Subsurface Drainage and Salinity Chris Hay Ag and Biosystems Engineering © 2014 Board of Regents, South Dakota State University iGrow.org
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Subsurface Drainage and Salinity
Chris HayAg and Biosystems Engineering
© 2014 Board of Regents, South Dakota State University iGrow.org
© 2014 Board of Regents, South Dakota State University iGrow.org
Excess water has limited crop production in areas of South Dakota
3
The field water balance affects salinity
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Allowing for more timely field operations
Photo: USDA NRCS
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Reducing crop stress due to excess water and high water tables
Photo: Sonya Green
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Reducing build up of salts
Pattern drainage for fields or large areas
Graphic courtesy of Dr. Gary Sands7
© 2014 Board of Regents, South Dakota State University iGrow.org
Salinity reduction doesn’t happen overnight
Source: AGVISE Laboratories
© 2014 Board of Regents, South Dakota State University iGrow.org Source: AGVISE Laboratories
Tile Drainage - Soluble Salts Demonstration ProjectTopsoil (0-6”) Salinity (2002-2014)
00.5
11.5
22.5
33.5
4
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10Soil samples collected from 10 GPS sites
Salt
Leve
l (m
mho
s 1:
1)
200220092014
50% yield many crops
Topsoil Salt Level
100% yield
(Tiled summer 2002)
© 2014 Board of Regents, South Dakota State University iGrow.org
2012
© 2014 Board of Regents, South Dakota State University iGrow.org
June 2013
© 2014 Board of Regents, South Dakota State University iGrow.org
September 2013
© 2014 Board of Regents, South Dakota State University iGrow.org
2014
14Mankin and Koelliker (2000)
Saline seeps
© 2014 Board of Regents, South Dakota State University iGrow.org Source: Illinois Drainage Guide (Online)
Interceptor drains
15
iGrow.org16
Outlet
Ditch, tile main, natural stream, other?
Location (right of way issues)
Capacity (flow and timing issues)
Quality
Rules & regulations
Elevation (physical structure & water surface)
NEIGHBORS
Photo: USDA NRCS
© 2014 Board of Regents, South Dakota State University iGrow.org
Lift station
© 2014 Board of Regents, South Dakota State University iGrow.org
Considerations for sodic and saline/sodicsoils
Considerations for sodic and saline/sodicsoils
Sodium can cause dispersion in soils greatly limiting water movement
Salinity can suppress the effects of sodium
Drainage may make a sodium problem worse if Ca an Mg salts are leached and Na salts are left behind
© 2014 Board of Regents, South Dakota State University iGrow.org
Recommendations for drainage on sodicsoils
© 2014 Board of Regents, South Dakota State University iGrow.org
SAR Drainage Suitability Rating Interpretation
< 6 < 0.15 No Limitation
6 to 10 0.15 to 0.80 Somewhat Limited
> 10 > 0.80 Very Limited
Table from Cihacek et al, https://www.ndsu.edu/fileadmin/soils/pdfs/sf1617.pdfData from Springer (1997) and Web Soil Survey
© 2015 Board of Regents, South Dakota State University iGrow.org
Drainage water management (controlled drainage)— using water to bring Ca back up into the upper soil
Winter conservation mode
Illustration courtesy of Jane Frankenberger, Purdue Extension
22
Conventional drainage mode
Illustration courtesy of Jane Frankenberger, Purdue Extension
23
Summer conservation mode
Illustration courtesy of Jane Frankenberger, Purdue Extension
24
25
Need to understand the causes and sources of wetness
Weigh benefits and costs of tiling versus non-structural approaches
Extra care is needed in sodicor saline/sodic soils
Questions?
In summary, tiling may be a solution for some situations in saline areas
© 2014 Board of Regents, South Dakota State University iGrow.org
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