Subject Pronouns - Señora Green's Spanish Classessragreen.weebly.com/uploads/2/0/5/6/20560412/ii_u1...To conjugate verbs in Spanish, follow the steps: 1) Take off the “ar” at

SINGULAR PLURAL

1st person yo = Inosotros = we (male only or male & female)nosotras = we (female only)

2nd person

tú = you (informal, familiar)

usted (Ud.) = you (formal)

vosotros = you all (informal, familiar – male only or male & female)

vosotras = you all (informal, familiar –female only)

ustedes (Uds.) = you all (formal)

3rd personél = heella = she

ellos = they (male only or male & female)ellas = they (female only)

Subject Pronouns

To conjugate verbs in Spanish, follow the steps:1) Take off the “ar” at the end of the verb to leave

just the “stem.”

yo hablar yo hablar yo habl- (STEM: habl-)

2) Look at your subject and find the ending that matches (yo, tú, él, ella…).

The ending for: yo is -o

3) Attach the ending that matches your subject to the stem of the verb.

yo hablar yo habl- yo habl- + -o = yo hablo = I speak

yo -o nosotros/as -amos

tú -as vosotros/as -áis

élellaUsted (Ud.)

-aellosellasUstedes (Uds.)

-an

Regular AR Verbs

yo -o nosotros/as -emos

tú -es vosotros/as -éis

Usted (Ud.)él / ella

-eUstedes (Uds.)ellos / ellas

-en

Regular ER Verbs

yo -o nosotros/as -imos

tú -es vosotros/as -ís

Usted (Ud.)él / ella

-eUstedes (Uds.)ellos / ellas

-en

Regular IR Verbs

estar

to be(condition, emotion, location)

dar

to give

ver

to see

saber

to know(something, information, how to do)

conocer

to know(acquainted

with, familiar with)

hacer

to do/to make

traer

to bring

poner

to put

salir

to leave, to go out

yo estoy doy veo sé conozco hago traigo pongo salgo

tú estás das ves sabes conoces haces traes pones sales

usted (Ud.) está da ve sabe conoce hace trae pone sale

él/ella está da ve sabe conoce hace trae pone sale

nosotros(as) estamos damos vemos sabemos conocemos hacemos traemos ponemos salimos

vosotros(as) estáis dais veis sabéis conocéis hacéis traéis ponéis salís

ustedes (Uds.) están dan ven saben conocen hacen traen ponen salen

ellos/ellas están dan ven saben conocen hacen traen ponen salen

Verbs with an irregular YO form

Saber vs. Conocer

In Spanish, there are two verbs that mean “to know” and they are used in different contexts.

SaberThe verb saber is used to express knowing something (information) or knowing how to do something.

¿Sabes jugar al tenis? Do you know how to play tennis?No, pero sé jugar al golf. No, but I know how to play golf.¿Sabes qué? ¡Me gusta el golf! Do you know what? I like golf!¿Saben Uds. que la nieve es blanca? Did you all know that snow is white?

ConocerThe verb conocer is used to express being acquainted with a person, place or thing. (Note the preposition “a” is used when you know people.)

¿Quieres conocer a mi amiga? Do you want to meet my friend?Ya conozco a tu amiga. I already know your friend.Conozco a Carlos y a Juan. I know Carlos and Juan.¿Conoces el mercado en Bogotá? Do you know the market in Bogotá?

yo tengo I have

tú tienes you (inf.) have

él / ella / Ud. tieneyou (for.) havehe/she/it has

nosotros / nosotras tenemos we have

vosotros / vosotras tenéis you all (inf.) have

ellos / ellas / Uds. tienenyou all (for.) havethey have

TENER

Tener can also be used in idiomatic phrases where it usually translates “to be.”

tener calor – to be hot tener que (infinitive) – to have to (verb)tener frío – to be cold tener ______ años – to be ______ years oldtener ganas de (infinitive) – to feel like (verb)

Stem-changing VerbsTo conjugate stem-changing verbs in Spanish, follow the steps:

1) Take off the AR/ER/IR at the end of the verb to leave just the stem.yo querer (ie) yo querer (ie) yo quer- (ie) (STEM: quer-)

2) Look at your subject pronoun (yo, tú, él, ella…) and determine if the verb changes for that subject pronoun.

CHANGE NO CHANGECHANGE NO CHANGECHANGE CHANGE

**Stem-changing verbs change in ALL forms except for nosotros(as) and vosotros(as).

yo quer- (ie) yo form changes eie yo quier-

(ue) means that the o or the u in the stem changes to ue(ie) means that the e in the stem changes to ie(i) means that the e in the stem changes to i

3) Attach the correct –ar/-er/-ir verb ending to the stem. yo querer (ie) yo quier- yo quiero

yo nosotros

tú vosotros

él / ella / usted (Ud.) ellos / ellas / ustedes (Uds.)

Stem-changing VerbsALMORZAR

OUE stem-change-ar verb endings

QUEREREIE stem-change

-er verb endings

SERVIREI stem-change-ir verb endings

yo almuerzo quiero sirvo

tú almuerzas quieres sirves

élella

usted/Ud.almuerza quiere sirve

nosotros almorzamos queremos servimos

vosotros almorzáis queréis servís

ellosellas

ustedes/Uds.almuerzan quieren sirven

Affirmative “tú” Commands• You use affirmative “tú” commands, to tell children, close friends, relatives, or

pets (people you treat informally) to do something. You have seen these commands in directions on worksheets and when you learned common classroom commands.

• For most Spanish verbs, use the third-person singular (the él/ella/Ud. forms) of the present tense for the tú command form.

• Eight (8) verbs have irregular affirmative tú commands:

infinitive 3rd person present tense tú command

hablar habla habla

comer come come

escribir escribe escribe

cerrar cierra cierra

dormir duerme duerme

infinitive tú commandhacer hazdecir diponer ponsalir sal

infinitive tú commandser séir ve

tener tenvenir ven

yo estoy I am

tú estás you (inf.) are

él / ella / Ud. estáyou (for.) arehe/she/it is

nosotros / nosotras estamos we are

vosotros / vosotras estáis you all (inf.) are

ellos / ellas / Uds. estányou all (for.) arethey are

ESTAR

Estar is used to describe emotions, conditions, and locations.

Present Progressive• To say someone IS DOING something or that they do something habitually, you

can use the simple present tense:yo hablo = I talk OR I am talkingtú comes = you eat OR you are eatingél vive = he lives OR he is living

• You can also use the present progressive tense to say what someone IS DOING(right now). The construction is: ESTAR + PRESENT PARTICIPLE

Estar is conjugated for the subject The present participle is formed by removing the AR/ER/IR ending, and adding the

appropriate –ing equivalent

ESTAR PRESENT PARTICIPLE EXAMPLES

yo estoyAR verbs

-ando

estoy hablando

estás dando

está bailando

tú estás

él/ella/Ud. está

nosotros estamosER & IR verbs

-iendo

estamos comiendo

estáis bebiendo

están viviendo

vosotros estáis

ellos/ellas/Uds. están

GUSTARThe verb gustar IS NOT LIKE OTHER VERBS: you don’t use normal –ar verb endings.

I like = Yo gustoMe gusta / Me gustan Literally ____ is/are pleasing to me

You like = Tú gustas Te gusta / Te gustan Literally ____ is/are pleasing to you

He likes = Él gusta Le gusta / Le gustan Literally ____ is/are pleasing to him

OPTIONAL MANDATORY

A mí

no

me

+ gusta + singular noun OR infinitive verb(s)

OR

+ gustan + plural noun OR more than 1 thing

A ti te

A ella / A Ud. / A Paco / etc.

le

A nosotros nos

A vosotros os

A Paco y a Elena / A Uds. / etc.

les

yo voy I go

tú vas you (inf.) go

él / ella / Ud. vayou (for.) gohe/she/it goes

nosotros / nosotras vamos we go

vosotros / vosotras vais you all (inf.) go

ellos / ellas / Uds. vanyou all (for.) gothey go

IR

Immediate Future• You can use the present tense to talk about things that ARE GOING TO HAPPEN

in the immediate future.• The construction is: IR + A + INFINITIVE

Ir is conjugated for the subject A is always there and never changes The infinitive is the unconjugated form of the verb, with the AR/ER/IR

ending – IT IS NOT CONJUGATED FOR THE SUBJECT!!!

Gender, Number, & Agreement With Nouns• All Spanish nouns are either masculine or feminine. The article in front of the

noun shows the noun’s gender.

Singular Plural

Masculine el/un libro los/unos libros

Feminine la/una mesa las/unas mesas

• In general, nouns are masculine that: end in an “o” end in a consonant (l, n, r) end in “ma” or “pa” refer to something or someone masculine

• In general, nouns are feminine that: end in “a” end in “ción” or “sión” end in “dad” or “tad” or “tud” refer to something or someone feminine

• Adjectives have to match nouns in both gender (feminine/masculine) and number (plural/singular). Adjectives that end in “o” change to “a” in the feminine form. Adjectives that end in “e” or a consonant already match masculine and feminine nouns. Add “s” (to vowels) or “es” (to consonants) to make words plural.

Singular Plural

Masculine el libro rojo los libros rojos

Feminine la mesa roja las mesas rojas

Singular Plural

el libro azul los libros azules

la mesa azul las mesas azules

Definite & Indefinite Articles

• The definite article in English is THE.• There are four definite articles in Spanish.

• The singular indefinite articles in English are A and AN.• The plural indefinite articles in English are SOME or A FEW.• There are four indefinite articles in Spanish.

Singular Plural

Masculine el libro los libros

Feminine la mesa las mesas

Singular Plural

Masculine un libro unos libros

Feminine una mesa unas mesas

singular pluralmy mi Mis

your (informal) tu tusyour (formal)

his, her, itssu sus

ournuestronuestra

nuestrosnuestras

your (informal, belonging to a group)vuestrovuestra

vuestrosvuestras

your (formal, belonging to a group) their

su sus

Possessive Adjectives• Possessive adjectives show ownership.• They agree in gender (masculine or feminine) and number (singular and plural)

with the person or thing possessed, NOT with the possessor.nuestra madre our mother (nuestra is singular and feminine because madre is sing. & fem.)sus libros his books (sus is plural because libros is plural)

• Adding an –s to the possessive adjective does not change the translationmi libromy book mis librosmy books

• Possessive adjectives are NOT usually used with clothing and body parts. Instead, use definite articles (el, la, los, las) with a possessive adjective translation.

Showing Possession with DE• Spanish DOES NOT use ’s to show possession like English does.

• Instead, use the prepositional phrase de _______ after the object to show to whom it belongs:

Los padres de Paco son ricos. Paco’s parents are rich.

• You can use more than one de _______ phrase after another.

La madre de la amiga de mi hermana es simpática.My sister’s friend’s mother is nice.

• When using de in front of el the words contract into del. (This does not apply to the subject pronoun él.) de + el = del

La secretaria del doctor es bonita. The doctor’s secretary is pretty.