S u b sta n ce A b u se a n d M en ta l H e alth S e rv ice s A dm in istratio n CenterforSubstance A buse Prevention Substance Abuse Prevention in Higher Education Karol L. Kumpfer, Ph.D. Director, Center for Substance Abuse Prevention 12th Annual National Meeting on Alcohol, Other Drug, and Violence Prevention in Higher Education Washington, DC October 15, 1998
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S u b s t a n c e A b u s e a n d M e n ta l H e a l t h S e r v i c e s A d m in i s t r a t i o nCenter for Substance Abuse Prevention
Substance Abuse Prevention in Higher Education
Karol L. Kumpfer, Ph.D.
Director, Center for Substance Abuse Prevention
12th Annual National Meeting on Alcohol, Other Drug, and Violence Prevention in Higher
Education
Washington, DCOctober 15, 1998
S u b s t a n c e A b u s e a n d M e n ta l H e a l t h S e r v i c e s A d m in i s t r a t i o nCenter for Substance Abuse Prevention
CSAP Discretionary Grant Funds and Illicit Drug Use
050
100150200250300350400
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998Fiscal Year
Do
llars
in M
illio
ns
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
Reg
ula
r 30
-Day
Dru
g U
se b
y Y
ou
th (
12-1
7 Y
ears
)
Illicit Drug Use CSAP Funding
2
S u b s t a n c e A b u s e a n d M e n ta l H e a l t h S e r v i c e s A d m in i s t r a t i o nCenter for Substance Abuse Prevention
12th Graders Using Drugs Prevention AppropriationBudget: Drug Free Schools Program and Center for Substance Abuse PreventionSources: Monitoring the Future Study, 1995, NCADI
S u b s t a n c e A b u s e a n d M e n ta l H e a l t h S e r v i c e s A d m in i s t r a t i o nCenter for Substance Abuse Prevention
Source: 1997 National Household Survey (DHHS)
Increases In Substance Abuse in Adolescents
(30-Day Use of Illicit Drugs) 27% Increase in Illicit Drug Use in 12 to 17 Year Olds 73% Increase in Illicit Drug Use in 12 to 13 Year Olds 32% Increase in Marijuana Use in 12 to 17 Year Olds 33% Increase in Cigarette Use in 12 to 13 Year Olds Highest Rates in New Cocaine Users in Youth Highest Incidence Rate in Heroin Use in Youth
S u b s t a n c e A b u s e a n d M e n ta l H e a l t h S e r v i c e s A d m in i s t r a t i o nCenter for Substance Abuse Prevention
Perceived Risk and Past Month Use of Marijuana Among Youth
Age 12-17: 1985-1997
05
101520253035404550
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
Per
cen
t o
f Y
ou
ths
PerceivedGreat Risk inUsingMarijuanaOnce a Month
UsedMarijuanaOnce a Month
Source: 1997 National Household Survey (DHHS)
S u b s t a n c e A b u s e a n d M e n ta l H e a l t h S e r v i c e s A d m in i s t r a t i o nCenter for Substance Abuse Prevention
Need for Prevention of Tobacco, Alcohol and Drug Abuse
in Colleges and Universities Drug Abuse Has Been Going Up in America’s Youth
for Past Seven Years National Household Survey Data for 1996-1997
Shows Very Large Increases Increased Drug and Alcohol Use in College-Age
Youth Binge Drinking Deaths on College Campuses Increased Crime and Violence, Date Rapes, and
Deaths
S u b s t a n c e A b u s e a n d M e n ta l H e a l t h S e r v i c e s A d m in i s t r a t i o nCenter for Substance Abuse Prevention
30-Day Prevalence: Alcohol and Other Drugs
College Students Using Drugs At Least Once Within 30 Days:
Alcohol 69.7% Tobacco 34.2% Marijuana 18.6% Other Drugs 3.1%
Source: 1996 Core Alcohol and Drug Survey
S u b s t a n c e A b u s e a n d M e n ta l H e a l t h S e r v i c e s A d m in i s t r a t i o nCenter for Substance Abuse Prevention
Consequences of Alcohol or Other Drug Use
College Students Experiencing Potential Consequences of Drug Use: Hangover 59.8% Nauseated or Vomited 49.0% Did Something Later Regretted 35.8% Drove Car While Under the Influence33.6% Missed a Class 30.1% Argument or Fight 29.4% Criticized by Someone Knew 28.2% Memory Loss 28.1%
Source: 1996 Core Alcohol and Drug Survey
S u b s t a n c e A b u s e a n d M e n ta l H e a l t h S e r v i c e s A d m in i s t r a t i o nCenter for Substance Abuse Prevention
Beliefs Regarding the Social and Sexual Effects of Alcohol College Students Believing Alcohol Affects
Social and Sexual Behavior: Breaks the Ice 68% Enhances Social Activity 66% Gives People Something to Do 62% Allows People to Have More Fun 53% Facilitates Male Bonding 50% Facilitates Sexual Opportunities 47%
Source: 1996 Core Alcohol and Drug Survey
S u b s t a n c e A b u s e a n d M e n ta l H e a l t h S e r v i c e s A d m in i s t r a t i o nCenter for Substance Abuse Prevention
Types of Violence Experienced by College Students and Relationship
of Substance Use and Violence% of College Students Experiencing Violent Acts
Source: 1996 Core Alcohol and Drug Survey
In General Under Influence of Alcohol or Other Drugs
Threats of Physical Violence
Ethnic Harassment
Actual Physical Violence
Forced Sexual Touching
Unwanted Sexual Intercourse
10% 51%
7% 13%
5% 64%
5% 71%
4% 79%
S u b s t a n c e A b u s e a n d M e n ta l H e a l t h S e r v i c e s A d m in i s t r a t i o nCenter for Substance Abuse Prevention
Need Effective Prevention Approaches for Tobacco, Alcohol and Drug Abuse in Colleges and
Universities Department of Education and FIPSE Were Pioneers in
Prevention of Substance Abuse in College-Aged Youth. Department of Education Began Most of the Substance
Abuse Prevention and Education Centers in Colleges and Universities With Seed Grant Funds to Hundreds of Institutions of Higher Learning.
Department of Education Still Has a Small Grantee Program in FY99.
S u b s t a n c e A b u s e a n d M e n ta l H e a l t h S e r v i c e s A d m in i s t r a t i o nCenter for Substance Abuse Prevention
The Great Disconnect
ResearchResearch PracticePractice
S u b s t a n c e A b u s e a n d M e n ta l H e a l t h S e r v i c e s A d m in i s t r a t i o nCenter for Substance Abuse Prevention
Building the Bridge
ResearchResearch PracticePractice
S u b s t a n c e A b u s e a n d M e n ta l H e a l t h S e r v i c e s A d m in i s t r a t i o nCenter for Substance Abuse Prevention
ResearchResearch PracticePractice
CSAP’s Vision for the Future
S u b s t a n c e A b u s e a n d M e n ta l H e a l t h S e r v i c e s A d m in i s t r a t i o nCenter for Substance Abuse Prevention
IIMethods Develop-
ment
IHypothesis Develop-
ment
IIIControlled
Intervention Trials
IVDefined
Population Studies (KDs)
VDemonstra-
tion and Imple-
mentation (KAs)
NIH: NIDA/NIAAA/NIMH CSAP/DoEd/OJJDP/CDC STATES
Research on Applications Applied Research Applications of Research
Sources: Jansen, Glynn & Howard, 1996; Greenwald and Cullen, 1995
Continuum of Substance Abuse Prevention Research
15
Basic Biomedical Research
Nationwide Prevention and Health Services Program (Block Grants)
S u b s t a n c e A b u s e a n d M e n ta l H e a l t h S e r v i c e s A d m in i s t r a t i o nCenter for Substance Abuse Prevention
611 9
24
5
466
1322
23
7
5
4 55 6
7
26
2
1
5 8
13
8
2
1
1
1
3
11 3
535
11
10
25
1
53
11
Location of the 251 Partnerships
SAMHSA-CSAPCommunity Partnership Program
S u b s t a n c e A b u s e a n d M e n ta l H e a l t h S e r v i c e s A d m in i s t r a t i o nCenter for Substance Abuse Prevention
1994-95 1996 Total
AdultsTenth gradersEighth graders
Total:
Annual Site Visits to 24 PartnershipsAnnual Site Visit Reports (N=24)Composite Reports (N=24)
•Awareness & Information Campaigns•Media Advocacy•Social Marketing•Leadership Training
Source: The Higher Education Center for Alcohol and Other Drug Prevention, 1998.
S u b s t a n c e A b u s e a n d M e n ta l H e a l t h S e r v i c e s A d m in i s t r a t i o nCenter for Substance Abuse Prevention
Promising Drug Abuse Prevention ProgramsAdolescents Training and Learning to Avoid Steroids: The ATLAS Program (Goldberg, 1996)
Intervention: Male High School Athletes Reduce Risk Factors for Use of Anabolic Steroids and Other Drugs Healthy Sports Nutrition and Strength-training Alternatives
Outcomes: Increase Understanding of Effects of Anabolic Steroids and Other Drugs Increase Perception of Risk with Drug Use Increase Positive Drug Use Norms Increase Drug Refusal Skills Increase Confidence in Personal Ability to Build Muscle and Strength Without Steroids Increase Self-esteem Decrease Desire to Use Anabolic Steroids
S u b s t a n c e A b u s e a n d M e n ta l H e a l t h S e r v i c e s A d m in i s t r a t i o nCenter for Substance Abuse Prevention
Promising Drug Abuse Prevention Programs (continued)
Oregon State University and Midwestern University Drug Education and Prevention Program (DEPP) (Tricker et al., 1996)
Intervention: Life Skills Program for College Athletes
Outcomes: Increased Knowledge and Attitudes Toward Drugs and Perceptions of Effectiveness of Drug Education for College Athletes
S u b s t a n c e A b u s e a n d M e n ta l H e a l t h S e r v i c e s A d m in i s t r a t i o nCenter for Substance Abuse Prevention
Promising Drug Abuse Prevention Programs (continued)
New Jersey Collegiate Substance Abuse Program (Bennett et al., 1996)
Intervention: Substance Abuse Treatment Programs for College Students (Residential, Partial-residential, and Intensive Outpatient Care) and Peer Network
Outcomes: 74.5 Percent of Participants Who Completed Program Were Abstinent at the 6-Month Assessment
S u b s t a n c e A b u s e a n d M e n ta l H e a l t h S e r v i c e s A d m in i s t r a t i o nCenter for Substance Abuse Prevention
Promising Practices for Higher Education Alcohol and
Other Drug Problems
California State Polytechnic University Social Marketing Approach Increased Campus
Norms to Healthy Behaviors Regarding Alcohol and Other Drug Use
S u b s t a n c e A b u s e a n d M e n ta l H e a l t h S e r v i c e s A d m in i s t r a t i o nCenter for Substance Abuse Prevention
Promising Practices for Higher Education Alcohol and Other Drug Problems (continued)University of North Carolina - Chapel Hill
Mandatory Counseling for College Athletes and Members of Fraternities and Sororities
Prohibition of Kegs in Dormitories Banned Open Containers of Alcoholic Beverages on
Campus Property Banned Alcohol Advertising at Sporting Events Policing of Public Drinking Before Football Games for
S u b s t a n c e A b u s e a n d M e n ta l H e a l t h S e r v i c e s A d m in i s t r a t i o nCenter for Substance Abuse Prevention
Promising Practices for Higher Education Alcohol and Other Drug Problems (continued)Brown University Task Force
Party Organizers Verify Identification, Hold ID of Non-Brown Partygoers
Five Students from Sponsoring Organization Must Remain Sober
Bar Closes 10 Minutes Every Hour Close Overcrowded Parties
Campus Parties May Not Be Advertised Off CampusSource: Berne, 1997
S u b s t a n c e A b u s e a n d M e n ta l H e a l t h S e r v i c e s A d m in i s t r a t i o nCenter for Substance Abuse Prevention
Promising Practices for Higher Education Alcohol and Other Drug Problems (continued)
University of Vermont Create a New Normative Environment by Focusing on
Student Volunteerism and Environmental Activism Including Informing Prospective Students, Parents and Alumni
Address Harmful Effects of Binge Drinking
S u b s t a n c e A b u s e a n d M e n ta l H e a l t h S e r v i c e s A d m in i s t r a t i o nCenter for Substance Abuse Prevention
Evaluation Issues of Measurement
1.Staffing: Get University Researchers Involved
2.Selection of Measures Core Alcohol and Drug Survey
3.Data Collection Issues Mail Out (Low Return Rate 20-40%) Classroom (High 90-99% Return Rate) Telephone Interviews Face to Face Interviews Combination
36
S u b s t a n c e A b u s e a n d M e n ta l H e a l t h S e r v i c e s A d m in i s t r a t i o nCenter for Substance Abuse Prevention
Evaluation Issues of Measurement (continued)
4.Design Issues: Control or Comparison Groups Internal Statistical Designs