Summary How Did Mary Try To Introduce Catholicism Aims And Persecution

AimsUnderstand Mary’s main aims and the links between themUnderstand why Mary wished England to become CatholicUnderstand what obstacles stood in the way of achieving CatholicismUnderstand the steps Mary tookEvaluate how Catholic England was by 1558

What were Mary I’s aims and initial problems?

Mary I’s aimsRestore Catholicism

Convince the privy council

she had a right to be queen

Marry

Have Children

Have Children - Succession

Choose Privy councillors

Decide how to deal with

Northumberland and

supporters

Defend Calais and Guisnes

Look after her health

Gain support / security

Restore her legitimacy –

declared illegitimate by patent 1553

Can Mary’s religious aim be linked to others?

Which can be seen as personal and which to

secure the Tudor dynasty?

Why did Mary wish to restore Catholicism? Mother Catholic – Katherine of Aragon Devout Catholic – duty to save the souls

of her people Made illegitimate as part of Henry’s

marriage to Anne Boleyn 1543 Act of Succession secured that

she would succeed Edward VI Edward and Northumberland’s

Protestant plot – the devise Reverse the shift towards Protestantism

Protestantism had only been the religion of England for 6 years. Before that England had been Catholic for centuries. Many people would be glad to go back to familiar Catholic ideas.

Henry VIII had already closed all the monasteries and sold their lands to rich and important people. Mary would have to take all this land back.

There were many Protestants in England. They hated the Pope and Catholicism.

Mary was 37, was not married and had no children. Her sister Elizabeth was next in line to the throne. She was Protestant.

Four hundred of the most important Protestant leaders fled to Europe in 1553.

When Mary became queen, Protestants had tried to replace her. They received no support.

What obstacles could Mary face? Female Monarch Protestants Landowners who benefited from closure of

monasteries – now owned ex-monastic land Parliament Higher orders e.g. some nobility – fear of losing power

to papacy Anti – Spanish feeling - against Spanish influence Finance Social and economic issues e.g. disease/poor harvests Foreign policy failures – turn people against Mary Princess Elizabeth Return to 1529 or 1547? The Pope would have to forgive England Catholics who want a full restoration of Catholicism Too quickly could lead to unrest

Reformed Catholicis

m

Persecution of

Protestant

Opponents Restoration

of papal supremacy

Catholicism

enforced among

the clergy

Restoration of

Catholic Doctrine

End of Edward VI’s reign Full

Protestantism

Removal of Edwardian

Protestantism

Reformed Catholicis

m

Persecution of

Protestant

Opponents Restoration

of papal supremacy

Catholicism

enforced among

the clergy

Restoration of

Catholic Doctrine

End of Edward VI’s reign Full

Protestantism

Removal of Edwardian

Protestantism

Reformed Catholicis

m

Persecution of

Protestant

Opponents Restoration

of papal supremacy

Catholicism

enforced among

the clergy

Restoration of

Catholic Doctrine

End of Edward VI’s reign Full

Protestantism

Removal of Edwardian

Protestantism

Reformed Catholicis

m

Persecution of

Protestant

Opponents Restoration

of papal supremacy

Catholicism

enforced among

the clergy

Restoration of

Catholic Doctrine

End of Edward VI’s reign Full

Protestantism

Removal of Edwardian

Protestantism

Reformed Catholicis

m

Persecution of

Protestant

Opponents Restoration

of papal supremacy

Catholicism

enforced among

the clergy

Restoration of

Catholic Doctrine

End of Edward VI’s reign Full

Protestantism

Removal of Edwardian

Protestantism

Reformed Catholicis

m

Persecution of

Protestant

Opponents Restoration

of papal supremacy

Catholicism

enforced among

the clergy

Restoration of

Catholic Doctrine

End of Edward VI’s reign Full

Protestantism

Removal of Edwardian

Protestantism

Reformed Catholicis

m

Persecution of

Protestant

Opponents Restoration

of papal supremacy

Catholicism

enforced among

the clergy

Restoration of

Catholic Doctrine

End of Edward VI’s reign Full

Protestantism

Removal of Edwardian

Protestantism

He stood on a high stool and looked out over the crowd that gathered to watch him, and ‘in every corner there was nothing to be seen but weeping and sorrowful people’. He prayed for a time, until interrupted by a man asking his forgiveness. Hooper said he knew of nothing to forgive. ‘O sir!’ the man said, ‘ I am appointed to make the fire.’ Therein thou dost nothing to offend me,’ said Hooper. ‘ God forgive thee thy sins, and do thine office, I pray thee.’

Who’s who in religion during Mary’s reign? Stephen Gardiner – Bishop of Winchester and

Lord Chancellor – imprisoned during Edward’s reign

Simon Renards – Imperial ambassador from Charles V

Reginald Pole – Cousin of Mary’s. Became papal legate with brief to restore Catholicism

Philip II of Spain married 1554 Charles V – Holy Roman Emperor – Mary’s cousin

and Philip’s father – Mary maintained correspondence with him / father figure

Julius III – Pope wanted lands returned to Church Paul IV – Pope from 1555 – anti-Habsburg there

fore clashed with England

Persecution

Protestant clergy deprived of their living things

Arrest of Archbishop Cranmer Imprisonment of leading Protestants e.g.

Latimer, Ridley, Hooper, Rogers. Mass exodus of Protestants Royal Injunctions – suppress heresy and

deprived married priest of their livings Burnings on the stake – Rogers, Ridley,

Latimer, Cranmer – around 300 in total.

Burnings

Heresy laws restored Trials and executions followed of

those who would not accept Catholic belief and practice such as those who refused to accept Catholic view of Eucharist (i.e. belief in transubstantiation)

From John Foxes ‘Book of Martyrs’ – Foxe was an exiled Protestant – Useful to an historian?

How useful is this source in understanding the religious make up of England during Mary’s reign?

Some facts

280 people were burned to death in 46 months

5 were bishops 51 were women Burnings were mainly in the South

East Nearly half in London In the 16th Century thousands of

people were slaughtered in the name of some version of the ‘true faith’.

The possible effect

Public spectacles - Warning / fear Public shift towards Catholicism Exodus of Protestants Removed Protestant opponents

However - Counter Productive – Exploited by Protestants showed Mary to be

harsh/cruel/intolerant Creation of Martyrs

Persuasion

Act of repeal – removed Edwardian reformation back to 1547 and Six Articles

Mary gave up title of Supreme Head of the Church

Lands guaranteed to Parliament which allowed the heresy laws – many of the lands were actually held by Catholics

Cardinal Pole returned to England – would eventually become Archbishop of Canterbury

Twelve Decrees issued on clerical discipline

War on words

Censorship – proclamations forbade the printing of certain works and an index of banned books was drawn up

Several Acts made slander of Mary and Philip punishable as treason

Commissions to check on heresy

How catholic was England by 1558? Aims Understand Mary’s main aims and the

links between them Understand why Mary wished England to

become Catholic Understand what obstacles stood in the

way of achieving Catholicism Understand the steps Mary took Evaluate how Catholic England was

by 1558

Avoid paraphras

ing

Avoid making

comments without supporting detail

Author/Purpose/Motive/Contextual Knowledge/

Subjective/Objective/Hindsight

Content/tone/extent/level/positive/negative/key words/reasons/motives/cau

se/effect/response

COMPARISON QUESTION

USE ALL SOURCES AND KNOWLEDGE

The pendulum swings back again – how Catholic was England by 1558?

1529? 1547?