Succeeding with Technology 4 th ed> Hardware Designed to Meet the Need > Please discontinue use of cell phone and turn off the ringer. The Digital Revolution.

Succeeding with Technology 4th ed> Hardware Designed to Meet the Need >

Please discontinue use of cell phoneand turn off the ringer.

The Digital Revolution Integrated Circuits and Processing Storage Input, Output, and Expansion Selecting and Purchasing a Computer

Hardware Designed to Meet the Need

Chapter 2


The Value of Going Digital

Anything that can be expressed through words, numbers, sounds, pictures, and even scents can be digitized.

Digital information is easy to manipulate.

Digital information is easy to copy and transfer.

Digital information is long lasting. Digitization standardizes the

format of all different types of data and information leading to…

http://www.trisenx.com/intro.html


Digital Convergence

Digital convergence is the trend to merge multiple digital services into one device.


Integrated Circuits and Processing

Key Terms Consider PC Choices Transistor Integrated circuit Central Processing Unit (CPU) Motherboard Arithmetic/logic unit Control unit

Random Access Memory (RAM) The machine cycle Megahertz (MHz) Gigahertz (GHz) Gigaflop Moore’s Law


Let’s go shopping!

CompUSASonyApple

In order to shop intelligently, you must understand the basics about processors, storage, input/output, and peripherals.

http://www.compusa.com/

http://www.sonystyle.com/is-bin/INTERSHOP.enfinity/eCS/Store/en/-/USD/SY_BrowseCatalog-Start;sid=ARDuX1jvT5zvdBwEttDkVBf_NLmPJX7YtL0=?CategoryName=hid_notebooks_advisor&CatName=cpu_VAIONotebookComputers

http://www.apple.com/hardware/


Key Components

Processor

Memory

Storage

OS

Video

Removable Storage

Networking

Security


Computer Hardware Evolution A Binary System allows the use of switches to

represent states.This in turn makes computing possible.

InputStorageProcessing Output


Charles Babage Computer

Computers used different things as digital switches:Actual SwitchesRelaysVacuum tubesTransistors

Eniac: The first general purpose computer

Computer Hardware Evolution


Transistor

A transistor is an electronics component, composed typically of silicon, that opens or closes a circuit to alter the flow of electricity to store and manipulate bits.


Transistor



Transistor



Integrated Circuit An Integrated Circuit (chip)

combines transistors and capacitors in a tiny module to store and process bits and bytes in today’s digital electronic devices.

http://nobelprize.org/educational_games/physics/integrated_circuit/history/index.html

http://nobelprize.org/educational_games/physics/integrated_circuit/history/index.html


The Central Processing Unit

The Central Processing Unit (CPU) is a group of integrated circuits that work together to perform the processing in a computer system.


Microprocessor

Today’s technology allows us to pack all the CPU in a small integrated circuit called a Microprocessor. The 8080 Microprocessor

The Rabbit 4000


The Motherboard The motherboard is the primary circuit board

of a computing device that houses the digital device’s circuitry including the microprocessor and memory.


Processing Processing is the act of manipulating data as

defined by a set of instructions.The instruction set

a set of predefinedinstructions that theCPU can understand.


CPU Components Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU):

contains the circuitry to carry out the instructions in the processors instruction set.

Control Unit: sequentially accesses program instructions, decodes them, and coordinates the flow of data throughout the system.

Registers: hold the data and instructions currently being processed (~300 bytes).


Latest Technology

Multicore technology refers to housing more than one CPU on a chip.

Dual-core processors and quad-core processors use two and four CPUs on one chip that work together to provide twice and four times the speed of traditional single-core chips.


Processing The microprocessor accesses instructions

stored in memory over the system bus.

Random Access Memory (RAM) is temporary, or volatile, memory that stores bytes of data and program instructions for the processor to access.


System Bus

The system bus connects the CPU to the chipset, and through it to RAM and other components on the motherboard.


Processing – The Machine Cycle

The four stages of the machine cycle are (1) fetch the instruction from memory, (2) decode and (3) execute the instruction, then (4) store the results.


The Machine Cycle Examples ipod

FetchRead digitized music

DecodeProcess into audible sound

ExecuteSend the sound to headset

StoreStore the downloaded music


CPU Characteristics The first consideration in selecting a computer is

typically its speed: how quickly it can carry out such tasks as loading a program, opening a file, and writing to a CD.


CPU Speed System Clock is a series of Electronic pulses at

predetermined rateSynchronize processing activity

Typically takes four clock cycles to finish an instruction cycle.

Issue?Heat


Other Performance Factors Cache

Intelligent storage unitWorks like a

phone bookStores the most frequently

used information for quick retrieval.

More expensive than RAM.L1, L2, L3


Other Performance Factors Memory Hierarchy


Other Performance Factors Byte is 8 bits

A measure of storage space Wordlength is a measure of processing

capabilityNumber of bits the CPU can process at once.

64 vs. 32 bit processorsNot always a good performance indicator:

The software should support longer wordlengths!


Computer Performance ~ Factors


So How To Decide about CPU Performance?

What is the truest measure of a CPU performance?The number of instructions the processor

can process in one second.Million Instructions per Second (MIPS)

The number of floating point operations per second (FLOPS)


Multiprocessing In multiprocessing systems, while the CPU is

carrying out general instructions co-processors perform specific types of other instructions.Example?

GPU (Graphics Processing Unit)CPU vs. GPU

Physics processors Physx

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vhwO3TPOsWY&feature=related


Parallel processing Parallel processing

Using several microprocessor to work on multiple instructions at the same time

Challenges?Making the processors work efficiently in parallel

Data/instruction dependenciesSpecial types of software

Grid computingParallel processing with different types of

computers


Moore’s Law

Gordon Moore, cofounder of Intel, observed in 1965 that the continued advances in technological innovation made it possible to reduce the size of transistors, doubling their density on the chip every two years.


Storage

Key Terms Read-only Memory Magnetic Storage Optical Storage CD-ROM

DVD CD-RW Solid State Storage Flash memory card USB


System Storage System storage is storage that is used by a

computer system for standard operations. Forms of system storage, include

RAMCacheVideo RAMROMCMOS


Graphics Memory Graphics memory,

sometimes called video RAM or VRAM, is used to store image data for a computer display in order to speed the processing and display of video images.


Secondary Storage Secondary storage is used to store

data more permanently without the need for electricity.

Internet storage:The wayback machine Tape Drive

DVD-RW

One of the storage silo robots in NERSC’s 8.8-petabyte High Performance Storage System.

Mini Cards


Secondary Storage

23

Storage Media Type Magnetic storage devices use the

magnetic properties of iron oxide particles to store bits and bytes more permanently than RAM. Microdrives can store gigabytes of data on a

disk one or two inches in size.

Optical storage media store bits using an optical laser to burn pits into the surface of a highly reflective surface.

Solid State storage devices use flash memory to store bits.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flash_memory


Microdrives from Toshiba provide iPods with their ultra

high storage capacity.

Magnetic Storage Hard Disk Drives Magnetic Tape High-capacity Disks &

Floppy Disks (outdated) Microdrives

http://sdd.toshiba.com/

http://www.apple.com/ipod/ipod.html


Optical Media CD, DVD, Blu-laser Disk (BD)


Solid State A flash memory card is a

chip that, unlike RAM, is nonvolatile and keeps its memory without the need for electricity.

Universal Serial Bus or USB is a standard that allows a wide variety of devices to connect to a computer through a common port.

Universal Serial Bus or USB is a standard that allows a wide variety of devices to connect to a computer through a common port.

USB Flash Drives use flash memory to provide high capacity storage through the USB port.


Input, Output, and Expansion

Key Terms Input device Output device Touch screen Game controller Display resolution LCD


I/O Concepts An input device assists in

capturing and entering raw data into the computer system.

An output device allows you to observe the results of computer processing with one or more of your senses.


I/O Concepts

Speed and Functionality Human vs. Machine

Readable Data Source Data Automation


Input Devices Keyboard, Mouse,

Trackball Touch screen, stylus,

kiosks Microphone, speech

recognition Gamepad, other

game-centered devices

Digital cameras Scanning devices

http://www.microsoft.com/windowsxp/tabletpc/default.mspx


Output Devices Displays Liquid crystal display (LCD) or Flat

panel Printers and Plotters Sound Systems


Selecting and Purchasing a Computer


Researching a Computer Purchase Web sites such as www.cnet.com and

www.zdnet.com can help you decide on a computer type and platform.


Online Vendors Online merchants allow you to compare

packages from varying manufacturers to find the best configuration and price.


Strategies for Computer Shopping Choose type: notebook,

desktop, tablet, smart phone, or netbook

Choose platform Windows/Mac/Linux

Choose Manufacturer Choose Model Select Add-ons


Helpful Links for Computer Shopping Research

www.zdnet.com www.cnet.com www.macworld.com

Computer Retailers www.cdw.com www.compusa.com

Direct from Manufacturer www.apple.com www.dell.com www.sony.com www.hp.com www.gateway.com www.toshiba.com

http://www.zdnet.com/

http://www.cnet.com/

http://www.macworld.com/

http://www.cdw.com/

http://www.compusa.com/

http://www.apple.com/

http://www.dell.com/

http://www.sony.com/

http://www.hp.com/

http://www.gateway.com/

http://www.toshiba.com/


Chapter 2 Questions?

Succeeding with Technology 4 th ed> Hardware Designed to Meet the Need > Please discontinue use of cell phone and turn off the ringer. The Digital Revolution.

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