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Sun is PLASMA – an electrically- magnetically charged gas. 70% Hydrogen, 20% helium and 2% heavier elements Sun is a madhouse of electromagnetic activity.

Jan 01, 2016

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Hillary Burke
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Page 1: Sun is PLASMA – an electrically- magnetically charged gas. 70% Hydrogen, 20% helium and 2% heavier elements Sun is a madhouse of electromagnetic activity.
Page 2: Sun is PLASMA – an electrically- magnetically charged gas. 70% Hydrogen, 20% helium and 2% heavier elements Sun is a madhouse of electromagnetic activity.
Page 3: Sun is PLASMA – an electrically- magnetically charged gas. 70% Hydrogen, 20% helium and 2% heavier elements Sun is a madhouse of electromagnetic activity.

Sun is PLASMA – an electrically- magnetically charged gas.70% Hydrogen, 20% helium and 2% heavier elementsSun is a madhouse of electromagnetic activityOn the Sun, almost everything is electrically conductive because there aren’t very many intact neutral atomsOverwhelming thermal and radiation energies excite electrons to the point at which they pop off their atoms, creating a seething stew of positively charged nuclei and free negative electrons – this gaseous mix that conducts electricity as good as copper wire is called PLASMA. Like any electricaly charged object, plasma produces magnetic fields when it movesAs those fields shift, they induce more currents, which in turn produce more fieldsThis tangle of plasma and electric and magnetic effects determines the forms of nearly everything in or above the Sun, such as the bright coronal loops and the dark areas we call sunspots. Everything we see as solar activity is a magnetic field being acted upon by plasma and vise-versa. Both are forever in motion.

Page 4: Sun is PLASMA – an electrically- magnetically charged gas. 70% Hydrogen, 20% helium and 2% heavier elements Sun is a madhouse of electromagnetic activity.
Page 5: Sun is PLASMA – an electrically- magnetically charged gas. 70% Hydrogen, 20% helium and 2% heavier elements Sun is a madhouse of electromagnetic activity.

WHAT INTERIOR MECHANISMS PRODUCE THE SUN’S MIGHTY MAGNETIC DYNAMO?The magnetic field drives virtually everything on the SunSun has opposite north and south magnetic poles like the EarthThe Earth’s field is produced by motion of the molten iron in the outer core The Sun’s field is produced by the internal motion of plasmaUntil recently, imposible to see beneath the photosphereHelioseismology developed – an ultrasound scan on the Sun’s interiorGlobal Oscillation Network Group (GONG) – worldwide array of observation stations positioned 60-degrees apart to observe the Sun 24-hours a day

Page 6: Sun is PLASMA – an electrically- magnetically charged gas. 70% Hydrogen, 20% helium and 2% heavier elements Sun is a madhouse of electromagnetic activity.

The idea came about in the 60s – observed that solar surface throbbed with rhythmic oscillations like the skin of a drumDiscovery: Much faster rotation at equator than at polesThe “shear zone” (a.k.a. – tacholine) between the regions of varying rotations is what is believed to cause the magnetic field.The internal motion stretches and twists the north-south magnetic field lines, wrapping them around the Sun thus adding energy (imagine how energy is stored in a stretched rubber band)Sometimes the powerful twisted field lines become buoyant and rise above the photosphere – these manifest as loops, prominences and sunspots, which are observed on the surface of the Sun

Page 7: Sun is PLASMA – an electrically- magnetically charged gas. 70% Hydrogen, 20% helium and 2% heavier elements Sun is a madhouse of electromagnetic activity.
Page 8: Sun is PLASMA – an electrically- magnetically charged gas. 70% Hydrogen, 20% helium and 2% heavier elements Sun is a madhouse of electromagnetic activity.
Page 9: Sun is PLASMA – an electrically- magnetically charged gas. 70% Hydrogen, 20% helium and 2% heavier elements Sun is a madhouse of electromagnetic activity.
Page 10: Sun is PLASMA – an electrically- magnetically charged gas. 70% Hydrogen, 20% helium and 2% heavier elements Sun is a madhouse of electromagnetic activity.
Page 11: Sun is PLASMA – an electrically- magnetically charged gas. 70% Hydrogen, 20% helium and 2% heavier elements Sun is a madhouse of electromagnetic activity.
Page 12: Sun is PLASMA – an electrically- magnetically charged gas. 70% Hydrogen, 20% helium and 2% heavier elements Sun is a madhouse of electromagnetic activity.

SOLAR FLARE – A sudden eruption of energy on the solar disk, lasting minutes or hours, in which energy and particles are released.A small area above the solar surface suddenly roars to tens of millions of degrees, throwing off a surge of radiation that can cause communication blackouts, disable satellites, or kill a spacewalking astronaut.

Page 13: Sun is PLASMA – an electrically- magnetically charged gas. 70% Hydrogen, 20% helium and 2% heavier elements Sun is a madhouse of electromagnetic activity.

CORONAL MASS EJECTION - billions of tons of charged particles escape from the sun’s halo, the corona, at millions of miles per hour. When these behemoth clouds slam into the Earth’s protective magnetosphere, they squash magnetic field lines and dump trillions of watts of power into the Earth’s upper atmosphere. This can overload powerlines, causing massive blackouts, and destroy delicate instruments on anything in Earth’s orbit.

Page 14: Sun is PLASMA – an electrically- magnetically charged gas. 70% Hydrogen, 20% helium and 2% heavier elements Sun is a madhouse of electromagnetic activity.

This image was acquired from NASA's Skylab space station on December 19, 1973. It shows one of the most spectacular solar flares ever recorded, propelled by magnetic forces, lifting off from the Sun. It spans more than 588,000 km (365,000 miles) of the solar surface.

Solar flare -

Page 15: Sun is PLASMA – an electrically- magnetically charged gas. 70% Hydrogen, 20% helium and 2% heavier elements Sun is a madhouse of electromagnetic activity.
Page 16: Sun is PLASMA – an electrically- magnetically charged gas. 70% Hydrogen, 20% helium and 2% heavier elements Sun is a madhouse of electromagnetic activity.
Page 17: Sun is PLASMA – an electrically- magnetically charged gas. 70% Hydrogen, 20% helium and 2% heavier elements Sun is a madhouse of electromagnetic activity.

SOLAR WIND - A tenuous flow of gas and energetic charged particles, mostly protons and electrons (plasma) -- which stream from the Sun; typical solar wind velocities are almost 350 kilometers (217 miles) per second.

MAGNETOSPHERE – Outer portion of the Earth’s - or any planet’s atmosphere - in which the magnetic field interacts with the solar wind.

Page 18: Sun is PLASMA – an electrically- magnetically charged gas. 70% Hydrogen, 20% helium and 2% heavier elements Sun is a madhouse of electromagnetic activity.
Page 19: Sun is PLASMA – an electrically- magnetically charged gas. 70% Hydrogen, 20% helium and 2% heavier elements Sun is a madhouse of electromagnetic activity.
Page 20: Sun is PLASMA – an electrically- magnetically charged gas. 70% Hydrogen, 20% helium and 2% heavier elements Sun is a madhouse of electromagnetic activity.
Page 21: Sun is PLASMA – an electrically- magnetically charged gas. 70% Hydrogen, 20% helium and 2% heavier elements Sun is a madhouse of electromagnetic activity.

WHAT EXPLAINS FLARES AND THE CORONAL MASS EJECTIONS THAT ARE RESPONSIBLE FOR ELECTRICAL TEMPESTS ON EARTH? HOW CAN THESE STORMS BE PREDICTED?The corona produces the most powerful particle accelerators in the solar system – flares and CMEsFlares expel much of their energy as x-rays and are genrated when electrical currents are suddenly released as one or more magnetic field loops in the corona become strained to the breaking point and snap into a new shapeThis radiation reaches the earth in 8 minutes and can disrupt radio communications and navigation systems.A small percentage of flares hurl out fast-moving, high-energy protons that can cripple satellites.CMEs often follow flaresThese massive eruptions of plasma can also occur on their ownCMEs take 1-3 days to reach EarthThey smash into the Earth’s magnetosphere and deform it – and if conditions right – produce a multi-million ampere ring current in the belts of charged particles that continually circle the Earth.

Page 22: Sun is PLASMA – an electrically- magnetically charged gas. 70% Hydrogen, 20% helium and 2% heavier elements Sun is a madhouse of electromagnetic activity.

CMEs are even more threatening to communication satellites than flares and can take out power grids causing power failures.The trigger mechanism for CMEs is not known, therefore not possible to predictWith SOHO, et.al., we can see these storms leaving the SunThe magnetic polarity of a CME can change during its journeyIf the polarity is opposite that of the Earth’s, it does the most damage on impactWe can predict with 80-percent accuracy if they will hit the EarthThe worst storms often come in the waning years after the solar maximum.The most recent solar max. ended in 2001; the strongest x-ray flare ever observed was in Nov. 2003

Page 23: Sun is PLASMA – an electrically- magnetically charged gas. 70% Hydrogen, 20% helium and 2% heavier elements Sun is a madhouse of electromagnetic activity.
Page 24: Sun is PLASMA – an electrically- magnetically charged gas. 70% Hydrogen, 20% helium and 2% heavier elements Sun is a madhouse of electromagnetic activity.
Page 25: Sun is PLASMA – an electrically- magnetically charged gas. 70% Hydrogen, 20% helium and 2% heavier elements Sun is a madhouse of electromagnetic activity.
Page 26: Sun is PLASMA – an electrically- magnetically charged gas. 70% Hydrogen, 20% helium and 2% heavier elements Sun is a madhouse of electromagnetic activity.
Page 27: Sun is PLASMA – an electrically- magnetically charged gas. 70% Hydrogen, 20% helium and 2% heavier elements Sun is a madhouse of electromagnetic activity.
Page 28: Sun is PLASMA – an electrically- magnetically charged gas. 70% Hydrogen, 20% helium and 2% heavier elements Sun is a madhouse of electromagnetic activity.
Page 29: Sun is PLASMA – an electrically- magnetically charged gas. 70% Hydrogen, 20% helium and 2% heavier elements Sun is a madhouse of electromagnetic activity.
Page 30: Sun is PLASMA – an electrically- magnetically charged gas. 70% Hydrogen, 20% helium and 2% heavier elements Sun is a madhouse of electromagnetic activity.