Summer School of Architecture as a Revitalization Model of Cultural_eng

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Summer School of Architecture as a

RevitalizationModel

of

Cultural

and

HistoricalHeritage

JelicaJovanovi,graduatedeng.ofArchitecture

Summary:

On assumption that the projects for the protection and revitalization ofculturalheritagedue to their complexityandgradual implementationare

difficulttofinance,theworkanalyzestheoptionsforalessexpensive,more

dynamicandfasterrealizationoftheseprojectsinSerbia. Shortprograms,

such as the current projects of summer schools of architecture in the

region,offeratypeoflongtermcosteffectivesolutions;inadditiontothe

potential work on the monument sanation and research as visible

interventions, they communicate with a multiple public and users, and

complement effectively the work of competent authorities. In using theobjectives, ideasandexperiencesoftheSummerSchoolofArchitecture in

Ba, the paper discusses how the efficiency of these programs can be

increased, as well as how to form effective partnerships through which

longtermsustainabilitycanbeachievedintheprojectsforculturalheritage

preservation.

Key words: cultural heritage, building heritage, financing, intersectorcooperation,nonformaleducation,sustainability


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JelicaJovanovi,dia

Urbanaregeneracijazatienihambijentalnihcelinaukontekstuodrivograzvoja:PodgraetvraveBa

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Introduction

In the difficult conditions of financing projects for cultural heritagepreservation,whicharerealized intheRepublicofSerbiamainlythanksto

governmentfunds(RS,Informatororaduministarstvakulture,informisanja

macionogdrutva,2011)(RS,Rezultatikonkursazasufinansiranjeprojekata

izoblastikulturnognasleaza2011,2010) (RS,ZakonoKulturi2009) (RS,

Zakonokulturnimdobrima,1994),itisnecessarytodesignnewmodelsfor

revitalizingheritage, aswell asnewwaysofpopularizingprojects for the

revitalizationofheritage.Theframeworkofthisprocess,inaccordancewith

contemporaryinternationalchartersthathavebeenratifiedbytheRepublicofSerbia,shouldbe longtermsustainabilityof the realizedprojects.Such

results are achieved by an active exchange of ideas, knowledge and

experiencesbetweentheprofessionalandlocalcommunities,aswellasby

theactiveparticipationofthelocalpopulationintherevitalizationproject.

When the projects for building and cultural heritage protection are in

questioninthebroadestsense,itcanbenoticedthat,inthecaseofSerbia

and other countries of the region, these projects very often imply the

design of classic project documentation for specific phases: research,

reconstruction,buildingconservationetc(Vuenovi,2004).Sincethereare

not enough funds for the ancillary activities promotion, popularization,

andeducationtheseactivitiesareoftenabsentandarenotrealized.The

result of such decisions is that the public experiences the projects for

culturalheritageprotectionasanusurpationbyclosedprofessionalgroups

ofpublicand/orprivateproperty;asanendlessworkandexpenditure,and

as nontransparent (even conspiratorial) feats for spending (wasting)

budgetfunds.


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Themostcommonorderofevents is thatprotectedobjectsare repaired,

conserved and returned toowner/local community for theiruse,without

developinganyprogramsortrainingtheworkforcethatcouldmanageand

organize suchprograms. In Serbia,as inmost countries in the region,no

adequateplansorprogramsaredesigned for themaintenanceofcultural

monuments (CHwB & EXPEDITIO, 2008), which inexorably leads to new,

often even faster degradation of a repaired monument of culture.

Therefore, the argument about wasting funds is legitimate in a way,

becausethereisnoplanningevenfortheshorttermsustainabilityofthese

projects.Greatomissions are alsomade in thepreservation of intangible

heritage tradition of local population, customs, costumes, holidays,

cuisineswhich results in the lossofpreciousknowledgeand foundation

forcreatingandrealizingsuccessfulactionsfortherevitalizationofmaterial

heritage,i.e.,builtheritage.Itcaneasilybeconcludedthattheproblemlies

in the insufficient inclusion of the community in the process of heritage

revitalization.AnumberofEuropeanandUNconventionsrecommendthat

all the stakeholders on the field must be involved through different

activities depending on the possibilities; otherwise all these projects are

destinedlongtermforruin.

Considering the abovementioned, this paper shall analyze the form of

specializedsummerschools(workshopsandcamps)asoneofthepossible

ways of revitalizing cultural heritage, primarily built heritage. By

demonstratingtheobjectivesandworkmethodologyoftheSummerSchool

ofArchitecture inBa,and comparing it toother similarprograms in the

countriesof the region, thepossibilities shallbeanalyzed forovercoming

the visible weaknesses in the process of heritage protection and

revitalization,aswellastheirfurtherimprovement. LocationFortressBa

and its suburbium in which the school was organized is a cultural and

historical spatial units of great importance with a preserved active


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community; thereby, it is a socalled living monumentof culture. In the

surroundingsof theFortress, therearenumerousmaterial remnants that

arealsoundersomeformofprotection,andnaturalresourcethattogetherwith the Fortress make one cultural landscape recognized by UNESCO,

whichhasplaced the townBa with itssurroundingsona tentative listof

world heritage in April 2010. On this site, the Summer School of

Architecturewasheldin2010.

Conceptualandlegislativeframework:Integrativevalorizationand

protectionofculturalheritageprioritiesandrolesoftheprotagonists

According to thechartersprescribedby theEuropeanUnion, theheritage

on theEuroMediterranean territoryshouldbe treated insuchaway that

its EuroMediterranean dimension is highlighted, and one integral Euro

Mediterranean identity isdeveloped in addition to the local andnational

identities. This identity is considered as the main startingpoint for the

development of the European Union and the candidatestates, by the

objectives set inaccordancewith theEuropeanperspectiveof sustainable

development (EXPEDITIO, 2005). Natural and cultural heritage, in thatcontext, is considered as one of the potentials for developing states and

local communities; it is approached as a factor of identity, human

environmentandeconomic factor thatcontributes to thedevelopmentof

communitiesandregions.

In accordance with the idea of a EuroMediterranean identity that

embodiesanumberofindividualidentities,theEuropeanCommissiongives

anumberof recommendations regardingheritagepreservation.They can

roughlybedivided into three groups: the legal framework and sanctions,

thenparticipationandassociations,andfinally,informingandtraining(EU,


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2005). European policies on heritage preservation should be harmonized

and integrated, in order to avoid dramatic differences among individual

countriesandregionsofEurope.However,theremustbenounificationof

identities;theirvarietyanddiversity,infact,isthemostpreciousfeatureof

Europeasazone.SpeakingofSerbia, it is important tomentionwhichof

theserecommendations itispossibletorealizeinarelativelyshortperiod,

whichwouldimprovethesituationwithculturalheritageprotectiononthe

field.

Education

The key European documents and charters stress the necessity for

education and training, meaning that they start from childhood and last

throughoutonesentire life (conceptof lifelong learning). In the focusof

educational programs is the quality of built environment and heritage

preservation, for which the interest of the entire public should be

increased, primarily the socalled unskilled public. Such an approach is

considered a necessary base on which every further concept of heritage

preservationisfoundedthecitizenspossessanawarenessandknowledge

thatheritage isapublicgood,andtherebyacceptandsupport(evencarry

out)projectsfortherevitalizationofheritage.Itisnecessarytodesignand

carry out creative workshops with children starting from their preschool

age; to organize their visits to museums and exhibitions which is a

practicethatnoonecansayisaregularoneinSerbianschools.Educational

television programs that could familiarize the wider population with the

(inaccessible) heritage are presented in a very outdated manner and at

inadequate time slots, when they are not easily available to thepublic

laterintheeveningoraftermidnight(accordingtotheprogramscheduleof


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thenational television);andtheprogramsareuncritically takenoverfrom

foreignproductions,whilelocalandregionalproductionismissing.

Speakingofexperts,apart fromstudiesandspecializations, it isnecessary

to maintain the option of certification and additional intersector and

interdisciplinary qualifications through courses, schools, workshops and

trainings. According to current laws and regular practices in Serbia, it is

possibletogetformaleducationonlyinappropriateeducationalinstitutions

elementary and secondary schools, craftsmanship, higher schools,

faculties.Nonformalandinformallearningdoexistasoptionsandforyears

have been part of the practice, mostly thanks to educational centers,workshops and programs organized by the civil sector. A practice has

alreadybeenestablishedthatwhenwritingaCVoneshouldincludeallthe

programsofnonformallearning;alltheskillsandknowledgeonepossesses

which could help with their professional and expert engagement. These

programscannotbeevaluatedadequatelyaccordingtocurrentregulations

(winning credits from professional chambers and agencies, obtaining

licensesetc.),because theRepublicofSerbiarecognizesonly formal types

of education and is lagging with the implementation of the Strategy forAdult Education, which temporarily covers this segment of vocational

training (WAVE, 2009) (RS, Strategija razvoja obrazovanja odraslih u

RepubliciSrbiji,2006). Inotherwords,thisformofpersonal improvement,

selfimprovement, is discouraged among experts and individuals must

relyontheirownconscience,enthusiasmandorganizationalskillsregarding

thetimeandmeansnecessaryforthiskindofprofessionaldevelopment.

Multisector cooperation: financing,popularization,documenting,

andimplementationofprojects


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... Recognizing that a cultural environment, like the

naturalone, isan idealareaforpublicparticipation,we

INVITEthegovernment:

a.toinvolvethecitizensandcommunities,togetherwith

professionals, in the process of recognizing and

protectingculturalheritage;

b. to establish legal, financial and professionalframeworks necessary for a harmonized action of

experts,owners,investors,contractorsandcivilsociety;c. to develop the concept of common responsibility,

including the dimension of heritage in economic, social

and educational strategies, for easier sustainable

managementoftheenvironment.

d.togivesupporttothe:

market to finance heritage and to invest in its less

profitableaspects,

civil society so it takes over an important role in the

extended field of heritage as people today experience

it..., by using adequatemeasures and incentives, given

thatthestatefundsarelimited,,(EU,2001).

Theparticipationofthenongovernmental(civil)sector(RS,ZakonoKulturi,

2009),aswellas theprivate sector isnotentirelydefinedby the current

Law on Cultural Property of the Republic of Serbia, which assumes the

absolute advantage of the state and government institutions over these

sectors ineveryway.The statedResolutionNo.1on theRoleofCultural

Heritageand theChallengesofGlobalizationhasnotbeen ratifiedby the

AssemblyoftheRepublicofSerbiaaccordingtoavailableinformationfrom


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the website of the competent Ministry of Culture, Information and

InformationSociety.Moreover,thecivil, i.e.,nongovernmentalsectorand

associationsareentirelyomittedfromtheregulationsandlawsreferringto

culture and cultural property (they are nowhere to be mentioned), and

thereareloopholesthatallowa looserunderstandingofcertainstatutory

provisions, as well as indirect implementation of other legal acts on this

field of activity. The participation of the nongovernmental sector in the

revitalizationprojectsofculturalheritage isnominallysecured,so there is

nolegalobstacleforcreatinginterdisciplinaryprojects.

Still,thefieldofactivityincultureisindirectlyregulated,bytheLawonCivicAssociations, which by their statutes can define the field and domain of

theiraction,aswellastheirmainactivitythereby,theycandealwiththe

protection of cultural property (the Law on Associations covers a wide

range of associations, which are founded for targeted action, e.g.,

professionalassociations, civicassociationsgatheredaround the targetof

preserving certain ecosystems etc.). Indirectly, through the international

charters that the Republic of Serbia has signed and ratified, freedom of

participation of the nongovernmental (civil) sector isrecommended/guaranteed in the projects of valorization, protection and

revitalization of cultural heritage. Still, in practice, their activities are still

very modest and often the successful projects of the nongovernmental

sectorareexamplesofgoodcommunicationwiththeprojectdevelopersof

heritage protection projects from the public sector that are open for

cooperation.

Initiatives that primarily originate from the nongovernmental sector are

not very welcomed by the competent authorities, and their success is

strictly linked to the capacities of the organization itself. Unfortunately,


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stronger in all the segments of European societies and entered into

mainstream decisionmaking, even in countries with a short and

undevelopedtraditionofparticipation,suchasSerbia.However,inaddition

to the crucial role thatassociationsof local communitieshavehad in the

realization and formation of cultural services, they have always had very

little input in theadoptionandreformsofculturalpolicies,because these

activities kept being performed by rigid and outdated structures of the

competentculturaladministrations(Ibid).

Practice:relevantexamplesfromtheregion

In the neighboring countries, educational programs for students,

professional public and citizens have been realized for many years now,

with the aim of maintaining community interest in the projects that are

carried out on the monuments of culture. These programs have been

launched after noticing similar problems, which also exist in Serbia:

difficulties in financing, the implementation of laws, absence of support

from citizens and their passiveness, and lack of skilled workforce on alllevels. What these programs are advocating is that through a number of

smaller interventions, it is possible to carry out projects for the

revitalization of cultural heritage; however, many other activities are

performedintheprocess,suchas:trainingfutureexperts,interactionwith

localpopulation,maintainingcontinuityofactivitiesonthefieldetc.Every

program isalso the resultof specificpartnerships formedwith theaimof

realizingprojectactivities,andtheycanserveasamodelforotherprojects

intheregion.


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Fortified churches Of Transylvania: Dealu Frumos

(Schoenberg),Romania, region Mergeln collaboration between

institutionsofhighereducationandregionalandstaterepresentatives

In the region of south and southeast Transylvania, there are around 150

remaining fortified churches (originally, there were around 300) in the villages

colonizedbytheSaxonartisansduringtheXIIIcentury.Today,sevenTransylvanian

villageswith fortifiedchurchesareon the listofworldheritage (UNESCO,1946).

These cathedrals, churches and basilicas were built in villages belonging to the

princedoms of the time. Being under constant security threats, they were built

aftertheOttomanshavepenetratedintotheareasnorthoftheSavaandDanuberivers.Thesystematicfortificationofthesebuildingsbeganthroughouttheregion

intheXVcentury.

Dealu Frumos (in eng. Nice hill) is a village with one of the best preserved

fortifiedchurches,anditislocatedinthepresentdaycountyofSibiu.Thevillageis

located intheregionwhichhasbeen facingdrasticdepopulation inthepasttwo

decades,andthenumberofbelieversusingthesereligiousobjectshasmanytimes

decreased during the period of the last century: in the parochial books, it was

noted that the Lutheran community in this village had 1204 believers in 1910;

while in 1995, there were only 15 (FORTIFIEDCHURCHES, 2011). In 2003, the

UniversityofArchitectureandUrbanPlanningIonMincu inBucharestwon the

concessiontotherightofuseofthisfortifiedchurchfortheperiodof25years.The

University organizes here workshops, camps and study travels for students and

professionals,withtheaimofobtainingideasforregeneratingthissettlementand

protected urban ambient, i.e., gradually repairing some of the problems, while

educatinginterestedstudentsthroughworkingonthemonumentofcultureitself.

Theannexbuildingswithin thecomplexhavebeenadaptedandmadeintomodest

accommodationcapacities,aswellasaworkspace;andinadditiontoarchitecture


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and restorationworkshops, inside, arealsoheldworkshops foracting, folklore,

ethnologyetc.

Figure1:Romanian

Spanish restoration

workshop in 2006

(source: Ion Mincu;

University of

Architecture and

Urbanism,2011)

Figure 2: Study visit

of the IAESTE

practitioners

students of

Architecture 2006

(source: private

photo archive,

August2006)


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will be organized in 2012 are Saving a world heritage site one tower

houseata time Skendulihouse,Gjirokastra,Albaniaand Preservation

SkillsTrainingForLocals.Workshopsaccept50participants,andregarding

studentsandyoungprofessionals,attentionisalwayspaidsothatmembers

from the regional countriesarepresent, since theirworkexperiencesare

similar. So far, in this way, the following cultural monuments have been

reconstructed: Bazaar,ZekateTower,ParkofSevenFountains; roadsand

parts of the artisan quarts have been repaired (The Gjirokastra

ConservationandDevelopmentOrganization,2001); and training for the

localpopulationorganized, sotheycouldmaintaintheirbuildingsaccording

totheprinciplesofculturalmonumentprotection.

Figure 3: Works on

Skendulitower,

source:

(GlobalGiving,2011)


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Figure 4: Cleaning

the walls, source:

(PVN,2007)

Godinje 2004 architecture workshop, Godinje, Montenegro

collaboration between local citizen associations and expert non

governmentalorganizations

Godinje2004ArchitecturalWorkshop isoneof thepioneerprojectsofvillagearchitecturevalorizationinMontenegro,realizedontheinitiativeof

thelocalpopulationandincooperationwiththecivilsector.VillageGodinje

is located in the southeastern part of Montenegro, on the coast of the

SkadarLakeintheregionoftheCrmnikivineyardarea.Thebuildingswere

built in stone, and in addition to an exceptionally preserved building

environment,thisvillagehasauniquenaturalsurroundingwitharichflora

and faunaand rare species the inhabitantsof theNationalparkSkadar

Lake.


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Figure 5: Work on the field in

Godinje,source:(EXPEDITIO,2005)

The architectural workshop is one in a number of tested sitespecific

workshopsorganizedby theNGOExpeditio fromKotor(like theworkshop

in Perast, Kotor, Zagora); and it has a target to design adequate

architectural urbandocumentationofruralsettlements.Thisworkshophas

also researched the possibilities for the valorization to be carried out

through the research and documentary type of architectural workshops.

The specialvalueof thisproject is reflected in the fact that the initiative

originated from the local community, from the localswho recognized the

value of the objects in which they live and wanted to organize their

settlementadequately. Fortheneedsofthelocalcommunity,butalsofor

thecompetentinstitutions,terrainrecordingwascarriedouttogetherwith

the making of the photo documentation, technical documentation about

the settlement, GIS database, valorization project and guidelines for the

revitalizationofsettlementsusedbythelocalsduringthereconstructionof

theirbuildings.


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SummerSchoolofArchitectureinMotovun,Croatiacollaboration

between higher educational institutions and the representatives of the

localgovernmentandeconomy

Summer School of Architecture in Motovun is one of the five summer

schoolsorganizedwithinthegraduatestudiesontheFacultyofArchitecture

atZagrebUniversity(inadditiontotheschoolinMotovun,thereisaschool

ofarchitecturalrecordingandschoolsinBola,UnijaandOrebii;aswellas

great number of schools that are organized by the civil sector and other

public institutions).The schoolhasexisted since1981,and itsobjective is

research,valorizationandcreativeinterpretationofbuildingexperiencesintheregionof Istria.Accordingtotheschoolprogram, thesummerschools

were organized as an elective course within IX semester of the

undergraduatestudiesontheFacultyofArchitectureinZagreb.

Every year, students receive a task dealing with the towns in Istria, in

accordance with the needs of their local governments and communities.

The topics launched in the summer months during terrain work are

completed throughstudyworkduring thewintersemesteron the faculty.

Theaccomplishedschoolshavedealtwithseveralproblemsontheterritory

ofMotovun,Pore,RovinjandMaliBrioni,andthankstotheirpartnership

withlocalartisanworkshopsandenterprises,demonstrationexampleshave

beendesigned, i.e., throughpartnershipswith related faculties fordigital

simulation,studyandresearchregarding theprojectsof townrestoration.

All the resultsobtainedby these summerschoolshavebeenpresented in

regularexhibitionsinMotovunandZagreb.

During the several decades of their work, these summer schools haveequippedtheStudycenterMotovunandmadeitoperational,thankstothe

donation from the Pazin municipality. The municipality has donated the


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building of the former municipal prison to the Architectural faculty in

Zagreb,whosestafftogetherwiththestudentshasbeenparticipatinginthe

youthworkactionsofrestoringIstriaandMotovunsincethe60softheXX

century. Theschoolhasgained internationalstatus in themideightiesof

theXXcentury,soitreceivedthreemorebuildingsforitsusewhichwere

made operational through regular school activities. Among the most

significant achievements of the school which should be mentioned are

certainlytheresearchworksregardingthechurchcomplexinSt.Peters in

the forestand the restorationof thechurch tower.Then, therewere the

collection of comprehensive documentationon Istria, research works on

the town sewage,project studies regarding the restorationofMotovun

thetowntower(researchofthestateandstabilityofthetowntowerand

town walls), the town communal palace, castellum, upper and lower

square,studentaccommodation,childrensworkshopsetc.

Figure 6: Poster of the Motovun

Summer School, source: (daisai,

2011)

Figure 7: Childrens workshops in

Motovun,source:(daisai,2011)


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Casestudy:ProjectofSummerSchoolofArchitectureinBa

The ideafororganizingaSummerSchoolofArchitecture inBa originatedduringastudytravelofagroupofstudentsfromtheFacultyofArchitecture

atBelgradeUniversitytotheprojectCenturiesofBa,whichissingledout

asoneoftheexamplesofgoodpracticeinSerbiaregardingpreservationof

cultural heritage. The project Summer School ofArchitecture in Ba, in

2010beganasapartnershipbetweenthe independentprojectLegatioof

the NGO Club of Young Architects and the Fundfor Preserving Cultural

HistoricalHeritageCenturiesofBa,asthemainprojectdevelopers;and

the support of partners from the public, civil and private sector on therepublic and province level (Legatio, 2010). Therefore, professional civil

society organizations were the main project developers. For effective

realization,thefollowingwereincluded:

1. public sector: The Faculty of Architecture at Belgrade University,Institute for Architecture and Urban Planning in Serbia, The

Provincial Bureau for the Protection of Cultural Monuments, The

MinistryofScienceandTechnologicalDevelopmentoftheRepublic

ofSerbia,TheFacultyofTechnologyatNoviSadUniversity,Agency

for Energy Efficiency of the Republic of Serbia, Youth Home in

Belgrade.;

2. civilsector:NGOKua uvarkua,KCRex;3. companies:PotisjeKanjiaandKnaufInsulation;4. EmbassyoftheRepublicofHungaryandtheAustrianCulturalForum

inSerbia.


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Fieldworkdatacollection,interviews,analyses

Asthe locationforthefirstschool,theBa Fortresssuburbiumseemedtobealogicalchoice.Aspatialculturalhistoricalambientthatisprotectedas

aculturalpropertyofgreatsignificancethereby,ithasthehighestlevelof

protectionaccordingtocurrentlaw.Thelocationwaschoseninaccordance

withthe initial ideasandbeliefsoftheteamofauthors:theschoolshould

dealwith realisticproblems in real spaceand time; theproblemson site

shouldbeapproachedinaparticipativeway,withcompleteappreciationof

ideasandinstructionsofthecompetentbureausteamfortheprotectionof

cultural monuments; and finally, to consider the possibility of futureimplementationofsolutionsfoundduringtheworkshops.Theparticipants

of the schoolwereasked for solutions thatare feasibleanddemand low

end investments;sotheyhadatasktoanalyzeeachproblemonall levels:

macro micro location, strategy planning implementation, users

experts management. Lecturers and leaders of the workshops had to

design project tasks based on their experiences so that they could be

realized,andtomanagetheworkshops insuchawaythattheparticipants

wouldnotgetafalseimageoftheimplementationofaprojectintoreality.The idea is that the participants gain basic knowledge about how one

should react in certain situations in the field; how to approach these

situations and resolve problems, so that the longterm sustainability is

achieved.

After taking intoconsideration the formatof theSummerschool,and the

fact thateach topiccanbedealtwithonaverage inoneday, the teamof

authors began with the preparations for the school: collecting

documentation,visiting the terrain inorder todetectall the stakeholders

andpollthem,realizingtheprogramofpeereducationincooperationwith


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theFacultyofArchitectureatBelgradeUniversity.Simultaneously,withthe

preparations ran the activities of project promotion, through the action

titled Warming up, which consisted of lectures, workshops and

exhibitions in which the problems of preserving cultural heritage were

discussedfromdifferentaspects.

Projecttaskformulation,workcourse,realization,possibilitiesof

implementation

Astheresultofpreparationwork,basedontheanalysesofthesituationon

the terrain, the schools work program was formulated, with individual

projecttaskstargetingtheproblemsobservedontheterrain.Toapproach

the process as efficiently as possible, the participants had a number of

lecturesonBa andtheambienttreatedintheschool,aswellasthespecific

location characteristics: typology of housing, history of colonization in

Vojvodina, presentation of the project Centuries of Ba which now

incorporatesall theactivities regarding theBa heritage revitalization

from archeological excavations, sanitation works and reconstruction to

events organized by the local associations and educational publishing.

Theselectureshavegiveninformationonthehistoricalcontextinwhichthe

revitalizationprojectisbeingcarriedoutinBa.

Figure 8: Participants in the workshop

inside the The keep of the Ba fortress

(project photo archive, August 2010.

(Legatio,2010))


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Thesocialcontext is theothermost importantcomponentdetectedasan

inevitable factor in relation to which further steps should be decided, as

wellasthedynamicofrealizingtheprojectrevitalizationontheterrain.The

municipality Ba belongs to the category of frontier regions, which

everywhere in Serbia is faced with poverty, undeveloped industry and

economy, and a worrying trend of depopulation. In addition to this, the

populationispassiveanduntrustingbecauseofpreviousfailedattemptsof

revitalization.

Figure 9: Surveying the inhabitants of

the Suburbium (project photo archive,

April2010.(Legatio,2010)

Speaking of the inhabitants of the Suburbium, they have very specific

problemsbecausethemajorityofhousesare inaverypoorstate,andthe

owners canneither afford tohave them repaired in accordancewith the

protectionprinciples,norcan theyafford toapplyoldbuilding techniques

and already forgotten crafts. In compliancewith theexistingproblems, a

newbase for the school programwas created ineach segment, it was

analyzed, how certain activities envisaged by the project can influence

community life, and to which extent is the community involved in the

decisionmakingprocessandwhetheritcancarryout(maintain)theproject


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Figure 11:Making adobe,plot number 12 in the Ba Fortress Suburbium,projectleaderDragana

Marjanovi(projectphotoarchive,August2010.(Legatio,2010))

Figure12:Testingmudmortar,wallofhousenumber10intheBaFortressSuburbiumprojectleader

DraganaMarjanovi(projectphotoarchive,August2010.(Legatio,2010))


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Figure14: Diagnosinghistoricmaterialssamplingandtestingunderthemicroscope,projectleader

Prof.DrJonjauaRanogajec(projectphotoarchive,August2010.(Legatio,2010))

Finally, the school introduced a completely new field of activity when

speaking of Serbia. Through work on increasing energy efficiency of

buildings in the Suburbium with respect to the protection principles

(projectleader PhD Mila Pucar), the issue of energy management in

protectedbuildingsandurbanambientshasbeen introduced for the first

time in Serbia. When built heritage in Serbia is concerned, in its widest

sense,thisisanespeciallyimportantissuesincethecorpusofperformances

of protected buildings, which are increasing in number, should also be

considered in the context of sustainability. Indeed, the inefficiency of

protectedbuildingsisoneofthemainargumentsandjustificationsusedin

thedevastationofcertainbuildingsandurbanambientthatareprotected

or were under prior protection, thereby placing residential architecture

particularlyunderthreat.Theparticipantshavedevelopedprojectsforfour


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households, by applying the systems and principles of bioclimatic

architecture in the conditions of the strictest protection of buildings and

urbanambients.Thisconceptwasalso improvedbyprecisecalculations in

TAS 3D Modeller software, which showed accurate gains in energy

consumptionandthedifferencesbetweenthebeforeandafterminimal

plannedinterventionsonthebuilding(Petrovi,Pucar,&Jovanovi,2011).

Figure15:Posterofthebestproject,housenumber17intheBaFortressSuburbium,D.Dizdarevic,A.

Savic,B.Vukobrat(projectarchive,September2010.(Legatio,2010))

Conclusion

The project of the Summer School of Architecture in Ba was envisioned to

provide,apartfromnonformaleducationofthehumanresourcesinarchitecture,

planningandculture ingeneral,assistance to the localcommunity inarticulatingitsneedsandrealizingideas,aswellasofferingadditionalideasandassistanceto

thecompetentprotectionservicespresentontheterrain.Bydefiningthetopicsin


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compliancewith theexistingstateandpriorities,theprojectreceived itsrealistic

dimensionthatcontributestoitsfunctionalvalue.Noneoftheschoolsideashave

beenrealizedsofar;neitherhavetheyexceededbeingjustaprojectidea,sketch

and simulation.However, fornow it is certain that the resultofeachorganized

school, at the very least, will be a collection of relevant and applicable

recommendations, which further could be developed and used in other

environmentsasasustainableandcosteffectivemodelfortestingideasandplans

for preserving cultural heritage. With small amendments and harmonization of

legal regulations and a minimal improvement of established procedures, it is

possibletogreatlyimproveworkingonheritageonterrain,educationpracticefor

professionalsandinclusionoflocalcommunity.


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