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Summarize Intelligence Math Achievement Self Gender and Gender boundaries Peer Relationships Friendships Developing group Norms Sherif & Sherif Robber’s Cave Experiment Moral Development Family Parenting Styles Violence, Conflict, Divorce Sibling Relationships Schools Achievement and Adjustment
Cultural MismatchThe format of social interaction expected at school
may be unfamiliar to children from different backgrounds.
White middle-class preschoolers are accustomed to being asked questions at home, test questions to which the adult knows the answers (“What color is that?” “What do cows say?”).
A study found that black lower-class preschoolers heard more functional questions at home:
analogy questions (“What’s that like?”) story-starter questions (“What happened to him
yesterday?”) accusation questions (“What’s that all over your face?)
middle childhood, the period in which sexual urges lie relatively dormant.
Industry vs. inferiority:
Erikson’s term for the crisis of middle childhood, when the major challenge is to start mastering adult skills & feelings fostered by success & failure.
Use of social comparison in evaluating the self depends on several things: decline in centration normative understanding of ability cultural context
Source of photo: Microsoft Design Gallery.
9-year-old: My name is Bruce. I have brown eyes. I have brown hair. I love sports. I have seven people in my family. I have great eye sight. I have lots of friends. I have an uncle who is almost 7 feet tall. My teacher is Mrs. V. I play hockey. I’m almost the smartest boy in the class. I love food. I love school.
11½-year-old: My name is Anne. I’m a human being…a girl… a truthful person. I’m not pretty. I do so-so in my studies. I’m a very good cellist. I’m a little tall for my age. I like several boys. I am a good swimmer. I try to be helpful. Mostly I’m good, but I lose my temper. I’m not well liked by some girls and boys. I don’t know if boys like me.
Maintaining Gender Boundaries Elementary school children are diligent in their
efforts to ensure children do not stray too far across gender lines.
Some cultures impose gender boundaries, like having the boys live in a separate village.
A great deal of contact occurs, but within the limits of peer group rules.
Children who routinely fail to maintain gender boundaries are less popular and are rated as less socially competent.Border work:Rituals of teasing & ostracism with which
elementary school children maintain the boundary between gender-segregated peer groups.
Border work:Rituals of teasing & ostracism with which
elementary school children maintain the boundary between gender-segregated peer groups.
During elementary school, a child’s popularity with peers becomes quite stable.
It has implications for current and future mental health.
Researchers have explored ways to improve a child’s status, but how long the effects of such interventions last is not yet known.
What was the purpose?
Muzafer and his wife, Carolyn, conducted a study on the origin of prejudice.
The experiment focused heavily on the concept of a ‘group’ and what a perception of belonging to a group can actually do to the relationships of members within it and their relationships with people outside their group.
Who was involved? Muzafer Sherif and Carolyn Sherif-
psychologists that came up with the experiment.
22 boys between the ages of 11 and 12. Researchers were disguised as camp
Twenty-two eleven year-old boys of middle-class socioeconomic standing, and who are not school or social failures and who have similar educational level.
These boys were taken into a summer camp in Robbers Cave State Park in Oklahoma where they were divided into two groups of eleven.
The two groups created national flags creating a sense of belonging. They also bonded with each other and created group names.
The groups must not be aware of the existence of the other group If the groups had met before, it would alter the results because they would likely be less hostile towards the other group later on in the experiment.
Phase 2. Friction Phase During this phase, the two groups were allowed to find out about the
existence of the other group. Teams were forced to compete against each other in a number of
camp activities. Such as, canoeing, camp fire building, and wood chopping, etc.
The winning team, scoring the highest overall number of points, won a trophy.
Greatly increased the antagonism between the two groups. Later on, name calling and fighting started and the singing of
offending songs were also observed. After refusal of being in the same room, the researchers decided to
end the second phase before further outbursts occurred.
Raided one another’s cabins Stole and burned one another’s flags Came to view one another as “stinkers” “smart-
alecks” and “sneaks” Verbal prejudice became apparent, spiraling
downward towards aggressive territorial violence
The groups eventually had to be separated
How to create prosocial attitudes Propaganda: No
Positive propaganda about one group directed to the other by the experimenters did not help
Contact: No Doing non-competitive activities together (e.g., watching
movies) did not help Cooperative action: Yes
Experimenters arranged for camp truck to break down Both groups needed to pull it uphill Intergroup friendships began to
Phase 3- Integration Phase. This stage constitutes the most crucial and significant aspect
of the study. The researchers forced groups together to cooperate and
achieve a common goal. Both groups were taken to a new location and were told to fix
their drinking water supply which had been damaged by “vandals”.
The two teams worked together because a water supply shortage affected both groups immensely.
The second activity the boys were told to watch a movie together. They successfully agreed upon one, and later ate dinner together without dispute.
What was discovered? During the first phase, the researchers discovered that when you
place a group of strangers together, they take on specific roles within the group. Such as leaders, followers, etc. They bond together and become close friends (like a family).
Second Phase- because of the bonding in group one, they had a sense of pride towards that team. When forced to fight against each other they found themselves in a battle. Each group believed their group was superior in all aspects.
Third Phase- When two conflicting groups are brought together to achieve a goal that can only be accomplished by both groups working together. They work together flawlessly.