Subsaharan Africa • Midterms Midterms • Geography in the News Geography in the News – Due in 44 days Due in 44 days – 15 sources? 15 sources? • Subsaharan Africa Subsaharan Africa – Development colonial legacy Development colonial legacy – Medical geography & disease Medical geography & disease – Cultural patterns Cultural patterns
Subsaharan Africa. Midterms Geography in the News Due in 44 days 15 sources? Subsaharan Africa Development colonial legacy Medical geography & disease Cultural patterns. Colonial Legacy. Boundaries & intertribal antagonism (e.g., Rwanda) Transportation network - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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Subsaharan Africa• MidtermsMidterms• Geography in the NewsGeography in the News
– Due in 44 daysDue in 44 days– 15 sources?15 sources?
• Subsaharan AfricaSubsaharan Africa– Development colonial legacyDevelopment colonial legacy– Medical geography & diseaseMedical geography & disease– Cultural patternsCultural patterns
• Transportation network• Interior to coastal ports
• Dual economy• 70% of labour force in agriculture • Cash crops for export: cocoa, coffee, tea, cotton• Subsistence agriculture (maize, millet, sorghum, tubers, plantain)• Land tenure issues, need for land reform
• Colonial institutions• Government and legal framework
Medical Geography• Epidemiology• Africa is uniquely vulnerable
– High disease incidence and diffusion– Widespread nutritional deficiencies– Vectors and hosts
• Spread of disease– Endemic– Epidemic– Pandemic
Medical Geography• Endemic disease
• Infects large numbers without rapid death• Equilibrium & persistent ill-health• Typically endemic to a region
– Hepatitis– STDs or STIs (formerly venereal diseases)– Parasites e.g. hookworm – chronic anemia– Schistosomiasis (Bilharzia)
• snail borne blood fluke– River Blindness (Onchocerciasis)
• parasitic worm vectored by black fly
Medical Geography• Epidemic
• Local or regional dimensions, • Often acute onset• Distribution often depends on vector
– Sleeping Sickness• Vectored by tsetse fly• Endemic in wildlife but kills Bos indicus/Bos taurus• No ‘domestic’ cattle breeds on African savannah
Medical Geography• Pandemic
• Spread is “worldwide”– Mosquito borne:
• Yellow Fever• Malaria
– DDT
Medical Geography• Imminent Pandemic?
– Spanish influenza 1918-19• H1N1: 20-50 million deaths worldwide
– Avian influenza?• H5N1
• AIDS– Pandemic since 1990s– ARV drugs in developed countries e.g. AZT– 80% of 37 million infected are in Africa– Shifted from equatorial belt to southern Africa
• Botswana, Namibia, Zimbabwe• 25% of 15-49 population infected• Life expectancy is declining• Impact on labour force and economic development• Population declines of 10-20%
– Bubonic plague in Europe– Small pox among indigenous people of Americas
MEDICAL GEOGRAPHY
AIDS Transmission in the U.S.
SOURCE: UNAIDS, 2000
Growing Incidence of AIDS in Africa
CULTURAL PATTERNS• Population distribution• African languages
– Colonial lingua franca• Swahili• Hausa
– Multilingualism• Religions
– Christianity– Islam– Tribal religions
POPULATIONDISTRIBUTION
Traumatized children after massacre of 1,000 in Congo