Sumarstvo2014!3!4 Rad09

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UDK 630*116+630*181.31:582.632.2(497.113)

TAJ MEOAT AOA A TAE MA ATA AA AOM EM

1 2 1

3

: oo a aaa aaa aja eoa aaa e ae a ae a aa aa ao e. (o oe), aa eeea, ooa oeaa, eooo je ao eo aj a e ajee e ooa a aa o a. oa o e oje e aa aa oo jaea oe e, eea eo 2007-2013. oe, aoje e oe e a oeo ea aea aaao oja. a oe ea a a oe e o aeo (ajo) oa, eaoao aa eaa, oje ao ea oa, aj a oe eaa ao o eaa e oe, je aa oeo ooo aoaa aa. : a a, a e, e aea, eoaje, ee a, ae o.

EFFECTS OF RECLAMATION WORKS ON THE STATE OF PEDUNCULATE OAK FORESTS IN RAVNI SREM

Abstract: This paper presents the research into the effects of reclamation works and road infrastructure on the state of pedunculate oak forests in Ravni Srem. When studying the regime of water (both surface and ground water), as a dynamic element that is subject to change, it is necessary to determine its impact on the plant communities that grow along the river courses on typical hygrophilous forest sites. Data on increasingly extensive dieback of pedunculate oak and narrow-leaved ash in Gornji Srem recorded in the period from 2007 to 2013 are associated with the change in the moisture regime of the study area. The dieback process results in a high quantity of intermediate (unplanned) yield realized through sanitation cuttings, which as a form of unplanned yield, entail extensive unscheduled work and cause serious problems, because they have not been incorporated into the forest management plan.Keywords: pedunculate oak, Ravni Srem, moisture regime, reclamation, forest dieback, unplanned yields.

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1. Aja aa ee ae ao eoe e eaa aaj e

ao ea, a e oa oe ae a e aa. Oaj oo, oje ao oo-eooa ea, eaa oje aa ooo-aeja oo aoj o o.

oe e, e ea eae (a, jae, a, ooa .), oje aeaaj oaj oo, eoa oee a oe ea ae e eaj o aa, ee ae ooa o eo ajeaa, a-o a je a a aa ae. oe eje o o o, oj eaj ooe eooe aoe, a oe ojo eao: ee oe oa aea, oae aa, e ee, eoae aa, oaa, oa . (, ., 1974), (, ., 1976), (a, . t l., 1989). oe oaja o oa ao e, oeo ae aooe aj, oj ae e oe oe e o ajaj. o e je o e aje ae je oe a ae, a oe oe ea aee aa oa ea e a , eo oe oa, e e je ae ae aj, e oa e a , eo oe oa, e e je ae ae aj, e oa, e oa.

oo aa je aj ea o, ooo oe oa, oj je oe e oeee oae ao aa 1932. o, , a oo aee, aee, oaje oo e oaa ae. oea aa aea o aa, oe a e oa a ooo ae ojea , a a aaa, oja a oe, aj oaea oeo ea. oe ea eaa oa oe jaa o aoaa aa, je oeeje ea (aj) o, oea eaa aoa (Meae, M. t l., 2009) eae aje eee (, ., 2014.).

2. o oje oe ea oaa e o ee

aao o ee Moe, e ee cca 20 000 ha, e ae oe ee ae. Oaj eo ao ea ae je ea aa o jo e 82 oe, oj j oja o a oa, eo e oa a eo oaje oe oaa, j o j ooaja ae.

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a oa aoe e a cca 620 mm aaa , a ajao ao aa e ooa ea (aaaj eo 82% oe), oja e oao aeaj oe ajee aa aa (, . t l., 2008). oe e aaj ae jee o ee Moe a e o ae ae a ao. o e aae e e e ae: Moo eo. aa e ae Moo a-e jee: aao - oa - ae - aaoa - e (J 2701); eeaa - ao - aaa (J 2702); aa - Maoa (J 2703); aoa - oa (J 2704); a - eaa - (J 2705); aeo - o (J 2706) aa (J 2725). e eo o oja (oe oaee oao aaa) aa e a eea, eoeo a, o ao a oo o oo e o ae o oo ea o ea, oj je, oee ao aa, aa, e ee . ea o eoea oe ea aa je a 1.

1. e oe e (: . , 2013)

Figure 1. Pedunculate oak forests in Gornji Srem (photo: V. Nikoli, 2013)

aae ea oa a a aa aa oe e oaje e eoo oaj ja (). Oa eo e aa a ee oaaa aajo eooo aoa - ae e, aee oa oe oa a, a o oae, jeoea oaa, e 6-7m. oe aeee o oaa oa ao ( aaeo, oe e) a o ee ae. e oa, a oa, oaea oea oa a oj eea oea aaa oeooje, eooje, oeooje, oaooje, eoooje, ajea a, aa,

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aaa aoaa aa .a oo oj oaee 102 jeoeae oe, e

6-7 m oje oaoae e oaaa oa (), (II-II, III-III i IV-IV) ao a o ae jea (I-I) ao a , a o aaea o oe ee ( 2). oe oa a ooj aoj oaeo je ee oe oa a oja e , oe oa oe oa eea eoo aae, , , , , ao ae eeaje.

oa o e o oe oa, e, eeaj e aj aoaoj, a, ooo eoaa aae ee oaj aeao a aj a a a je, ooo , o oe oa, oj aae ojee oaee.

o a aaa o aa a J a - ea- a - a oe oo a e oe oa a e aaee oe 2010. (eo aa) 2012. (eo a) oa, o je ee aa aa jaea, aao eo oaaa oae oee e.

2. -oaj o o e ( 2010) Figure 2. Map - sample plot profiles and MU `Gornji Srem`(GIS 2010)

3. Aaa ea aea oeo je aea a J (2705) a

- eaa - , oja aaa o 3.552.81 ha, a 63 oeea, 722 oea 288 a. ooae oe ae jee e e o 190452 o 191246 oe eoae e o 445303 o 445809 eee eoae e. aoj je aee aee ee 10, 17 84, o oj je ajea 10 (2856.39a).

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eoaj e je 112 (VI/3)- aa, aa jaea a eoao oo (Carpino-Fraxino-Quercetum roboris caricetosum remotae) a a o ea a aa (eej ea) eao oj (, . t l., 2008). aje a aee eo aoja, a ajaeja a ea je a a (a 3). ooj aoj je aee aee ee 10, 17 84, o oj je ajea 10 (2856.39 ha) - ooa eo ea ( , 2004-2014).

3. aoja aa J a - eaa - (: . 2004-2014)

Figure 3. Stand map of the MU Vinina- eravinac-Puk (source: forest management plan for 2004-2014)

oo e aje eo J a - eaa - aa o ae aa, aee o oaa ae, , oaje a e e ajee aeaj aao oeo oo, ja a je o eoe aje ooaja ae.

a oajoj j () II-II aaa jeoe a oaea P-17 P-21 a aae a (2010.) (2012.) o, 2. 2010. , o oe P-17, eeaoo eo, ee e o aa eo, oo 0,5 m, ( j j), o a, oo 2,5 m ( ee), a a ao oa, o eeeo oa (2,0 m), eo aa. 2012. 3,90 4,50 m ( 1).

oae P-21 a a e eaa oa oee oe e-eaoo eo 2010. o e e eo aae a eeeo oa (oa oeoo e), o ooe aja o

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ooe aa. oj 2012. o, o oe oa ee e, oo ee oe, a aeo e aa, o eeee -, o 4,0 4,5m, o aao oeaa oe oeoo e ( 2).

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0.00I II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X XI XII

Pijezometar P-17

2010

2012

1. jeoea P-17 P-21, J a - eaa - (: )

Diagram 1. Piezometer P-17 and P-21, MU Vinina - eravinac - Puk (source: original)

2. jeoea P-17 P-21, J a - eaa - (: )

Diagram 2. Piezometer P-17 and P-21, MU Vinina - eravinac - Puk (source: original)

oe oaa aa e a, a oeeaj ea oo aea aaj o a aaa ea oa a eaa

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oje eeja, ooo, ooaaa e ae, ao-o ea ( 4). aj a J a - eaa - aoae a eo 21 km 60 km e ea ea aa, e e e aea oa ooa oa a aaao oo.

a, aoo ea, ojo ojo eee oo oeo oae, o je aoo aajo ooa oa oeea ao ea, (e, . et al., 2011). Eee ooaaa e ee, aa o, eo oj ajea e ooaaj ooa oa (eao . et al., 2012.), oj oeej eae oe oe ao a, e aaae aaj ojee oooaje (a oja e a), ee eaj ae eeje, ooe ae oaa oo jaea a (, . t l., 2002).

4. J a - eaa - Moo

(: 2004-2014) Figure 4. A map of network of paved and unpaved roads in the

MU Vinina - eravinac - Puk F Morovi (source: Forest management plan for 2004-2014)

oe oa, eooja ae ea a o ooo e-oaa ooaaj ee jeo oe oja a, oj ee

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oe aoe aaee ooe, o ee aj oe oa aa eaee oaee oaee a aje o oo oe oa (, . et al., 2010).

5. a oo aaa Moo - (: . , 2010)

Figure 5. The road network with drainage canals in F Morovi - Gornji Srem (photo: V. Nikoli, 2013)

ee a a oj Moo oe e aea a oo eeja o aaoj oa a eo o 2007. o 2013. o, a a o jae, ae 1. aeeoj ae a oa o o, ae, oj aaa ee ea, ooo oaeoj ae aaa o je oe, a ea . Aao aoo oaaa oaa e ea oeo aa aa oo a o jae. Te e eeo ea aa aje je oaea J 2703, a 37,42 m/ha, e eo dg=37 cm oo aaeo o oeo cca 1.119 ha. eae eo ae aaa ooj ( aa Maoa) aa e ee ajee ea oe eoo aoaa ( , o). ajae je oea J-2701, a 7,66 m/ha e eo dg=30 cm, oe ea eea a o cca 440 ha.

oeo aaaa J2705, a-eaa-, a 16,38m/ha, e eo dg= 41cm oo a ojoj je aeeeo ee cca 1.480 ha, a je oe oja o ee ea aa aa. ajee ee jaea, a oj Moo, aeeeo je ooj , o 2,36 m/ha, a e eo dg = 32cm aaeo oo cca 3.490 ha (aea 1).

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aea 1. ee aae oae Moo (2007.-2013) (: )

Table 1. Overview of tree marking for santation felling in F Morovi (source: original)oa 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013

aae ee (m3*103) 5,669 22,475 11,411 16,512 17,785 11,502 16249a a ee (m3*103) 38,090 51,612 39,951 43,253 46,110 40,674 42,060

% 14,9 43,5 28,6 38,2 38,6 28,3 38,6

Taea 2. ee aoa ea ee aa (aa) ea (2007-2013) (: )

Table 2. Overview of the planned felling operations and the share of unplanned (sanitation) felling (2007-2013) (source: original)

J oaea oa a dsee ea

3 (o)

ee ea

4 (o)m/ha

o jae (m)

dsee ea

3 (o)

ee ea

4 (o)m/ha

2701 441,44 3382,36 30 1015 1372 7,66 8,03 27 5 14 0,02

2702 587,11 9099,18 28 1160 6603 15,50 962,8 29 425 941 1,64

2703 1118,73 41862,14 37 1821 23591 37,42 1687,61 31 292 1538 1,51

2704 985,91 14528,37 40 1246 5731 14,74 2237,27 30 641 2089 2,27

2705 1481,47 24267,43 41 2871 6794 16,38 3492,45 32 932 1798 2,36

2706 233,56 6000,29 34 204 2702 25,69 427,23 35 26 234 1,83

2725 18,45 71,72 32 25 27 3,89 29,5 23 31 21 1,60

4866,67 99211,59 35 8342 46820 20,39 8844,89 30 2352 6635 1,82

o ao ea aa ae 2, 3. eoa aa oo aa eo ea, oj e ee aaa o 14,9% ( 2007. ) o 43,5 % ( 2008. ), a oeo 32,57% aaao eo 2007-2013. oe. a 3 aao je ee oae a o a jeaa m/ha, a eo 2007-2013. oa.

a oo oaaa aee 2. jaaa 3, a a eo ee aa (aa) ea ( 3 4 ) o aoa a oaa eo (2007-2013. ), eaa oeaaj ooo o eaaje aa aoa oo eajo oao, aj oae ee eo, ao aaoae ae ae oee a eaaj oa (ea) ea. oe oa, oaea aa aa ao aj a oe , oo

126 3-4

a aa e ao ea oo eaa, o o aoaa eaa ee aje e.

3. aa ea Moo a eo 2007-2013. o (: )

Diagram 3. The share of the total sanitation felling in the F Morovi for the period 2007-2013 (source: original)

Taea 3. oea a aa aa aa oo eaa (2007-2013.) (: )

Table 3. Assortment structure of the pedunculate oak in the sanitation and regeneration felling (2007-2013) (source: original)

A II III TEO OTOO MA

ooa (m) 7954,02 3352,12 6250,39 6600,83 9664,71 33830,48 12795,65 46626,13

aaa (m) 1124,01 1126,13 2341,52 3900,68 8914,16 17406,5 43515,95 60922,45

ooa ( %) 24 10 18 20 29 73 27 100

aaa (%) 6 6 13 22 51 29 71 100

a oo oaaa eoe aee oe e o a je aa eaa ee eo ea 29 % oo a ooe ee e je ee eo ea 73%, aoe a e ee ajej, aa.

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128 3-4

ea, . (1974): jeaj e oaje oa oe oa a ee aa aa.Eejo ae ee aa aa, ao a aaa a aoa aea ae, .22.

Joao, ., jea, . (2008): e oeoe ao ea, Mooaja 250 oa aa ao ea, J ojoae eoaa, eoaa

Leti Lj. , Nikoli V., Savi R. (2011): Lnd Managment in inudation area of the River Sava. 2nd International Symposium Food safety production, proceeding, Trebinje, Bosnia and Her-zegovina, 19 25 June, 2011, University of Novi Sad, Serbia. Faculty of Agriculture (494-496)

, ., , . , ea, ., ., . (2011.): 2010. . . , . .

, ., , . , ., , . (2013.): 2012. . . , . .

, . (2014): , ,

Meae, M., ao, ., eo, ., Ajao, . (2009): oe ea a oe e. ao, o. 61, . 3-4

, . , e, ., o, ., o, . (2010): oa oaa ea oa oe oa a a aa aa ao e, a ao aea eoa, 2010, . 101

a, A., , . (1989): a aaa aa aa ao ao a ojea, a. a . oe 25, ae, . 79-94.

, . (1976): eaae aa aa aa (Quercus robur L.) a aa aa a ae jee ao. a 3-4. 117-123

eao ., Moao ., To, . (2012): o o oo ea ao ee ea eo a oe ooa J jae, ao 3-4. . . .153-161.

oo, M., e, . (2002): Meee oa oe oa a oj .. ea Moa oo 2000-2001, a ao aea . 86. . eoa

(2004): oea ooa a aoae aa - J a-eaa- (01.01.2004-31.12.2013. o.). ea Moa. ea Moa

(2004-2014.): , , .

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EFFECTS OF RECLAMATION WORKS ON THE STATE OF PEDUNCULATE OAK FORESTS IN RAVNI SREM

Ljubomir Leti Radovan Savi Vesna Nikoli

Radoslav Lozjanin

Summary

This paper presents the research on causal relationships between pedunculate oak dieback and reclamation and other interventions which influenced by anthropogenic and climatic factors alter site conditions of hygrophilous species in the lower course of the river Sava. The research covered the area of Gornji Srem, which has been protected from the flood waters of the river Sava since 1932, when an earthen embankment was established, so that there is a communication between the groundwater and the river Sava at a time of high water. Without the flood water, pedunculate oak forests obtain the necessary moisture from precipitation and groundwater aquifers. Groundwater fluctuations were measured through a network of piezometers installed in selected profiles. (sample plot lines-SPL). Three profiles were set perpendicular to the river Sava and one parallel to the river course. This paper analyzed two study years, a wet (2010) and a dry one (2012), in which we mea-sured the ability of the root system of oak and ash to use groundwater. The analyses showed that the root systems could use the moisture from the groundwater in much of the vegetation period of the wet year, but not in the dry year. This study was used as an indicator of the theory of stress, accord-ing to which the process of dieback makes plants physiologically weaker and susceptible to the attack of secondary agents. The process of dieback was studied on the basis of data of the FA`Morovi`, where the unplanned yields from declined trees were recorded for the period 2007 to 2013, in the corresponding management units, but with a special emphasis on the MU Vinina- eravinac-Puk. The intensity of unplanned yields average 32.6% for all management units, which entails an increas-ing volume of unplanned work and hamper forest management planning. In addition, if we take into account the assortment structure, which is very unfavorable compared to the planned fellings, the dieback process points to very unfavorable economic indicators, as the financial effect of the pedun-culate oak is reduced to 59.5%. (Lozjanin, R., 2014). Preliminary indicators stress forest dieback as one of the most important factors in the planning of sustainable forest management.

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