiszaújváros, Hungary.
The 130,000 metric tonne per year butadiene unit uses BASF‘s close system technology. The new plant
will feed a 60,000 metric tonne per year solution polymerized styrene butadiene rubber (S-SBR) unit
at the same site.
The S-SBR plant is a joint venture between MOL and JSR (Tokyo) and is expected onstream in 2017.
Phillips 66 starts up new NGL fractionators in USA
Phillips 66 has brought online a new 100,000-bbl per day natural gas
liquids (NGLs) fractionator at its Sweeny Complex in Old Ocean, TX.
The unit is supplying liquefied petroleum gases (LPGs) to local
customers and the market hub at Mont Belvieu, TX.
The unit will supply the international market once the 150,000-bbl per
day Freeport LPG Export Terminal is completed in the second half of
2016.
*****
Nandini Chemical Journal, February 2016 Page 53
NEWS ROUND UP - INTERNATIONAL
The output of maleic anhydride will be sold in the Gulf Cooperation Council countries and India initially
and later exported to other markets, including Europe.
*****
The plant will be designed to produce 130,000 metric tonne per year of caustic potash (KOH) and
about 82,000 metric tonne per year of chlorine. Construction will begin in the first quarter of next year
with completion scheduled for the fourth quarter of 2017.
AkzoNobel will market and/or process the chlorine produced at Ibbenbüren. Evonik will market
the KOH solution and further process the product at the company‘s Lülsdorf, Germany, site.
Maleic anhydride venture
Dubai Natural Gas (Dugas), a wholly owned
subsidiary of Emirates National Oil Co.
(ENOC), has announced plans to establish a
maleic anhydride (MA) manufacturing joint
venture at Jebel Ali, Dubai, with phthalic
anhydride producer IG Petrochemicals
(Mumbai).
The jv is called ENOC-IG Petrochemicals.
The 45,000- metric tonne per year MA plant,
the first of its kind in the Mideast, forms part
of Dugas‘s plans to diversify its portfolio from
methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE),
Chlorine, KOH projects in Germany
AkzoNobel and Evonik Industries have
formed a 50-50 joint venture, Neolyse
Ibbenbüren, for a chlor-alkali project at
Ibbenbüren, Germany.
The project forms part of a plan to replace
mercury-process chlor-alkali plants in
Europe with membrane technology.
The companies have awarded a contract to
Chemieanlagenbau Chemnitz (CAC) to
build the plant. CAC has the engineering,
procurement, and construction
management contract, including detailed
engineering, procurement, construction site
management, and support during the
commissioning phase.
Nandini Chemical Journal, February 2016 Page 54
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPMENT EFFORTS OF
CENTRAL LEATHER RESEARCH INSTITUTE (CLRI) (PERIOD 2012-2015)
CLRI focuses on translational research with products and processes aligned to the needs of the industry
Raw material
* LIVSOFT - a software for prediction of raw material availability developed
* New raw materials – chicken feet and fish skin explored for small leather goods with exotic
natural patterns
* Ambient preservation and unhairing through an interconnected approach without use of salt
developed
Processing
* Expanded enzyme basket leading to bioprocessing of leather
* Dry tanning without use of water and sodium chloride demonstrated
* A chrome melamine syntan devoid of carcinogenic formaldehyde, specifically for Indian raw
material, developed and validated
* Process for developing comfortable leathers through a unique combination of retanning and
finishing
Products
* A new sizing system for Children shoes – specific to Indian children
* Children shoes with perfect fit, benign leather and accessories fabricated, disseminated for trial
runs
* A new design with 7 plus features for comfort footwear developed and launched in association
with leading footwear manufacturer
* Ergonomic designs – rain coat with bag for school children and carry case for mobile ticketing
Value added products from wastes
* Pharma grade gelatin from raw skin trimmings as bioglue for suture free bonding of skin
* A process for converting wastes of paper industry into synthetic tanning agent developed and
demonstrated
* Demineralized bone matrix technology based on slaughter house wastes developed and
transferred
Waste water treatment
* A new process for reducing sludge and green house emissions in effluent treatment plants
developed and licensed in India and abroad
Focus areas
* Managing salt
* Reducing water usage
* Value addition to Indian raw material & exploring
new raw materials
* Ensuring sustainability
* Creating a niche for Indian leather products
Nandini Chemical Journal, February 2016 Page 55
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPMENT
Recovery of phosphorus from waste water
While agriculture needs phosphorus, operators of waste water treatment plants must remove it.
This is to prevent eutrophication of fresh water systems.
The removal process of phosphorus from water water presents its own problems. Phosphate salts
containing phosphorus combine with magnesium and ammonium to create struvite, a substance that
clogs pipes, pumps and other equipment. This causes production disruption and increases service costs.
In 2011, Aarhus Water Ltd, a municipal owned company based in Aarhus, Denmark, set out to solve the
problem with pump manufacturer Grundfos and technical consultant firm Norconsult. The solution
they found recovered phosphorus and nitrogen from waste water through the use of a separate reactor.
They needed the reactor because the concentration of phosphorus and nitrogen is low in the waste
water flow. To increase it, they send a side stream of waste water through the reactor and added
magnesium salt. The precipitation process refines the phosphorus, discarding heavy metals and
environmentally unfriendly substances. The outcome is a granulate that contains phosphorus, nitrogen
and magnesium well suited for use a fertiliser.
The technology is now being used in Denmark‘s first phosphorus recovery plant, inaugurated by Aarhus
Water at Aaby in November 2013. The operation produces about 50 kilograms of phosphorus daily.
Courtesy: Filtration Separation, Nov/Dec, 2015
*****
Geocement - Technology development
Geocement, which is made out of industrial wastes,
comes in two-part packing - 35 kg Geocement powder
and 15 kg Geobinder liquid. Both can be mixed at
construction sites like normal cement.
Kiran Global Chems Ltd. has introduced its
indigenously-developed Geocement which, the
company claims, will play a role in cutting carbon
emission levels while being stronger than portland
cement.
Geocement will have a direct impact on brining down
the emission levels significantly. For every metric
tonne of cement production, there will be about
800 kg of CO2 emission. The company claims that the
Geocement will help cut emissions.The technology has
been patented
Price will be slightly higher but Geocement may result
in lower finished building costs
******
Nandini Chemical Journal, February 2016 Page 56
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPMENT
Technology to maximise output of LPG
Indian Oil Corporation‘s Paradip refinery has developed technology to maximise output of liquefied
petroleum gas (LPG), which is being deployed on a commercial scale for the first time.
Indian Oil piloted its proprietary INDMAX (Indane maximisation) based fluidised catalytic cracking unit
(FCCU) plant at the Guwahati refinery a few years ago on a small scale to test the technology.
Having validated it, the company has now built a 4.1million metric tonne unit at Paradip that will help
boost output of LPG to 44 percent of the input crude oil.
Conventional FCCUs produce about 18 to 20 percent LPG. The FCCU cracks crude oil in the presence
of catalysts into products such as LPG, petrol and propylene. India is short of LPG, with approximately
half of the consumption being imported.
If the company is able to prove commercial success of the technology, it can license it for a fee to other
refining companies.
*****
De Nora says that ClorTec systems generate 0.8% sodium hypochlorite disinfection solution,
a chlorine equivalent, using only salt, water and electricity. ClorTec units range in capacity from upto
1 kg per day to 1,360+ kg per day. To meet varying application specific conditions, the ClorTec units are
available as component based or skid based packaged systems.
On-site sodium hypochlorite generation is a proven, cost effective, reliable and safe alternative to
disinfection using chlorine gas or bulk sodium hypochlorite. On site generated sodium hypochlorite is
stable and easy to feed. Additionally, less chlorine is released to the atmosphere because of better
mixing and retention in the treated water.
www.denora.com
*****
Desert sand to store energy
Researchers at UAE‘s Masdar Institute of Science and Technology have demonstrated that desert sand
can be used in solar power facilities to store thermal energy upto 1000 deg.C. The research project
`Sandstock‘ is seeking to develop a low cost gravity fed solar receiver and storage system
On site sodium hypochlorite generation system
De Nora Water Technologies, introduced a new
generation of its ClorTec® on site sodium hypochlorite
production systems.
The company says that they feature simplified
instrumentation and a new rack design for ease of
operation and maintenance for water and waste water
treatment for safe, efficient operation. The new systems
are claimed to consume less salt and power than
competing electrochlorination systems.
Nandini Chemical Journal, February 2016 Page 57
CHINA NEWS
STRATEGIC OIL RESERVES IN CHINA
China is building underground caverns capable of holding up to a quarter of its expanded strategic oil
reserves by 2020, as it looks for new storage methods away from expensive and exposed above ground
tanks in crowded coastal regions.
So far, China has built almost all of its SPR tanks above ground, but now at least five underground sites
have been identified, with one at Huangdao in Shandong province completed and another four under
construction, according to local media and several oil analysts surveyed by Reuters.
Despite the cost of drilling the caverns, underground storage can be up to two thirds cheaper than
above ground tanks, especially as the cost of land surges in coastal regions, and are less prone to
potential sabotage, experts said.
While traditional above surface storage has the advantage of a shorter construction period,
the underground caverns generally have the advantages of lower costs, lower environmental risks, as
well as greater perceived level of security.
Underground sites are slated to hold about 130 million barrels, which would account for nearly
a quarter of the 550 million barrel SPR target set by Beijing for 2020, according to local media and
analysts.
Three underground rock cavern sites under construction are at Jinzhou in northeast Liaoning province,
and Zhanjiang and Huizhou in southern Guangdong, all expected to be ready to take oil over 2016
or early 2017.A salt cavern has been partially completed in Jintan, in eastern Jiangsu province.
*****
Poly carbonate
Ningbo Zhetie Dafeng focuses on the R & D, production and sales of polycarbonate (PC), which is used
for building materials, electronic and electrical, automotive materials and optical materials sectors and
other industries.
The apparent consumption of poly carbonate in China grew 12.69% per year from 2005 to 2013.
Domestic apparent consumption of poly carbonate was 1.62 million metric tonne in 2013, but the
current poly carbonate capacity in China is 610 metri tonne, with the domestic demand short of supply.
Ningbo Zhetie Dafeng owns 100 000 metric tonne per annum poly carbonate combined capacity now.
In a move to improve its energy security and take advantage of
cheap oil, China is spending billions of dollars to build up strategic
petroleum reserves (SPR) to meet up to 90 day's worth of net
import demand in case of a disruption.
Government of China confirmed the completion of its first
underground site, a 19 million-barrel facility in Huangdao in
Shandong province, in December when it said its reserves had
doubled in the eight months to mid-2015 to 190 million barrels.
Nandini Chemical Journal, February 2016 Page 58
CHINA NEWS
Propylene oxide
On December 7, 2015 Nanjing Hongbaoli Co. Ltd. announced that the company has started
construction on the 120 000 metric tonne per annum propylene oxide project in Taixing, Jiangsu
Province.
Nanjing Hongbaoli, established in 1987, is involved in the R & D, production and sales of rigid
polyurethane foam premix formulation and isopropanolamine series product.
The company is a producer of compound polyether foam in China, covering rigid polyurethane foam
premix formulation and isopropanolamine family.
*****
Hydrogen peroxide project
On December 21, 2015, Jinhe Industrial Co., Ltd. of Anhui province announced that it would build
200 000 metric tonne per annum hydrogen peroxide project.
Total investment is approximately RMB32 million. The first phase 150 000 metric tonne per annum
hydrogen peroxide unit is already in operation.
The project adopts by product hydrogen refined from existing synthetic ammonia purge gas to produce
hydrogen peroxide.
*****
Lithium hexafluorophosphate project
On December 7, Jiangsu Jiujiujiu Technology Co. Ltd. announced
that the company has put its new expansion facility 1 300 metric
tonne per annum lithium hexafluorophosphate into operation
starting October 2015. It has increased its lithium
hexafluorophosphate capacity from 700 metric tonne per annum
to 2 000 metric tonne per annum.
Construction on the expansion facility was started in April 2015.
*****
Cellulose acetate based speciality products
On December 21, 2015, Celanese Corporation entered into
a Memorandum of Understanding (MOU) with Push Group Co., Ltd.,
with respect to the formation of a new joint venture focused on the
production of cellulose acetate based specialty products, including
high-quality plastics and films.
Push Group is a wholly owned subsidiary of Sichuan Wuliangye
Group Co., Ltd., and is based in Yibin, southwestern China.
Pursuant to the terms of the joint venture agreement, Push Group
would contribute certain existing cellulose acetate related assets and
Celanese would contribute certain technology and its leading
cellulose acetate operational know-how and experience.
Nandini Chemical Journal, February 2016 Page 59
CHINA NEWS
Lithium iron phosphate
Cathode material producer Pulead (Beijing) and phosphate leader Prayon have agreed to form a joint
venture for manufacturing lithium iron phosphate (LFP) under a license from LiFePO4+C Licensing.
The partners have also agreed to cooperate closely on other LFP related raw material supply matters.
LFP is a cathode material used to store energy in lithium ion rechargeable batteries.
The joint venture will help meet increasing demand for licensed LFP. Worldwide demand for LFP is
expected to grow an average 30% per year in 2014–20, mainly driven by industrial batteries, e-buses,
and e-cars. Lead acid‘s replacement with LFP in batteries for microhybrid vehicles is expected to
trigger higher demand from 2020.
Demand worldwide is expected to increase from 25,000 metric tonne per year in 2015
to 100,000 metric tonne per year in 2020.
The partners plan to build a plant at Xining, China, where Pulead has production
facilities. The new plant, with an initial capacity of 1,000 metric tonne per year,
will be on stream early next year. The joint venture plans to increase capacity to
2,000 metric tonne per year in 2020 and 3,000 metric tonne per year in 2022.
REPORT ON “CRUDE OIL PRICE FALL - WILL INDIA’S EUPHORIA CONTINUE “?
Nandini Consultancy Centre, a firm of chemical engineers and chemical business consultants based at Chennai and Singapore, has released well researched report on “Crude oil price fall - Will India’s euphoria continue ? “ Focus of the report Global crude oil price fall in recent months has surprised even the discerning observers. Now, there is world wide debate as to what has caused the crude price fall and whether the price fall would persist and how long. This research report recommends that India should use this opportunity to work out it’s short term and long term strategies for crude oil sourcing and pricing. A few appropriate strategies have been suggested:
CONTENTS OF THE REPORT
* Crude price behaviour - Past trend * Likely Strategies of the producers * Global & regionwise consumption / production analysis * China’s strategies * Why crude price fall now ? * What should be the strategies for India? Author: The report has been prepared by Mr.Swaminathan Venkataraman, Director of Nandini Consultancy (S) Pte Ltd ,Singapore . Price & delivery: Price of the report is Rs.500/- (Rupees five hundred only) per copy inclusive of courier charges, payable by cheque drawn in favour of Nandini Consultancy Centre Private Ltd., Chennai
Order may be sent to Nandini Consultancy Centre,M-60/1, 4th Cross Street,Besant Nagar, Chennai-600090. Phone:43511945 / 43540719
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