Summer Training -Embedded System and Its SCOPE

Embedded System and Its SCOPE

by

CETPA INFOTECH PVT. LTD.

What is a system?

A system is a way of working, organizing

or doing one or many tasks according to

a fixed plan, program or set of rules.

A system is also an arrangement in which

all its units assemble and work togetheraccording to the plan or program.

SYSTEM EXAMPLES

• It is a time display SYSTEM

• Parts: Hardware, Needles, Battery, Dial,

Chassis and Strap

• Rules

1. All needles move clockwise only

2. A thin needle rotates every second

3. A long needle rotates every minute

4. A short needle rotates every hour

5. All needles return to the original position after 12 hours

WATCH

EMBEDDED SYSTEMAn embedded system consists of hardware and software. When

chips are built into systems and software is loaded on that for a

particular functionality, it becomes an embedded system.

SOFTWARE PROGRAM

#include <16f876a.h>#use delay (clock=20000000)

#byte PORTB=6main(){

set_tris_b(0);portb=255; //decimal

delay_ms(1000);portb=0x55; //hexadecimal

delay_ms(1000);portb=0b10101010; //binary

delay_ms(500);}

COMPONENTS OF EMBEDDED SYSTEM

• It has Hardware

Processor, Timers, Interrupt controller, I/O Devices, Memories, Ports, etc.

• It has main Application Software

Which may perform concurrently the series of tasks or multiple tasks.

• It has Real Time Operating System (RTOS)

RTOS defines the way the system work. Which supervise the applicationsoftware. It sets the rules during the execution of the applicationprogram. A small scale embedded system may not need an RTOS.

EMBEDDED SYSTEM HARDWARE

EMBEDDED SYSTEM CONSTRAINTS

An embedded system is software designed to

keep in view three constraints:

– Available system memory

– Available processor speed

– The need to limit the power dissipation

When running the system continuously in cycles of wait for events, run, stop and wakeup.

What makes embedded systems different?

• Real-time operation

• size

• cost

• time

• reliability

• safety

• energy

• security

CLASSIFICATIONS OF EMBEDDED SYSTEM

1. Small Scale Embedded System

2. Medium Scale Embedded System

3. Sophisticated Embedded System

SMALL SCALE EMBEDDED SYSTEM

• Single 8 bit or 16bit Microcontroller.

• Little hardware and software complexity.

• They May even be battery operated.

• Usually ―C‖ is used for developing these system.

• The need to limit power dissipation when system is running continuously.

Programming tools:

Editor, Assembler and Cross Assembler

MEDIUM SCALE EMBEDDED SYSTEM

• Single or few 16 or 32 bit microcontrollers or

Digital Signal Processors (DSP) or Reduced

Instructions Set Computers (RISC).

• Both hardware and software complexity.

Programming tools:

RTOS, Source code Engineering Tool,

Simulator, Debugger and Integrated

Development Environment (IDE).

SOPHISTICATED EMBEDDED SYSTEM

• Enormous hardware and software complexity

• Which may need scalable processor or configurable processor and

programming logic arrays.

• Constrained by the processing speed available in their hardware

units.

Programming Tools:

For these systems may not be readily available at a

reasonable cost or may not be available at all. A compiler or

retargetable compiler might have to br developed for this.

PROCESSOR• A Processor is the heart of the Embedded

System.

• For an embedded system designer knowledge of

microprocessor and microcontroller is a must.

Two Essential Units: Operations

Control Unit (CU), Fetch

Execution Unit (EU) Execute

VARIOUS PROCESSOR

1. General Purpose processor (GPP)

Microprocessor

Microcontroller

Embedded Processor

Digital signal Processor

2. Application Specific System Processor (ASSP)

3. Multi Processor System using GPPs

MICROPROCESSOR

• A microprocessor is a single chip semi conductordevice also which is a computer on chip, but not acomplete computer.

• Its CPU contains an ALU, a program counter, astack pointer, some working register, a clocktiming circuit and interrupt circuit on a single chip.

• To make complete micro computer, one must addmemory usually ROM and RAM, memorydecoder, an oscillator and a number of serial andparallel ports.

VARIOUS MICROPROCESSORSIntel

4004, 4040

8080, 8085

8086, 8088,

80186, 80188 80286, 80386

x86-64

Motorola

6800

6809

68000

G3, G4, G5

Zilog

Z80, Z180, eZ80

Z8, eZ8

and others

MICROCONTROLLER

• A microcontroller is a functional computersystem-on-a-chip. It contains a processor,memory, and programmable input/outputperipherals.

• Microcontrollers include an integratedCPU, memory (a small amount of RAM,program memory, or both) and peripheralscapable of input and output.

VARIOUS MICROCONTROLLERSINTEL

8031,8032,8051,8052,8751,8752

PIC

8-bit PIC16, PIC18,

16-bit DSPIC33 / PIC24,

PIC16C7x

Motorola

MC68HC11

MICROPROCESSOR Vs MICROCONTROLLER

MICROPROCESSOR MICROCONTROLLER

The functional blocks are ALU,

registers, timing & control units

It includes functional blocks of

microprocessors & in addition has

timer, parallel i/o, RAM, EPROM,

ADC & DAC

Bit handling instruction is less, One

or two type only

Many type of bit handling

instruction

Rapid movements of code and

data between external memory & MP

Rapid movements of code and

data within MC

It is used for designing general

purpose digital computers system

They are used for designing

application specific dedicated

systems

EMBEDDED PROCESSOR

• Special microprocessors & microcontrollers

often called, Embedded processors.

• An embedded processor is used when fast

processing fast context-switching & atomic ALU

operations are needed.

Examples : ARM 7, INTEL i960, AMD 29050.

DIGITAL SIGNAL PROCESSOR

• DSP as a GPP is a single chip VLSI unit.

• It includes the computational capabilities ofmicroprocessor and multiply & accumulate units (MAC).

• DSP has large number of applications such as imageprocessing, audio, video & telecommunicationprocessing systems.

• It is used when signal processing functions are to beprocessed fast.

Examples : TMS320Cxx, SHARC, Motorola 5600xx

APPLICATION SPECIFIC SYSTEM

PROCESSOR (ASSP)

• ASSP is dedicated to specific tasks and provides

a faster solution.

• An ASSP is used as an additional processing

unit for running the application in place of using

embedded software.

Examples : IIM7100, W3100A

MULTI PROCESSOR SYSTEM USING GPPs

• Multiple processors are used when a

single processor does not meet the

needs of different task.

• The operations of all the processors

are synchronized to obtain an

optimum performance.

OTHER HARDWARE• Power Source

• Clock Oscillator

• Real Time Clock (RTC)

• Reset Circuit, Power-up Reset and watchdog timer Reset

• Memory

• I/O Ports, I/O Buses

• Interrupt Handler

• DAC and ADC

• LCD and LED Display

• Keypad/Keyboard

SOFTWARE

SIMULATOR

Masm

SOFTWARE

CC++

Dot Net

COMPILER

RIDEKEIL

Example of Embedded System


•Household appliances:

Microwave ovens, Television, DVD Players & Recorders

•Audio players

•Integrated systems in aircrafts and

missiles

•Cellular telephones

•Electric and Electronic Motor controllers

•Engine controllers in automobiles

•Calculators

• Medical equipments

•Videogames

•Digital musical instruments, etc.

APPLICATIONS


Traffic Signal


MP3 PLAYER


CAR



Industrial Use of Embedded System

3.5 million jobs by 2015, but talent missing

• According to an ISA-Ernst & Young report of 2011, this industry

was about $6.5 billion in 2009 and is expected to log a compound

annual growth rate of 17.3 per cent to reach $10.6 billion in 2012.

• The report also suggests that the industry promises 3.5 million jobs

by 2015. But unfortunately, the industry is grappling with the

problem of talent shortage.

• Embedded software segment now offers more high-value activities

relating to middleware, driver design and associated applications.

The main reason for increased adoption of embedded software is

its use by electronics companies for increased device functionality,

reduced time-to-market and reduction in costs.

Raw talent: key challenge for companies

• Several engineering universities in the country are far from understanding the requirements of the industry and train the students accordingly.

• This has resulted into two extremes, where on one hand the industry needs talent and on the other hand there is an abundance of engineers who have not been trained in necessary skills.

• Industry veterans term these engineers as ‗raw talent‘ and training to make them productive is a key challenge for them.

• Companies face a tough time trying to recruit the right set of

people. There are certain portions in the entire embedded

ecosystem where generic electronics knowledge will help.

Hardware design is one example. But then there are certain

other segments, which require a good experience in device

driver, software amplification, etc. The industry is missing this

talent big time.

Roles available

• Embedded engineers write the software that controls the VLSI chips.

Embedded software can be any code which interacts with the hardware

layer, ranging from the hardware abstraction layer, device drivers,

kernel programming to application programming.

• To take up embedded software development as career, you need

to have a working knowledge of C, C++ and Java, with some

exposure to application software development. If you have

already done some programming for an embedded system, you

can expand your horizons by broadening your skill sets

• Embedded software is being developed using a variety of embedded and real-time operating systems, such as embedded NT, Windows CE and RTLinux. In addition, a variety of development tools and IDEs for C, C++ and Java are available. You need to learn application development in these various environments.

• To be a successful programmer, you need a good understanding of design alternatives—how to choose a processor, an operating system, a programming language so that you can develop cost-effective, reliable embedded software with minimal development time. As many of the systems become network enabled, a working knowledge of network programming is also important. Also, you need to be aware of the diversity of application areas and the specific requirements of each.

• As a hardware/board designer, you could work on reference board design, new board design, and board design derivatives and modifications on existing boards. Reference boards are used to validate the capabilities of designed silicon chips.

• The embedded hardware designer is responsible for hardware design schematic , PCB layout, BOM creation, hardware board debugging and testing, and system integration testing. Desired skills are hardware design using 8-/16-/32-bit microcontrollers, microprocessor-based systems, design of medium-frequency boards, hardware design of analogue , mixed signal and digital, and understanding/ implementation of the EMI and EMC concepts to hardware design.

Desired qualifications and skill set

• The minimum requirement is a bachelor‘s/ master‘s degree in

engineering with specialisation in electronics and electrical or

computer science. But it is preferable for a candidate to have some

hardware integration experience, good software coding skills and

the ability to deal with and develop algorithms to solve problems.

• Today, universities are offering special streams like software design

and engineering, microelectronics and automotive embedded

system. It is a great idea to undergo such a course as it will provide

the requisite industry knowledge in the field you want to pursue a

career.

VERY IMPORTANT

One important thing to remember though,

is that you should not think about yourself

as only a software guy or a hardware guy.

Rather, see yourself as more of a systems

person. You should be versatile enough to

be able to take risks and challenges when

troubleshooting a problem at the board

moving between hardware and software

areas.

Career growth over time

• As you gain experience and knowledge, you will be required to work more independently making decisions, developing designs and solving problems. With further experience, you may become a technical specialist or supervisor in a team of engineers or technicians. Eventually, you may become an engineering manager or move into other managerial or completely technical domain.

• As a fresher you might typecast yourself into a certain role. Later on, this boundary has to blur totally. You have to start understanding both hardware and software, device drivers, register mapping and application software development.

• Also, as embedded system is part of many applications, you have to figure out the domain knowledge. For example, if you are working on embedded systems for telecom applications, you should be able to find out the user experience and with better creativity decide which layout or colour will look better. You start becoming a system architect finally.

• Automotive, telecom and security are the industries where a lot of embedded work is going on. Industrial and medical applications, which were lagging behind, are also making significant improvements. As a professional, you can switch from one vertical to another as you gain knowledge of how an embedded system works. One added advantage here will be knowing the particular vertical requirements and applying the related skill set.

Compensation

• Salaries are based on individual skill set and qualifications. An engineer starting his career with a bachelor‘s degree can expect anything between Rs. 400,000 and Rs. 700,000 per annum. Many companies give higher salaries to engineers with M.Tech or Ph.D based on continual performance, knowledge and competence. Unlike many other industries, the embedded industry has seen quite a steep salary growth across levels and it still continues.

Some good institutions to study

CETPA INFOTECH (Two times awarded as the Best IT and Embedded Training Company),IITs, NITs, BITs, Punjab Engineering College, IT BHU, Thaparand Delhi Technical University are some of the names to reckon with for studying embedded systems. Several engineering colleges now offer M.Tech as well as certificate courses in embedded systems design. Especially in Bengaluru, private institutions are offering short term courses, which are more focused.

Why CETPA ?

Two Times Award Winning Company in IT and Embedded System

Company Registration……

Awards

CETPA in News

CETPA in News

Looking ahead

• Much of the growth in embedded computer systems will be propelled by more sophisticated, cloud connected embedded systems, which will have faster chips, better connectivity and more advanced operating systems and analytical software.

• An ever-increasing number of appliances will be monitored or controlled remotely. Further developments in microelectronics will lead to an era of invisible computing, wherein the computer does the job we need but without an ubiquitous presence.

• As electronics becomes more and more pervasive in our lives with the mobile phones, intelligent home appliances and vehicles, and more recently the insulin pumps that reside inside the body, a career in embedded systems seems only to be getting better with time, for these are no longer talking of ‗cutting edge‘ but technology at the ‗bleeding edge!‘

Future of Embedded Technology

Companies

• SAMSUNG

• ST ELECTRONICS

• NOKIA

• APPLE

• MOTOROLA

• DRDO

• AND MANY MORE……………..

QUESTIONS PLEASE

Summer Training -Embedded System and Its SCOPE

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