SUITABLE ENERGY SYSTEM DETERMINATION FOR A UNIVERSITY CAMPUS Prepared by : Olcay Kincay Zehra Yumurtaci YILDIZ TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY IGEC-2 INTERNATIONAL GREEN ENERGY CONFERENCE IGEC-197
Jan 02, 2016
SUITABLE ENERGY SYSTEM DETERMINATIONFOR A UNIVERSITY CAMPUS
Prepared by : Olcay Kincay Zehra Yumurtaci
YILDIZ TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY
IGEC-2INTERNATIONAL GREEN ENERGY
CONFERENCE
IGEC-197
INTRODUCTION
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Yildiz Technical University is established in 1911, and today serves with;
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• 9 faculties,
As the student number and required space increased, Davutpasa campus is added to current campus located in Besiktas.
• 2 Institutes,
• Foreign Languages College,
• vocational high school and
•approximately 20000 students.
INTRODUCTION
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Davutpasa Campus is located on a 1.312.500 m2 field and has newly built and historical buildings inside.
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Turkey’s largest techno park project is going on a 40 acre area. Today, approximately 5000 students study in this campus. In time, as other buildings are finished, some other departments will be moved to Davutpasa campus and student number will increase considerably.
This campus also has closed and open sports halls, stadium, and indoor swimming pool. Istanbul Science Center is planned to be built here and 1 million people of yearly visitors are expected.
INTRODUCTION
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Additionally, it is planned to have a campus where education and daily life are combined with dormitories and lodgments of 3000 capacity, social facilities.
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All this data show the importance of this campus (www.yildiz.edu.tr).
2004 values of electricity and heat consumption of this campus show that the most suitable system to supply energy is cogeneration system.
It will be possible to add cooling system and turn the system into a trigeneration system in the future.
WHAT IS COGENERATION?
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Cogeneration is producing both power and heat together where they both will be used. Working principle of cogeneration is very simple.
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Cogeneration system consists of an electrical generator and a heat source. Dual production of heat and energy together is known as “total energy”. Known power generation systems have an efficiency of about 35%. 65% of the energy potential remains as waste energy.
WHAT IS COGENERATION?
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This heat energy can be used in industry, residential heating and cooling and the total efficiency can get to 55%. As seen in Figure 1, with usage of heat energy, the thermal efficiency of the cogeneration plant can be 90% or higher.
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Additionally, since the electricity generated by the cogeneration systems used locally, conduction and distribution losses are at minimal level therefore, compared to a conventional electricity generating plant, 15 to 40 % economy is obtained.
WHAT IS COGENERATION?
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Thus, cogeneration systems are applicable on chemical facilities, refineries, paper industry, food industry, educational facilities and hospitals, large residential facilities where heat and electricity are needed together.
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Today, the electricity and heat power produced in American universities is at 600MW level. In Figure 1, a gas turbine cogeneration system is shown. (Yumurtacı, Z.,et al.,2002)
WHAT IS COGENERATION?
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Fig. 1. Gas turbine cogeneration system
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System and Capacity Determination of Cogeneration
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System determination criteria for such applications are as follows: (Aras, H. et al., 2004) (Aras, H., 2003)
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• Electricity heat consumption structure of the establishment and electricity-heat balance,
• Annual working time of the establishment,
• Energy need level of the establishment,
• Availability and feasibility of primary energy sources.
System and Capacity Determination of Cogeneration
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The first two are the most important criteria.
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Primary objective is to determine electrical capacity. After the electrical capacity of the plant is determined, heat production values are investigated.
In order to make a healthy plant selection, if possible, annual, monthly or weekly consumption values must be determined and indicated with graphics. First the annual electricity consumption values are analyzed and capacity is determined as a little lower than this value, to prevent idle capacity.
System and Capacity Determination of Cogeneration
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Another important feature of the cogeneration systems is the quality of the useful heat. In case of gas turbine, exhaust gases can be utilized as direct usage of heat. For instance, drying processes in cement industry, ceramic factories ( Hepbasli.A. and Ozalp.N., 2002).
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Cogeneration plants are known to have a total efficiency above 90% diesel engines and combined cycle plants have a higher electrical efficiency, on the other hand, gas engines, gas turbines and steam turbines are capable of higher thermal efficiency values.
System and Capacity Determination of Cogeneration
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Bound to compliance with maintenance procedures, cogeneration technologies have a long working life (Atikol.U. , et al., 2003).
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Power values for different cogeneration systems are given in Table 1.
After analyzing this table, gas turbine is the most appropriate selection.
System and Capacity Determination of Cogeneration
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Prime Mover Fuel UsedSize Range(MWe)
Heat:Power ratioElectrical Generating Efficiency
Typical Overall Efficiency
Heat Quality
Steam Turbine Any fuel 1 to 100+ 3/1 to 8/1+ 10-20 % up to 80%Steam at 2 press or more
Back Pressure Steam Turbine
Any fuel 0.5 to 500 3/1to 10/1+ 7-20 % up to 80%Steam at 2 press or more
Combined cycle gas turbine
Gas,biogas,gasoil,LFO,LPG,Naphtha
3 to 300+ 1/1 to 3/1 * 35-55 % 73-90 %
Medium grade steam high temperature hot water
Open cycle Gas turbine
Gas,biogas,gasoil,HFO, LFO,LPG,Naphtha
0.25 to 50+ 1.5/1 to 5/1* 25-42 % 65-87 %
High grade steam high temperature hot water
Compress.Ignitionengine
Gas,biogas,gasoil,HFO, LHO,Naphtha
0.2 to 200.5/1 to 3/1*Alfa value 0.9-2
35-45 % 65-90 %
Low pressure steam low and medium temperature hot water
Spark Ignition Engine
Gas,Biogas,LHO,Naphtha
0.003 to 6 1/1 to 3/1 alfa value 0.9-2 25 - 43 % 70- 92 %Low and medium temperature hot water
Table 1. Typical Cogeneration Systems (Guide to Cogeneration)
Information about Cogeneration System
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There are some points to be taken into consideration while designing cogeneration system of Yildiz Technical University Davutpasa campus. For instance; when the system demand of electricity and heat are maximum, whether their peak is at the same time or separate etc.
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In this study, in order to analyze feasibility, it is considered that electricity and heat demand is between 07:00 and 22:00 hours. These values will decrease in summer season because the heat demand will almost become zero. However, since there is summer classes in the campus, decrease of electricity demand will not be as much as heat demand decrease.
Information about the Facility
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Facility type: University campus
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Annual work hours: 8000 h / year (one year is assumed to be 24 x 365 = 8760 hours)
Load factor: 8000 / 8760 = 0, 91
Average temperature: 20 °C
Elevation: 70 meters
Fuel to be used: Natural gas
Information about the Facility
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There is no demand for steam at the facility; only 70-90 °C hot water is demanded.
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Monthly distribution of the annual electricity consumption of Yildiz Technical University Davutpasa Campus is given in Figure 3 (YTU data, 2004).
Monthly distribution of the annual fuel consumption of Yildiz Technical University Davutpasa campus (according to fuel costs paid) is given in Figure 2. (YTU data, 2004).
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Fig. 2. Monthly distribution of natural gas bills of YTU Davutpasa campus
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050
100150200250300350
months
natu
ral-
gas
co
nsu
mp
tio
n(1
000*m
3)
Information about the Facility
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Fig. 3. Monthly distribution of electricity gas bills of YTU Davutpasa campus
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050
100150200250300350400450
months
ele
ctr
cit
y
co
nsu
mp
tio
n(1
000*k
Wh
)
Information about the Facility
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Table 2 shows the equivalent kWh values of the payment values given in Fig.2 and Fig.3.
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Considering that the facility is working 20 hours a day and 26 days a month, the power of the system can be calculated as follows:
403920 / 15* 26 = 1035,7 kW
As it can be seen in this table, the moth that maximum electricity demand takes place is December and the electricity demand is 403.920 kWh.
Information about the Facility
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Considering that the system will be working at higher power, electrical power (EP) of the system is selected 1155 kW.
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Approximately 4-5% of this power is alternator loss. Generator efficiency is 95%
After taking the alternator losses into account, and selecting a standard turbine from the catalogues, the turbine with 1204 kW mechanical power is selected.
Annual electricity energy (AEG) generated by the system (8000 hours) is calculated as:
AEG= EP x working hours= 1204*8000 = 9.632.000
kWh/year
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Table 2.Monthly electricity and heat consumption
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Month Heat (kWh) Electricity (kWh)
January 633822,68 120960
February 1103664,11 111283
March 991696,78 126317
April 733391,72 120960
May 101828,09 99360
June 21795,77 89543
July 16844,94 81489
August 4913,66 73440
September 11231,07 79920
October 17648,48 114480
November 2233038,50 120960
December 3521305,31 403920
Total: 9391181,11 1542632
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The system generates 9.632.000 kWh electrical energy each year.
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After the demands are analyzed, it is obvious that electricity demand is high, and the heat demands are lower. For such facilities, it is recommended to choose a counter-pressure steam turbine. However, the costs of a steam turbine are high and operation and maintenance of such systems are more difficult, thus steam turbine is not selected in this case.
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There is a steam demand by the industrial facilities around the campus; therefore, any steam generated in the campus can be utilized as profit.
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Taking all these points into consideration, an easier operational, multi-fuel driven system that has a short installation process, a low establishment cost, and that can easily start/stop must be preferred.According to these criteria, from Table 2, a gas turbine system is preferred.
Information on selected gas turbine
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After the explanations and calculations mentioned above, the gas turbine with the technical data given in Table 3 is selected.
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The average electrical efficiency of the system is (ηe) 40%. Average thermal efficiency of the system is also assumed to be (ηı) 45%.
The efficiency rate of the present boiler is 90%. The fuel of the system is natural gas. (Z.Yumurtacı, H.Obdan,2005).
All the cost calculations are conducted according to these assumptions and data.
Information on selected gas turbine
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Table 3. The specifications of the selected Gas turbine (www.turbomach.com)
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Electrical Power: kW 1204
Fuel consumption: kW 4949
Turbine efficiency: % 24,58
Exhaust gas flow rate kg/s 6,45
Exhaust gas temp. °C 500
Fuel: * A/B/C/D
Start system: AC
Generator Voltage: V 400
A:Gas, B:Liquid fuel, C:LPG, D:Medium/low BTU Gas
Specifications and the price of natural gas
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Higher heating value of natural gas is= 9155 kcal/Nm3
= 38267,9 kJ/Nm3 (January,2005)(www.botas.gov.tr)
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Lower heating value of natural gas is (Hu)
= Higher heating value x 0.90
Hu= 8239,5 kcal/Nm3 = 34441,11 kJ/Nm3
Unit cost: 0,438609 YTL/Nm3
= 0,04122 YTL/kWh =0,0556 $/kWh = 0, 324 $/Nm3
(January, 2005) (www.igdas.com.tr) ($=1,35 YTL)
Specifications and the price of natural gas
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• Specific fuel consumption of the system is: 0,235 kg/kWh
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• Hourly fuel consumption of the system is: 282,94 kg/h • Annual fuel consumption of the system: 2263520 kg/year • Annual heat generation of the system: 10.827.519,63 kWh
Calculations according to these statements show that there is no need for an additional boiler since the heat generated from cogeneration is higher than the heat the system consumes.
(10.827.519, 63 kWh > 9.391.181, 11 kWh)
Operational economy of the system
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Economy of electricity:
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The amount not to be bought from TEDAS: 9.632.000 kWh/yearAverage electricity price: 0,094 $/kWh (January, 2005) (www.tedas.gov.tr)Economy from generation of electricity: 905.408 $/year Amount to be sold to TEDAS: 8.089.368 kWh/year
Buying price of TEDAS: 0,094 x 0, 8 = 0, 0752 $/kWh (TEDAS buys approximately 20% cheaper)
Annual net profit of selling to TEDAS: 608.320, 47 $/year Annual total profit of electricity: 905.408 $/year + 608320, 47 $/year = 1.513.728, 47 $/year
Operational economy of the system
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Economy of heat:
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Economy from the heat to be generated at the boiler: 10827519,63 kWh/year
Annual natural gas saving: 1.131.760 Nm3/year
Annual saving of cogeneration heat: 496.400 $/year Heat to be sold: 1.436.338,52 kWh/year
Natural gas consumed in order to generate that heat: 135.121,56 Nm3 natural gas.
Cost of that amount of natural gas: 43.779,38 $/year
Operational economy of the system
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Total annual operation income of the system :
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1.513.728,47 $/year + 496.400 $/year + 43.779,38 $/year = 2.053.907 $/year
Operational costs of the system
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Annual Fuel Cost :
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Lower heating value of natural gas Hu= 38.267,9 kJ/Nm3
Specific fuel consumption: 14.798 kJ/kWh, Fuel consumption: 4.949 kJ/h (www.turbomach.com)
m=515, 8 (Nm3/h) x 8000(h) =4.126.400 Nm3/year
Annual fuel costs of the system: 4.126.400 Nm3/year x 0, 324 $/Nm3 = 1.336.953, 6 $/year
Operational costs of the system
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Annual Service, spare part and oil costs of the system:
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Annual service, spare part and oil cost of the system is assumed to be 10% of the first establishment costs.
Annual service, spare part and oil cost of the system: 70.000 $/year
Operational costs of the system
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Personnel costs:
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Personnel gross cost: 2 $/h
System supervision time of the personnel: 8350 h/year
Annual personnel cost: 2 $/h x 8.350 h/year=16700 $/year
Operational costs of the system
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Internal consumption cost:
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Internal electricity consumption amount: 45kW
Annual internal electricity consumption cost: 15.000 $/year
Operational costs of the system
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Total costs:
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1.336.953, 6 $/year + 70.000 $/year + 16.700 $/year + 15.000 $/year = 1.438.653, 6 $/year
As it can be seen, about 95% of the costs consist of fuel cost. Therefore the unit price of natural gas has a great importance. Especially in countries that are out-dependant on fuel, the unit price has a great effect on the case.
Amortization calculation of the system
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Total investment costs of the system: 700.000 $ (www.turbomach.com)
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Net operational income of the system: 2090128, 47 $/year – 1.438.653,6 $/year = 651.474,87 $/year
Amortization time of the system: 1,1 year
All the assumptions and the resulting values are given in Table 5.
GAS TURBINE EMISSIONS
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When the emission value of the selected turbine system is analyzed, it can be seen that the system is environment-friendly.
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Since the system is located in a residential area, the emission values must be at decent levels.
Emission values of an approximately 1.000 kW turbine energy plant are given in Table 4.
These values are significantly lower compared to the other fossil fuel plants. Today, there are studies to decrease these values.
GAS TURBINE EMISSIONS
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Table 4. Gas turbine emission characteristics
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(Environmental Protection Agency Climate Protection Partnership Division, 2002)
Electricity capacity (kW) 1000
Electrical Efficiency(HHV) 22%
NOx(ppm) 42
NOx(lb/MWh) 2,43
CO (ppm) 20
CO (lb/MWh) 0,71
CO2 (lb/MWh) 1,887
Carbon (lb/MWh) 515
GAS TURBINE EMISSIONS
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Table 5. Assumptions and calculations used in analysis
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TECHNICAL DATA
Unit number 1 Unit
Electricity Power 1204 kWe
Mechanical Power 1155 kWm
Electrical Efficiency 40 %
Thermal Efficiency 45 %
Generator Efficiency 95 %
Working hours 8000 h/year
Load factor 0,91
Average Temperature 26 °C
Fuel Used Natural gas
Lower heating value of the fuel34441.11 kJ/Nm3
34541Kj/Nm3
GAS TURBINE EMISSIONS
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Table 5. Assumptions and calculations used in analysis
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PRICES
Unit price of the fuel 0,324 $/Nm3
Cost to TEDAS 0,094 S/kWh
ELECTRICITY-HEAT GENERATION AND CONSUMPTION VALUES
Annual Electricity generation 9632000 kWh/year
Annual Electricity demand 1542632 kWh/year
Annual heat Generation10827519,63 kWh10854509
kWh/year
Annual heat Demand 9391181,11kWh/year
GAS TURBINE EMISSIONS
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Table 5. Assumptions and calculations used in analysis
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OPERATIONAL COSTS
Total Fuel Consumption 4126400 Nm3/y
Annual Fuel cost 1336953, 6 $/year
Annual oil+service+maintenance cost 70000 $/year
Personnel cost 16700 $/year
Internal Electricity consumption cost 15000 $/year
Total costs 1438653,6 $/year
INVESTMENT COSTS
Investment cost of the system 700000 $
AMORTİZATION TIME
Net operational income 651474,87 $
Amortization 1,1 year
RESULTS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
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In this study, the cogeneration system to be applied at the university has shown a total income of 2.053.907,85 $ and a total cost of 1.438.653, 6 $.
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The system amortizes itself in 1,1 years. Net operation income of the system is 651.474, 87 $.
As the campus enlarges, the heating demand will increase, the heat generated by the cogeneration system will become more efficient, and the costs will decrease. As these values are analyzed, the system is profitable. The most important factors that determine the costs of the system are electricity and natural gas unit prices.
RESULTS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
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As these increase the amortization period becomes longer. One of the most important advantages of this system is that it is an independent system.
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In today’s world that the energy resources are decreasing and the environmental pollution is rapidly increasing.It has gained a great importance to use clean energy sources and to use them more efficiently.
Especially in the developing countries energy generation without being out-dependant is one of the first things to be considered. In this study, the analyzed cogeneration systems are leading systems regarding the efficient resource utilization and environmental sensitivity.
RESULTS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
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As seen in the case study of Yildiz Technical University Davutpasa Campus, although the investment cost are high for a cogeneration system, the opportunities as selling redundant energy and efficient utilization of resources makes cogeneration systems attractive for such applications.
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Pre-design studies must be carried out carefully and the demands must be fully evaluated. It is easily possible to gain great economy using a cogeneration system that has adapted present conditions.
RESULTS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
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In this study, cogeneration system is calculated using 2004 electricity and natural gas values of Davutpasa Campus.
As the campus enlarges, some other faculties are planned to be moved, constructions to be completed, and techno park to be completed, thus, the energy demand values should be re-evaluated in order to make a healthy system design.
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THANK YOU
PrPreepared bypared by : : Olcay Kincay,Olcay Kincay,[email protected]
Zehra YumurtaciZehra [email protected]