Sun wind water earth life living legends for design AR2U070 Territory (design) 5ECTS AR0112 Civil engineering for dummies (calculations) 2ECTS Prof.dr.ir. Taeke M. de Jong Prof.dr.ir. C. van den Akker Ir. D. de Bruin Drs. M.J. Moens Prof.dr.ir. C.M. Steenbergen Ir. M.W.M. van den Toorn http:// team.bk.tudelft.nl / >education
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Sun wind water earth life living legends for design AR2U070 Territory (design) 5ECTS AR0112 Civil engineering for dummies (calculations) 2ECTS Prof.dr.ir.
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Sun wind water earth life living legends for designAR2U070 Territory (design) 5ECTS
AR0112 Civil engineering for dummies (calculations) 2ECTS
N fish Bittern (breeding) n insects Spotted Crake n
N carnivore Black-tailed Godw it 1 +
N carnivore Ruff n +
N carnivore Avocet 6 + insects Bluethroat n insects Black-w inged Stilt/b n f ish Common Tern n + f ish Cormorant (breeding) 15 7 f ish Cormorant (not breeding) 8 3 1 +
OO
ST
V.P
LA
SS
EN
LE
PE
LA
AR
SP
LA
SS
EN
TO
WN
summer, nesting bird IJM
EE
R
MA
RK
ER
ME
ER
GO
UW
ZE
E
V w inter birds Wintervogels
M w hole year, especially in the w inter
w hole year
V Goosander
IJS
SE
LM
EE
R
N w hole year, especially in the spring of s
Percentage of the international bird population
Tempel and Osieck (1994) 4)
Symbol is similar to presence graph Jan.-Dec.
brushw ood
reed
grass
4
Water
forest
Kinds of responsibility
B Very threatened BA Very threatened, important internationally BD Very threatened, vulnerable C Threatened CA Threatened, important internationally D Vulnerable DA Vulnerable, important internationally
Habitat responsibility
NEST FOOD
mainly insects
Black Tern BA open w ater open w ater +Little Grebe C open w ater open w ater +Garganey duck C open w ater open w ater
Bittern BD reed vegetation reed vegetation
Sedge Warbler C reed vegetation reed vegetation +Savi’s Warbler C reed vegetation reed vegetation +Spotted Crake D reed vegetation reed vegetation +Bearded Tit DA reed vegetation reed vegetation +Spoonbill DA reed vegetation reed vegetation +Great Reed Warbler BD reed vegetation brushw ood +Ruff B brushw ood grassland +Common Tern C sandy, open brushw ood, pioneer open w ater
Avocet DA sandy, open brushw ood, pioneer open w ater +Kentish Plover BD sandy, open brushw ood, pioneer sandy, open brushw ood, pioneer
Ringed Plover D sandy, open brushw ood, pioneer sandy, open brushw ood, pioneer +Redshank C grasland grasland +Black-tailed Godw it CA grasland grasland +
A=internat.important B=very threatened
The distribution of two world-wide rare species
black-tailed godwit(grutto)
marsh fleawort (moerasandijvie)
The influence of climatic changes on vegetation
Landscape changes since the last ice age
Legend units
• Global
• Continental
• National
• Regional
Gobal and continental types
R=1000kmContinental areas of vegetation
R=100km: National counties of flora
Dunes and rivers
Dispersion of marram (helm) Dispersion of greater burdock (grote klis)
Holocene and Pleistocene
Dispersion of meadow barley (veldgerst)
Dispersion of wavy hair-grass (bochtige smele)
Holocene forestsForest Natural Reclaimed
Salicion Willow and poplar forests, often found on nutricious flooded areas like river forelands . As coppice wood and wickers, willows are planted on ‘grienden’. Temporarily you will find these woods on other nutricious grounds as pioneer vegetation.
Grass land on river forelands and ‘grienden’.
Alnion incanae
Alder and ash forests with densely shrubs on clay or sandy nutricious grounds with high and often somewhat changing ground water level or in the neighbourhood of streaming water . These forests often contain some oaks and poplars as well .
Moisty grass land (meadows) sometimes with hedges (Rubion, alder), pollard willows or poplars.
Ulmion Oak, ash (somtimes elm or maple) forests on moisty, nutricious sandy and not too heavy clay grounds with ground water level in reach of roots .
Sambuco-Berberidion
Hedges and thickets on most limy grounds of Ulmion .
Holocene
Settlements, horticulture, orchards, fields, grass land, elm lanes, country estates and dune woods.
Pleistocene forestsForest Natural ReclaimedRubion Hedges and thickets (hawthorn, sloe,
roses, blackberries) on nutricious, but not expicitly limy grounds .
Carpinion Oak, ash (sometimes maple or beech) forests on nutricious, not too wet loam grounds . In coppice wood thickets you wil find hazel and hornbeam.
Carpino-Berberidion
Hedges and thickets on most limy grounds of Carpinion .
Vaccinio-Quercion
Oak (sometimes birch or beech) forests or coppice wood on on acid extremely poor, sandy (sometimes loamy) grounds .
Prehistoric (neolithic) settlements, heath often later planted with coniferous wood (drifting sand) or crops (if dry) or meadows (if wet).
Violeto-Quercion
Oak (seldom birch or beech) forests or coppice wood on acid but not
Fields
Settlements, orchards and fields on rather dry grounds; grass land on more moisty or very limy grounds.
Digged out or drained and manured meadows sometimes planted as Alnion incanae.
Sphagno-Alnion.
Birch (sometimes alder) forests with shrubs of alder buckthorn, willows, bog myrthle on acid peat grounds (rare).
Bluegrass lands, later usually drained and manured, sometimes planted as Alnion incanae.
Irido-Alnion. Alder or willow (mostly coppice wood) in peat areas with very hing, stagnating not too poor ground water , usually with rarified shrubs .
Moisty grass land, digged out or drained and manured meadows mostly planted as Alnion incanae.Leeuw en and Kraft (1959)
Other national typologies
The condition of measure
The smaller the open area the less animals could find a habitat.
But that is not the case for botanical biodiversity as far as their dispersion is not dependent on big animals.
Possibilities for nature (H+N+S)
Possibilities for recreation (H+N+S)
The EHS for the Netherlands
The EHS worked out on Internet for the province of South Holland and the Gelderse poort
Nature target groupsMain group 1 Main group 2 Main group 3 Main group 41)
Name almost-naturally supervised-naturally half-naturally multifunctional
Radius 3km >1km 300m 100mFuture picture global global fixed fixed
spacial scale Landscape > thousands of ha.
Landscape > 500 ha.
ecotope/mosaic to approx. 100 ha.
ecotope mostly a few ha.
· location mostly process-determined
process and pattern-determined
process-, pattern- and species-determined
pattern- and species-determined
· processes not directed directed integrally directed in detail directed in detail· patterns not established not established established,
perhaps a cyclical succession
established
directing variables non process-focused on landscape level
process- and pattern-focused up to ecotope level
process- and especially pattern-focused up to ecotope level
STRATEGY
Lay-out, conservancy, developmentMain group 1 Main group 2 Main group 3 Main group 41)
Name almost-naturally supervised-naturally half-naturally multifunctional
nature–technical only in the beginning phase
only in the beginning phase
perhaps repeated perhaps repeated
· environmentally specialistic only in the beginning phase
only in the beginning phase
permanent, if necessary
non
Internal nature conservancy non non partly necessary necessary compartmentalising non non possibly in mosaic possible· shared use (very) extensive (very) extensive (fairly) extensive characteristic
succession-stage mostly diverse stages
diverse stages a stage/mosaic a stage
extent of development on average long on average long rather short short predictability on average, limited
in the long runon average, rather limited in the long term
quite large large
CONSERVANCY
DEVELOPMENT
LAY-OUT
Nature-target types per physical–geographical region
• Andrewartha (1961):Ecology is the scientific study of the distribution and abundance of organisms.
• Krebs, C.J. (1972, 1992): Ecology is the scientific study of the the interactions that determine the distribution and abundance of organisms.
• Begon; Harper; Townsend (1996): Ecology is the scientific study of the the interactions that determine the distribution and abundance of organisms, populations and communities.
The designer’s view: state of dispersion(form)
Alternatives of form: states of dispersion on one level of scale
Types of ecology
naming abiotics naming biotics University
environmental science environment society
autecology habitat population Wageningen
synecology biotope life community Nijmegen/Wageningen
system dynamics ecology ecotope ecological group Leiden
chaos ecology opportunities individual strategies
decreasing human centred approach
System dynamicsOdum(1971)
PIONEER CLIMAXEnergy high lowNet production linear webFood chainsCommunity structure small largeTotal amount of organic material extrabiotic interbioticInorganic nutrients low highSpecies diversity low highSpatial diversityLife characteristics wideNiche specialisation small narrowSizes of organisms short, simple largeLife cycles long, complexNutrient cycles openMineral cycles fast closedNutrient exchanges unimportant slowReuse substantialSelection pressure fast controlledGrowth strategy quantity qualityProductionHomeostasis undeveloped developedSymbiosis small substantialNutrient conservation high lowCoicidence little muchInformation
Ecological group and biotope
Local ecotopes, ecological groups
Types of ecology
naming abiotics naming biotics University
environmental science environment society
autecology habitat population Wageningen
synecology biotope life community Nijmegen/Wageningen