Sumanta Kumar Sahu Page0 A Project Report (Draft) On Evaluation of Potential & Feasibility of Pivots & Hose Reel Irrigation System in Anantapur District, Andhra Pradesh Under the guidance Of Dr. J.S. Yadav CHIEF OPERATING OFFICER PREMIUM FARM FRESH PRODUCE LIMITED SUBMITTED BY: SUMANTA KUMAR SAHU (PGDM ABM: 2014-2016) SUBMITTED TO: PREMIUM FARM FRESH PRODUCE LIMITED MAY, 2015 CENTRE FOR MANAGEMENT EDUCATION VAIKUNTH MEHTA NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF COOPERATIVE MANAGEMENT, PUNE-411007
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Sumanta Kumar Sahu
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A Project Report (Draft)
On
Evaluation of Potential & Feasibility of Pivots & Hose Reel Irrigation System in Anantapur
District, Andhra Pradesh
Under the guidance
Of
Dr. J.S. Yadav
CHIEF OPERATING OFFICER
PREMIUM FARM FRESH PRODUCE LIMITED
SUBMITTED BY:
SUMANTA KUMAR SAHU
(PGDM ABM: 2014-2016)
SUBMITTED TO:
PREMIUM FARM FRESH PRODUCE LIMITED
MAY, 2015
CENTRE FOR MANAGEMENT EDUCATION
VAIKUNTH MEHTA NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF COOPERATIVE
MANAGEMENT, PUNE-411007
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DECLARATION
This is to declare that I, Sumanta Kumar Sahu, a student of Post Graduate Diploma Programme in Agri-Business Management (2014-2016), VAMNICOM, Pune, have given original data, information and maintained full confidentiality to the best of my knowledge in the project report titled “Evaluation of Potential & Feasibility of Pivots & Hose Reel Irrigation System in Anantapur” and that, no part of this information has been used for any other assignment but for the partial fulfilment of the requirements towards the completion of the said project.
SUMANTA KUMAR SAHU
PGDM ABM: 2014-2016
VAMNICOM, Pune
Date:
Place:
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CERTIFICATE
Date:
This is to certify that Mr. Sumanta Kumar Sahu has completed his Summer Internship from 7th April, 2015 to 7th June, 2015 and prepared a Project Report titled on “Evaluation of Potential & Feasibility of Pivots & Hose Reel Irrigation System in Anantapur” under my supervision and guidance.
Dr. J.S. Yadav
CHIEF OPERATING OFFICER
PREMIUM FARM FRESH PRODUCE LIMITED
(Project Guide)
Date:
Place:
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CERTIFICATE
Date:
This is to certify that Mr. Sumanta Kumar Sahu has completed his Summer Internship from 7th April, 2015 to 7th June, 2015 and prepared a Project Report titled on “Evaluation of Potential & Feasibility of Pivots & Hose Reel Irrigation System in Anantapur” under my supervision and guidance.
Prof Dr. Subhash Bhave
(Faculty Guide)
Date:
Place:
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
This acknowledgement is not merely a catalogue of names but an expression of a deep sense
of gratitude to all those who helped us in this project directly or indirectly.
I would like to extend my thanks to Er. Sanjeev Patjoshi (Director,VAMNICOM), Dr.
R.N.Reddy (Program Director), Dr. D. Ravi (Joint Program Director), PGDM, VAMNICOM,
Pune for providing necessary guidance, advice and kind support throughout the project.
I would like to express my earnest gratitude and thanks to Mr. V.Sudhir (Placement Director)
for his encouragement and kind blessings.
I am also thankful to my faculty guide Prof Dr. Subhash Bhave for his guidance, valuable
suggestions and cooperation throughout the project.
I feel immense pleasure in expressing my sincere and profound sense of gratitude to the
Management Team- Premium Farm Fresh Produce Limited and project guide Dr. J.S. Yadav
(Chief Operating Officer, Premium Farm Fresh Produce Limited.) For his inspiring and
affectionate guidance, unending benevolence, and constant encouragement during the course
of summer project. This study would not have achieved the final shape without their support.
I would like to express my earnest gratitude and thanks to Ms. Kavita Sharma (Premium Farm
Fresh Produce Limited.) For her valuable suggestions and encouragement throughout the
project.
I would also like to express my gratitude to all Farmers and Agriculture Department who had
given me their valuable time and cooperation to materialize my survey work.
Indeed words fail to express my profound sense of gratitude and heartfelt indebtedness to my
beloved parents.
I am also thankful to all of them who are directly or indirectly involved in driving this project
to a success.
Sumanta Kumar Sahu
VAMNICOM, PUNE
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
SL .No. Name of the Chapter Page No.
01 Executive Summary 08
02 Objectives 08-09
03 Analytical work 09-12
04 Scope of the Project 12
05 Limitation of the Project 12
06 Introduction 13-31
07 Company Profile 13-31
08 Results and Interpretation 32-46
09 Findings and Suggestion 47-54
10 Annexure 55-60
11 Literature review 61-62
12 Bibliography 63-64
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LIST OF TABLE
Table No. Name of the Table Page No.
01 Sampling size (respondents list) 11
02 Pivots, flood and drip irrigation comparison 24 03 Land Utilization in Anantapur 27 04 Source of irrigation in Anantapur 28
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LIST OF FIGURES
Figure No Name of the Figure Page No.
01 Hose reel Machine 17 02 Hose reel manual 17 03 Hose reel model ST 1 19 04 Hose reel model ST 1.1 19 05 Hose reel model ST 2 19 06 Pivots irrigation system 20 07 Centre Pivots 21 08 Lateral Pivots 21 09 Centre Pivots Irrigation-field 21 10 Root level irrigation by centre pivots 22 11 Pivots system on Farm 23 12 Water distribution by central pivots 23 13 Map of Anantpur 25 14 Soil Status 26 15 Land holding 27 16 Source of Irrigation 29 17 GPS Machine 32 18 Lands of Anantpur 33 19 Layout 01 34 20 Land of Layout 01 35 21 Land of Layout 01 35 22 Layout 02 35 23 Layout 03 36 24 Layout 04 37 25 Layout 05 38 26 Land of Layout 05 39 27 Land of Layout 05 39 28 Land of Layout 05 39 29 Layout 06 40 30 Layout 07 41 31 Layout 08 42 32 Layout 09 43 33 Analysis of irrigation sources at Anantapur 44 34 Analysis of Soil 44 35 Irrigation Method in Anantpur 45 36 Soil Fertiity- pH 47 37 Available Phosphorus status 48 38 Organic Carbon status 49 39 Electrical Conductivity(EC) 50 40 Potassium status 51
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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
I. Title : “Evaluation of Pivots & Hose Reel Irrigation System in
Anantapur District, Andhra Pradesh”
II. Organization : PREMIUM FARM FRESH PRODUCE LIMITED
III. Reporting Guide : Dr. J. S. Yadav
IV. Faculty Guide : Prof. Dr. Subhash Bhave
V. Student’s Name : Sumanta Kumar Sahu (PGDM ABM: 2014-2016)
The report covers an analysis of current agro climatic conditions of Anantapur district of
Andhra Pradesh which includes soil fertility, rain fall, groundwater status, crop pattern
(agricultural/horticultural crop), farmer’s profile and land utilization by agriculture, land sizes,
irrigation sources and present irrigation methods. Lindsay is a technology based irrigation
manufacturing company and the company want to introduce the effective irrigation method in
the district will be a help to the farmers and the economy of the region, so the project is under
taken by PREMIUM FARM FRESH PRODUCE LIMITED under guidance of Dr.J S. Yadav,
Chief operating officer.
The project report also cover an analysis of the crop wise return of investment and irrigation
(traditional, drip, sprinkle) charges of the land. Also mapping out of land coordinates to make
a proposal plan for “Pivot and Hose reel” irrigation in the Anantapur, Andhra Pradesh.
Objectives of Project
1. Working out the propose route map and chart with mapping of large/medium farmers
towards introducing Hose reel in Anantapur district, village/block wise/taluka wise and
identification of clusters, viable size of fields for the project in Anantapur district for
establishment of modern irrigation system (The Hose reel).
2. Understanding of project site with respect to soil, resource availability, topography,
water requirements and fixing dimensional coordinates of individual sites selected for
implementation.
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3. Mapping out the land size by the help of GPS machine to identify the land dimension
and coordinates, which will help to installation of the “Pivot and Hose reel irrigation
system”.
4. Experimenting water saving (catch-can experiment method), yield measurement,
amount of time required to irrigate the field and testimonial of crop selection on pilot
basis.
5. Differential analysis of return of investment (ROI) with respect to distance of water
availability, transport, source of water and crop-wise and working out economics of
irrigation system to identify the share of irrigation in cost of cultivation and propose
new effective irrigation methods.
6. Follow up and coordination with stakeholders(farmers/Government of India
officials/company persons/NGO/other business partner –IL&FS )
7. Understanding Farmers’ perception and mind-set to develop a suitable strategy for
influencing farmer /government agencies towards favourable new irrigation
technology.
8. Presenting a potential plan before Govt. officials for implementation of proposed
Irrigation Project with potential subsidy.
Analytical Framework
In order to fulfil the objectives of the project following methodology will be adopted:
a) Research Design
Research design is the systematic way for the project to accomplishment within stipulated time
duration. There are many ways to classify research designs, like descriptive vs. analytical
research, applied vs. fundamental, quantitative vs. qualitative and conceptual vs. empirical. As
per this project, empirical research methodology will be the tool for the survey.
Empirical research
For the purpose of this project empirical research methodology will be followed.
Research will be based on observed and measured phenomena and derives knowledge from
actual experience rather than from theory. Focus will be to identify key characteristics to look
for experimental status of the Hose reel irrigation system in the field.
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b) Sampling Plan
Sampling is concerned with the selection of individual from the population to estimate of the
whole population and sampling plan will give a clear idea about the sample size with respect
to the market size. It will help to gathering information about the population. In this project
farmers of Anantapur district are the total size of population and need to identify potential
farmers by using different sampling technique for the project need.
i. Sampling Technique
The method used to draw samples from whole population usually in such a manner that the
sample will facilitate determination of the some hypothesis concerning the population. Usually,
the population is too large to survey. A small, but carefully chosen sample can be used to
represent the population.
Several kinds of sampling techniques are used to identify the sample, those are random
The above land parcel is belongs to Suryapalli and Kadavakallu village which area of 223.555
acres. They have cultivated tomato and banana in 2-3 acres with drip irrigation technology and
normally they cultivate seasonal crops like cotton, Bengal gram. The land having two tube
wells for the irrigation purpose. Some electric pools are there in the land which may be a
huddles for the pivots irrigation system.
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Fig: 20 Fig: 21
Layout 2
The land parcel is belongs to Kadavakallu village which area of 93.749 acres. Normally they
cultivate seasonal crops like cotton, Bengal gram, jowar.
Fig: 22
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Layout 3
Fig: 23
The above land parcel is belongs to kummalamalla village which area of 155.836 acres.
Normally they cultivate seasonal crops like cotton, Bengal gram (50%) with drip irrigation
system or manual. The land having one tube wells for the irrigation purpose. The shape of the
land is very odd which may be a huddles for installation of pivots system.
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Layout 4
Fig: 24
The above land parcel is belongs to kummalamalla village which area of 26.031 acres. They
have cultivated eukaliptas from last several years. The land is having one well for the irrigation
purpose and it is a cannel a side land. The cannel may add an additional value to irrigation
method. The shape of the land is good but size is less. They have add black soil to the land
from outside for better productivity.
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Layout 5
Fig: 22
The above land parcel is belongs to kummalamalla village which area of 83.904 acres. They
have cultivated eukaliptas in some areas from last several years. The land is having three tube
wells one well for the irrigation purpose and it is a cannel a side land. The cannel may add an
additional value to irrigation method. Some electric pools are there in the land which may be a
huddles for the pivots irrigation system.
Layout 4 and Layout 5 are the side by side land by divide with cannel.
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Fig: 26
Fig: 27 Fig: 28
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Layout 6
The land parcel is belongs to kadavakallu and chervapali village which area of 179.399 acres.
Normally they cultivate seasonal crops like cotton, Bengal gram, jowar with drip and manual
irrigation method. The land having two tube wells for the irrigation purpose. The land shape is
very odd which may be a huddles for installation of pivots system.
Fig: 29
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Layout 7
Fig: 30
The above land parcel is belongs to narayanreddypalli village which area of 38.807 acres.
Normally they cultivate seasonal crops like cotton, Bengal gram, and sweet corn with manual
irrigation method. The size of the land is good but small in area.
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Layout 8
Fig: 31
The above land parcel is belongs to narayanreddypalli village which area of 5.254 acres.
Normally they cultivate seasonal crops like cotton, Bengal gram. The area of the land is very
small.
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Layout 9
Fig: 32
The above land parcel is belongs to kadavakallu village which area of 51.771 acres. Normally
they cultivate seasonal crops like cotton, Bengal gram, jowar, coriander with drip and manual
irrigation methods. The land having three tube wells for the irrigation purpose.
Water source:
Majorly the farmers are using tube wells as a water source. All above lands and other land
parcel of that area having good water source. As the farmers are doing seasonal crops in their
land, so they are much depends on rain fall rather than groundwater level. The farmers also use
cannel as a water source for some land like Layout 4 and Layout 5.
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Fig: 33
As shown in the above chat, tube wells and filter points is the major source of irrigation in
Anantapur followed by canals, tanks, other wells and through other sources. (Information
collected by Agriculture Department, Tadipatri, Anantapur).
Soil Status:
Fig: 34
253635403
103951
148400 537
0
20000
40000
60000
80000
100000
120000
CANALS TANKS TUBE WELLS& FILTERPOINTS
OTHERWELLS
LIFTIRRIGATION
OTHERSOURCES
Source of Irrigation in Anantapur
Series1
78
20
20
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
RED SOIL BLACK SOIL OTHER
Soil analysis of Anantapur
Series1
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Red soil commonly found in the district which is 78 percent and black soil and other soil
found 20 and 2 percent respectively.
Irrigation method used in Anantapur
Fig: 35
As per the survey regarding to irrigation methodology followed by farmers in Anantapur, most
of them are using drip irrigation that is 69 percent and sprinkler and traditional/other is 20 and
11 percent respectively. Most of crop grown by drip irrigation method as subsidy provided by
the government to them in economical way.
69%
20%11%
Irrigation method
Drip irrigation
Sprinkle
Traditional
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CHAPTER 3
Finding and Suggestions
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Findings
Analysis of Anantapur with respect to various agro-climatic conditions
This analysis was used to understand to check the installation feasibility of Pivots and Hose
reel irrigation system in Anantapur district, Andhra Pradesh.
Soil fertility
The soil fertility data collected from agriculture department Tadipatri, Anantapur.
Fig: 36
The above picture shown that, soil of the particular region is slightly alkaline in nature which
is 7.4 to 7.8 pH range and this much pH content is good for the crop.
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Fig: 37
The above picture shown that, phosphorus is high in major region and some part is having
medium phosphorus in nature. The availability of phosphorus, will make a productivity value
for some plant.
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Fig: 38
The above figure shown that, content of organic carbon is low in that region which is not
good for plant growth in terms of production ration.
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Fig: 39
The above figure shown that, soil content electrical conductivity (EC) is normal in that region
which leads to good plant growth.
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Fig: 36
The above figure shown that, potassium content by soil is high in that region. As potassium is
a quality nutrients that helps to give proper affects the plants in terms of shape, size, colure,
taste and healthy produce plant.
Water source
The farmers of that region mostly using tube wells and filter points as an irrigation source and
apart from that they are using cannel, tanks and others as an irrigation source. As per collected
data from agriculture department Tadipatri, Anantapur, the most tube wells are not working
because of decrease in groundwater level year by year i.e. 65 percent. The farmers are using
tube wells as a major irrigation source because unviability of other source.
Irrigation methodology
As per the agro climatic condition concern of Anantapur, the farmers are majorly cultivate
seasonal crops and done there irrigation through traditional method (depends on rain fall), a
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part from that, they are using Drip irrigation as a major irrigation method as government of
Andhra Pradesh provide 90 percent subsidy to them, some farmers are also using sprinkle
irrigation as per crop demand.
The farmers are able to avail subsidy by paying 13000 Rs. only for 1 Ha land and they are
getting all the material required for the same land area.
Electricity
Major land of that region having good electricity facility as windmill are running to help the
farmers with very low cost.
Farmer mind-set regarding to irrigation method
As discussed with farmers, they are happy with the recent irrigation methodology which is
majorly Drip method because of low cost/ maintenance and subsidy provided by the
government of Andhra Pradesh.
Suggestions
For introduction Pivots and Hose reel irrigation system, the first important thing that
company should focus on large farmers (land holding) to penetrate the effective irrigation
system in Indian market.
As pivots system need big working space to operate, so the company need to find out bigger
land parcel which will easy for installation of the machine.
The farmers satisfied with technique of drip irrigation and cost of the installation, so need
to create awareness regarding to new effective irrigation methods and install a demo setup
of pivots and hose reel (if possible) which will help to understand the irrigation method by
the farmers.
The farmers are getting subsidy for drip irrigation system by government, so they are
adopting the same technology because of cost effectiveness/ less installation charges. So,
the company need to convince the Government to introduce the effective irrigation method
in India by providing evidence of cropping method by both (Pivots and Hose reel) and also
should try for getting subsidy for the method which will easily accepted by the farmers.
For the Pivots, need to have bigger size of land parcel with good shape but Hose reel don’t
need such criteria as the machine is built for odd shape land with easily moveable from one
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place to another. So, the company should focus on small and medium size of farmers to
introduce Hose reel irrigation method.
To introduce the irrigation method in Anantapur, the company should focus on best water
management method which will help to minimization of water wastage.
The company need to create awareness of Pivots and Hose reel irrigation method upon drip
and sprinkler as the present market using more drip followed by sprinkler.
As, Indian market is more price sensible the company should focus on cost vs. productivity
value of the irrigation system which will help to convince the Agriculture department of
India as well as end-user (farmers) to get the approval of the new technology.
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CHAPTER 4
Annexure
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QUESTIONNAIRE FOR FARMER
Group “A”
1.1 GENERAL INFORMATION:
(Please fill the details in the bellow table/ tick in the appropriate box/options)
Name
Address
Contact no. Age group 20-30 30-40 40-50 50-60 Above 60
Education Post graduate Graduate 12th 10th Below 10th
Family type Nuclear Joint Family size 3 to 4 4 to 6 6 to 8 8 to 10 More than 10
Annual income Up to 2 lakh 2 to 3 lakh 3 to 4 lakh 4 to 5 lakh Above 5 lakh Size of holding Up to 1 Acre 1-2 Acre 2-5 Acre 5-10 Acre Above 10
Acre Social status (member of
organizations)
1) Member of panchayat
2) Member of cooperative
3) Member of self-help group (SHG)
4) Member of block samiti
5) Other (please specify)
1.2 Which of the following irrigation facilities are available for your farming?
Flood Furrow Drip Irrigation
Sprinkle irrigation
Tube wells Others
Others :
1.3 What is your satisfaction level of current performance of your irrigation method (basis of Performance)?
Poor Average Good Very Good
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1.4 What are the problems faced by current irrigation system?
(Please tick in the appropriate box/options) Water resources Regular maintenance No. of Labour Quality of product Electricity consumption Quality of irrigation
1.5 Existing status of irrigation system with respect to crops wise cultivation.
Kharif season
(Crops)
No. of irrigation
Water source
Irrigation system
Rabi season
(Crops)
No. of irrigation
Water source
Irrigation system
Tube well, canal, other (please specify)
Flood, Furrow, Drip, Sprinkle irrigation
Tube well, canal, other (please specify)
Flood, Furrow, Drip Sprinkle irrigation
Tube well, canal, other (please specify)
Flood, Furrow, Drip, Sprinkle irrigation
Tube well, canal, other (please specify)
Flood, Furrow, Drip Sprinkle irrigation
Tube well, canal, other (please specify)
Flood, Furrow, Drip, Sprinkle irrigation
Tube well, canal, other (please specify)
Flood, Furrow, Drip Sprinkle irrigation
Tube well, canal, other (please specify)
Flood, Furrow, Drip, Sprinkle irrigation
Tube well, canal, other (please specify)
Flood, Furrow, Drip Sprinkle irrigation
Tube well, canal, other (please specify)
Flood, Furrow, Drip, Sprinkle irrigation
Tube well, canal, other (please specify)
Flood, Furrow, Drip Sprinkle irrigation
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1.6 How much subsidy is available to purchase the irrigation equipment (in percentage/absolute term)?
Subsidy provider Sprinkler
irrigation
Drip irrigation Other irrigation
State Government
subsidy
Central Government
subsidy
Any other (please
specify)
Group “B”
(Please fill the details in the bellow table/ tick in the appropriate box/options)
As per the experiment of Hose reel (irrigation method)
1.1 Give your opinion about “Hose Reel irrigation system” with respect to following parameters?
SL. No Parameters (Only running cost per Acre) (Please tick in the appropriate
box/options) Cost incurred (In Rs.) on account of “Hose reel”
1 Water Consuming Less Average More Can't say
2 Power consuming Less Average More Can't say
3 Fuel charges Less Average More Can't say
4 Irrigated time period Less Average More Can't say
5 Cost of Labour Less Average More Can't say
6 Manpower requirement Less Average More Can't say
7 Maintenances charges Less Average More Can't say
1.2 What is your perception about labour utilization in “Hose Reel irrigation system” as compared with other irrigation system? (Less/More)
If, more than comparatively, what is labour requirement for other irrigation systems.
Number of labour requirement Sprinkle irrigation Drip irrigation Others irrigation
No. of Labour Cost per month/day No. of Labour
Cost per month/day No. of Labour
Cost per month/day
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1.3 Do you need the following parameters, for better service of “Hose Reel irrigation system”?
Parameters (Please tick in the appropriate box/options)
On- farm display of machine Yes No Operational demonstrations Yes No Advertisement Yes No Awareness camps Yes No Maintenance & after sales service Yes No Helpline No. Yes No Any other (please specify)
1.4 Will you recommend the “Hose Reel irrigation system” to other? (Yes / No)
If yes, please elaborate at least 4 reason-
If no, please elaborate at least 4 reason-
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Group “C”
(Please fill the details in the bellow table/ tick in the appropriate box/options)
1.1 What is your cost of cultivation as per different crops?
Sl. No Particulars Crop 1 Crop 2 Crop 3 Amount/Month Amount/Season
Crops Name:
1 Operational Cost
Human Labour
Animal Labour
Machine Power
Seed
Fertilizers
Plant Protection Charges
2 Irrigation charges
Electricity charges
Fuel charges
Water source
Transportation charges
Maintenance and repair
3 Total Cost (1+2)
1.2 How much your harvest in present year with respect to the last year?
Crops In terms of quantity In terms of amount / quintal
Total
1
2 3 4
5
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CHAPTER 5
Literature Review
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Review of Literature
A report of the ICAR expert team on Agricultural situation of Anantapur district, Andhra
Pradesh (2012) pointed out overall scenario of geography and climatic condition of the district.
In addition to the report, they discussed soil, water resources, crops and cropping system, lands
uses and major farming situation of the region also the report analysed on the production and
productivity of the crops with respect to the climatic condition and seasonality. They have
focused upon irrigation methodology and availability of groundwater in the district.
A report of Department of Agricultural (2013), Anantapur gave a direction towards rainfalls
and cropping methodology of the district. They mentioned crops wise production and yield
status with respect to the availability of the resources. As groundnut is the major crop of the
district as per climatic situation, the Department of Agricultural mentioned about cultivation
technique.
Department of Economics and Statistic, Andhra Pradesh (May 2014), stressed upon statistical
data of land utilization and farmers size of the district also the articles pointed out percentage
wise production and demand of agricultural products. An additional report on agricultural
statistic at a glance, Andhra Pradesh (2011-2012), pointed out crop-wise, season-wise irrigated
and un-irrigated area of the district.
Groundwater scenario of Andhra Pradesh (2014), the articles published under Department of
Ground water, Andhra Pradesh. The report pointed out the availability of the groundwater in
the district with comparison of average depth to water levels and rainfall of June 2013 to 2014.
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CHAPTER 6
Bibliography
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1) ICAR expert team, March 2012, to study agricultural situation in Anantapur district.
2) 2010-2011, District hand book of Anantapur, Andhra Pradesh.
3) 2011-2012, a report of Directorate of Economics and Statistics (to study the climatic
scenario of district) (http://www.apdes.ap.gov.in).
4) K. Venu Gopal, July 2014, report on groundwater level scenario in Andhra Pradesh
based on water levels recorded from piezometers.
5) May 2014, Statistical Abstract for the analysis of land utilization based on the different
crop.
6) Kothari C.R, 2004, Research Methodology (methods and techniques), second revised
edition.
7) V. Young Pauline, Scientific Social Surveys and Research (research methodology).