Summer training

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Project Details

U.P.R.N.N. Ltd., Unit-15, Lucknow

Name of work: Multistorey Sachivalay Colony, Mahanagar, Lucknow

Cost of Building: 3271.70 Lacs

Date of starting: 31-05-2010

Total Area of Campus: 24 Acre=97152 Sqm.

Area of Proposed Land: 10563 Sqm.

Type of Multistorey Building: Ground Floor + Eight Floor Frame Structure

Foundation Type: Pile

Type-3 Residence

Unit Area of Proposed Type-3: 79.00 Sqm.

Circulation Area: 16.43 Sqm.

Total Area: 95.43 Sqm.

Ground Floor: Stilt Parking

Each Floor (1st to 8th floor): 12 Nos. Residence

Total Flats: 8x12=96

Total Plinth Area: 12x95.43=1145.16 Sqm. Per floor

No. of Staircase: 03 Nos.

No. of Lift: 03 Nos.

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Type-2 Residence

Unit Area of Proposed Type-3: 57.70 Sqm.

Circulation Area: 17.87 Sqm.

Total Area: 75.57 Sqm.

Ground Floor: Stilt Parking

Each Floor (1st to 8th floor): 12 Nos. Residence

Total Flats: 8x12=96

Total Plinth Area: 12x75.57=906.84 Sqm. Per floor

No. of Staircase: 03 Nos.

No. of Lift: 03 Nos.

Total No. of Columns: 108 Nos.

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Site Location and Map

Opposite to the City Montessori Inter College, U.P.R.N.N. Unit-15

Mahanagar Lucknow.

Fig: 1 Google Map and Satellite Picture of Location

Latitude: 26.876576

Longitude: 80.962259

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Introduction about Buildings

Types of Buildings: Buildings are classified on the basis of character of

occupancy and type of use as.

Residential Building

Educational Building

Institutional Building

Industrial Building/Commercial Building

Other Types of buildings

RESIDENTIAL BUILDING: In such building sleeping accommodation is

provided. It includes the living room, bed room, kitchen, hall, toilet and

bath room. It may be a single storey building or apartment type.

EDUCATIONAL BUILDING: These includes any building using for school,

college, assembly for instruction, education or recreation.

INSTITUTIONAL BUILDING: These building are used for different

purposes, such as medical or other treatment or care of a person

suffering from a physical or mental illnesses. These building includes

hospital, sanatoria, jail etc.

INDUSTRIAL BUILDING/COMMERCIAL BUILDING: These are buildings in

which products or material s of all kind of properties are fabricated,

assembled, processed. For example refineries, gas plant, mills etc.

OTHER TYPES OF BUILDINGS: Government buildings, Military buildings,

Parking structures and storage, Religious buildings, Transport buildings,

Infrastructure, Power stations/plants.

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Safety Measures in Building Construction

Safety is very important part of any work. Most accidents can be

prevented by taking simple measures or adopting proper working

procedures. If we work carefully and take appropriate safety

measures, there will definitely be fewer work injury cases, and our sites

will become a safe and secure place to work in. It is important to

educate everyone in the site regarding safety for following purposes

like workers safety, construction progress, standard procedure, legal

cases and working efficiency.

Standard guidelines are followed for health & environment safety

OHSAS 18001-2007

ISO 14001-2004

Precautions at site for safety:

Do not drink or take drugs while working.

Do not play in the workplace.

Wear protective equipment.

Pay attention to personal hygiene.

Report to your supervisor immediately if you notice any unsafe

condition.

Equipment’s used for safety during Building Construction

Full body Safety Harnesses

Protective Helmets

Protective Glasses

Protection Net

Safety Vests

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Fig: 2 Helmet, Full Body Harness, Safety Vest, Protective Glass

Fig: 3 Protection Net

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Steps Involved in Building Construction

Site clearance. Surveying and layout. Excavation. Bar binding and positioning of foundation steel. Concreting. Wall construction. Beam and Columns. Finishing and whitewashing.

SITE CLEARANCE: A no of conditions determine the kind of building

that may be erected on a plot of ground. These conditions determine

where on the plot it may be located. There are also covenants that

are legally binding regulations. These may be setting height of

building, prohibit utility of buildings or ban rooftop network towers etc.

Zoning laws regulate the setback and other factors that play into

equation of house location a lot. Septic tanks also require special

considerations and a certificate of occupancy is also required for

some loaning and legal processes.

SURVEYING AND LAYOUT: Survey is the first step done in any

construction site so as to get the required level of surface. It is also

used in level transferrin during construction of retaining wall.

Generally at site survey is carried out by following two

instruments.

Total station

Auto level

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Total Station: A total station is an electronic/optical instrument used in

modern surveying and building construction. The total station is an

electronic theodolite (transit) integrated with an electronic distance

meter (EDM) to read slope distances from the instrument to a

particular point. By this instrument we can measure Angle, Distance,

Coordinate and also Data Processing.

Advantages: The following are some of the major advantages of using

total station over the conventional surveying instruments

1. Field work is carried out very fast.

2. Accuracy of measurement is high.

3. Manual errors involved in reading and recording are eliminated.

4. Calculation of coordinates is very fast and accurate. Even

corrections for temperature and pressure are automatically made.

5. Computers can be employed for map making and plotting contour

and cross-sections. Contour intervals and scales can be changed in

no time.

Auto level: It is a levelling instrument which was on site checking the

elevations of various points.

Auto level is a modified form of dumpy level. We used auto level to

transfer the level of ground to retaining wall and setting thickness of

slab in which first of all marking was made to fix the level of particular

elevations then casting of slab was performed.

EXCAVATION: Excavation work on the site was being done by the JCB

Machines and excavated soil was transferred using dumpers.

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Following measures should be prevented while excavation work.

There should be proper timbering while excavation for basement

area.

Dewatering should be done before construction work.

During rainy season excavation work should be avoided.

FOUNDATION: Footings are strips of concrete or filled concrete blocks

placed under foundation wall. Gravel or crushed stone footings may

also be used. The purpose of footing is to transfer the loads safely in

the ground.

Generally in high rise buildings three types of footings are

provided.

Isolated Footing: An isolated footing is used to support the load on a

single column. It is usually either square or rectangular in plan. It

represents the simplest, most economical type and most widely used

footing.

Combined footing: Whenever a column is to be provided near the

edge of property and it may not be permissible to extend the footing

beyond a certain limit. In such a case, the load on the footing will be

eccentric and hence this will result in uneven distribution of load to

the supporting soil. Hence, an alternative design would be to provide

a common footing to the edge column and to an interior column

close to it. Combined footings under two or more columns are used

under closely spaced, heavily loaded interior columns where

individual footings, if they were provided, would be either very close

to each other, or overlap each other. This footing is called “combined

footing”.

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Raft footing or Mat footing: This is a footing that covers the entire area

under the structure. This footing is used when very heavy loads of

building are to be transmitted to the underlying soil having very low

and differential bearing capacities. Due to its rigidity, it minimizes

differential settlement. There are several types of raft foundation in

use. The most common types are; the flat slab and the slab-beam

types

Raft footings are provided in following cases

When the ground water table is high, rafts are often placed over

piles to control buoyancy.

When isolated footings for column overlap on each other.

When total area of footing slab is more than50% of total area.

Where underground flooring is required this type of footing is

provided and it serves as footing as well as floor.

CONCRETING: After shuttering and scaffolding concreting should be

done.

During concreting following equipment’s are used:

Concrete mixer.

Mounted concrete pump.

Concrete vibrators (e.g. Needle vibrator, plate/ surface vibrator

etc.).

During concreting work following instructions should be followed:

There should be proper compaction of poured concrete.

There should be spacers to provide cover to reinforcement.

There should be proper curing of concrete construction.

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WALL CONSTRUCTION: In framed structure generally brick walls are

constructed for partition purpose and half brick walls are made. But

at the site no wall was constructed with brick because it was a high

rise building. All the walls were constructed as RCC wall because

these acts as a shear wall and provide horizontal stability to building

and reduces the deflection.

BEAMS AND COLUMNS: In framed structure fixed type beams are

constructed. In such type of beams proper reinforcement should be

done for positive as well as negative bending moments.

In such type of structures short columns are constructed with

minimum eccentricity. In square or rectangular shaped columns min.

4 no’s of 12 mm diameter bars must be used and spacing should not

be more than as per code IS 456:2000.

SLAB: Slabs are of following types:

One way slab: In one way slab load transfer occurs only in one

direction. For one way slab aspect ratio should be more than or equal

to 2. In one way slab reinforcement calculated is provided only in

shorter direction and in other direction distribution steel is provided.

Two way slab: In two way slab load transfer occurs in both the

directions. For two way slab aspect ratio should be less than 2. In two

way slab reinforcement is provided in both shorter and longer

directions and at the supports negative reinforcement is also

provided.

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Material/Machine/Equipment Used in Building

Construction

At the construction site following materials/machines/

equipment were being used.

CEMENT: The function of cement is to combine with water and to form

cement paste. This paste first sets i.e. it becomes firms and then

hardens due to chemical reaction, called hydration, between the

cement and water. On setting & hardening, the cement binds the

aggregate together into a stone like hard mass & thus provides

strength, durability & water-tighten to the concrete. Quality of cement

is based on grade of cement. The grades of cement are as:

33 Grades

43 Grades

53 Grades

AGGREGATE: Aggregates are small pieces of broken stones in irregular

size and shapes.

Neat cement is very rarely used in construction works since it is

liable to shrink too much and become cracks on setting. Moreover, it

will be costly to use neat cement in construction work. Therefore

cement is mixed with some inert strong & durable hard materials.

They also reduce the cost of concrete because they are

comparative much cheaper as cement.

Types of aggregates:

Fine Aggregate: The aggregate, which pass through 4.75 mm,

I.S. sieve and entirely retain on 75 micron (.075mm) I.S. sieve is

known as fine aggregate.

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Function of fine aggregate: The function of using fine aggregate in

a concrete mix is to fill up the voids existing in the coarse aggregate

and to obtain a dense and strong concrete with less quantity of

cement and increase the workability of the concrete mix.

Coarse Aggregate: The aggregate, which pass through 75 mm

I.S. sieve and entirely retain on 4.75 I.S. sieve is known as coarse

aggregates. At construction site aggregate used are as follows

Coarse aggregate of 20mm size.

Coarse aggregate of 12.5 mm size (As per concrete mix design).

Fine aggregate (sand): Fine aggregate in form of coarse sand.

REINFORECEMENT: The material that develops a good bond with

concrete in order to increase its strength is called reinforcement. Steel

bars are highly strong in tension, shear, bending moment, torsion and

compression.

Function of reinforcement: Reinforcement working as a tension

member because concrete is strong in compression and week in

tension so reinforcement resists the tensile stresses in the concrete

members.

The main reason of using steel bars in RCC is that, the coefficients

of thermal expansion of steel bars and concrete is of approximately

equal value.

FLY ASH: At the site, a small amount of fly ash was also being used

which is produced by burning of coal in thermal power plants.

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The main advantages of using fly ash in building construction are

as follows:

It is free of cost.

Its consumption reduces environmental pollution.

It has a fair quality of bonding properties.

ADMIXTURES: Admixtures are generally used to affect workability of

concrete mix and to reduce water content. Admixtures also increases

the target mean strength of concrete

Types of admixtures:

Reducers

Plasticizers

Super plasticizers

Air entraining agents

Bonding admixtures

CONCRETE PUMP: A concrete pump is a machine used for transferring

liquid concrete by pumping. There are two types of concrete pumps.

The first type of concrete pump is attached to a truck or longer

units are on semi-trailers. It is known as a boom concrete pump

because it uses a remote-controlled articulating robotic arm (called

a boom) to place concrete accurately. Boom pumps are used on

most of the larger construction projects as they are capable of

pumping at very high volumes and because of the labour saving

nature of the placing boom. They are a revolutionary alternative to

truck-mounted concrete pumps.

The second main type of concrete pump is either mounted on a

truck or placed on a trailer, and it is commonly referred to as a line

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pump or trailer-mounted concrete pump. This pump requires steel or

flexible concrete placing hoses to be manually attached to the outlet

of the machine. Those hoses are linked together and lead to wherever

the concrete needs to be placed.

CONCRETE MIXING TRUCK: Special concrete transport trucks (in–transit

mixers) are made to transport and mix concrete up to the

construction site. They can be charged with dry materials and water,

with the mixing occurring during transport. They can also be loaded

from a "central mix" plant, with this process the material has already

been mixed prior to loading. The concrete mixing transport truck

maintains the material's liquid state through agitation, or turning of the

drum, until delivery.

Fig: 4 Concrete Mixing Truck

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CRANE: A crane is a type of machine which is used for lifting building

materials/equipment in the field of building construction. Fig showing

the crane used at the site.

Fig: 5 Crane at the top floor

Quality Control

Quality control is the part of quality management that ensures

products and service comply with requirements. It is a work method

that facilitates the measurement of the quality characteristics of a

unit, compares them with the established standards, and analyses the

differences between the results obtained and the desired results in

order to make decisions which will correct any differences.

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Technical specifications define the type of controls that must be

carried out to ensure the construction works are carried out correctly.

They include not only products materials, but also the execution and

completion of the works.

Causes for poor quality: These can be summarized as ignorance,

poor materials, poor design, poor detailing, poor workmanship,

improper quantity of cement, improper concrete mix, excess water,

inadequate compaction, substandard forms, inadequate curing,

inadequate cover, poor construction practices, poor supervision and

above all lack of technical knowledge

Following points should be kept in mind while concreting:

The reinforcement should be provided at designed spacing.

Steel bars of designed grade should be used.

Steel bars should be placed at dry places to prevent them from

corrosion.

There should proper compacting of poured concrete because

every 1% void reduce the strength of concrete by 20%.

There should be proper curing of concrete work for at least

7to10days because it helps in gaining the strength.

Level of formwork should be same throughout the building while

casting the slab.

There should be a lab to test the properties of Green Concrete

like slump, initial setting time etc.

There should be proper portioning of materials while preparing

R.M.C.

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Contribution

I was present at the site while the plastering process of the eight

floor and water tank construction at the roof of the building was going

on.

These are photos of that work.

Fig: 6 Water tank Construction and Plastering Process

What I have learnt/Saw in this Industrial Training: There are many things

which I have learnt from this training at this site and these are

How the building construction process is done. Detailed process

described in this report.

Which difficulties are arises during the construction process like

work not started at right time, funding problem in middle of

project, explaining the work to the layman, power cut etc.

Do all the work according to the plan and follow the Indian

Standards.

Prepare a record even a very small thing or process.

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Follow the order/suggestion given by the superior.

Saw the process of internal wall plastering.

Saw how the official work is going on.

Saw the plan of the building drawing. Plan of Type-2 residence

also attached.

Other Photos

Fig: 7 Reinforcement Mesh

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Fig: 8 Beam Reinforcement

Fig: 9 Monolithic Beam Column Reinforcement

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Fig: 10 Reinforcement Details of Slab Beam Monolithic Construction

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