Sulphur Recovery

SULFUR RECOVERY

CONTENTSWhy Sulfur Recovery ?Proven Sulfur Recovery Process Claus Process OverviewOther Available Sulfur Recovery Process Different Tail Gas Clean-up ProcessesReview of Modified Claus ProcessProcess Configuration / Technology SelectionKey Advanced Sulfur TechnologiesSummary

Middle EastAbu Dhabi98%Egypt99.00 - 99.9%Iraq99.0%Kuwait99.9%Qatar99.0%Saudi Arabia>98.5% North/South AmericaUnited States99.9%Canada98.5 - 99.7%Argentina99.0 - 99.9%Venezuela98.5 - 99.5%Mexico98.5 - 99.9%EuropeGermany97.0 - 99.8%UK98.0 - 99.5%France97.5%Austria99.8%Spain97.0% Asia/AustraliaAustralia99.9%China99.9%India99.0%Indonesia99.0%Japan99.99%Kazakhstan99.9%Korea99.9%Pakistan< 99.0%Philippine95.0 - 99.9%Singapore

MODIFIED CLAUS PROCESS

REDOX PROCESS

SHELL-PAQUES / THIOPAQ PROCESS

UCSRP

AVAILABLE PROCESSES FOR SULFUR RECOVERY

CLAUS CHEMISTRY

THE THERMAL PHASE2H2S + 3/2O2 SO2 + H2OH= -518 kJ/molTHE CLAUS REACTION2H2S + SO2 3/n Sn + 2H2O H= -146.3 kJ/molSIDE REACTIONSCxHy + (x+y/4)O2 xCO2 + y/2H2O2NH3 + 3/2O2 N2 + 3H2O2HNC + 5/2O2 N2+ H2O+2CO2CH4 + 2S2 2H2S + CS2H2S 1/n Sn + H2CO2 + H2 CO + H2OCO + 1/2S2 COS CLAUS CHEMISTRY

CLAUS CHEMISTRY

MODIFIED CLAUS PROCESS Plant : SRU IOCL Gujarat Technology : Black & Veatch Plant Capacity : 2*300 TPD 84 % H2S in Acid Gas Feed Recovery 99.9 %

MERITS Used for higher capacity plants Used for Sulfur recovery from feed gases rich in H2S Ease of operability and control HP,MP & LP steam is generated Good quality sulfur is produced

DEMERITS High capital costsMODIFIED CLAUS PROCESS

REDOX PROCESS


UCSRP

OTHER PROCESSES FOR SULFUR RECOVERY

REDOX PROCESS - LO-CAT PROCESS

REDOX PROCESS - LO-CAT PROCESS Plant : Suncors Spirit River Facility Technology : Merichem - Gas Technology Products Plant Capacity : 2.19 TPD 57.5 % H2S in Acid Gas Feed Recovery 99.99 %

REDOX PROCESS - LO-CAT PROCESSMERITS Very low chemical operating costs. Ideal for treating Amine acid gas & SWS gas streams

DEMERITS Contaminants like SO2 may escape Relatively high capital and operating costs The product is not saleable Operating problems like plugging, foaming, corrosion & sulfur not settling Frequent operator intervention to maintain quality of additive chemicals

SHELL-PAQUES / THIOPAQ PROCESS Plant : Alexandria Mineral Oil Co, Egypt Technology : Shell Plant Capacity : 13 TPD 93.3 % H2S in Acid Gas Feed Recovery 99 % +

SHELL-PAQUES / THIOPAQ PROCESSMERITS

The selectivity for the conversion of H2S to elemental sulfur by the bacteria is very high;less than 3% sulfate is formed Low chemical costs Minimum operator attention is required Less no. of equipments so low capital cost No plugging & fouling problems DEMERITS

Competitive in the range of 100 kg and 15 tones of sulfur recovered per day

CRYSTASULF PROCESS

CRYSTASULF PROCESS Plant : Pilot Unit Installed at West Texas Technology : CrystaTech Plant Capacity : 2.7 TPD 13 % H2S in Acid Gas Feed Recovery 99.8 %

CRYSTASULF PROCESSMERITS

Wide range of acceptable equipments Low Capital cost High boiling stable solvents

DEMERITS

High Chemical make-up and maintenance costs Frequent operator intervention

AVAILABLE PROCESSES FOR TAIL GAS TREATMENTCREDUCE TO H2S & ABSORB OR REACT1DRY BED PROCESSESAOXIDISE TO SO2 & ABSORB OR REACTBEXTEND CLAUS REACTION ON SOLID BED

2WET BED PROCESSESAEXTEND CLAUS REAC. IN LIQ. PHASE WITH CATALYSTBOXIDISE TO SO2 & ABSORB OR REACT

CLAUS TGTU RECOVERY

REVIEW OF MODIFIED CLAUS PROCESS

EQUILIBRIUM SULFUR CONVERSION

EQUILIBRIUM COMPOSITION OF SULFUR VAPOUR

CLAUS FURNACE

CHEMICAL MODEL OF REACTION FURNACE

DETAILED REACTION PATHWAYS

CLAUS FURNACE THERMOCHEMICAL EQUILIBRIUM Study was done to explore the influence of varying the following parameters on the sulfur recovery in Claus Furnace

Inlet H2S ConcentrationCombustion temperatureInlet temperatureO2 content in Air

VARYING H2S CONTENT

VARYING TEMPERATURE

VARYING INLET TEMPERATURE

VARYING O2 CONTENT IN AIR

Claus Process Configuration / Technology Selection

PROCESS CONFIGURARTION / TECHNOLOGY SELECTION Front-End Thermal Stage (Furnace Temperature)Feed QualityT > 925 C (1,700 F)Feed ContaminantsAmmonia, Heavy Hydrocarbons, etc ..

Back-End Catalytic Stage (Recovery Efficiency)Catalytic: SuperClaus, EuroClaus, PROClausSub-Dewpoint: CBA, MCRCHydrogenation/Selective Amine/Oxidation

Theoretical Adiabatic Flame TemperatureStraight-Through Configuration

Chart1

19501100

1247.59501100

1178.88888888899501100

1112.27777777789501100

1043.59501100

968.94444444449501100

881.27777777789501100

771.77777777789501100

621.88888888899501100

411.77777777789501100

276.33333333339501100

09501100

H2S Content

Flame Temperature (C)

Data

Straight ThroughCD4 out (CV1 hydrolysis: 95% COS, 90% CS2)

H2SRFRF ThermoRec EffAir RFAir RH1CV1 inCV1 outTGH2SCOSSO2CS2DTDEffTotal AirDAirDTGDCost

wet %FCFlbmole/hlbmole/hFFlbmole/hlbmole/hlbmole/hlbmole/hlbmole/hFlbmole/h

100%9501100

90%2277.51247.598.172108.662116.765520617.42825.118.4470.1464.2230.07895011002225.427

80%21541178.998.071853.017102.638510615.52605.2297.6060.5063.7990.17695011001955.655

70%2034.11112.397.951615.83393.385505615.42405.5236.8010.5683.3950.3195011001709.218

60%1910.31043.597.821389.32387.912505616.22218.5616.0040.4773.0020.41895011001477.235

50%1776.1968.997.681166.93974.57490616.12026.0755.1950.3532.5990.47195011001241.509

40%1618.3881.397.49945.12157.266465616.21829.6044.3790.2412.1910.49295011001002.387

30%1421.2771.897.16721.76543.973445617.21636.3873.570.1681.7770.4989501100765.738

20%1151.4621.996.47495.4946.936460613.71459.0362.7650.1331.3740.59501100542.426

10%773.2411.894.28265.99170.1655306161301.8081.9860.1340.9950.59501100336.156

5%529.4276.389.95150.47781.967570613.81222.7871.5870.1310.7990.59501100232.444

0%9501100

Acid Gas Preheat to 450F

90%

80%

70%

60%1998.71092.697.821372.53287.049505614.12204.2075.970.712.990.34449.111111111101459.581-1.2%-0.6%

50%1874.31023.597.661152.33284.564510615.82025.6175.1870.5392.5990.43654.5555555556-0.021236.896-0.4%-0.0%

40%1733.4945.297.45934.00374.356500617.61839.874.3970.3712.20.47963.9444444444-0.041008.3590.6%0.6%

30%1559.9848.897.12714.52159.988480616.61648.5473.5780.241.7960.49577.0555555556-0.04774.5091.1%0.7%

20%1330.1721.296.43491.89255.477480616.21465.742.7710.1661.3920.49999.2777777778-0.04547.3690.9%0.5%

10%1002.6539.294.28264.86570.175530614.41300.9171.990.140.990.5127.44444444440335.04-0.3%-0.1%

5%790.2421.289.95149.96781.961570613.61222.3691.5930.1330.7930.5144.88888888890231.928-0.2%-0.0%

Air Preheat to 600F

90%

80%

70%

60%20251107.297.821366.07986.75505614.12198.7225.9710.8032.9790.31463.722222222201452.829-1.7%-0.9%

50%1882.91028.397.661150.69684.447510614.82024.1815.180.5592.5980.43159.3333333333-0.021235.143-0.5%-0.1%

40%1719.4937.497.46935.66371.898495616.51838.4424.3920.352.1980.48256.1666666667-0.031007.5610.5%0.5%

30%1514.1823.497.14717.39953.075465614.61643.0963.5710.2081.7840.49751.6111111111-0.02770.4740.6%0.4%

20%1233.6667.696.45494.1951.257470616.61462.8442.7710.1471.3840.545.6666666667-0.02545.4470.6%0.3%

10%829.1442.894.28265.78670.166530615.81301.6411.9910.1350.9910.531.05555555560335.952-0.1%-0.0%

5%565.3296.389.95150.481.965570613.81222.7181.5930.1310.7930.519.94444444440232.365-0.0%-0.0%

Both Acid Gas & Air Preheat

90%

80%

70%

60%2102.11150.197.81343.94485.748505615.22179.9585.951.1422.9690.215106.5555555556-0.021429.692-3.2%-1.7%

50%1971.81077.797.641129.9483.46510614.92006.5325.1630.8372.5870.365108.7222222222-0.041213.4-2.3%-1.0%

40%1826.1996.797.43920.30981.07515614.91836.4674.3810.542.1970.456115.4444444444-0.061001.379-0.1%0.4%

30%1645.4896.397.1707.49468.954500615.51652.9813.5820.3151.80.49124.5555555556-0.06776.4481.4%1.0%

20%1404.6762.696.42489.29159.676490615.91468.3622.7820.1881.3890.499140.6666666667-0.05548.9671.2%0.6%

10%1054.8568.294.28264.40970.18530613.71300.5581.990.1420.9880.5156.44444444440334.589-0.5%-0.1%

5%823.6439.889.95149.85681.96570613.51222.2791.5930.1340.7930.5163.44444444440231.816-0.3%-0.0%

Add Fuel to get 2150F

90%Fuel

80%lbmole/h

70%

60%2149.51176.411.597.571433.60886.685500616.32287.0726.1641.4373.0910.52132.8888888889-0.251520.2932.9%3.1%

50%21471175.042.596.641452.19682.25485615.92389.855.9732.042.9811.433206.0555555556-1.041534.44623.6%18.0%

40%

30%

20%

10%

5%

Split Flow to get 1800F (including air & acid gas preheat)

90%Bypass

80%lbmole/h

70%

60%505

50%510no preheat

40%515no preheat

30%1798.7981.518397.27696.73444.518460615.81615.2223.5620.3061.7740.278209.72222222220.11741.252-3.2%-1.3%

20%1799.4981.944196.75467.35132.206460614.61415.7292.7220.2821.3690.193600.28499.557-7.9%-3.0%

10%530

5%570

Split Flow (66%, no preheat)

90%

80%

70%

60%

50%

40%

30%2261.71238.797.27710.13375.299420666.61655.6753.8110.4181.8990.004466.94444444440.11785.4322.6%1.2%

20%1907.71042.196.78473.50772.664420618.61463.7442.8320.2421.4220.071420.16666666670.31546.1710.7%0.3%

10%1297702.894.85244.5892.016475615.11302.6072.0190.1741.0150.1692910.57336.5960.1%0.1%

5%816.7435.991.13128.616107.015520615.31226.81.6180.150.8150.815159.61111111111.18235.6311.4%0.3%

Split Flow (66%, preheat acid gas & air)

90%

80%

70%

60%

50%

40%

30%2466.71352.697.3701.11711.778420697.61577.4083.7340.5681.8580580.83333333330.14712.895-6.9%-3.6%

20%2131.11166.296.91467.4868.249420635.41386.8372.720.3731.3550.012544.27777777780.44475.735-12.3%-4.9%

10%1539837.295.17240.29519.9094606171218.4661.8580.2050.9340.164425.44444444440.89260.204-22.6%-6.4%

5%1077.3580.791.78126.43535.666510616.71145.1841.4570.1680.7350.17304.38888888891.83162.101-30.3%-6.3%

less air due to less RH1

Add Fuel to get 2000F (AG and air preheat)

90%Fuel

80%lbmole/h

70%

60%Fuel/Feed

50%1996.11091.2597.461168.32579.692500613.32047.9445.2470.9462.6280.6820.5%0.2%1248.0170.5%1.1%0.7%

40%2003.71095.43595.831185.32264.484465613.82134.3985.0161.3132.5112.5963.5%1.7%1249.80624.7%16.7%10.5%

30%2007.11097.36593.251199.91853.138440615.72223.2614.7891.7212.3964.3036.5%3.9%1253.05663.6%35.9%22.0%

20%2002.41094.79090.171184.18173.902470617.52308.8454.522.0252.26349.0%6.3%1258.083131.9%58.2%34.8%

10%reverse sign

5%DT/%Fuel (F/%)

27

28

31

37

O2 Enrich to get 2000F (AG preheat to 450F, add fuel)

90%FuelPure O2

80%lbmole/hlbmole/hFuel/FeedRF AirS in FeedO2O2/S

70%lbmole/hLTDLTDT/T

60%

50%20001093.3097.8612043.418460615.11453.1284.7241.4962.3710.1580.0%0.18491.75728.3%air used171.841.10.240

40%2000.31093.511.697.49183.84221.938420619.71071.7123.9132.0171.9220.4261.2%0041.4%pure oxygen137.463.00.459

30%20001093.34596.02188.74124.071420623.51174.293.7352.6251.8711.1344.5%-1.14028.2%pure oxygen103.164.70.628

20%1999.91093.37993.2194.21326.1674206211278.5833.5813.2661.7751.6977.9%-3.27012.4%pure oxygen68.766.60.969

10%2003.41095.211187.97215.6728.008420726.31376.813.6882.3531.9022.411.1%-6.310-5.8%pure oxygen34.473.92.152

5%Reverse sign

Iteration:801927F20001922

902026C1093.33333333331050

87.37373737372000

AirO2Mixed

1001933.620.3710036

1152023.676.6361.59

111.0666666667200032.41

100100100

0.8037171920.196282808

Data

0.0050.28278666880.23950601880

0.0350.41423827230.45865901580.0116

0.0650.28238857920.62784174310.045

0.090.12367960760.96906630080.079

-0.05761371882.15226096180.111

H2S Content

Fuel Added (% of Feed Gas)Air Only vs. Oxygen Enrich

Pure O2 Req (T/T Sulfur) Decrease in Tail Gas Flow

StTh

StTh

1247.5

1178.8888888889

1112.2777777778

1043.5

968.9444444444

881.2777777778

771.7777777778

621.8888888889

411.7777777778

276.3333333333

H2S Content

Flame Temperature (F)

AGPH

19501100

1247.59501100

1178.88888888899501100

1112.27777777789501100

1043.59501100

968.94444444449501100

881.27777777789501100

771.77777777789501100

621.88888888899501100

411.77777777789501100

276.33333333339501100

09501100

H2S Content


AirPH

Acid Gas Preheat

AirPH

195011000.90.9

1247.595011000.80.8

1178.888888888995011000.70.7

1112.277777777895011001092.611111111149.1111111111

1043.595011001023.554.5555555556

968.94444444449501100945.222222222263.9444444444

881.27777777789501100848.833333333377.0555555556

771.77777777789501100721.166666666799.2777777778

621.88888888899501100539.2222222222127.4444444444

411.77777777789501100421.2222222222144.8888888889

276.33333333339501100

09501100

H2S Content


Temperature Increase (C)

AAPH

Air Preheat to 600F

AAPH

195011000.90.9

1247.595011000.80.8

1178.888888888995011000.70.7

1112.277777777895011001107.222222222263.7222222222

1043.595011001028.277777777859.3333333333

968.94444444449501100937.444444444456.1666666667

881.27777777789501100823.388888888951.6111111111

771.77777777789501100667.555555555645.6666666667

621.88888888899501100442.833333333331.0555555556

411.77777777789501100296.277777777819.9444444444

276.33333333339501100

09501100

H2S Content



Split

Preheat both acid gas & air

Split

195011000.90.9

1247.595011000.80.8

1178.888888888995011000.70.7

1112.277777777895011001150.0555555556106.5555555556

1043.595011001077.6666666667108.7222222222

968.94444444449501100996.7222222222115.4444444444

881.27777777789501100896.3333333333124.5555555556

771.77777777789501100762.5555555556140.6666666667

621.88888888899501100568.2222222222156.4444444444

411.77777777789501100439.7777777778163.4444444444

276.33333333339501100

09501100

H2S Content



Fuel

Split Flow (66%), yellow: no preheat, green: preheat acid gas & air

Fuel

19500.90.9

1247.59500.80.8

1178.88888888899500.70.7

1112.27777777789500.60.6

1043.59500.50.5

968.94444444449500.40.4

881.27777777789501238.72222222221352.6111111111

771.77777777789501042.05555555561166.1666666667

621.8888888889950702.7777777778837.2222222222

411.7777777778950435.9444444444580.7222222222

276.3333333333950

0950

H2S Content


O2


O2

0.0050.00524200790.00700276590.0022

0.0350.24682981720.10534257360.0166

0.0650.63640305170.22044406260.0391

0.091.31936337860.34760837370.063

H2S Content

Fuel Added (% of Feed Gas) & Recovery Efficiency Drop

Increase in Equipment Cost & Air Demand

0.0050.28278666880.23950601880

0.0350.41423827230.45865901580.0116

0.0650.28238857920.62784174310.045

0.090.12367960760.96906630080.079

-0.05761371882.15226096180.111

H2S Content



Acid Gas Bypass

Feed Preheat

Fuel Gas Supplement

Oxygen Enrichment

FRONT-END PROCESS OPTIONS

Process OptionsBurnerCatalyticStagesAcid GasAirFuel Gas SupplementOxygenAcid Gas BypassFurnaceWHB

Achievable Flame TemperatureAcid Gas Bypass Configuration

Chart10

19500.9

1247.59500.8

1178.88888888899500.7

1112.27777777789500.6

1043.59500.5

968.94444444449500.4

881.27777777789501238.7222222222

771.77777777789501042.0555555556

621.8888888889950702.7777777778

411.7777777778950435.9444444444

276.3333333333950

0950

Acid Gas Bypass

Straight-Through

H2S Content in Feed Gas


Data



wet %CFFlbmole/hlbmole/hFFlbmole/hlbmole/hlbmole/hlbmole/hlbmole/hClbmole/h

100%9501100

90%1247.52277.598.172108.662116.765520617.42825.118.4470.1464.2230.07895011002225.427

80%1178.9215498.071853.017102.638510615.52605.2297.6060.5063.7990.17695011001955.655

70%1112.32034.197.951615.83393.385505615.42405.5236.8010.5683.3950.3195011001709.218

60%1043.51910.397.821389.32387.912505616.22218.5616.0040.4773.0020.41895011001477.235

50%968.91776.197.681166.93974.57490616.12026.0755.1950.3532.5990.47195011001241.509

40%881.31618.397.49945.12157.266465616.21829.6044.3790.2412.1910.49295011001002.387

30%771.81421.297.16721.76543.973445617.21636.3873.570.1681.7770.4989501100765.738

20%621.91151.496.47495.4946.936460613.71459.0362.7650.1331.3740.59501100542.426

10%411.8773.294.28265.99170.1655306161301.8081.9860.1340.9950.59501100336.156

5%276.3529.489.95150.47781.967570613.81222.7871.5870.1310.7990.59501100232.444

0%9501100


90%

80%

70%

60%1092.61998.797.821372.53287.049505614.12204.2075.970.712.990.34449.111111111101459.581-1.2%-0.6%

50%1023.51874.397.661152.33284.564510615.82025.6175.1870.5392.5990.43654.5555555556-0.021236.896-0.4%-0.0%

40%945.21733.497.45934.00374.356500617.61839.874.3970.3712.20.47963.9444444444-0.041008.3590.6%0.6%

30%848.81559.997.12714.52159.988480616.61648.5473.5780.241.7960.49577.0555555556-0.04774.5091.1%0.7%

20%721.21330.196.43491.89255.477480616.21465.742.7710.1661.3920.49999.2777777778-0.04547.3690.9%0.5%

10%539.21002.694.28264.86570.175530614.41300.9171.990.140.990.5127.44444444440335.04-0.3%-0.1%

5%421.2790.289.95149.96781.961570613.61222.3691.5930.1330.7930.5144.88888888890231.928-0.2%-0.0%

Air Preheat to 600F

90%

80%

70%

60%1107.2202597.821366.07986.75505614.12198.7225.9710.8032.9790.31463.722222222201452.829-1.7%-0.9%

50%1028.31882.997.661150.69684.447510614.82024.1815.180.5592.5980.43159.3333333333-0.021235.143-0.5%-0.1%

40%937.41719.497.46935.66371.898495616.51838.4424.3920.352.1980.48256.1666666667-0.031007.5610.5%0.5%

30%823.41514.197.14717.39953.075465614.61643.0963.5710.2081.7840.49751.6111111111-0.02770.4740.6%0.4%

20%667.61233.696.45494.1951.257470616.61462.8442.7710.1471.3840.545.6666666667-0.02545.4470.6%0.3%

10%442.8829.194.28265.78670.166530615.81301.6411.9910.1350.9910.531.05555555560335.952-0.1%-0.0%

5%296.3565.389.95150.481.965570613.81222.7181.5930.1310.7930.519.94444444440232.365-0.0%-0.0%


90%

80%

70%

60%1150.12102.197.81343.94485.748505615.22179.9585.951.1422.9690.215106.5555555556-0.021429.692-3.2%-1.7%

50%1077.71971.897.641129.9483.46510614.92006.5325.1630.8372.5870.365108.7222222222-0.041213.4-2.3%-1.0%

40%996.71826.197.43920.30981.07515614.91836.4674.3810.542.1970.456115.4444444444-0.061001.379-0.1%0.4%

30%896.31645.497.1707.49468.954500615.51652.9813.5820.3151.80.49124.5555555556-0.06776.4481.4%1.0%

20%762.61404.696.42489.29159.676490615.91468.3622.7820.1881.3890.499140.6666666667-0.05548.9671.2%0.6%

10%568.21054.894.28264.40970.18530613.71300.5581.990.1420.9880.5156.44444444440334.589-0.5%-0.1%

5%439.8823.689.95149.85681.96570613.51222.2791.5930.1340.7930.5163.44444444440231.816-0.3%-0.0%


90%Fuel

80%lbmole/h

70%

60%1176.42149.511.597.571433.60886.685500616.32287.0726.1641.4373.0910.52132.8888888889-0.251520.2932.9%3.1%

50%1175.0214742.596.641452.19682.25485615.92389.855.9732.042.9811.433206.0555555556-1.041534.44623.6%18.0%

40%

30%

20%

10%

5%


90%Bypass

80%lbmole/h

70%

60%505

50%510no preheat

40%515no preheat

30%981.51798.718397.27696.73444.518460615.81615.2223.5620.3061.7740.278209.72222222220.11741.252-3.2%-1.3%

20%981.91799.444196.75467.35132.206460614.61415.7292.7220.2821.3690.193600.28499.557-7.9%-3.0%

10%530

5%570


90%

80%

70%

60%

50%

40%

30%1238.72261.797.27710.13375.299420666.61655.6753.8110.4181.8990.004466.94444444440.11785.4322.6%1.2%

20%1042.11907.796.78473.50772.664420618.61463.7442.8320.2421.4220.071420.16666666670.31546.1710.7%0.3%

10%702.8129794.85244.5892.016475615.11302.6072.0190.1741.0150.1692910.57336.5960.1%0.1%

5%435.9816.791.13128.616107.015520615.31226.81.6180.150.8150.815159.61111111111.18235.6311.4%0.3%


90%

80%

70%

60%

50%

40%

30%1352.62466.797.3701.11711.778420697.61577.4083.7340.5681.8580580.83333333330.14712.895-6.9%-3.6%

20%1166.22131.196.91467.4868.249420635.41386.8372.720.3731.3550.012544.27777777780.44475.735-12.3%-4.9%

10%837.2153995.17240.29519.9094606171218.4661.8580.2050.9340.164425.44444444440.89260.204-22.6%-6.4%

5%580.71077.391.78126.43535.666510616.71145.1841.4570.1680.7350.17304.38888888891.83162.101-30.3%-6.3%



90%Fuel

80%lbmole/h

70%

60%Fuel/Feed

50%1091.21996.1597.461168.32579.692500613.32047.9445.2470.9462.6280.6820.5%0.2%1248.0170.5%1.1%0.7%

40%1095.42003.73595.831185.32264.484465613.82134.3985.0161.3132.5112.5963.5%1.7%1249.80624.7%16.7%10.5%

30%1097.32007.16593.251199.91853.138440615.72223.2614.7891.7212.3964.3036.5%3.9%1253.05663.6%35.9%22.0%

20%1094.72002.49090.171184.18173.902470617.52308.8454.522.0252.26349.0%6.3%1258.083131.9%58.2%34.8%

10%reverse sign

5%DT/%Fuel (F/%)

27

28

31

37


90%FuelPure O2



60%

50%1093.32000097.8612043.418460615.11453.1284.7241.4962.3710.1580.0%0.18491.75728.3%air used171.841.10.240

40%1093.52000.311.697.49183.84221.938420619.71071.7123.9132.0171.9220.4261.2%0041.4%pure oxygen137.463.00.459

30%1093.320004596.02188.74124.071420623.51174.293.7352.6251.8711.1344.5%-1.14028.2%pure oxygen103.164.70.628

20%1093.31999.97993.2194.21326.1674206211278.5833.5813.2661.7751.6977.9%-3.27012.4%pure oxygen68.766.60.969

10%1095.22003.411187.97215.6728.008420726.31376.813.6882.3531.9022.411.1%-6.310-5.8%pure oxygen34.473.92.152

5%Reverse sign


902026C1093.33333333331050

87.37373737372000

AirO2Mixed

1001933.620.3710036

1152023.676.6361.59

111.0666666667200032.41

100100100

0.8037171920.196282808

Data

0000

0000

0000

0000

000

H2S Content



StTh

StTh

1247.5

1178.8888888889

1112.2777777778

1043.5

968.9444444444

881.2777777778

771.7777777778

621.8888888889

411.7777777778

276.3333333333

H2S Content


AGPH

19501100

1247.59501100

1178.88888888899501100

1112.27777777789501100

1043.59501100

968.94444444449501100

881.27777777789501100

771.77777777789501100

621.88888888899501100

411.77777777789501100

276.33333333339501100

09501100



AirPH

Acid Gas Preheat

AirPH

195011000.90.9

1247.595011000.80.8

1178.888888888995011000.70.7

1112.277777777895011001092.611111111149.1111111111

1043.595011001023.554.5555555556

968.94444444449501100945.222222222263.9444444444

881.27777777789501100848.833333333377.0555555556

771.77777777789501100721.166666666799.2777777778

621.88888888899501100539.2222222222127.4444444444

411.77777777789501100421.2222222222144.8888888889

276.33333333339501100

09501100




AAPH

Air Preheat to 600F

AAPH

195011000.90.9

1247.595011000.80.8

1178.888888888995011000.70.7

1112.277777777895011001107.222222222263.7222222222

1043.595011001028.277777777859.3333333333

968.94444444449501100937.444444444456.1666666667

881.27777777789501100823.388888888951.6111111111

771.77777777789501100667.555555555645.6666666667

621.88888888899501100442.833333333331.0555555556

411.77777777789501100296.277777777819.9444444444

276.33333333339501100

09501100




Split


Split

195011000.90.9

1247.595011000.80.8

1178.888888888995011000.70.7

1112.277777777895011001150.0555555556106.5555555556

1043.595011001077.6666666667108.7222222222

968.94444444449501100996.7222222222115.4444444444

881.27777777789501100896.3333333333124.5555555556

771.77777777789501100762.5555555556140.6666666667

621.88888888899501100568.2222222222156.4444444444

411.77777777789501100439.7777777778163.4444444444

276.33333333339501100

09501100




Fuel


Fuel

19500.90.9

1247.59500.80.8

1178.88888888899500.70.7

1112.27777777789500.60.6

1043.59500.50.5

968.94444444449500.40.4

881.27777777789501238.72222222221352.6111111111

771.77777777789501042.05555555561166.1666666667

621.8888888889950702.7777777778837.2222222222

411.7777777778950435.9444444444580.7222222222

276.3333333333950

0950



O2


O2

0.0050.00524200790.00700276590.0022

0.0350.24682981720.10534257360.0166

0.0650.63640305170.22044406260.0391

0.091.31936337860.34760837370.063



Increase in EquipmentCost & Air Demand

0.0050.28278666880.23950601880

0.0350.41423827230.45865901580.0116

0.0650.28238857920.62784174310.045

0.090.12367960760.96906630080.079

-0.05761371882.15226096180.111




Achievable Flame Temperature with Feed Preheat

Chart4

195011000.90.9

1247.595011000.80.8

1178.888888888995011000.70.7

1112.277777777895011001150.0555555556106.5555555556

1043.595011001077.6666666667108.7222222222

968.94444444449501100996.7222222222115.4444444444

881.27777777789501100896.3333333333124.5555555556

771.77777777789501100762.5555555556140.6666666667

621.88888888899501100568.2222222222156.4444444444

411.77777777789501100439.7777777778163.4444444444

276.33333333339501100

09501100

H2S Content



Data



wet %FCFlbmole/hlbmole/hFFlbmole/hlbmole/hlbmole/hlbmole/hlbmole/hFlbmole/h

100%9501100

90%2277.51247.598.172108.662116.765520617.42825.118.4470.1464.2230.07895011002225.427

80%21541178.998.071853.017102.638510615.52605.2297.6060.5063.7990.17695011001955.655

70%2034.11112.397.951615.83393.385505615.42405.5236.8010.5683.3950.3195011001709.218

60%1910.31043.597.821389.32387.912505616.22218.5616.0040.4773.0020.41895011001477.235

50%1776.1968.997.681166.93974.57490616.12026.0755.1950.3532.5990.47195011001241.509

40%1618.3881.397.49945.12157.266465616.21829.6044.3790.2412.1910.49295011001002.387

30%1421.2771.897.16721.76543.973445617.21636.3873.570.1681.7770.4989501100765.738

20%1151.4621.996.47495.4946.936460613.71459.0362.7650.1331.3740.59501100542.426

10%773.2411.894.28265.99170.1655306161301.8081.9860.1340.9950.59501100336.156

5%529.4276.389.95150.47781.967570613.81222.7871.5870.1310.7990.59501100232.444

0%9501100


90%

80%

70%

60%1998.71092.697.821372.53287.049505614.12204.2075.970.712.990.34449.111111111101459.581-1.2%-0.6%

50%1874.31023.597.661152.33284.564510615.82025.6175.1870.5392.5990.43654.5555555556-0.021236.896-0.4%-0.0%

40%1733.4945.297.45934.00374.356500617.61839.874.3970.3712.20.47963.9444444444-0.041008.3590.6%0.6%

30%1559.9848.897.12714.52159.988480616.61648.5473.5780.241.7960.49577.0555555556-0.04774.5091.1%0.7%

20%1330.1721.296.43491.89255.477480616.21465.742.7710.1661.3920.49999.2777777778-0.04547.3690.9%0.5%

10%1002.6539.294.28264.86570.175530614.41300.9171.990.140.990.5127.44444444440335.04-0.3%-0.1%

5%790.2421.289.95149.96781.961570613.61222.3691.5930.1330.7930.5144.88888888890231.928-0.2%-0.0%

Air Preheat to 600F

90%

80%

70%

60%20251107.297.821366.07986.75505614.12198.7225.9710.8032.9790.31463.722222222201452.829-1.7%-0.9%

50%1882.91028.397.661150.69684.447510614.82024.1815.180.5592.5980.43159.3333333333-0.021235.143-0.5%-0.1%

40%1719.4937.497.46935.66371.898495616.51838.4424.3920.352.1980.48256.1666666667-0.031007.5610.5%0.5%

30%1514.1823.497.14717.39953.075465614.61643.0963.5710.2081.7840.49751.6111111111-0.02770.4740.6%0.4%

20%1233.6667.696.45494.1951.257470616.61462.8442.7710.1471.3840.545.6666666667-0.02545.4470.6%0.3%

10%829.1442.894.28265.78670.166530615.81301.6411.9910.1350.9910.531.05555555560335.952-0.1%-0.0%

5%565.3296.389.95150.481.965570613.81222.7181.5930.1310.7930.519.94444444440232.365-0.0%-0.0%


90%

80%

70%

60%2102.11150.197.81343.94485.748505615.22179.9585.951.1422.9690.215106.5555555556-0.021429.692-3.2%-1.7%

50%1971.81077.797.641129.9483.46510614.92006.5325.1630.8372.5870.365108.7222222222-0.041213.4-2.3%-1.0%

40%1826.1996.797.43920.30981.07515614.91836.4674.3810.542.1970.456115.4444444444-0.061001.379-0.1%0.4%

30%1645.4896.397.1707.49468.954500615.51652.9813.5820.3151.80.49124.5555555556-0.06776.4481.4%1.0%

20%1404.6762.696.42489.29159.676490615.91468.3622.7820.1881.3890.499140.6666666667-0.05548.9671.2%0.6%

10%1054.8568.294.28264.40970.18530613.71300.5581.990.1420.9880.5156.44444444440334.589-0.5%-0.1%

5%823.6439.889.95149.85681.96570613.51222.2791.5930.1340.7930.5163.44444444440231.816-0.3%-0.0%


90%Fuel

80%lbmole/h

70%

60%2149.51176.411.597.571433.60886.685500616.32287.0726.1641.4373.0910.52132.8888888889-0.251520.2932.9%3.1%

50%21471175.042.596.641452.19682.25485615.92389.855.9732.042.9811.433206.0555555556-1.041534.44623.6%18.0%

40%

30%

20%

10%

5%


90%Bypass

80%lbmole/h

70%

60%505

50%510no preheat

40%515no preheat

30%1798.7981.518397.27696.73444.518460615.81615.2223.5620.3061.7740.278209.72222222220.11741.252-3.2%-1.3%

20%1799.4981.944196.75467.35132.206460614.61415.7292.7220.2821.3690.193600.28499.557-7.9%-3.0%

10%530

5%570


90%

80%

70%

60%

50%

40%

30%2261.71238.797.27710.13375.299420666.61655.6753.8110.4181.8990.004466.94444444440.11785.4322.6%1.2%

20%1907.71042.196.78473.50772.664420618.61463.7442.8320.2421.4220.071420.16666666670.31546.1710.7%0.3%

10%1297702.894.85244.5892.016475615.11302.6072.0190.1741.0150.1692910.57336.5960.1%0.1%

5%816.7435.991.13128.616107.015520615.31226.81.6180.150.8150.815159.61111111111.18235.6311.4%0.3%


90%

80%

70%

60%

50%

40%

30%2466.71352.697.3701.11711.778420697.61577.4083.7340.5681.8580580.83333333330.14712.895-6.9%-3.6%

20%2131.11166.296.91467.4868.249420635.41386.8372.720.3731.3550.012544.27777777780.44475.735-12.3%-4.9%

10%1539837.295.17240.29519.9094606171218.4661.8580.2050.9340.164425.44444444440.89260.204-22.6%-6.4%

5%1077.3580.791.78126.43535.666510616.71145.1841.4570.1680.7350.17304.38888888891.83162.101-30.3%-6.3%



90%Fuel

80%lbmole/h

70%

60%Fuel/Feed

50%1996.11091.2597.461168.32579.692500613.32047.9445.2470.9462.6280.6820.5%0.2%1248.0170.5%1.1%0.7%

40%2003.71095.43595.831185.32264.484465613.82134.3985.0161.3132.5112.5963.5%1.7%1249.80624.7%16.7%10.5%

30%2007.11097.36593.251199.91853.138440615.72223.2614.7891.7212.3964.3036.5%3.9%1253.05663.6%35.9%22.0%

20%2002.41094.79090.171184.18173.902470617.52308.8454.522.0252.26349.0%6.3%1258.083131.9%58.2%34.8%

10%reverse sign

5%DT/%Fuel (F/%)

27

28

31

37


90%FuelPure O2



60%

50%20001093.3097.8612043.418460615.11453.1284.7241.4962.3710.1580.0%0.18491.75728.3%air used171.841.10.240

40%2000.31093.511.697.49183.84221.938420619.71071.7123.9132.0171.9220.4261.2%0041.4%pure oxygen137.463.00.459

30%20001093.34596.02188.74124.071420623.51174.293.7352.6251.8711.1344.5%-1.14028.2%pure oxygen103.164.70.628

20%1999.91093.37993.2194.21326.1674206211278.5833.5813.2661.7751.6977.9%-3.27012.4%pure oxygen68.766.60.969

10%2003.41095.211187.97215.6728.008420726.31376.813.6882.3531.9022.411.1%-6.310-5.8%pure oxygen34.473.92.152

5%Reverse sign


902026C1093.33333333331050

87.37373737372000

AirO2Mixed

1001933.620.3710036

1152023.676.6361.59

111.0666666667200032.41

100100100

0.8037171920.196282808

Data

0.0050.28278666880.23950601880

0.0350.41423827230.45865901580.0116

0.0650.28238857920.62784174310.045

0.090.12367960760.96906630080.079

-0.05761371882.15226096180.111

H2S Content



StTh

StTh

1247.5

1178.8888888889

1112.2777777778

1043.5

968.9444444444

881.2777777778

771.7777777778

621.8888888889

411.7777777778

276.3333333333

H2S Content


AGPH

19501100

1247.59501100

1178.88888888899501100

1112.27777777789501100

1043.59501100

968.94444444449501100

881.27777777789501100

771.77777777789501100

621.88888888899501100

411.77777777789501100

276.33333333339501100

09501100

H2S Content


AirPH

Acid Gas Preheat

AirPH

195011000.90.9

1247.595011000.80.8

1178.888888888995011000.70.7

1112.277777777895011001092.611111111149.1111111111

1043.595011001023.554.5555555556

968.94444444449501100945.222222222263.9444444444

881.27777777789501100848.833333333377.0555555556

771.77777777789501100721.166666666799.2777777778

621.88888888899501100539.2222222222127.4444444444

411.77777777789501100421.2222222222144.8888888889

276.33333333339501100

09501100

H2S Content



AAPH

Air Preheat to 600F

AAPH

195011000.90.9

1247.595011000.80.8

1178.888888888995011000.70.7

1112.277777777895011001107.222222222263.7222222222

1043.595011001028.277777777859.3333333333

968.94444444449501100937.444444444456.1666666667

881.27777777789501100823.388888888951.6111111111

771.77777777789501100667.555555555645.6666666667

621.88888888899501100442.833333333331.0555555556

411.77777777789501100296.277777777819.9444444444

276.33333333339501100

09501100

H2S Content



Split


Split

195011000.90.9

1247.595011000.80.8

1178.888888888995011000.70.7

1112.277777777895011001150.0555555556106.5555555556

1043.595011001077.6666666667108.7222222222

968.94444444449501100996.7222222222115.4444444444

881.27777777789501100896.3333333333124.5555555556

771.77777777789501100762.5555555556140.6666666667

621.88888888899501100568.2222222222156.4444444444

411.77777777789501100439.7777777778163.4444444444

276.33333333339501100

09501100

H2S Content



Fuel


Fuel

19500.90.9

1247.59500.80.8

1178.88888888899500.70.7

1112.27777777789500.60.6

1043.59500.50.5

968.94444444449500.40.4

881.27777777789501238.72222222221352.6111111111

771.77777777789501042.05555555561166.1666666667

621.8888888889950702.7777777778837.2222222222

411.7777777778950435.9444444444580.7222222222

276.3333333333950

0950

H2S Content


O2


O2

0.0050.00524200790.00700276590.0022

0.0350.24682981720.10534257360.0166

0.0650.63640305170.22044406260.0391

0.091.31936337860.34760837370.063

H2S Content



0.0050.28278666880.23950601880

0.0350.41423827230.45865901580.0116

0.0650.28238857920.62784174310.045

0.090.12367960760.96906630080.079

-0.05761371882.15226096180.111

H2S Content



Fuel Gas Supplement with Feed Preheat

Chart3

0.0050.00524200790.00700276590.0022

0.0350.24682981720.10534257360.0166

0.0650.63640305170.22044406260.0391

0.091.31936337860.34760837370.063

H2S Content

Fuel Added (% of Feed Gas)& Recovery Efficiency Drop


Data



wet %FFlbmole/hlbmole/hFFlbmole/hlbmole/hlbmole/hlbmole/hlbmole/hFlbmole/h

100%14001950

90%2277.598.172108.662116.765520617.42825.118.4470.1464.2230.078140019502225.427

80%215498.071853.017102.638510615.52605.2297.6060.5063.7990.176140019501955.655

70%2034.197.951615.83393.385505615.42405.5236.8010.5683.3950.31140019501709.218

60%1910.397.821389.32387.912505616.22218.5616.0040.4773.0020.418140019501477.235

50%1776.197.681166.93974.57490616.12026.0755.1950.3532.5990.471140019501241.509

40%1618.397.49945.12157.266465616.21829.6044.3790.2412.1910.492140019501002.387

30%1421.297.16721.76543.973445617.21636.3873.570.1681.7770.49814001950765.738

20%1151.496.47495.4946.936460613.71459.0362.7650.1331.3740.514001950542.426

10%773.294.28265.99170.1655306161301.8081.9860.1340.9950.514001950336.156

5%529.489.95150.47781.967570613.81222.7871.5870.1310.7990.514001950232.444

0%14001950


90%

80%

70%

60%1998.797.821372.53287.049505614.12204.2075.970.712.990.34488.401459.581-1.2%-0.6%

50%1874.397.661152.33284.564510615.82025.6175.1870.5392.5990.43698.2-0.021236.896-0.4%-0.0%

40%1733.497.45934.00374.356500617.61839.874.3970.3712.20.479115.1-0.041008.3590.6%0.6%

30%1559.997.12714.52159.988480616.61648.5473.5780.241.7960.495138.7-0.04774.5091.1%0.7%

20%1330.196.43491.89255.477480616.21465.742.7710.1661.3920.499178.7-0.04547.3690.9%0.5%

10%1002.694.28264.86570.175530614.41300.9171.990.140.990.5229.40335.04-0.3%-0.1%

5%790.289.95149.96781.961570613.61222.3691.5930.1330.7930.5260.80231.928-0.2%-0.0%

Air Preheat to 600F

90%

80%

70%

60%202597.821366.07986.75505614.12198.7225.9710.8032.9790.314114.701452.829-1.7%-0.9%

50%1882.997.661150.69684.447510614.82024.1815.180.5592.5980.431106.8-0.021235.143-0.5%-0.1%

40%1719.497.46935.66371.898495616.51838.4424.3920.352.1980.482101.1-0.031007.5610.5%0.5%

30%1514.197.14717.39953.075465614.61643.0963.5710.2081.7840.49792.9-0.02770.4740.6%0.4%

20%1233.696.45494.1951.257470616.61462.8442.7710.1471.3840.582.2-0.02545.4470.6%0.3%

10%829.194.28265.78670.166530615.81301.6411.9910.1350.9910.555.90335.952-0.1%-0.0%

5%565.389.95150.481.965570613.81222.7181.5930.1310.7930.535.90232.365-0.0%-0.0%


90%

80%

70%

60%2102.197.81343.94485.748505615.22179.9585.951.1422.9690.215191.8-0.021429.692-3.2%-1.7%

50%1971.897.641129.9483.46510614.92006.5325.1630.8372.5870.365195.7-0.041213.4-2.3%-1.0%

40%1826.197.43920.30981.07515614.91836.4674.3810.542.1970.456207.8-0.061001.379-0.1%0.4%

30%1645.497.1707.49468.954500615.51652.9813.5820.3151.80.49224.2-0.06776.4481.4%1.0%

20%1404.696.42489.29159.676490615.91468.3622.7820.1881.3890.499253.2-0.05548.9671.2%0.6%

10%1054.894.28264.40970.18530613.71300.5581.990.1420.9880.5281.60334.589-0.5%-0.1%

5%823.689.95149.85681.96570613.51222.2791.5930.1340.7930.5294.20231.816-0.3%-0.0%


90%Fuel

80%lbmole/h

70%

60%2149.511.597.571433.60886.685500616.32287.0726.1641.4373.0910.52239.2-0.251520.2932.9%3.1%

50%214742.596.641452.19682.25485615.92389.855.9732.042.9811.433370.9-1.041534.44623.6%18.0%

40%

30%

20%

10%

5%


90%Bypass

80%lbmole/h

70%

60%505

50%510no preheat

40%515no preheat

30%1798.718397.27696.73444.518460615.81615.2223.5620.3061.7740.278377.50.11741.252-3.2%-1.3%

20%1799.444196.75467.35132.206460614.61415.7292.7220.2821.3690.196480.28499.557-7.9%-3.0%

10%530

5%570


90%

80%

70%

60%

50%

40%

30%2261.797.27710.13375.299420666.61655.6753.8110.4181.8990.004840.50.11785.4322.6%1.2%

20%1907.796.78473.50772.664420618.61463.7442.8320.2421.4220.071756.30.31546.1710.7%0.3%

10%129794.85244.5892.016475615.11302.6072.0190.1741.0150.169523.80.57336.5960.1%0.1%

5%816.791.13128.616107.015520615.31226.81.6180.150.8150.815287.31.18235.6311.4%0.3%


90%

80%

70%

60%

50%

40%

30%2466.797.3701.11711.778420697.61577.4083.7340.5681.85801045.50.14712.895-6.9%-3.6%

20%2131.196.91467.4868.249420635.41386.8372.720.3731.3550.012979.70.44475.735-12.3%-4.9%

10%153995.17240.29519.9094606171218.4661.8580.2050.9340.164765.80.89260.204-22.6%-6.4%

5%1077.391.78126.43535.666510616.71145.1841.4570.1680.7350.17547.91.83162.101-30.3%-6.3%



90%Fuel

80%lbmole/h

70%

60%Fuel/Feed

50%1996.1597.461168.32579.692500613.32047.9445.2470.9462.6280.6820.5%0.2%1248.0170.5%1.1%0.7%

40%2003.73595.831185.32264.484465613.82134.3985.0161.3132.5112.5963.5%1.7%1249.80624.7%16.7%10.5%

30%2007.16593.251199.91853.138440615.72223.2614.7891.7212.3964.3036.5%3.9%1253.05663.6%35.9%22.0%

20%2002.49090.171184.18173.902470617.52308.8454.522.0252.26349.0%6.3%1258.083131.9%58.2%34.8%

10%reverse sign

5%

801927F20122012

902026C11001100

87.37373737372000

Data

0000

0000

0000

0000

H2S Content



StTh

StTh

2277.5

2154

2034.1

1910.3

1776.1

1618.3

1421.2

1151.4

773.2

529.4

H2S Content


AGPH

114001950

2277.514001950

215414001950

2034.114001950

1910.314001950

1776.114001950

1618.314001950

1421.214001950

1151.414001950

773.214001950

529.414001950

014001950

H2S Content


AirPH

Acid Gas Preheat

AirPH

1140019500.90.9

2277.5140019500.80.8

2154140019500.70.7

2034.1140019501998.788.4

1910.3140019501874.398.2

1776.1140019501733.4115.1

1618.3140019501559.9138.7

1421.2140019501330.1178.7

1151.4140019501002.6229.4

773.214001950790.2260.8

529.414001950

014001950

H2S Content


Temperature Increase (F)

AAPH

Air Preheat to 600F

AAPH

1140019500.90.9

2277.5140019500.80.8

2154140019500.70.7

2034.1140019502025114.7

1910.3140019501882.9106.8

1776.1140019501719.4101.1

1618.3140019501514.192.9

1421.2140019501233.682.2

1151.414001950829.155.9

773.214001950565.335.9

529.414001950

014001950

H2S Content



Split


Split

1140019500.90.9

2277.5140019500.80.8

2154140019500.70.7

2034.1140019502102.1191.8

1910.3140019501971.8195.7

1776.1140019501826.1207.8

1618.3140019501645.4224.2

1421.2140019501404.6253.2

1151.4140019501054.8281.6

773.214001950823.6294.2

529.414001950

014001950

H2S Content



Fuel


Fuel

114000.90.9

2277.514000.80.8

215414000.70.7

2034.114000.60.6

1910.314000.50.5

1776.114000.40.4

1618.314002261.72466.7

1421.214001907.72131.1

1151.4140012971539

773.21400816.71077.3

529.41400

01400

H2S Content



0.0050.00524200790.00700276590.0022

0.0350.24682981720.10534257360.0166

0.0650.63640305170.22044406260.0391

0.091.31936337860.34760837370.063

H2S Content



PROCESS CONFIGURARTION / TECHNOLOGY SELECTION Front-End Thermal Stage (Furnace Temperature)Feed QualityT > 925 C (1,700 F)Feed ContaminantsAmmonia, Heavy Hydrocarbons, etc ..

Back-End Catalytic Stage (Recovery Efficiency)Catalytic: SuperClaus, EuroClaus, PROClausSub-Dewpoint: CBA, MCRCHydrogenation/Selective Amine/Oxidation

Sub-Dew Point Process (CBA)Single Claus Stage Followed by CBA SectionKO DrumKO DrumSteam DrumFurnaceWHB#1 S.C.#2 S.C.#3 S.C.Air BlowerCBA ReactorCBA ReactorClaus ConvtrAmine AGSWS AGHP SteamLP BFWLP BFWLP BFWSulfurSulfurSulfurHP BFWLP SteamLP SteamLP SteamBrnr.Tail Gas To Incinerator

Direct OxidationTwo Claus Stages Followed by Oxidation StageKO DrumKO DrumSteam DrumFurnaceWHB#1 S.C.#2 S.C.#3 S.C.#4 S.C.Stm Condr#3 Htr#2 Htr#1 HtrAir BlowerOxidtn Reactor#2 Convtr#1 ConvtrAmine AGSWS AGHP SteamLP BFWHP SteamHP SteamHP SteamLP BFWLP BFWLP BFWSulfurSulfurSulfurSulfurHP BFWCond.Cond.Cond.LP SteamLP SteamLP SteamBrnr.

Direct Oxidation/ReductionClaus Stage Followed by Reduction/Oxidation StagesKO DrumKO DrumSteam DrumFurnaceWHB#1 S.C.#2 S.C.#3 S.C.#4 S.C.Stm Condr#3 Htr#2 Htr#1 HtrAir BlowerOxidtn ReactorRedctn Reactor#1 ConvtrAmine AGSWS AGHP SteamLP BFWHP SteamHP SteamHP SteamLP BFWLP BFWLP BFWSulfurSulfurSulfurSulfurHP BFWCond.Cond.Cond.LP SteamLP SteamLP SteamTail Gas To IncineratorBrnr.

Process SelectionTail Gas Treating Technology Options

Comparison of Technologies

Key Advanced Sulfur Technologies

Three Key Advanced Sulfur Technologies Ammonia Destruction TechnologySWS Off-gas Disposal

Oxygen Enrichment TechnologyProcess Capacity Expansion

Hydrogenation / Amine TechnologyClaus Tail Gas Treating Fluor, SCOT, Flexsorb

Ammonia Destruction Claus Sulfur Recovery Unit

Ammonia Burning Claus Sulfur Recovery Unit

Adiabatic Flame Temperature of Mixed Acid GasRatio - Combustion Air : Mixed Acid GasFlame Temperature, Deg F

Chart1

2800280028002800

2900290029002900

3000300030003000

3100310031003100

3200320032003200

3300330033003300

60% NH3 in Mixed AG

40% NH3 in Mixed AG

20% NH3 in Mixed AG

0% NH3 - Straight Amine AG

Sheet1

% NH3SCF Air / SCF Mixed AGTemp Deg F60% NH340% NH320% NH3Amine AG Only

226002600280028002800

2.527002700330033003300

328002.128002.252.52.8

3.529002.4429002.6802.9703.32

430002.7830003.1103.4403.84

4.531003.1231003.5403.9104.36

532003.4632003.9704.3804.88

5.533003.833004.44.855.4

634003400

602.12800

603.83300

402.452800

404.43300

202.52800

204.853300

02.82800

05.433001033.8983050848294.1176470588

2171.186440678

3928.813559322

1050

4760

3710

294.1176470588

2182.3529411765

xy

2.12800

3.463200

33064.70588235293064.7058823529

3.83300

Oxygen Enrichment

Oxygen Enrichment Technology for SRU Capacity Expansion

Three Levels of Oxygen Enrichment

Capital Cost Comparison 100 MTD SRU/TGTU Expansion

SRU Capacity

Increase (MTD)

Oxygen

Enrichment

US$MM

New

SRU/TGTU

US$MM

25-30

Minimal

8

70-80

1

15

150-160

4

22

Hydrogenation/Amine Tail Gas Treating Technology

Tail Gas Amine Treating

Tail Gas Solvent Types Amines

MethylEthanolAmine MEA

DiEthanolAmine DEA

MethylDiEthanolAmine (generic MDEA)

Tail Gas Solvent Types Comparison of Amines

Heat of reaction with H2S and CO2Heat of reaction BTU/POUND

SOLVENTMEADEAMDEAConcentration %153035-50Solvent Circulation GPM100100100Acid Gas Removal Capacity MOL/HR49.858.687.5Capacity Increase % ( MEA BASE = 100 )100118175

AMINESH2SCO2MDEA450577DEA493650MEA650820

Tail Gas Solvent Types Recommended ranges of Amines Concentration - Rich and Lean Amines Loading Selectivity and Capacity CAPACITY*Selectivity is defined as ratio of (mole percent of H2S removed to mole percent of H2S in feed gas) TO (mole percent of CO2 removed to mole percent of CO2 in feed gas)

AMINESSELECTIVITY*MOL H2S/MOL AMINEMOL CO2/MOL AMINEMDEA3.850.100.12DEA2.270.090.32MEA0.890.070.50

AMINESConc. Weight %Rich Loading M / MLean Loading M / MMDEA35-550.45-0.550.004-0.01DEA25-300.35-0.400.05-0.07MEA15-200.30-0.350.10-0.15

CorrosionTail Gas Solvent Types

SOLVENTCORROSION RATE MPY30% Wt MEA3250% Wt DEA2515% Wt MEA1320% Wt DEA850% Wt MDEA3

BOX SCORE - SRU PROJECTS

Box Score - SRU Projects

SUMMARYEmission Regulation: 99.0 -99.9% Sulfur Recovery Efficiency

Front-End Configuration Flame Temperature

Back-End Configuration Sulfur Recovery Efficiency

Three Key Advanced Sulfur TechnologiesAmmonia DestructionOxygen EnrichmentHydrogenation/Amine

Sulphur Recovery

Documents

sulfur recoveryredox

cat process plant

acid gas feed recovery

corrosion sulfur

tones of sulfur

elemental sulfur

cat processredox process

good quality sulfur