Summary Modal Verbs.ppt

Modal Verbs (10)

will

wouldshould

must

shall

Instead of Modals, we can use:need - be able to - have to - allow

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can could maymight ought to

Modal Verbs

1. Structure of Modal VerbsI

Modal Verb(can /should, etc.)

Bare Infinitive(without TO)

You

HeSheIt

We

They

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For obligation we can often use MUST or HAVE TO:

I must go now or Ill miss the bus. I have to go now or Ill miss the bus.

We also use MUST to give orders or strong advice, including to ourselves: You must tell me everything. (=I feel curious about all this) Sara must be home by midnight. (=these are my instructions) You must come to the hotel one day. (=I strongly advise you to) I must go now. (=I have decided to do this)

1. OBLIGATION 1. AFFIRMATIVE: Must + verb: You must leave now. Have to/has to + verb: She has to leave now.

2. INTERROGATIVE Must + verb?: Must she leave now? Do / Does + have to + verb?: Does she have to leave now?

You must leave now.

Women must stay home and

raise their children.

Modal Verbs of Obligation and Necessity

I must catch the bus or Ill have to

walk

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[Contents of UNIT 5]


We only use must in the present tense. In all other tenses, we use have to:

I had to work every day. (past simple) Ill have to work longer hours. (future) I avoided having to speak to him by crossing the street. (verb + -ing) If I got the job, Id have to buy a car. (Necessity)

The Present: Karen must cook for all the guests.

The Past: Karen had to cook for all the guests.

The Future: Karen will have to cook for all the guests. Verb + -ing: She avoided having to cook for all the guests by pretending she was ill. Necessity: If she had 100 guests, shed have to cook for all of them.

EXAMPLES:

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MUSTNT and DONT HAVE TO

Although must and have to both express obligation, mustnt and dont have to have different meanings.

MUSTNT means dont do it and DONT HAVE TO means its not necessary to do it: We mustnt make a lot of noise (= it is wrong to do this and it isnt allowed)

You dont have to stay at school until youre 18. (= you are not obliged to but you can if you want)

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SHOULD OUGHT TO

We use should and ought to to express advice or make recommendations: You should eat less fat if you want to lose weight. You ought to relax if you don't want to get ill. You shouldn't be rude to anybody. You oughtn't to tell lies.

When we are talking about the right thing to do, we use SHOULD:

Mark should take more care when hes cycling. (= its a good idea but he doesnt)

I shouldnt spend so much time watching TV. (its a bad idea but I still do it)

To talk about the past, we use SHOULD HAVE + PAST PARTICIPLE:

We shouldnt have lent him the money. (=it was a bad idea but we still did)

1.1. OBLIGATION or ADVICE

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We can use NEED like a normal verb in all the tenses, but it can also be used as a modal verb in questions and in the negative:

Need I come with you? (=Do I need to come with you?)

I neednt come. (if I dont want to) (=I dont need to come. / I dont have to come)

In positive statements, we say: I need to come. (not I need come.)

3. NECESSITY

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I needn't buy any more bread; I have plenty here.But I need to buy some vegetables.


To talk about the past we say:

Peter needed to buy a computer. (=it was necessary because he didnt have one)

Peter didnt need to buy a computer. (=it wasnt necessary because he already had one)

NEEDNT HAVE has a different meaning: Peter neednt have bought a computer. (= he bought a computer but his parents gave him one so now he has two!)

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You neednt have come here. There is nothing wrong with

you, youre a Picasso.

Modal Verbs for Ability, Possibility and Permission

Can Could - May

CAN is used to indicate ABILITY, POSSIBILITY and PERMISSION

Ability: He can sing very well. (= Hes able to sing) Possibility: You can add graphics to your web pages. (= You can do it if you want to.) Permission: Can I use your mobile phone? (= Am I allowed to use it?)

COULD is also used to indicate POSSIBILITY, ABILITY or PERMISSION.

He could swim very well when he was 5. (= he was able to swim) We couldnt send e-mails 30 years ago (= we didnt have the possibility) Could I just interrupt you for a minute? (= polite request / permission)

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BE ALLOWED + TO INFINITIVE is also used for general permission (all tenses are possible)

We are allowed to smoke in the office. (= We can smoke in the office). We arent allowed to smoke in the office. (= We cant smoke in the office).

Past tense: was/were allowed We were allowed to smoke in the office.

MAY is used to indicate POSSIBILITY, and PERMISSION.

(May is a polite modal verb used to ask for permission)

He may talk about e-business.

Can/May I go to the bathroom? (In this case May is more formal than can)

MIGHT is also used to indicate WEAK POSSIBILITY.

The prices of Smartphones might go down next month.

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Modal Verbs for Ability, Possibility and Permission

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We use "be supposed to" when we are talking about the normal or correct way of doing things. The guests are supposed to buy flowers for the hostess. Look at these cars. This area is supposed to be kept clear of traffic. The bus driver needs to concentrate. Youre not supposed to talk to him. How am I supposed to cook this? - It tells you on the packet.

We can use "was/were supposed to" for the past.

Its eleven oclock. You were supposed to be here at ten thirty, you know.

Be supposed to - Had better

1. be supposed to

2. had better We use "had better" to say what is the best thing to do in a situation. Its cold. The children had better wear their coats. The neighbours are complaining. Wed better turn the music down. My mother is complaining. I 'd better help her with the household. My husband is waiting for me. Id better hurry up.

We could also use "should" or "ought to" in these examples, although "had better" is stronger. The speaker sees the action as necessary and expects that it will happen.

Let and Make Grammar:

Make + Someone + Infinitive (without to) means "to force someone to do something Let + Someone + Infinitive (without to) means "to allow someone to do something"

My parents make me do the homework every day.

My parents let me watch TV late at night at the weekend.

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Summary Modal Verbs.ppt

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